Prokofjew Und Die Dramaturgie in L'amour Des Trois Oranges

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Prokofjew Und Die Dramaturgie in L'amour Des Trois Oranges „Vite, rideau! Et qu‘on commence!“ Prokofjew und die Dramaturgie in L‘amour des trois oranges Masterarbeit zur Erlangung des Grades Master of Arts im interuniversitären Masterstudium Musikologie an der Karl-Franzens-Universität Graz Vorgelegt von Julia CHRISTIANSEN Institut für Musikwissenschaft Begutachterin: Priv.-Doz. Mag. Dr.phil. Kordula Knaus Graz, 2012 Inhaltsverzeichnis 1. Einleitung ..............................................................................................2 2. Sergej Prokofjew - ein neoklassizistischer Avantgardist .......................4 2.1 Ein „enfant terrible“ in russischer Tradition? ...................................4 2.2 Eine Forschung so ambivalent wie ihr Gegenstand .......................10 3. Vom Märchen zum offensichtlichen Theater: Der dramaturgische Werdegang von „L‘amour des trois oranges“ ............................................17 3.1 Gozzis Commedia dell’arte ............................................................18 3.1.1 Die Commedia dell’arte ......................................................18 3.1.2 Gozzis „L’amore delle tre melarance“ .................................21 3.2 Meyerholds Stück der Theaterrevolution .......................................34 3.2.1 Meyerhold und die Revolution des Theaters ......................35 3.2.2 Doktor Dapertuttos „Ljubov k trjom apelsinam“ ..................39 3.3 Der Komponist als Librettist ...........................................................50 4. Eine „einfache Tonsprache“ für Amerika ...............................................65 4.1 Dramaturgische Ebenen ................................................................66 4.2 Linearität und innere Geschlossenheit ...........................................72 4.2.1 Leitmotive ...........................................................................78 4.2.2 Die Rolle des Orchesters ....................................................81 4.3 Parodien .........................................................................................83 5. Schluss .................................................................................................87 6. Literaturverzeichnis ...............................................................................89 1 1. Einleitung Bei L‘amour des trois oranges handelt es sich um eine Oper für Amerika in französischer Sprache nach einer russischen Übersetzung eines italienischen Theaterstücks. Dieses Werk von „Rußlands größtem lebenden Musiker“1 wurde 1921 in Chicago uraufgeführt und entwickelte sich im Laufe der Zeit zu „his best known and most successful work in the genre”2. Der Komponist war Sergej Prokofjew, der gleichzeitig als „enfant terrible“3 und Neoklassizist in die Musikgeschichte einging; ein Komponist, der sich in die Moderne vorwagte und trotzdem kommerziell zu bleiben versuchte: „Anfangs machte sich Prokofieff einen Namen als ,enfant terrible‘. Nicht viel später schmeichelte er seinem Publikum, aber nach seiner ersten Reise in die USA [...] fühlte er, daß er es sich nicht leisten könne, zu mißfallen.“4 In diese Zeit des USA-Aufenthalts fällt auch ein Teil der Entstehung und die Uraufführung der Oper L‘amour des trois oranges, deren Ruf ebenso wie der ihres Komponisten zwischen avantgardistisch und traditionell schwankt. Es könnte schon fast verwundern, dass bei zahlreichen Aufführungen und Life-Aufnahmen dieses Werkes, bei dem es sich um eines der im Repertoire nicht allzu häufig anzutreffenden Musiktheaterstücke des 20. Jahrhunderts handelt - eben eine „moderne“ Oper -, ein lachendes und amüsiertes Publikum zu bemerken ist. Doch was macht diese Oper so „modern“, ist es die Vorlage des Librettos, die doch schon im 18. Jahrhundert entstand? Ist es die Dramaturgie, die das Publikum fasziniert und mitreißt, oder verzaubert die Musik? Welche dramaturgischen Mittel werden verwendet und wie sind diese zu erklären? Diese und weitere Fragen werden in dieser Arbeit behandelt. Die Betrachtung der Dramaturgie Prokofjews erfolgreichster Oper scheint besonders interessant und eine genauere Untersuchung wert zu sein und soll 1 Thomas Schipperges, Art. Prokof’ev, Sergej Sergeevič, in: Die Musik in Geschichte und Gegenwart, Personenteil Bd. 13, hg. von Ludwig Finscher, zweite, neubearbeitete Ausgabe, Kassel u.a. 2005, Sp. 964. 2 Dorothea Redepenning, Art. Prokofiev, Sergey, in: The New Grove Dictionary of Music and Musicians, Bd. 20, hg. von Stanley Sadie, zweite Ausgabe, London u.a. 2001, S. 409. 3 Michel Astroff, Bei der Arbeit belauscht, in: Serge Prokofieff, hg. von Heinrich Lindlar, Bonn 1953 (Musik der Zeit. Eine Schriftenreihe zur zeitgenössischen Musik), S. 32. 4 Hans Swarsenski, Prokofieffs Orchesterwerke, in: Serge Prokofieff, hg. von Heinrich Lindlar, Bonn 1953 (Musik der Zeit. Eine Schriftenreihe zur zeitgenössischen Musik), S. 45. 2 somit den Hauptgegenstand dieser Arbeit darstellen. Dabei ist zunächst sinnvoll, Libretto und musikalische Gestaltung separat zu behandeln. Die dramaturgische Entwicklung von der russischen Vorlage von Wsewolod E. Meyerhold unter Berücksichtigung der ursprünglichen italienischen Quelle von Carlo Gozzi bis zum französischen Libretto soll untersucht und dramaturgische Besonderheiten aufgezeigt werden. Im weiteren Verlauf werden die musikalisch-dramaturgischen Mittel analysiert und offengelegt, um aufzuzeigen, inwiefern Prokofjew die dramaturgischen Möglichkeiten musikalisch genutzt und umgesetzt hat. Aus Gründen des Umfangs können nicht alle interessanten Informationen behandelt werden, somit kann nicht explizit auf alle inhaltlichen und musikalischen Details der Oper oder biographische Einzelheiten näher eingegangen werden. Allerdings soll der Versuch einer für das Verständnis des Gesamtzusammenhangs nötigen Betrachtung des soziologisch-historischen Hintergrundes unternommen werden, um herauszuarbeiten, warum welche Veränderungen vorgenommen wurden und wie sie zu erklären sind. Dem soll u.a. im ersten Kapitel nachgekommen werden, das sich mit einer groben Einordnung Prokofjews bzw. seines Schaffens, unter besonderer Berücksichtigung seiner frühen Kompositionen bis zur Entstehung von L‘amour des trois oranges befasst. Auch bei der Beschäftigung mit Gozzi und Meyerhold sind historische Einführungen und die Auseinandersetzung mit den Hintergründen, vor denen die Werke geschaffen wurden, und den ihr zugrunde liegenden Theorien für das Verständnis unumgänglich. Das Anliegen dieser Arbeit ist es, dramaturgische Fragen zu beantworten, die in der Literatur bisher vernachlässigt wurden. 3 2. Sergej Prokofjew - ein neoklassizistischer Avantgardist Dieses Kapitel beschäftigt sich mit der Einordnung Prokofjews und der Auseinandersetzung mit der Sekundärliteratur. Wie seine Werke in musikgeschichtliche Entwicklungen einzuordnen sind, stellt einen immer wieder diskutierten Aspekt in der Prokofjew-Forschung dar und ist auch für die Betrachtung der Oper L‘amour des trois oranges und die Untersuchung der Neuartigkeit durch Verwendung „alter“ Theatermittel von Interesse. Für einen besseren Überblick und allgemeine Verständlichkeit soll dies anhand eines konzentrierten musikalischen Lebenslaufes in Bezug auf die Ambivalenz der stilistischen Einordnung geschehen. 2.1 Ein „enfant terrible“ in russischer Tradition? Prokofieffs wirkliche musikalische Herkunft ist schwer zu definieren. Obwohl ihn Chopins harmonische und Liszt technische Errungenschaften wahrscheinlich in hohem Grade beeindruckt haben, und obwohl der Einfluß von Strauß, Debussy, Strawinsky, Miaskowsky, ja sogar von Tschaikowsky nicht nur in seinen früheren, sondern auch in seinen späteren Werken nachgewiesen werden kann, verdankt er bei genauer Analyse doch keinem von ihnen Wesentliches. [...] Er war tatsächlich ‚neu‘ und blieb es, bis man seinen Stil akzeptierte. Dann wurde er ‚originell‘.5 „Sergej Prokofjew wird hineingeboren in eine Zeit der beginnenden Blüte russischer Kultur“6 und war schon in jungen Jahren von der Oper fasziniert. Zum Repertoire der russischen Bühnen um die Wende vom 19. zum 20. Jahrhundert gehörten nicht nur russische Opern, sondern auch westliche Bühnenwerke. Somit zählen zu den ersten Opern, die er auf den Moskauer und St. Petersburger Bühnen ab 1899 rezipieren konnte, Charles Gounods Faust, Alexander Borodins Knjas Igor, Michael Glinkas Schisn sa Zarah, Giuseppe Verdis La Traviata und George Bizets Carmen.7 Es scheint sich hierdurch erklären zu lassen, dass er als 13-Jähriger beim Eintritt ins Konservatorium schon vier (von insgesamt zwölf komponierten) Opern vorlegen konnte. 5 Hans Swarsenski, Prokofieffs Orchesterwerke, S. 41. 6 Friedbert Streller, Sergej Prokofjew und seine Zeit, Laaber 2003 (Große Komponisten und ihre Zeit), S. 13. 7 Dorothea Redepenning, Art. Prokofiev, Sergey, in: New Grove, S. 405. 4 Während seiner Zeit im St. Petersburger Konservatorium hatte er bei seinen Lehrern, zu denen u.a. Anatoli Ljadov (Komposition), Nikolai Rimskij-Korsakov (Instrumentation), Annette Jessipowa (Klavier) und Nikolai Tscherepnin (Dirigieren) gehörten, und Kommilitonen den Ruf eines sehr kritischen und beinahe schon respektlosen Studenten, wie eine von Prokofjew selbst aufgezeichnete Anekdote belegt: Ich war im allgemeinen bei meinen Schulkameraden nicht sehr beliebt; insbesondere nicht seit der Zeit, da ich es mir in den Kopf gesetzt hatte, alle Fehler zu notieren, die beim Unterricht gemacht wurden, und darüber eine genaue Statistik anzulegen. Die Kameraden waren deshalb wütend.8 Weitere Anekdoten zeigen außerdem, dass den Komponisten traditionelle Kompositions- und Lehrmethoden eher langweilten.9 Dabei „lehnte [er]
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