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Anticonvulsants ALZET® Bibliography References on the Administration of Anticonvulsive Agents Using ALZET Osmotic Pumps 1. Carbamazepine Q5784: K. Deseure, et al. Differential drug effects on spontaneous and evoked pain behavior in a model of trigeminal neuropathic pain. J Pain Res 2017;10(279-286 ALZET Comments: Carbamazepine, baclofen, clomipramine; DMSO, PEG, Ethyl Alcohol, Acetone; SC; Rat; 2ML1; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (7 weeks old); dimethyl sulfoxide, propylene glycol, ethyl alcohol, and acetone at a ratio of 42:42:15:1; post op. care (morphine 5 mg/day); behavioral testing (Facial grooming); Therapeutic indication (Trigeminal neuralgia, neuropathic pain); Dose (30 mg/day carbamazepine (the first-line drug treatment for trigeminal neuralgia), 1.06 mg/day baclofen, 4.18 mg/day clomipramine, and 5 mg/day morphine);. Q0269: S. M. Cain, et al. High resolution micro-SPECT scanning in rats using 125I beta-CIT: Effects of chronic treatment with carbamazepine. Epilepsia 2009;50(8):1962-1970 ALZET Comments: Carbamazepine; DMSO; propylene glycol; ethyl alcohol; acetone; SC; Rat; 2ML2; 14 days; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (adult, male, Sprague-Dawley, 160-270 g); functionality of mp verified by serum drug levels; 42% DMSO used; identified 3 mg/kg/day as the highest dose that could be reliably administered via minipumps over a 14-day period at 37 degrees Celsius, pg. 1969. P5195: H. C. Doheny, et al. A comparison of the efficacy of carbamazepine and the novel anti-epileptic drug levetiracetam in the tetanus toxin model of focal complex partial epilepsy. British Journal of Pharmacology 2002;135(6):1425-1434 ALZET Comments: Carbamazepine; levetiracetam; DMSO; Propylene glycol; ethanol, saline; IP; Rat; 7 days; Controls received mp/ vehicle; functionality of mp verified by drug serum levels; dose-response (text p.1428); carbamazepine was dissolved in 42.5% DMSO/42% Propylene glycol/15% ethanol. Levitiracetam was dissolved in saline; 2-day recovery period given using coiled PE-40 tubing; epilepsy; anticonvulsant. 2. Deprenyl P9373: F. Chenu, et al. Long-term administration of monoamine oxidase inhibitors alters the firing rate and pattern of dopamine neurons in the ventral tegmental area. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF NEUROPSYCHOPHARMACOLOGY 2009;12(4):475-485 ALZET Comments: Clorgyline; phenelzine; deprenyl; SC; Rat; 2, 21 days; Controls received mp w/ saline; enzyme inhibitor (MAO, monoamine oxidase); animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 250-300 g.). P5438: J. M. Mejia, et al. Monoamine oxidase inhibition during brain development induces pathological aggressive behavior in mice. Biological Psychiatry 2002;52(8):811-822 ALZET Comments: Chlorgyline; Deprenyl; Saline; SC; Mice (pregnant); 2002; 2004; 6 weeks; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; teratology; enzyme inhibitors (monoamine oxidase inhibitors); 2002 pumps were replaced w/ 2004 pumps after 2 weeks to complete a 6 week infusion; agents infused singly or concommitant in the same pump. P4227: W. Loscher, et al. Anticonvulsant efficacy of L-deprenyl (selegiline) during chronic treatment in mice: continuous versus discontinuous administration. Neuropharmacology 1998;37(1587-1593 ALZET Comments: Deprenyl, L-; Water, distilled; SC; mice; 2002; 2004; 2,4 weeks; controls received mp w/saline; functionality of mp verified by residual volume; comparison of daily i.p. injections vs. mp; good methods (p. 1588); anticonvulsant; also called selegiline. P3400: M. C. Carrillo, et al. The optimal dosage of (-) deprenyl for increasing superoxide dismutase activities in several brain regions decreases with age in male Fischer 344 rats. Life Sci 1993;52(1925-1934 ALZET Comments: Deprenyl; Saline; SC; Rat; 3 weeks; controls received mp w/saline; dose-response. www.alzet.com Page 1 ALZET® Bibliography P3067: D. D. Mousseau, et al. Effects of age and chronic antidepressant treatment on [3H]tryptamine and [3H]dihydroalprenolol binding to rat cortical membranes. Cell. Molec. Neuro 1993;13(1):3-13 ALZET Comments: Imipramine HCl; Desipramine HCl; Clomipramine HCl; Tranylcypromine HCl; Phenelzine sulfate; Clorgyline HCl; Deprenyl HCl; SC; Rat; 2002; 2ML4; 14,28 days; antidepressant; controls received mp with vehicle; drug concentrations determined from Greenshaw program. 3. Levetiracetam Q8196: C. H. Fu, et al. Early Seizure Activity Accelerates Depletion of Hippocampal Neural Stem Cells and Impairs Spatial Discrimination in an Alzheimer's Disease Model. Cell Rep 2019;27(13):3741-3751 e4 Agents: Levetiracetam Vehicle: Saline; Route: SC; Species: Mice; Pump: 1004; Duration: 4 weeks; ALZET Comments: Dose (75 mg/kg/day); Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (); levetiracetam aka LEV; neurodegenerative (Alzheimer's); Q7955: P. M. Casillas-Espinosa, et al. Disease-modifying effects of a novel T-type calcium channel antagonist, Z944, in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. Prog Neurobiol 2019;182(101677 Agents: Z944; levetiracetam Vehicle: saline, normal, propylene glycol and DMSO buffered; Route: SC; Species: Rat; Pump: 2ML1; Duration: 1, 4 weeks; ALZET Comments: "Dose ((Z944 60 mg/kg/day), (levetiracetam 200 mg/kg/day)); 40% propylene glycol, 40% DMSO, and 20% normal saline solution used; Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (11 weeks, male, Wistar); behavioral testing (Sucrose preference, Elevated plus maze, Open field, Morris water maze, Forced swim test); Z944 is a highly potent and selective T-type Ca2+ channel antagonist; neurodegenerative (Temporal lobe epilepsy); Therapeutic indication (continuous levetiracetam infusion significantly reduced the average number of seizures and the seizure severity in comparison to vehicle treated animals, but without affecting the latency to the first seizure. Z944 treatment after SE significantly prolonged the latency to develop the first spontaneous seizure and also reduced the average number of seizures in comparison to the vehicle treated counterparts); " Q6467: R. P. Haberman, et al. Heightened cortical excitability in aged rodents with memory impairment. Neurobiol Aging 2017;54(144-151 Agents: Levetiracetam Vehicle: Saline; Route: SC; Species: Rat; Pump: 2ML4; Duration: 28 days; ALZET Comments: Dose (10 mg/kg/day); Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (Aged, male Long-Evans rats); Q4492: M. Levesque, et al. The anti-ictogenic effects of levetiracetam are mirrored by interictal spiking and high-frequency oscillation changes in a model of temporal lobe epilepsy. SEIZURE-EUROPEAN JOURNAL OF EPILEPSY 2015;25(18-25 Agents: Levetiracetam Vehicle: Saline; Route: SC; Species: Rat; Pump: 2ML2; Duration: 2 weeks; ALZET Comments: Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 250-300g); cardiovascular; “These pumps deliver a continuous dosing over 2 weeks, circumventing the need for repetitive invasive blood sampling. ” pg 19; Q5035: A. R. Ko, et al. Blockade of endothelin B receptor improves the efficacy of levetiracetam in chronic epileptic rats. Seizure 2015;31(133-40 Agents: Levetiracetam; SB202190; BQ788 Vehicle: Not Stated; Route: SC; Species: Rat; Pump: 1003D; Duration: 3 days; ALZET Comments: Controls received mp w/ vehicle; animal info (male, Sprague Dawley, 7 days); pumps replaced between trials; 4. Phenobarbital R0242: W. Loescher. The pharmacokinetics of antiepileptic drugs in rats: Consequences for maintaining effective drug levels during prolonged drug administration in rat models of epilepsy. Epilepsia 2007;48(7):1245-1258 www.alzet.com Page 2 ALZET® Bibliography ALZET Comments: Levetiracetam; phenobarbital; phenytoin; valproic acid; vigabatrin; Water, distilled; PEG 300; glycerol; PEG 400; propylene glycol; SC; IP; Rat; mice; gerbils; 2ML1; 2ML2; 1-4,2 weeks; 7 days; Comparison of IV, IP injections vs. food or water delivery vs mp; pumps replaced (every week in one set of experiments); stress/adverse reaction: (see pg. 1255); peritoneal irritation, peritonitis in some of the IP experiments); half-life (p. 1247) table 1 (18 compounds); animal info (epileptic, Sprague-Dawley, Wistar); review; see p. 1254-1255; see table 4 for advantages + disadvantages of different application routes. P0494: F. J. Hock, et al. A novel method for the administration of the enzyme inducer phenobarbital to rats via an osmotic minipump. IRSC Med. Sci. : Biochem 1984;12(8):661 ALZET Comments: Phenobarbital; SC; Rat; 2002; 8 days; Comparison of phenobarb. consumed po in drinking water vs. mp infusion; author states advantages of mp use. P0447: T. P. Davis, et al. Centrally acting drugs alter in vitro B-endorphin processing in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol 1984;100(249-251 ALZET Comments: Chlorpromazine; haloperidol; phenobarbital; promethazine; SC; Rat; 2001; 8 days; Comparison of agents effects. P0401: W. Kuhnz, et al. A new method for kinetic studies of drug interactions in experimental animals during steady state: controlled-rate application of valproic acid, phenobarbital and their combinations via implanted osmotic minipumps in the mouse. Arzneimittelforschung 1983;33(11):1579-1582 ALZET Comments: Phenobarbital, sodium; Valproate, sodium; Water; SC; mice (pregnant); 2001; 2002; 1 and 2 weeks; no stress see p. 1580, 1582; 1-2 pumps/animal; VPA and PB used singly and in combination in mp. P0311: I. M. Kapetanovic, et al. Phenobarbital pharmacokinetics in rat as a function of age. Drug Metab. Disp 1982;10(6):586-589 ALZET Comments: Phenobarbital; Water; IP; Rat; 5 days; bolus injec. vs. mp infusion. 5. Promethazine P0447: T. P. Davis, et al. Centrally acting drugs alter in vitro B-endorphin processing in the rat. Eur. J. Pharmacol
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