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Voice at the Interfaces Edinburgh Research Explorer Voice at the Interfaces Citation for published version: Kastner, I 2020, Voice at the Interfaces: The syntax, semantics and morphology of the Hebrew verb. Open Generative Syntax, vol. 8, Language Science Press, Berlin. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.3865066. Digital Object Identifier (DOI): 10.5281/zenodo.3865066. Link: Link to publication record in Edinburgh Research Explorer Document Version: Publisher's PDF, also known as Version of record General rights Copyright for the publications made accessible via the Edinburgh Research Explorer is retained by the author(s) and / or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing these publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights. Take down policy The University of Edinburgh has made every reasonable effort to ensure that Edinburgh Research Explorer content complies with UK legislation. If you believe that the public display of this file breaches copyright please contact [email protected] providing details, and we will remove access to the work immediately and investigate your claim. Download date: 06. Oct. 2021 Voice at the interfaces The syntax, semantics, and morphology of the Hebrew verb Itamar Kastner language Open Generative Syntax 8 science press Open Generative Syntax Editors: Elena Anagnostopoulou, Mark Baker, Roberta D’Alessandro, David Pesetsky, Susi Wurmbrand In this series: 1. Bailey, Laura R. & Michelle Sheehan (eds.). Order and structure in syntax I: Word order and syntactic structure. 2. Sheehan, Michelle & Laura R. Bailey (eds.). Order and structure in syntax II: Subjecthood and argument structure. 3. Bacskai-Atkari, Julia. Deletion phenomena in comparative constructions: English comparatives in a cross-linguistic perspective. 4. Franco, Ludovico, Mihaela Marchis Moreno & Matthew Reeve (eds.). Agreement, case and locality in the nominal and verbal domains. 5. Bross, Fabian. The clausal syntax of German Sign Language: A cartographic approach. 6. Smith, Peter W., Johannes Mursell & Katharina Hartmann (eds.). Agree to Agree: Agreement in the Minimalist Programme. 7. Pineda, Anna & Jaume Mateu (eds.). Dative constructions in Romance and beyond. 8. Kastner, Itamar. Voice at the interfaces: The syntax, semantics, and morphology of the Hebrew verb. ISSN: 2568-7336 Voice at the interfaces The syntax, semantics, and morphology of the Hebrew verb Itamar Kastner language science press Kastner, Itamar. 2020. Voice at the interfaces: The syntax, semantics, and morphology of the Hebrew verb (Open Generative Syntax 8). Berlin: Language Science Press. This title can be downloaded at: http://langsci-press.org/catalog/book/271 © 2020, Itamar Kastner Published under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 Licence (CC BY 4.0): http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ ISBN: 978-3-96110-257-0 (Digital) 978-3-96110-258-7 (Hardcover) ISSN: 2568-7336 DOI: 10.5281/zenodo.3865067 Source code available from www.github.com/langsci/271 Collaborative reading: paperhive.org/documents/remote?type=langsci&id=271 Cover and concept of design: Ulrike Harbort Typesetting: Itamar Kastner, Felix Kopecky Proofreading: Andreas Hölzl, Amir Ghorbanpour, Bev Erasmus, Brett Reynolds, Carla Bombi, Elizabeth Bogal-Allbritten, Eran Asoulin, Esther Yap, Ivica Jeđud, Jeroen van de Weijer, Lachlan Mackenzie, Lynell Zogbo, Tom Bossuyt, Alena Witzlack-Makarevich, Waldfried Premper Fonts: Libertinus, Arimo, DejaVu Sans Mono Typesetting software:Ǝ X LATEX Language Science Press Xhain Grünberger Str. 16 10243 Berlin, Germany langsci-press.org Storage and cataloguing done by FU Berlin In remembrance of Asi, Edit, Greg, Irit and Maskit, who showed kindness. Contents Acknowledgments vii Abbreviations ix 1 The valence of Voice 1 1.1 Identifying the puzzles ....................... 1 1.1.1 The two problems of Semitic morphology ........ 2 1.1.2 Argument structure .................... 3 1.1.3 Solving the two problems ................. 5 1.2 Traditional descriptions and basic generalizations ........ 6 1.2.1 Hebrew morphology for beginners ............ 6 1.2.2 Traditional generative treatments of the system ..... 9 1.2.3 Data and notation ...................... 11 1.3 Architectural assumptions ..................... 13 1.3.1 The syntax ......................... 13 1.3.1.1 What is Voice? .................. 14 1.3.1.2 Layering ..................... 16 1.3.2 Interfaces .......................... 17 1.3.2.1 Roots ....................... 18 1.3.2.2 Contextual allomorphy ............. 19 1.3.2.3 Contextual allosemy .............. 21 1.4 Sketch of the system ......................... 22 1.4.1 Simple alternations ..................... 22 1.4.2 Beyond simple alternations ................ 25 1.4.3 From templates to functional heads ............ 27 I Hebrew argument structure 31 2 Unspecified Voice 33 2.1 Overview ............................... 33 2.2 XaYaZ: Descriptive generalizations ................ 33 2.2.1 Active verbs ......................... 33 Contents 2.2.2 Non-active verbs ...................... 34 2.2.2.1 Adverbial modifiers ............... 34 2.2.2.2 Unaccusativity diagnostics ........... 35 2.2.2.3 Non-active recap and unaccusativity tests .. 39 2.2.3 Summary .......................... 40 2.3 Unspecified Voice .......................... 40 2.3.1 Syntax ............................ 41 2.3.2 Semantics .......................... 44 2.3.3 Phonology .......................... 45 2.3.4 Interim summary ...................... 48 2.4 XiY̯eZ: Descriptive generalizations ................. 49 2.4.1 Agentive modifiers crosslinguistically .......... 51 2.4.1.1 Agentivity ≠ animacy .............. 51 2.4.1.2 Agentivity in nominalizations ......... 53 2.4.1.3 Agentive morphemes .............. 54 2.5 Agentive modification: √action .................. 55 2.5.1 Syntax ............................ 56 2.5.1.1 Height of attachment .............. 58 2.5.2 Semantics .......................... 60 2.5.2.1 Pluractionality .................. 61 2.5.2.2 Underived forms ................. 62 2.5.3 Phonology .......................... 63 2.6 Summary and outlook ........................ 64 3 Voice[−D] 67 3.1 Introduction ............................. 67 3.2 niXYaZ: Descriptive generalizations ................ 69 3.2.1 Non-active verbs ...................... 69 3.2.1.1 Adverbial modifiers ............... 71 3.2.1.2 Unaccusativity diagnostics ........... 72 3.2.2 Figure reflexives ...................... 73 3.2.2.1 Adverbial modifiers ............... 74 3.2.2.2 Unaccusativity diagnostics ........... 74 3.2.2.3 Indirect objects ................. 75 3.2.3 Interim summary: niXYaZ ................. 76 3.3 Voice[−D] ............................... 78 3.3.1 Syntax ............................ 79 ii Contents 3.3.2 Semantics .......................... 80 3.3.2.1 Null allosemy in inchoatives .......... 81 3.3.2.1.1 No licensing of Voice ......... 81 3.3.2.1.2 Weakening the Arad/Marantz hypothesis ............... 82 3.3.2.2 Null allosemy crosslinguistically ........ 83 3.3.3 Phonology .......................... 85 3.4 푝[−D] ................................. 87 3.4.1 Syntax and semantics ................... 87 3.4.1.1 Ordinary prepositions .............. 87 3.4.1.2 Figure reflexives ................. 88 3.4.2 Phonology .......................... 92 3.5 Interlude: From niXYaZ to hitXaY̯eZ ................ 95 3.6 hitXaY̯eZ: Descriptive generalizations ............... 96 3.6.1 Non-active verbs ...................... 96 3.6.2 Figure reflexives ...................... 99 3.6.3 Reflexives .......................... 100 3.7 Adding √action to [−D] ...................... 104 3.7.1 √action + Voice[−D] .................... 104 3.7.1.1 Non-active verbs ................ 104 3.7.1.2 Reflexives .................... 107 3.7.2 √action + 푝[−D] ...................... 111 3.8 Summary of generalizations and claims .............. 113 3.9 Discussion and outlook ....................... 114 3.9.1 Distributed morphosemantics (Doron 2003) ....... 116 3.9.1.1 The three-way alternation ........... 116 3.9.1.2 Additional issues ................ 117 3.9.2 Templates as morphemic elements ............ 118 3.9.2.1 The three-way alternation ........... 118 3.9.2.2 Additional issues ................ 120 3.9.3 Conclusion ......................... 120 4 Voice[+D] 123 4.1 Introduction ............................. 123 4.2 heXYiZ: Descriptive generalizations ................ 124 4.2.1 Causative verbs ....................... 124 4.2.2 The labile alternation .................... 127 4.2.2.1 The pattern ................... 127 4.2.2.2 Inchoatives as degree achievements ...... 129 iii Contents 4.2.3 Summary .......................... 131 4.3 Voice[+D]: An active Voice head .................. 132 4.3.1 Syntax and semantics ................... 132 4.3.1.1 Inchoatives: Structure .............. 133 4.3.1.2 Inchoatives: Derivation ............. 136 4.3.2 Phonology .......................... 138 4.4 Causation and alternation ..................... 139 4.4.1 Markedness in causation .................. 139 4.4.1.1 Basic and marked alternations ......... 140 4.4.1.2 Markedness in Voice heads ........... 146 4.4.2 Productivity ......................... 148 4.4.3 The labile alternation .................... 150 4.4.4 Generalizing to Pred/i* ................... 151 4.5 Alternative accounts ........................ 153 4.5.1 Where do alternations live? ................ 153 4.5.2 Added structure ....................... 155 4.5.3 caus and existential closure ................ 156 4.5.4 Contextual allomorphy ................... 157 4.5.5
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