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Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: the Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank

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Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: the Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank University of Pennsylvania ScholarlyCommons CUREJ - College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal College of Arts and Sciences 2-2020 Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: The Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank Jordan L. Dewar University of Pennsylvania, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej Part of the Comparative Politics Commons Recommended Citation Dewar, Jordan L., "Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: The Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank" 01 February 2020. CUREJ: College Undergraduate Research Electronic Journal, University of Pennsylvania, https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/236. This is a revised version of the thesis previously published in 2019. This paper is posted at ScholarlyCommons. https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/236 For more information, please contact [email protected]. Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: The Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank Abstract A perfect storm of ethnic-based violence is on the horizon, spurred on by increasing diversity, climate change, and the inability of many societies to handle these trends. This thesis examines the ways through which elites are incentivized to build institutions promoting a specific type of identity and how institutional structures use different means to promote the desired identity. It also addresses the ways through which state-based identity can be adapted to be inclusive while remaining salient. This will be done both through examinations of existing theory surrounding state structure and identity as well as two case studies where identity is a key factor. The first case study being development of identity in Kosovo, which embarked on an institutionally-based process of forming a civic-national identity after its independence in 2008. The case of Kosovo demonstrates how states with a recent history of ethnic conflict can institutionalize civic-national identities and in doing so, reduce the incidence of ethnic violence. The second case is that of Israel and the West Bank where an examination of how the ethnonational identities of the region were formed and the potential outcomes should a one-state solution be implemented demonstrate how different incentives lead to the construction of various institutional regimes. It concludes by using the two case studies to demonstrate how the institutionalization of civic- national identities can decrease the occurrence of ethnic conflict and how examining state institutions can give an overview of the politically salient identities within a state’s borders. Keywords ethnonationalism, civic-nationalism, Kosovo, Israel, West Bank, Serbia, Ian Lustick, Lustick, Ian, Politcal Science, Social Sciences Disciplines Comparative Politics | Political Science Comments This is a revised version of the thesis previously published in 2019. This article is available at ScholarlyCommons: https://repository.upenn.edu/curej/236 Engineering an Ethnic Mosaic: The Institutionalization of Civic Nationalism in Kosovo, Israel, and the West Bank By: Jordan Laura Dewar Advisor: Dr. Ian Lustick This thesis is submitted in fulfillment of: Bachelor of Arts Degree Department of Political Science with Distinction College of Arts and Sciences University of Pennsylvania 2019 2 Acknowledgements I would like to express my very great appreciation to my advisor Dr. Ian Lustick for his incredibly valuable suggestions, comments, and advice through the development and writing of this thesis. His help and mentorship were invaluable and his willingness to give his time is incredibly appreciated. I would also like to thank Karen Gouws for her tremendous support with ArcGIS in the creation of the maps in this thesis and with her assistance in the development and execution of this work. Thank you also to Dr. Robin Dewar, Victoria Gilbert, Helene Highbarger, Mayha Shah, Cecilia Valadez, AJ Mangold, Nia Moore, Otys Dewar, and Lesley Gaetjens for providing their time and energy to help edit and review my thesis. Finally, thank you to Professor Doherty-Sil and the entire honors class for making this experience so fulfilling. 3 ABSTRACT 5 INTRODUCTION 6 THE RESURGENCE OF ETHNONATIONALISM 7 CHAPTER ONE: THEORY AND METHODOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK 12 INSTITUTIONS AND IDENTITY 12 A FRAMEWORK FOR EXAMINING THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF IDENTITY 19 CHAPTER TWO: THE REPUBLIC OF KOSOVO 22 THE DEVELOPMENT OF KOSOVAR IDENTITY INSTITUTIONALIZATION 24 THE INSTITUTIONAL CONSTRUCTION OF POST-2008 KOSOVAR IDENTITY 34 IDENTITY IN NORTH KOSOVO 46 CONCLUSION 51 CHAPTER THREE: THE STATE OF ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK 52 THE INSTITUTIONALIZATION OF ISRAELI AND PALESTINIAN IDENTITY 53 THE CONSTRUCTION OF A COMMON IDENTITY 72 CONCLUSION 79 CONCLUSION 81 DISCUSSION 81 POTENTIAL EXTENSIONS 83 IMPLICATIONS 87 APPENDIX I: INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY TYPE SCORE 107 APPENDIX II: INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY TYPE SCORES FOR KOSOVO 115 APPENDIX III: INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY TYPE SCORES FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK 126 APPENDIX IV: NOTE ON INTERCODER RELIABILITY 140 4 TABLE OF FIGURES FIGURE 1: MAP OF THE WESTERN BALKANS AS OF 2018 ......................................................................................................... 23 FIGURE 2: INSTITUTIONAL REGIMES OF KOSOVO ..................................................................................................................... 25 FIGURE 3:INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY TYPE SCORES FOR NORTH AND SOUTH KOSOVO IN 1998 .......................................................... 28 FIGURE 4:INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY TYPE SCORES FOR NORTH AND SOUTH KOSOVO IN 2008 .......................................................... 31 FIGURE 5:INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY TYPE SCORES IN NORTH AND SOUTH KOSOVO IN 2018 ............................................................ 35 FIGURE 6:MAP DEPICTING THE COMBINED AVERAGE SCORES FOR NORTH KOSOVO AND SOUTH KOSOVO (1998) ................................ 36 FIGURE 7: MAP DEPICTING THE COMBINED AVERAGE SCORES FOR NORTH KOSOVO AND SOUTH KOSOVO (2018) ................................ 36 FIGURE 1: MAP OF THE MIDDLE EAST AS OF 2018 ................................................................................................................. 52 FIGURE 2: INSTITUTIONAL REGIMES OF ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK .......................................................................................... 55 FIGURE 3: INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY TYPE SCORES FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK AS OF 1952 ..................................................... 61 FIGURE 4: INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY TYPE SCORES FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK IN 1993 .......................................................... 65 FIGURE 5: INSTITUTIONAL IDENTITY TYPE SCORES FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK IN 2018 .......................................................... 68 FIGURE 6: COMBINED AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (1948) .................................................................................. 74 FIGURE 7: COMBINED AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (2018) .................................................................................. 74 FIGURE 13:MAP DEPICTING THE COMBINED AVERAGE SCORES FOR NORTH KOSOVO AND SOUTH KOSOVO (1998) ............................ 121 FIGURE 14: MAP DEPICTING THE COMBINED AVERAGE SCORES FOR NORTH KOSOVO AND SOUTH KOSOVO (2008) ............................ 121 FIGURE 15: MAP DEPICTING THE COMBINED AVERAGE SCORES FOR NORTH KOSOVO AND SOUTH KOSOVO (2018) ............................ 121 FIGURE 16:MAP DEPICTING THE AVERAGE IMPLEMENTATION SCORES IN SOUTH KOSOVO AND NORTH KOSOVO (1998) ..................... 122 FIGURE 17: MAP DEPICTING THE AVERAGE IMPLEMENTATION SCORES IN SOUTH KOSOVO AND NORTH KOSOVO (2008) .................... 122 FIGURE 18: MAP DEPICTING THE AVERAGE IMPLEMENTATION SCORES IN SOUTH KOSOVO AND NORTH KOSOVO (2018) .................... 122 FIGURE 19: MAP DEPICTING THE AVERAGE LEGAL SCORES IN SOUTH KOSOVO AND NORTH KOSOVO (1998) ..................................... 123 FIGURE 20:MAP DEPICTING THE AVERAGE LEGAL SCORES IN SOUTH KOSOVO AND NORTH KOSOVO (2008) ..................................... 123 FIGURE 21: MAP DEPICTING THE AVERAGE LEGAL SCORES IN SOUTH KOSOVO AND NORTH KOSOVO (2018) ..................................... 123 FIGURE 22: COMBINED AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (1948) .............................................................................. 134 FIGURE 23: COMBINED AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (1966) .............................................................................. 134 FIGURE 24: COMBINED AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (1993) .............................................................................. 134 FIGURE 25: COMBINED AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (1993) .............................................................................. 134 FIGURE 26: LEGAL AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (1948) .................................................................................... 135 FIGURE 27:LEGAL AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (1966) ..................................................................................... 135 FIGURE 28: LEGAL AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (1993) .................................................................................... 135 FIGURE 29: LEGAL AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST BANK (2018) .................................................................................... 135 FIGURE 30: IMPLEMENTATION AVERAGE FOR ISRAEL AND THE WEST
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