Sudan interpretation of Islam, as well as in the western region of Darfur, where the State Department has determined that acts of genocide have taken place and may still be ongoing. The government of Sudan commits egregious and system- Continued attention and monitoring by the United States atic violations of freedom of religion or belief in the areas and the international community are necessary to ensure under its control, particularly against Christians, Muslims that the terms of the CPA, particularly those relating to free- who do not follow the government’s extreme interpretation dom of religion or belief and other universal human rights, of Islam, and followers of traditional African religions. Due are implemented fully. to the ongoing severe human rights violations commit- The CPA followed and subsumed a series of partial ted by the government throughout much of the country, 92 and preliminary agreements addressing the relationship the Commission continues to recommend that Sudan be of state and religion, the national capital, power-sharing, named a “country of particular concern,” or CPC. The State wealth-sharing (i.e., of oil revenue), and security. The CPA Department has repeatedly adopted the Commission’s affirmed the Machakos Protocol of July 2002, which estab- recommendation that Sudan be designated a CPC. lished a number of principles regarding freedom of religion In the past, the Commission has identified Sudan as or belief, and the Protocol on Power-Sharing of May 2004, the world’s most violent abuser of the right to freedom of which committed the parties to respecting a range of hu- religion or belief and has drawn attention to the Sudanese man rights. Moreover, the Protocol on Power-Sharing states government’s genocidal atrocities against civilian popula- explicitly that “The Republic of Sudan, including all levels tions. As a result of the government’s policies of Islamization of Government throughout the country, shall comply fully and Arabization, more than two million people were killed with its obligations under the international human rights and four million driven from their homes in the North-South treaties to which it is or becomes a party.” civil war from 1983 until January 2005. The civilian victims of that conflict were overwhelmingly Southern Christians and The CPA committed the parties to a number of interim followers of traditional African religions in contrast to the measures for the governance of Sudan during a six-year Arabic-speaking Muslims dominant in Khartoum. Interim Period, to end in July 2011. According to the CPA: Since the signing of the Comprehensive Peace Agree- • a referendum would be held at the end of the Interim ment (CPA) on January 9, 2005, conditions for religious Period to determine whether the South stays within a freedom have improved in the South and in the contested united Sudan or becomes independent; areas in central Sudan. The Commission continues to be • the 10 Southern states would be exempt from sharia seriously concerned, however, over severe human rights (Islamic law), which, however, would continue to prevail violations being committed by the Sudanese government in the North, and special provision would be made to in other regions of the country, including against both non- protect the rights of non-Muslims in the national capital; Muslims and Muslims who dissent from the government’s • the National Congress Party in power in Khartoum and the Sudan People’s Liberation Movement/Army (SPLM/ A) dominant in the South would form a Government of National Unity, with the SPLM/A having a minority share s a result of the government’s of offices; the SPLM/A would assume responsibility for A the government of Southern Sudan; policies of Islamization and Arabization, • local autonomy would be granted to the contested areas of more than two million people were the Nuba Mountains and Southern Blue Nile State, which killed and four million driven from would, however, remain part of the North, and a special administration would be established in the oil-rich area their homes in the North-South civil war of Abyei, whose boundaries would be determined by an from 1983 until January 2005. independent commission; a popular referendum would determine whether Abyei continues to have a special sta- tus in the North or becomes part of the South; SUDAN

the protection of rights have not yet been established: e.g., the National Human Rights Commission and the Com- mission for the Protection of the Rights of Non-Muslims in the national capital area. In the now autonomous South, the Interim Constitution of Southern Sudan, adopted in December 2005, separates religion and state and contains provisions for freedom of religion and for equality before the law regardless of religious belief. The Government of Southern Sudan has established a human rights commis- sion for the South, as well as a special court to prosecute 93 crimes committed for religious reasons, including crimes against members of the South’s Muslim minority. In government-controlled areas of the North, the religious freedom and other human rights protections agreed to in the CPA and enshrined in Sudan’s Interim National Constitution have not yet resulted in significant changes in the government’s practice of enforcing its interpretation of Islam to the detriment of those holding other views. Muslims are reported to receive preferential access to limited government services and preferential treatment in court cases involving Muslim against non- Muslim. All Sudanese in the North, including Christians and followers of traditional African religions, are subject to sharia. Corporal punishments adopted from sharia are imposed on non-Muslims and on Muslims who did not traditionally follow such practices. There is discrimina- tion in granting governmental approvals required for the construction and use of places of worship. Although permits are routinely granted to build mosques, permis- sion to build churches is usually withheld. Churches built Tomb of the Mahdi, Omdurman, Sudan without such official permission exist at the authorities’ sufferance. Church-owned properties that are legally • elections for President of Sudan, President of Southern Su- recognized are nevertheless vulnerable to seizure in a dan, the national legislature, state governors, and all state legal atmosphere in which government action is not legislatures would be held “not later than the end of the constrained by an independent judiciary. fourth year of the Interim Period” (i.e. by July 2009); and Public religious expression and persuasion of non- • constitutional arrangements for the Interim Period would Muslims by Muslims is allowed, but that of Muslims by be according to an Interim National Constitution and an non-Muslims is forbidden. In May 2006, four Sudanese Interim Constitution for Southern Sudan. Christians, including an Episcopal priest, were detained following contact with a Muslim woman who may have Since July 2005, Sudan’s current Government of Na- been interested in converting to Christianity. As the woman tional Unity has officially governed under the Interim Na- was estranged from her family and in hiding, the police act- tional Constitution, which contains provisions guarantee- ed under cover of a “kidnapping” investigation. Although ing universal human rights, including freedom of religion all the detained Christians were released after a few days, or belief. As of this writing, however, key institutions envis- three of them reportedly had been beaten while in custody. aged by the CPA and the Interim National Constitution for The woman was returned to her family and no further legal by the international community is necessary. Khartoum action was taken. continues to block the deployment of a full, joint UN-AU Conversion from Islam is a crime theoretically punish- peacekeeping force, as mandated by the UN Security Coun- able by death. In practice, suspected converts are subjected cil. With villages destroyed and lives at risk from further to intense scrutiny, intimidation, and sometimes torture attack by government-supported Arab militiamen, many by government security personnel who act with impunity. civilians remain in camps, unable to return home to raise Converts to Christianity from Islam face societal pressures crops and thus end their dependence upon international and harassment from the security services to the point that humanitarian assistance. The perpetrators of these crimes, they typically cannot remain in Sudan. The law against both members of the Sudanese armed forces and allied mi- 94 apostasy is also of concern to Muslims; the last instance litias, have acted with impunity. This lack of accountability in which the death penalty was applied was to a Muslim and the persistent use of such methods by the government reformer in 1985. of Sudan raise serious questions about the government’s Government policies and societal pressure favor con- commitment to abide by the terms of the CPA. version to Islam. During the North-South civil war, some Actions resulting in mass killings by the government of children from non-Muslim families captured and sold Sudan against its own citizens have been repeatedly con- into slavery by pro-government militias were reportedly demned as genocide. In the Sudan Peace Act of 2002, Con- forced to convert. Reports continue of coerced conversion gress found that the Sudanese government had committed in government-controlled camps for internally displaced acts of genocide during the civil war. By concurrent resolu- persons, as well as among prison inmates, Popular Defense tion in July 2004, Congress found the atrocities being com- Force trainees, and children in camps for vagrant minors. mitted in Darfur to constitute genocide. In congressional The government has also allegedly tolerated the use of testimony delivered in September 2004, then-Secretary of humanitarian assistance to induce conversion to Islam. State Colin L. Powell announced that the State Department In government-controlled areas, children who have been “had concluded that genocide has been committed in Dar- abandoned or whose parentage is unknown are considered fur and that the government of Sudan and the Janjaweed by the government to be Muslims and may not be adopted bear responsibility—and genocide may still be continu- by non-Muslims. ing.” In a statement issued by the White House the same Although relative North-South peace has brought day, President Bush urged the international community to improvement in human rights conditions in the South and work with the United States to prevent and suppress acts of in the Nuba Mountains, in the western region of Darfur, genocide in Darfur. Likewise, the State Department’s most government forces and “Janjaweed” (government-backed recent annual report on human rights practices in Sudan, militia from Arab tribes) since 2003 have employed abusive issued March 2007, stated “The government’s human rights tactics and brutal violence against African Muslim civilians, record remained poor, and there were numerous serious tactics similar to those used previously against non-Muslim problems, including evidence of continuing genocide in Africans during the North-South civil war. Serious hu- Darfur, for which the government and janjaweed continued man rights abuses have included aerial bombardment of to bear responsibility.” civilians, forced starvation as the result of deliberate denial The government’s genocidal actions stem from a policy of international humanitarian assistance, and the forcible of the governing elite in Khartoum to advance an Arab and displacement of civilian populations. Muslim identity in all parts of Sudan. This policy effectively To date, efforts by the UN and the African Union (AU) relegates non-Arabs and non-Muslims to a secondary sta- to protect Darfur’s civilian population have been wholly tus and, moreover, conflicts with the reality that Sudan is a inadequate. On April 16, after months of obstruction, religiously diverse country with a large minority of Chris- Khartoum agreed to accept a UN “heavy support package” tians and followers of traditional African beliefs, as well as of troops, police officers, civilian staff, and equipment -nec Muslims from a variety of Islamic traditions. Opposition to essary to assist the AU peacekeeping mission and protect this coercive policy has fueled support for armed resistance civilians. Agreements such as this have been violated sev- by non-Muslim and non-Arab populations in the South, the eral times in the past, however, and close monitoring of the Nuba Mountains, and elsewhere. During the North-South Sudanese government’s compliance with the agreement civil war, the current regime in particular used appeals to SUDAN

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Sudanese girls in a refugee camp in Chad (Christian Children’s Fund)

Islam, including calls by senior government officials for Darfurians are almost all Muslims, members of tribes identi- “jihad,” to mobilize northern Muslim opinion. Religious in- fied as African as distinct from Arab. citement by government officials contributed to the horrific The UN High Commissioner for Refugees (UNHCR) human rights abuses perpetrated by government security oversees refugee returns, and the UN Office for the Coordi- forces and government-backed militias. nation of Humanitarian Affairs coordinates IDP returns in Sudan. Both agencies emphasize that all return of refugees The Plight of Sudan’s Internally Displaced and IDPs must be voluntary. Surveys indicate that most Persons and Refugees Southerners indeed wish to return to the South. IDPs living One of the major issues facing Sudan is the situation of in the Khartoum area, for example, have limited access to the refugees and internally displaced persons (IDPs). The employment or basic services and continue to face discrim- North-South civil war and the conflict in Darfur have to- ination and harassment based on religious identification. gether driven approximately seven million people from their Since the signing of the CPA in 2005, more than 100,000 homes. Sudan’s total population today is just over 40 million. refugees have returned to the South, 30,000 with UN- Although most of those displaced from the North-South civil HCR assistance, and an estimated one million IDPs have war fled to other parts of Sudan, particularly to the North, returned spontaneously. Returnees face major challenges, hundreds of thousands became refugees in the Central Afri- however, including logistical hurtles, lack of infrastructure can Republic, the Democratic Republic of Congo, Ethiopia, and health and education services, limited employment Egypt, Kenya, and Uganda. The overwhelming majority of opportunities, funding shortages, and poor security. those who fled as a result of the North-South civil war are The capacity of Southern Sudan and the transitional Christians or followers of traditional African religions. Since areas to absorb large numbers of IDPs and refugees must be 2003, the Darfur conflict has produced over two million in- enhanced. Otherwise, significant dangers will be faced, not ternally displaced persons and sent another quarter million only by the individuals who choose to return, but also to the into neighboring Chad and the Central African Republic as peace process itself and to the development prospects for the refugees. Unlike those who fled the North-South civil war, the region. Without adequate preparation, large scale influxes Displaced Sudanese women in Darfur (Peter Biro/International Rescue Committee via InterAction)

96 would likely result in additional tensions within over- stretched local communities, due to competition over scarce resources and services. This could result in further conflict The capacity of Southern Sudan and diversions of funding from recovery and development to pay for emergency humanitarian assistance. and the transitional areas to absorb A complicating factor for returns to some areas of large numbers of IDPs and refugees must Southern Sudan is the continued threat posed by the Lord’s be enhanced. Otherwise, significant Resistance Army (LRA). Sudan’s prolonged North-South civil war became intertwined with violence in neighboring dangers will be faced, not only by the Uganda, with the Sudanese military providing support to, individuals who choose to return, but also and receiving support from, the LRA, a violent, cult-like insurgent group that draws its support from the Acholi, an to the peace process itself and to the ethnic group located principally in northern Uganda and development prospects for the region. neighboring areas of Sudan. Throughout 2006, the LRA remained a security threat in the South, with reports of LRA banditry targeting civilians, humanitarian workers, and the UN. Attacks by the LRA or by Sudanese groups imitating LRA methods have delayed the return of Sudanese refugees of the American Jewish Committee, to highlight congressio- from Uganda. nal efforts on human rights and religious freedom in Sudan, in particular the work of the Congressional Human Rights Commission Actions on Sudan Caucus’s Task Force on International Religious Freedom. Sudan was one of the first countries to be a focus of atten- The same day, the Commission sent a letter to President tion by the Commission. Since its inception, the Commis- Bush urging renewed U.S. leadership to achieve imple- sion has met with a broad range of government officials, mentation of the Comprehensive Peace Agreement and to religious leaders, human rights monitors, civil society rep- advance United Nations protection efforts in Darfur. resentatives, and others knowledgeable about Sudan; has The Commission has made a series of recommenda- held public events to focus attention on religious freedom tions regarding U.S. policy toward Sudan. In September abuses in Sudan; has testified on Sudan at congressional 2001, following a Commission recommendation that the hearings; and has visited Sudan to see the situation on the U.S. government appoint a nationally prominent indi- ground, traveling most recently to Khartoum, Kadugli in vidual to bring about a peaceful and just settlement of the the Nuba Mountains and Juba, as well as to Nairobi and North-South civil war in Sudan, President Bush appointed Lokichokio in Kenya in January 2006. In March 2006, the former Senator John Danforth as Special Envoy for Peace Commission issued Policy Focus: Sudan at a press confer- in Sudan, energizing the peace process. In September ence with Members of Congress. In March 2007, the Com- 2006, President Bush appointed former USAID Adminis- mission co-sponsored a Capitol Hill event with the Hudson trator and Special Humanitarian Coordinator for Sudan Institute’s Center on Religious Freedom and the Jacob Andrew Natsios as Special Envoy for Sudan, again follow- Blaustein Institute for the Advancement of Human Rights ing a Commission recommendation. Other U.S. actions SUDAN

have followed Commission recommendations, including the Administration’s decisions to give peace in Sudan a higher priority on its foreign policy agenda, engage actively to move the warring parties toward peace, monitor progress toward implementation of a series of partial and prelimi- nary peace agreements, and use U.S. assistance more ef- fectively in alleviating the suffering of the Sudanese people and in aiding development in southern Sudan. In addition to recommending that Sudan continue to be designated a CPC, the Commission urges the U.S. 97 government to remain engaged at the highest levels in bringing about a just and lasting peace for all of Sudan. Just as this report was being prepared, President Bush an- nounced on April 18, in a major policy address on Sudan, that should diplomacy on Darfur continue to fail to secure Khartoum’s compliance with UN Security Council resolu- tions, the Administration will impose stronger measures on Khartoum, several of which the Commission recom- mends below. Commissioner Bishop Ricardo Ramirez at the Jebel Aulia camp for internally displaced persons near Khartoum.

Commissioner Michael Cromartie (second from right) with (right to left) John Prendergast of International Crisis Group, Ken Bacon of Refugees International, Assistant Secretary of State for African Affairs Jendayi Frazer, UN Under-Secretary General for Political Affairs Ibrahim Gambari and Jennifer Cooke of the Center for Strategic and International Studies at a discussion on con- solidating peace in Sudan, June 2006. SUDAN Commission Recommendations

he Commission recommends with a particular focus on violations, event that Khartoum seeks to Tthat the U.S. government should assessing responsibility and indicat- renew the North-South civil war or take the lead in the following areas to: ing what actions are to be taken by otherwise impose its will by force the U.S. government in response; in violation of the CPA. 1 Coalition Building violations to be investigated should • build on the Special Envoy’s efforts include the role of the Sudanese 4 Promotion of Human 98 by lending the President’s personal Armed Forces and associated mili- Rights, including Freedom of prestige to enlist international sup- tias in the November 2006 fighting Religion or Belief port, including from the European in Malakal and Khartoum's possible • use U.S. bilateral discussions with Union, Sudan’s neighbors and na- continued support for the Lord's Sudan, as well as UN mechanisms tions such as China and India that Resistance Army; and and bilateral discussions with third have major economic investments • consider new sanctions as needed to countries with influence in Sudan, in Sudan, to press Khartoum to respond to non-compliance with the to urge Sudan’s Government of end its delaying tactics on CPA terms of the CPA, including targeted National Unity to: implementation. sanctions such as asset freezes and • allow all religious groups to travel bans against individuals and conduct their activities without 2 CPA Verification and institutions, e.g., the National Con- harassment, discrimination or Follow-through gress Party, identified as responsible undue interference, including • continue to press for the complete for serious human rights abuses or activities such as publishing or and timely implementation of the for impeding CPA implementation. importing religious literature as CPA’s human rights, power-shar- well as building, repairing, and ing, revenue-sharing, and security 3 Southern Sudan operating houses of worship and arrangements; complete compli- • continue to support and strengthen social service programs; ance must include Khartoum’s the Government of Southern Sudan, • repeal laws that punish changing unconditional acceptance of the assisting in the development of insti- one’s religion or encouraging an- decision of the Abyei Boundary tutions and infrastructure necessary other to do so; end official accusa- Commission, the verifiable termi- to protect human rights, to deter a tions of blasphemy, apostasy, “of- nation of all support for militias or resumption of civil war, to support fending Islam,” or similar charges elements of the Ugandan insurgent the return of refugees and internally used to stifle public debate or Lord’s Resistance Army operating in displaced persons, and to prepare restrict the right to freedom of the South, and the lifting of restric- the South for the 2011 referendum on expression; tions on peaceful political activities the South's political future; throughout the country in advance • dismantle the burdensome bu- of elections; • remove remaining U.S. sanctions reaucratic obstacles the govern- from all areas under the control ment places on international • hold both the Northern leadership of the Government of Southern humanitarian assistance; remove and the SPLM/A to the current Sudan and local institutions in the the state security services from schedule for elections and refer- border areas of Abyei, Southern their current role in regulating enda, ensuring that these are true Blue Nile, and the Nuba Moun- humanitarian assistance; expressions of popular will and tains, including sanctions on com- that their results are accepted and • establish an independent and munications equipment; and implemented; impartial national Human Rights •  provide, well in advance of the Commission as called for in the • investigate and publicly report to the 2011 referendum, specific security Interim National Constitution and Congress every six months on the guarantees for the South in the in accordance with the interna- status of implementation of the CPA, SUDAN

tional standards2 for such bodies • exclude negative stereotyping • strengthen the capability of the U.S. in terms of independence, ad- in school textbooks; include in Embassy in Khartoum to moni- equate funding, a representative school curricula, in textbooks, tor implementation of the crucial character, and a broad mandate and in teacher training the con- human rights provisions of the that includes freedom of thought, cepts of tolerance and respect for CPA and to report on human rights conscience, and religion or belief; human rights, including freedom abuses, including religious freedom

• abandon efforts to force reli- of religion or belief; history texts in the North, as well as to advance gious organizations to register as should reflect the religious and the U.S. human rights agenda in Su- non-governmental organizations cultural diversity of Sudan’s past; dan by appointing a ranking official 99 under regulations that give gov- • undertake a comprehensive reporting to the Ambassador and ernment officials effective control review, in collaboration with working full-time on human rights. over their activities; Sudanese civil society and inde- 6 • permit relations between na- pendent international experts, to U.S. Foreign Assistance tional religious communities and bring Sudanese law into compli- • ensure that USAID, the State their co-religionists abroad in ac- ance with Sudan’s international Department’s Human Rights and cordance with universal human human rights obligations; and Democracy Fund, and other pro- rights norms; • cooperate fully with international viders of U.S. government assis- tance develop a strategy and fund • reform the state security ser- mechanisms on human rights specific programs to 1) promote im- vices to be representative of all issues, including inviting further plementation of the human rights Sudanese and ensure that all visits by the UN Special Rappor- and religious freedom provisions national institutions such as the teur on Freedom of Religion or of the CPA, and 2) advance legal military, law enforcement agen- Belief, the Special Rapporteur on protections and respect for freedom cies, and the highest levels of the the Situation of Human Rights in of religion or belief throughout judiciary are representative and Sudan, the UN Working Group on Sudan, in recognition of (a) the equally protective of all Sudanese Arbitrary Detention, and the UN central role of religion as a factor regardless of religious affiliation Human Rights Council’s High- in the North-South civil war, and or belief; Level Mission on the Situation of Human Rights in Darfur and (b) the emphasis within the CPA • end the impunity with which comply with the Mission’s recom- on religious freedom concerns; the members of the security forces mendations. programs funded by USAID’s Office and others acting as agents of of Transition Initiatives should be the government have engaged in 5 expanded; human rights abuses; urge the Personnel Resources • adopt as specific objectives for establishment of effective mecha- • ensure that the Special Envoy has these U.S. programs: nisms for accountability for past the personnel and other support abuses; and in the absence of needed to fulfill his mandate of • improved citizen awareness of and such bodies, provide full coop- facilitating the implementation enforcement of the legal protec- eration with international institu- of the CPA and of pursuing peace tions for human rights included tions, including those mandated in Darfur; in the CPA, the Interim National by the UN Security Council; • appoint a high-level official to Constitution, the Interim Con- stitution of Southern Sudan, and • cease messages of intolerance ensure that U.S. resources and the international human rights and discrimination against non- influence are used effectively to treaties, including the Interna- Muslims in the government-con- assist the safe and voluntary return tional Covenant on Civil and trolled media; of Sudan's refugees and internally displaced persons; and

2 Principles Relating to the Status and Functioning of National Institutions for Protection and Promotion of Human Rights, found in the Annex to Fact Sheet No. 19, National Institutions for the Promotion and Protection of Human Rights, Office of the High Commissioner for Human Rights (http://www.unhchr.ch/html/menu6/2/fs19.htm.

Political Rights (ICCPR), to which from various religious and ethnic not unduly pressured into making Sudan is a party; backgrounds from the North, South, “voluntary” returns; and

• grassroots reconciliation and and the transitional areas; • work with other resettlement coun- “peace through dialogue” among • expand international radio broad- tries, UNHCR, and its NGO partners Sudanese, including building on casting to Sudan to provide objec- to ensure that UNHCR expedi- steps USAID has already taken to tive sources of news and informa- tiously identifies those refugees promote reconciliation among tion and to improve awareness of for whom repatriation is not an Southern Sudanese, recogniz- the CPA and its implementation, appropriate or imminent solution 100 ing that participants in such including specific programming to their displacement, including programs must be transported, promoting grass-roots reconciliation those who have suffered from past housed, and fed; participants and respect for freedom of religion; persecution; secure, as appropriate, should specifically include reli- support independent television and timely local integration in countries gious and other civil society lead- radio broadcasting, including in the of first asylum or resettlement to ers from Sudan’s diverse religious South, to the same end; and third countries for such refugees; and ethnic communities; • promptly dispense financial as- and promptly devise a strategy to • greater capacity of those elements sistance for humanitarian purposes, achieve this concurrent with efforts of civil society throughout Sudan to build civil society, and to promote to repatriate refugees to Sudan. (i.e. the North, the South, and the economic development in Southern transitional areas) that promote Sudan, including in the area of an 8 Victims of Slavery and religious tolerance, respect for independent telecommunications Human Trafficking human rights, and the peaceful network. • urge Sudan’s Government of resolution of conflicts, to advance National Unity to prosecute strictly those goals on both the national 7 Refugees and Internally the crime of abduction into slavery, and the local levels; and Displaced Persons most of whose victims are women and children taken during the • development of an independent • support UN agencies and their NGO and impartial judiciary in South- partners in facilitating the sponta- North-South civil war or in Darfur ern Sudan, including through neous—as well as organized—vol- by government-sponsored militias training of judges, prosecutors, untary return of refugees and the and to ensure the speedy identifica- and court administrators and internally displaced, including by tion, voluntary return, and family support personnel, with the aim intensified efforts to provide safer reunification of victims, as well as to ensure international standards modes of transportation, to de- measures for their rehabilitation of due process, fair trial, and non- mine roadways, to establish and and reparation. discrimination; maintain “way stations,” and to de- 9 Peace in Darfur • expand the use of educational and velop practical, community-based • closely monitor the Sudanese cultural exchanges, such as the solutions to the current lack of basic government’s compliance with UN Fulbright Program, the Internation- infrastructure and health and edu- Security Council Resolutions ad- al Visitors Program, and lectures cation services for returnees; dressing the conflict in Darfur; by visiting American scholars and • work with UN agencies and NGO experts, in order to introduce more partners to ensure that the popula- • support a stronger international Sudanese to the experience of soci- tions that remain in refugee and presence in Sudan sufficient to eties in which religious freedom and IDP camps continue to receive at protect civilian populations and to other human rights are protected by least the same level of humanitar- monitor compliance with the peace law; preference should be given to ian assistance as before, so they are accords and Security Council reso- programs that bring together leaders lutions, including by:

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• urging the expansion of the man- nations to include female troops date for international peacekeep- and female police officers in their ers in Darfur—whether UN, Afri- deployment to handle rape cases can Union, or some combination effectively; and

of the two—explicitly to include • supporting a substantial increase the active protection of civilians in the number of human rights and preventive protection; monitors from the UN Office of • providing resources such as im- the Higher Commissioner for proved communications equip- Human Rights and in the number 101 ment, reliable vehicles and heli- of international peacekeepers copters, and logistics assistance deployed in Darfur; to enable peacekeepers to move • prevail upon the government of quickly to places where abuses Sudan to provide needed humani- are occurring; tarian access to international relief • bringing in advisors on civil- organizations; ian protection issues in armed • continue efforts to aid the suffer- conflict to train and work with ing civilian population of Darfur, international force commanders; including by seeking an end to kill- • ensuring that there is a secure ing, to ethnic cleansing and forced environment for the delivery of displacement, and to Sudanese humanitarian aid and the return government impediments to the dis- of refugees and the internally tribution of international humani- displaced; providing an early tarian assistance; assisting refugees warning system with GPS (global and internally displaced persons to positioning system) capability return home in safety; and promot- to warn camps and villages of ing a ceasefire as well as a peaceful approaching forces; and just resolution of the grievances that underlie the crisis; and • supporting the assignment of designated protection teams to • urge the Sudanese authorities to camps for internally displaced cooperate with the international persons; prosecution of those accused of violations of international humani- • supporting the active enforcement of the aerial “no-fly” zone already tarian law and human rights law in specified in Security Council connection with the events in Darfur Resolution of March 29, 2005, since July 1, 2002, in accordance which calls for the immediate ces- with Security Council Resolution sation of “offensive military flights 1593 of March 31, 2005. in and over the Darfur region;”

• taking measures to prevent—and providing aid to those victimized by—widespread sexual violence and rape in Darfur, including by training advisors for the inter- national forces in Darfur and by encouraging participating