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Corunastylis Nudiscapanudiscapa (Bare Midge-Orchid)

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Corunastylis Nudiscapanudiscapa (Bare Midge-Orchid) CorunastylisListing Statement for Corunastylis nudiscapanudiscapa (bare midge-orchid) bare midge-orchid T A S M A N I A N T H R E A T E N E D S P E C I E S L I S T I N G S T A T E M E N T Image by Richard Schahinger Scientific name: Corunastylis nudiscapa (Hook.f.) D.L.Jones & M.A.Clem., Orchadian 13(10): 461 (2002) Common name: bare midge-orchid (Wapstra et al. 2005) Group: vascular plant, monocotyledon, family Orchidaceae Name history: Genoplesium nudiscapum, Prasophyllum nudiscapum Status: Threatened Species Protection Act 1995 : endangered Environment Protection and Biodiversity Conservation Act 1999 : Not listed Distribution: Endemic status: Endemic to Tasmania Tasmanian NRM Region: South Figure 1. Distribution of Corunastylis nudiscapa Plate 1. Corunastylis nudiscapa: inflorescence (image by Peter Fehre) 1 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Corunastylis nudiscapa (bare midge-orchid) IDENTIFICATION AND ECOLOGY on Victorian material. However, the Tasmanian Corunastylis nudiscapa belongs to a group of entity, which was rediscovered in 2008 after orchids commonly known as midge orchids collections in 1840 and 1852 (Bonham 2008, because of their insect-like appearance. Wapstra 2008), is now regarded as endemic to Corunastylis species are deciduous terrestrials the State (Baker & de Salas 2012), so the with a round, fleshy tuber partly enclosed by a following is a simplified description pending persistent fibrous sheath, and a single thin further studies. cylindrical leaf. The leaf is solid in the basal Corunastylis nudiscapa is a small terrestrial orchid, part, with a short free apical part, and is about 5 to 14 cm tall. It has a slender green leaf, inseparable from the stalk supporting the in which the free apical portion of the leaf inflorescence, as they are fused and emerge (usually up to 10 mm long) extends into the from the soil together. The upside-down dense inflorescence and projects out through flowers of Corunastylis species are crowded in a the middle of the flower spike. The almost dense terminal spike. wholly green scape is about 4 to 12 cm tall, Species of Corunastylis are mostly pollinated by ending in a dense flower spike that is 8 to small vinegar flies (drosophilids) attracted to 15 mm long. The flower spike is comprised of the flowers by fruit perfumes and hairy between 3 and 15 flowers. The flowers are segments (Jones 2006), although Corunastylis nodding, about 3.5 mm across and are variable nudiscapa is one of the hairless species. Some in colour, mainly hues of green and reddish species are self-pollinating. Reproduction is brown. The plant is entirely glabrous. The solely from seed and like all orchids this species dorsal sepal has a sharply pointed apex, the relies on associations with mychorrizal fungi for lateral sepals are decurved and divergent, the germination and growth. apex with a small white gland. The petals are ovate and also have an apical gland. The It is unlikely that Corunastylis nudiscapa labellum is stiffly hinged, narrowly oblong to specifically requires fire to stimulate flowering, narrowly elliptical, thick and fleshy, the margins but it is probably favoured by disturbance to entire and the apex pointed. the understorey that maintains open patches of bare soil, as evidenced by plants growing close Confusing species to tracks and on loose soil on steeper slopes. Corunastylis nudiscapa is unlikely to be confused Survey techniques with any other species because of its distinctive leaf, which projects through the flower spike Surveys for Corunastylis nudiscapa should be (Plate 1). No other Tasmanian species of undertaken during its peak flowering period Corunastylis has this feature. February to mid April (Wapstra et al. 2008), whilst noting that fertilised plants can be DISTRIBUTION AND HABITAT identified as late as August due to the species’ Corunastylis nudiscapa has been recorded from distinctive leaf character (Plate 1). Leaves have two locations in Tasmania, Oyster Cove and been observed as early as December. The South Hobart (Figure 1 & Table 1). The species is difficult to detect due to its species’ linear range is about 25 km, the extent diminutive nature, especially where shrubs 2 of occurrence 13.5 km , and area of occupancy become denser (Plate 2), and usually occurs in 4 to 5 ha (Table 1). low numbers within loose groups at any one site. Plants grow in open forests and woodlands dominated by Eucalyptus tenuiramis (silver Description peppermint) or Eucalyptus obliqua (stringybark), Corunastylis nudiscapa was described by Hooker with a heathy ground layer of varying density (1858) from limited Tasmanian material. (Plate 2). Descriptions of the species in other texts (e.g. Jones et al. 1999, Jones 2006) are based largely 2 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Corunastylis nudiscapa (bare midge-orchid) Table 1. Population summary for Corunastylis nudiscapa Subpopulation Tenure NRM 1:25000 Year last Area Number of Region Mapsheet (first) seen occupied (ha) plants ** 1 Old Farm Road Private property South Hobart 2011 1.7 106 (2011)* 2a Huon Road Private property South Taroona 2011 1.0 94 (below road) (2008)* 0.1 22 2b Huon Road Hobart City Council South Taroona 2011 1.7 32 (above road) (2008)* 0.9 27 3 Manuka Hills, Kingborough South Barnes Bay 2012 0.2 c. 30–40 Oyster Cove Council & private (2012)* property NRM region = Natural Resource Management region; * species first collected in the Huon Road/Old Farm Road area in 1840, and in the Oyster Cove area in 1852; ** includes flowering and vegetative plants. level. Mean annual rainfall at the known sites is about 750 to 850 mm. POPULATION ESTIMATE The Corunastylis nudiscapa population is estimated to consist of at least 250 plants (Table 1), following targeted surveys since its rediscovery in 2008 (Bonham 2008, Wapstra 2008). However, this figure is likely to be an underestimate given the difficulties in detecting plants. Open eucalypt forests in southeastern Tasmania have been surveyed extensively by Plate 2. Habitat of Corunastylis nudiscapa below orchid enthusiasts as they are widely recognised Huon Road (image by Richard Schahinger) as hotspots. Indeed, the wider South Hobart area, including sites such as nearby Knocklofty Associated shrubs may include Pultenaea gunnii and Waterworks, had been searched repeatedly var. baeckioides (delicate golden bushpea), in the hope of re-discovering Corunastylis Pultenaea juniperina (prickly beauty), Aotus ericoides nudiscapa . Although it is possible that more (golden pea), Acacia myrtifolia (redstem wattle), subpopulations of Corunastylis nudiscapa exist, Epacris impressa (common heath), Tetratheca given its apparent specific habitat requirements, labillardierei (glandular pinkbells), Acacia the attention its broader potential habitat has terminalis (sunshine wattle) and Exocarpos received in terms of targeted survey effort, the cupressiformis (native cherry). Co-occurring distinctiveness of the species and its relatively orchids include Eriochillus cucullata (autumn wide identification window, detection of further orchid), Chiloglottis reflexa (autumn bird-orchid) subpopulations is likely to be a chance event. and Pterostylis aphylla (leafless greenhood), and also Corunastylis nuda (tiny midge-orchid) and RESERVATION STATUS Corunastylis tasmanicum (tasmanian midge- orchid). Corunastylis nudiscapa occurs on unreserved private property, although the land managed by Corunastylis nudiscapa occurs on Permian Hobart City Council above Huon Road and by mudstones on well-insolated slopes and crests Kingborough Council at Oyster Cove, forms with northwest to northeast aspects, at part of the respective Council’s bushland elevations between 100 to 250 m above sea reserve network. 3 Threatened Species Section – Department of Primary Industries, Parks, Water and Environment Listing Statement for Corunastylis nudiscapa (bare midge-orchid) CONSERVATION ASSESSMENT several years at the Huon Road sites. However, Corunastylis nudiscapa was listed as extinct on the an extended absence of fire may result in the original schedules of the Tasmanian Threatened understorey becoming densely shrubby and Species Protection Act 1995 (under the name ultimately unsuitable for the species. While Genoplesium nudiscapum ). The species was down- most species of Corunastylis respond positively listed to endangered in 2009, at which time to fire, the lack of ecological information on fewer than 50 mature individuals were known Corunastylis nudiscapa and its highly restricted to be extant. The species qualifies for distribution means that any fire regime has an endangered under criterion D: inherent risk attached to it. Inadvertent destruction: The extant sites • Total population estimated to number occur in close proximity to urban areas and are fewer than 250 mature individuals. therefore at risk from human activities. Several individuals occur almost immediately adjacent THREATS, LIMITING FACTORS AND MANAGEMENT ISSUES to open tracks regularly used for recreation, e.g. mountain biking. Even accidental trampling by The highly localised and disjunct distribution of walkers (and dogs) is a potential risk to Corunastylis nudiscapa renders the species individual plants. particularly vulnerable to stochastic events and Climate change: Corunastylis nudiscapa occurs at accidental destruction. sites of naturally low rainfall, but minor shifts in Clearance and track maintenance:
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