An Historical Text Book and Atlas of Biblical Geography

HISTORICAL

TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS

iUital #Mgra)j|j.

By LYMAN COLEMAN.

fUirt71RSIT7l ^^^^^ PHILADELIPHIA: PRESBYTERIAN BOARD OF PUBLICATION, 265 CHESTNUT STREET. 1855. .t^" ^c^

5Xvcy riRSI ENTERED AT STATIOITEllS' HALL BT INTERNATIONAL ARRANGEMENT WITH THE AMERICAN PKOPRIBTORS.

Entered according to Act of Congress, in the year 1854, by LIPPINCOTT, GRAMBO A CO.

in the Clp"k's Office of the District Court of the Eastern District of Pennsylvania.

8TEBE0TTPED BY L. JOHNSON * CO. PHILADELPHIA.

PRINTED BY C. SHERMAN.

MODERN JEB.USALEM

L THE CHRISTIAN QUARTER.

1 Goliath's Castle. 2 Latin Convent

8 Church of the Holy Sepulchre. 4 G-reek Convent. 5 Coptic Convent. 6 Ruins of St. John's Hospital. 7 Greek Church. St. John's. 8 Residence of the Christian Bishop. 9 Church of the Greek Schismatics. 10 Tower of Hippicus. David's Tower. 11 Supposed site of the Tower of Phasaelus 1§ The Prussian Consulate. IS Modem Evangelical ChurcL 14 Hospital and Syrian Convent.

IL THE ARMENIAN QUARTER.

15 Armeniaji Convent, with the Church of St. Jamer. The only building in JeTusalem which presents any appearance of cotDfort. 16 Nunnery of St. George. 17 Barracks.

ni. THE JEWS' QUARTER. The most wretched in the city. 18 Synagogue of the Shepardim. 19 Synagogue of the Portuguese Jews. go Mosque.

IV. THE MOHAMMEDAN QUARTER. 21 Khan and Bazaar, gg Mineral Bath. gS Convent and Schools. 24 Institute for Blind Dervishes. 25 Hospital of St. Helena. 26 Reputed site of the House of the Rich Man. 27 Reputed site of the House of St. Veronica. 28 Residence of the Turkish Pasha. 29 Arch of the "Ecce Homo."

'' §0 Place of the Scala Sancta/' the Holy Staircase. §1 Pilate's House.

§2 Place of Flagellation. §8 Ruins of a Church. House of Simon the Pharisee.

§4 Church of St. Anna. §§ House of Herod. Dervish's Mosque.

V. THE MOORS' QUARTER,

a Armenian Convent. House of Caiaphas. b American Burial-ground. c David's Tomb, d Place of Wailing of the Jews. Just witliin Zion's Gate are the -wretched ahodes of lepers. PREFACE.

History without Geography is incomplete and unsatisfactory. The duty of the historian is, not only to record the events of his narrative, with their causes and consequences, but to sketch the attending scenes and circumstances, so as to present a clear and living picture of the whole. For this pui'pose Geography comes to the aid of History, to delineate the scenery of the historical narrative, to describe the city or country where the event recorded transpired, to depict the mountain, plain, or valley, the ocean, sea, or river, the lake or fountain that blend in the surrounding landscape. Nothing so effectually aids lis to call up from the tomb the figure of the past and reinvest it with its former lineaments, as these changeless features of nature. These alone give reality and life to the picture. More than all else they carry us back to live in the bygone days of history, and to become living actors in its stirring scenes. Zion is still beautiful for as in the of the Psalmist the hills stand about Jeru- situation, days ; salem now as they did when their picturesque beauties inspired the song of the royal bard. There is the Mount of Olives, and Mount Moriah, with the deep, silent valley below; and there " is Siloa's brook," still fresh and full, as when it flowed "fast by the oracle of God." The heights of Hebron, the grazing-grounds and wells of Beersheba, are the same as when Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob tended there their flocks. Lebanon and Carmel, Tabor, Hermon and Bashan, the Lake of Galilee and its winding shores, are clad still in all the varied beauties which held and charmed the eye of Jesus of Nazareth. These, contemplated in vivid mental conception, carry us back to walk with Jesus by the silent, solemn shore of that lake, to commune in spirit with the sweet singer of Israel, and to converse with Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob on the tented field. Thus History and Geography are inseparably associated together, and should ever be studied in connection. lends interest to the other and both are learned with Each, by association, new ; more ease than either when studied separately. Read with careful reference to geographical and chronological data, locate in time as in history, and in space as in geography, the events of the past, trace upon chart and map the shifting scenes of the narrative, and what was before insipid and profitless, becomes, like the "expressive canvas" and the "speaking marble," in- stinct with life and spirit. What was crowded in confusion upon the mind, spreads out in distinct and beautiful perspective, leaving an impression clear and abiding as the landscape of the painter. History and Geography are by common consent considered indispensable branches of study in every primary school. Ancient history and classical geography occupy a large place in every liberal course of education, and why ? only that, as names and places occur in conversation, reading, or public address, we may have some acquaintance with their relative position and importance, together with the historical incidents with which they are associated. But the cities and sites of Scripture History come before us in reading, in conversation, and in the instructions of the pulpit, every day of our life, from childhood to hoary age, while we live in profound ignorance of them, and count it no reproach, no loss. Sacred History and Geography, infinitely more important and more attractive than the histories and geographies 3 4 PREFACE.

school or even of our schools, has no place in our public systems of education. What acadorny, —what of Public Edu- •when proposing a course of study peculiarly select and religious system in its of the cation—what College or Theological Seminary even, includes plan study Geography and for half and History of the Bible ? How many, accordingly, read the Scriptures daily, a of the localities and century profess to expound them it may be, without any just conception of the Mount of or scenery of Bethlehem, of Nazareth, of Capernaum, of Jerusalem, Olives, of dark Gethsemane—localities and scenes around which cluster the most hallowed associations of the Christian. The following work is the result of an humble effort and an earnest desire to associate together, and of the for reasons which have been briefly indicated, the History Geography Scriptures, and to allure the young and assist them in an interested and intelligent perusal of the Book of God. Whatever may be the consideration in which this Text Book itself shall be held, we claim in the Bible-class that the subject of it undeniably ought to have a place, not only and Sunday- school, but in the primary and grammar school, the college and the theological seminary. The general plan of the book is the same as that of the Historical Geography of the Bible, published in 1849. It is not, however, an abridgment, but a separate, independent treatise, which has called the writer to a new and extended course of reading, preparatory to the task of constructing this Text Book and Atlas. What was scattered in many volumes is here brought together, "with no cursory pains, to save the reader a far longer travail of wandering through so many desert authors." The works which have been chiefly consulted in the preparation of this manual are subjoined at the conclusion of these remarks. But the present work is by no means offered to the public as a substitute for the Historical Geography of the Bible. The object has been to provide a series of maps more distinct and satisfactory, and to reduce the letter-press into the dimensions requisite for an elementary Text Book. For these purposes the Maps have been prepared, on the basis of Kiepert's Bible Atlas, compared with that of Wieland and Ackermann, and the maps of Drs. Robinson and Wilson, Lieutenant Lynch, Layard, Colonel Chesney, &c. These maps are engraved on steel plates, in such distinctness and beauty, that we think they cannot fail to commend themselves to the favourable consideration of the public. The text has been compressed into the narrowest limits that seemed compatible with the design of presenting a satisfactory compend of the wide range of Biblical Geography, Chro- nology, and History, without reducing it to a barren, repulsive series of isolated statistics. Special attention has been given to the Chronology of Sacred History. The division of the work by chapters has been made in conformity with the extraordinary parallelisms which the history of the Old Testament presents. A little attention to these divisions, compared with the summary which is found on pages 43, 44, will establish several great landmarks in the of chronology the Scriptures, to which intermediate events may be easily referred, so that each shall take its relative position in the long series of ages, without encumbering the memory with a wearisome accumulation of historical dates. Such indeed is the beautiful simplicity of the of the its chronology Bible, that great outlines, may, in a single hour, be so impressed on the memory as never to be forgotten. By means of the Chronological Table and the General Index, this book, like the Historical Geography, offers the advantages of a Gazetteer for occasional reference, as well as of a manual for the consecutive reading arid study of the Bible. Such are the ends proposed in the preparation of this Text Book and Atlas. For many months have been with watchful care laborious but with weary they pursued and diligence ; what propriety or success remains to be seen in the judgment which the book awaits from the public to whom it is submitted. In common with other works of a kindred character, it has at least this special claim for public favour, that it offers to our Institutions of Learning, of whatever grade or name, an opportunity of introducing the study of the Bible into their course of education, without disturbing the denominational or sectarian prejudices of any religious creed. SUGGESTIONS TO INSTEUCTOES.

Any Bible or Sunday-school class might study this Text Book with sufficient thoroughness, to it one lesson in a week for a and or by appropriating single year ; any college, academy, primary school might allot this amount of time to the study of the Holy Scriptures, at some convenient hour, without any apparent interference with the progress of the pupils in their secular and studies, while they would acquire an acquaintance with the History, Chronology, Geography of the Bible, that would lend new attractions to this holy book, and by the grace of God might convert win them to a perusal of His word that would enlighten the eyes, rejoice the heart, and the soul. Tlie entrance of it giveth light; it giveth understanding to the simple. To such as may prefer a course of study somewhat more extended, the Historical Geography of the Bible offers a wider range of description, and a fuller detail of events and incidents, arranged and grouped according to the same general plan. But in either case the Bible itself must be the principal Text Book, to the study of which such compends and manuals may be subservient, while they are never to supersede the diligent should ever be perusal of God's own Word. Select portions of the Scripture History assigned either manual of Biblical and as the lesson for rehearsal, in connection with Geography ; every — if it is it should referred locality should be distinctly traced on the map even not inserted, be to its appropriate position. Let the reader begin, as has been already suggested on another occasion, by establishing a few landmarks, as central points from which to determine the relative positions of other places. The outlines of the lands of the Bible are comprehended by a single glance at the Atlas. Palestine is included between the eastern coast of the Mediterranean and the line of the Jordan with its lakes and the Dead Sea. Jerusalem is the great central point to which the bearings and distance of cities and countries may be referred. Locate these distinctly in the mind as points of departure, for convenient reference, and the outline may be filled without confusion as the details shall arise. Natural features, relative position and distance, should be noted but to to to define with the distance distinctly ; give specific boundaries, attempt accuracy and bearing of different localities, is worse than useless. It leads to positive error by confound- of ing the true with the false, the certain with the uncertain. The relative position and extent for of and of cannot be mistaken but who can define their Judea, example, Samaria, Galilee, ; exact limits ? The territory of Judah and Benjamin among the tribes, and of Philistia among the foes of Israel, may be distinctly noted, but it is neither easy nor important to trace their specific boundaries. The names of ancient cities that still remain, the ruins by which they are identified, and the scenery which invests them, have wonderful power lo daguerreotype them on the mind, and, like the faithful remembrancer of a lost friend, to suggest a thousand endearing recollections. With these suggestions this little manual is respectfully commended to the consideration of parents, superintendents, and instructors, with the hope that it may serve in some degree to call their attention to a most important but neglected branch of education, and to one of the most efficient means of alluring and aiding the young in the acquisition of knowledge which it is most important for them to know—the knowledge that may make them wise unto Eternal Life. AUTHORS CONSULTED.

— Reland's Palestina, 2 vols, quarto Ritter's Erdkunde, 14th, 15th, and 16th parts, 4 volumes, relating to the Peninsula, to Palestine, and Syria, and to Judah, Samaria, and Galilee—Winer's Biblisches Real- wbrterbuch, third edition—Von Raumer's Palastina—Arnold's Palastina, Historisch-Geographisch, with Helmuth's Map, one of the best that has been published—Several German Commentators, particularly Rosenmiiller, Thenius, Kiel, and Havemick, together with Alexander on Isaiah—Robinson's Researches— Wilson's Lands of the Bible—Lepsius's Letters—Jahn's Hebrew Commonwealth—De Saulcy's Journey round the Dead Sea—Kitto's History of Palestine—Cyclopaedia—Scripture Lands, &c.—Transactions of the and Asiatic Societies—The of Royal Geographical Royal Works Joseph Schwartz, Rbhr, Wheeler ; together with the articles of Dr. Robinson and the American Missionaries in the Bibliotheca Sacra, which enrich the varied literature of this learned and valuable Journal—The Travels of the Rev. Drs. Olin and Durbin; of Lamartine, Stevens, and many others—Williams' Holy City—Bartlett's Walks about Jerusalem, &c. On the Chronology of the Scriptures, Browne's Ordo Sasclorum. On the Region of Mesopotamia, the Tigris and Euphrates, Colonel Chesney's Survey. On Nineveh, Babylon, &c., the several works of Layard, Bonomi, &c. On the Tenth Chapter of Genesis, Knobel's Vblkertafel, Dr. Robinson on the Harmony of the Gospels, and Strong's Harmony and Exposition. On the Acts of the Apostles, Hackett's Commentary, Smith's Shipwreck of St. Paul, and the late and incomparable work of Conybeare and Howson on the Life of St. Paul, 2 vols, quarto. On the Book of the Revelation, Brewer's Patmos and the Seven Churches.

The Maps are after the model of Kiepert's Bible Atlas, modified by reference to Wieland and Acker- mann's Bible — Atlas the Vblkertafel of Knobel—Zimmermann's series of Maps of the Peninsula, ' and the — Palestine, Syria, accompanying volumes of Ritter's Erdkunde Helmuth's Map of Palestine, together with the Maps of Drs. Robinson and Wilson, and those of Conybeare and Howson. ^V""''of rHB-"'"^'^

CONTENTS,

^art 5.

CHAPTER I.

THE ANTEDILUVIAN PERIOD: FROM THE CREATION TO THE FLOOD. 1666 YEARS 10 A. M. 0+1666=1656. B. C. 4102—1656=2446.

CHAPTER II.

THE PERIOD OF THE DISPERSION: FROM THE FLOOD TO THE PROMISE. 430 YEARS 16 A. M. B.C. 2446— 430=2016. ^. 1656+430=2086.

CHAPTER III.

THE PERIOD OF THE PATRIARCHS: FROM THE PROMISE TO THE EXODE, 430 YEARS 26 A. M. 2086+430=2516. B. C. 2016—430=1586.

CHAPTER IV.

THE PERIOD OF THE WANDERING : FROM THE EXODE TO THE PASSAGE OVER JORDAN. 40 YEARS 44 A. M. 2516+40=2556. B. C. 1586-40=1546.

CHAPTER V.

THE PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY: THE JUDGES FROM JOSHUA TO SAMUEL. 450 YEARS 68 A. M. 2556+450=3006. B. C. 1546—450=1096.

CHAPTER VI.

THE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD: FROM SAMUEL TO DAVID AS KING. 40 YEARS 105 A. M. 3006+40=3046. B. C. 1096—40=1066.

CHAPTER VII. THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY: FROM DAVID TO THE BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY. 460 YEARS.. 116 A. M. 3046+450=3496. B. C. 1066—450=606.

CHAPTER VIII. THE PERIOD OF THE CAPTIVITY AND OF THE RESTORATION: FROM THE CONQUEST OF JUDEA TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 206 YEARS 155 A. M. 3496+70+136=3702. B. C. 606—70—136=400.

^m M,

CHAPTER I. THE LIFE OF CHRIST *... 1C5

CHAPTER II. THE LABOURS OF St. PAUL 209

P CHAPTER III. PATMOS, AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES 247 7 MAPS.

I.—FRONTISPIECE: ANCIENT AND MODERN JERUSALEM.

II.—THE WORLD AS KNOWN TO THE HEBREWS ACCORDING TO THE MOSAIC ACCOUNT.

Ill—THE ROUTES OF THE ISRAELITES THROUGH THE DESERT. CANAAN AT THE TIME OF THE CONQUEST.

IV.—PALESTINE UNDER THE JUDGES AND KINGS, WITH THE DISTRIBUTION OF THE TWELVE TRIBES.

v.—PALESTINE IN THE TIME OF CHRIST.

VI.—THE TRAVELS OF OUR SAVIOUR.

Vn.—THE MISSIONARY TOURS OF THE APOSTLE PAUL.

VIII.—A CHART OF THE ELEVATION OF VARIOUS SECTIONS OF THE LANDS OF THE BIBLE.

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GEK X.

THIS comprises the world as known to the ancient Hebrews, with the exception on the east, of India, and the unknown region of Sinim, supposed to be China; and on the west of Mauritania. The author, in locating these ancient tribes of men, availed himself of the labours of Gesenius, Ewaid, Hitzig, and others, together with the researches of the most reliable geographers and antiquaries. Askenaz, according to these authorities, occupies the western part of Asia Minor; Togarmah is Armenia, and Gomer occupies the region of Cappadocla between them;

Riphath, the author locates on the southern shore of the Black Sea, north of Gomer; but in accordance with others it is also referred to the region north of this sea. Gog, and Magog, the land of Gog, in conformity with classical and Armenian authors, is placed north of Armenia, in the neighbourhood of Togarmah, Meshech, and Tubal, v/hose position is clearly defined. They are also set farther north, to represent the Scythian nations.

in that at this Tarshish, Gen. x. 4, Kiepert also identifies with Tarsus Cilicia, alleging Spain was time unknown to the Hebrews. At a later period, Tarshish became the name of the Etruscans, who inhabited a part both of

Spain and of Italy. Casluh, Casluhim, should be located on the south-east angle of the Mediterranean, east of the

Nile, between Egypt and Palestine, instead of occupying its present position on the map

The true position cf the descendants of Jcktan, in southern Arabia, is quite uncertain. 1'hese have been varied m a few instances on the authority of Knobel in his Volkertafel. Only those names are underlined with colours which are best known and have their position most clearly defined. Later names which occur in the Prophets, fiuch as Persia, Nubia, &c., are not underlined, and classical names not found in the Bible are set in smaller type.

The extent of the ancient Assyrian empire is also distinctly indicated, and the localities entered according to the latest and best authorities of English residents, surveyors, and travellers. .\ ^-t) I? THE'WOKtD^AS KWOWIf 'f^lTHB HEBREWS gsiVII^SIT

THIS and the following Maps of Palestine are constnicted on the bases of Dr. Robinson's maps, reduced by

the direction of Dr. E,. The of the Sinaitio is Kiepert, who executed those maps under plan group modified to with that of Er represent the plains on the south of Sinai, in connection E,ahah, where Dr. R. supposes the Israelites to have stood on the giving of the law.

On the south and east of Sinai is seen the plain of Sebaiyeh, which, extending several miles, offers a wider range of ground for the hosts of Israel, and is assumed by Hitter and many others to have been the station of the Israel- ites when they received the law from Sinai.

After leaving Sinai, the route and the stations of the Israelites are quite conjectural. The continuous red line

of the Israelites as sketched Dr. E/. the shorter indicate deviations denotes the track by ; lines, green and blue, the from this route, on the supposition that the children of Israel occupied the plains on the south of Sinai, and from this station proceeded in a direct line across the desert toward Beer-sheba to Kadesh-barnea in the desert belov/; and then again, after thirty-eight years' wandering in the desert, are found at another Kadesh-barnea, in the deep valley below the Dead Sea. Tliis virtually supposes that there were two places having the same name, one upon the western part of the great plateau of the desert; the other, in the deep valley of the Arabah, belov/ the Dead

Sea. See pages §5, §6.

Lepsius contends with great earnestness and force, that the law must have been given on Mount Serbal, at the distance of a day's journey or more north-west from Sinai, near the desert of Sin. It rises in lonelier, loftier gran- to the than Sinai deur, observer, itself, though somewhat inferior in height. About its base is spread a charming oasis of the richest verdure, watered by perennial streams of water. The mysterious Sinaitio inscriptions on its rocky facings in every direction prove it to have been frequented as a sacred mountain by the pilgrims who recorded these memorials of themselves, which remain imperishable after all else relating to them, their language, their re- and their has ligion, country been totally lost. This theory of Lepsius would essentially change again the probable route of the Israelites through the desert. But Serbal stands without the group of Sinai and cannot well be made to conform to the conditions of the narrative. Ki,;-*.jn Stpd IjyWWiIKeaM Ttal* ^3-^^ Of TEE IT '^^^ THE boundaries of Palestine are indicated according to their probable limits. The exact boundaries of the extent of tribes cannot be defined, but their relative position and the comparative their territories are indicated approximately on the map. Sometimes the claims of the tribes by promise extended beyond their actual possession Manasseh, This with by conquest, as in the instances of Judah, Dan, Asher, and reference to the land of the Philistines is indicated by the crossing of different colours; the independent tribes of G-eshur, Bashan, Maachah. east of the fee, in the territory assigned to the half-tribe of Manasseh. Jordan, are represented by double coloured lines.

It is a vain attempt to define with precision the boundaries of the several tribes. The effacing hand of time has thoroughly obliterated them; but their relative position, magnitude, and importance may be distinctly noted, together with their natural scenery and soil. With the knowledge of these we may well be content. In geography, as in history, a general outline is more easily retained, moffe satisfactory, and more profitable than a minute detail. Such an outline is presented in these boundaries, without any claim to minute accuracy.

The cities of the Plain, Sodom, G-omorrah, Zoar, Admah, and Zeboim, are entered on the map according to the late researches of the French traveller De Saulcy. The discovery of the sites of Sodom and G-omorrah by this traveller is pronounced by an English journalist to be one of the most striking in the whole range of biblical antiquity. The disinterment of Nineveh may be of more importance in its results to the historian and the antiquary, but as a matter of feeling, it is of small moment compared with the discovery of Sodom and Gomorrah. "There is something strangely awful in the idea of these living monuments of Divine vengeance, yet remaining after six and thirty centuries, with the actual marks of the instrument of their overthrow still visible upon their blasted ruins."

The region around Jerusalem, where the most interesting local incidents are clustered together, is exhibited on a larger scale in the margin. These discoveries, however, have not been confirmed by subsequent travellers, and the conclusions of De Saulcy must be regarded as questionable. v<

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^^S-Ai;^ Of TH3 [TJiriVBRSITY THIS map has been somewhat modified according to Dr. Wilson-s map: particularly the localities and cities

v/hich have been clearly identified, some ISO or 160 in number, have been entered in a distinct type, the common

Roman letter, large or small, according to the importance of the place. Places not yet identified are entered in italics. The coast and country of Syria is continued northward to Antioch, in consideration of the frequent mention of this country in the history of the Maccabees and of the Acts of the Apostles. This map is enlarged in size, to prevent confasion in inserting so many names together in a small space.

division of the of the Jordan into divisions of The country west the three Judea, Samaria, and G-alilee, first occurs in the time of the Maccabees, 1 Maccab. x §0, which is also recognised by Josephus. In the time of Clirist the division had become familiar and well established. But the specific boundaries are not well defined. Judea the of the tribes of and Dan that of com.prised substantially territory Judah, Simeon, Benjamin, ; Samaria, Ephraim and the half-tribe of Manasseh and that of the tribes of ; G-alilee, remaining Issachar, Zebulon, Asher, and NaphtalL

less in is more fertile than Judea the mountains are covered with a richer Samaria, though extent, ; verdure ; the valleys are better watered and yield a more luxuriant vegetation. G-alilee surpasses both Judea and Samada, alike in the fertility of its soil and the grandeur of its scenery.

The Perea is a general term to denote, as its name implies, the country east of Jordan from the Arnon to the sourees of the Jordan : in a more restricted sense, it designates the country from the Arnon to the neighbourhood of of Pella, north the river Jabbok, v/hich country in Joshua is denominated Bashan and Gilead. The latter again, in Deut. xxxiv. 1, denotes the v/hole country east of the Jordan. Ancient Bashan comprised the provinces of

Gaulonitis, Iturea, Auronitis, and Trachonitis.

than either of others. THIS map/ may be more unsatisfactory and conjectural the The travels of our Lord are to be sketched with of a viev/ of seldom defined by localities sufficient to allow them any degree certainty. Still, them even though the exact route may be altogether conjectural, serves to impress the mind with the extent of his

travels and the wearisome life which he lived, in his labour of love, going about everyu'-here doing good. The

chart of these journeyings may seem somewhat confused, but they may be easily traced in their order, as delineated

by the different colours on the map according to the following descriptions. The dates are given according to the

corrected chronology, four years below the common reckoning of the Christian era.

to I. In his Crst journey to Jerusalem, Jesus goes from Nazareth be baptized of John in Jordan at Bethabara to nearly opposite Jericho, | 1§. He is supposed go down the east side of Jordan—^he passes over into the wilderness of Judea, on the west side, about Jericho—^goes up to Jerusalem, returns A. D. §;§. (§19) through the wilderness western of the Jordan to to to John at Bethabara, and thence along the banks Nazareth, and (§ 20) Gana and Caper- naum.

n. Jesus goes up to Jerusalem the second time, A. D. 26. § 21, by the westem route, (see page 1 79) along the plain of Esdraelon and along the plain of Sharon. From Jerusalem he passes eastward to the Jordan, baptizes at Enon near Shalim—^returns to Jerusalem and to G-alilee by the middle route, which conducts him to Jacob's well, § 25, and Sychar, the Shechem of the Old Testament. He teaches publicly in the synagogues in G-alilee, § 26, is again at Gana and at Nazareth, and Cxes his abode at Capernaum. This public teaching in G-alilee supposes him tc> have reached these plains by some such circuit as is indicated in this return.

m. The first circuit in G-alilee from Capernaum (A. D. 27.) is wholly conjectural, § §2, but it extended "throughout indicated the all Galilee," Mark i. §9, and is accordingly so on map.

the Jordan and to the IV. The third journey to Jerusalem, g §6, A D. 27. by the eastern route, crossing ascending table-land above, and following this through ilamoth G-ilead to the fords of the Jordan near Jericho. Retums by to indicated in the of lh.e middle line of travel, for which we have no authority other than may seem be plucking the ears of grain as he and his disciples passed through- The plains of Mamre and Esdraelon, through which this route passes, are among the most fertile in Palestine, and to this day are covered v/ith similar fields of grain.

Galilee. V. Second circuit in Galilee, § 47, A. D. 27. This is sketched by conjecture around Upper

VI. Excursion across the lake to the country of the Gadarenes, south-east of the Sea of Galilee, § S7, A. D. 27.

this circuit. It is sketched as Vn. Third circuit in Galilee, g 62, A. D. 28. Nothing is said to define passing through the Nazareth, Shunem, the plain of Esdraelon and Tiberias. It is represented to have been a wide circuit, when

twelve apostles were also sent to supply his lack of service.

Vm. Excursion to Bethsaida, on the north-east coast of the Sea of Galilee, § 64, A. D. 28.

IX. Fourth circuit in Galilee, § 68, A. D. 28. This is defined as comprising a wide range through Sarepta, Tyre, and Zidon, and the region of Decapolis beyond Jordan.

to X. The fifth circuit in Galilee, § 7§, A. D. 28. to Bethsaida, north-east of the cea, and Cesarea Philippi.

Sa- XL The fourth and final journey to Jerusalem, § 81, A. D. 28. This journey was by the middle route through

maria, where the ten lepers were cleansed, § 62.

Xn. The journey to Bethabara beyond Jordan, return to Bethany on the death of Lazarus. § 91, A. D. 29.

The circuit to Ephraim, the valley of the Jordan and in Peraea, § 92, AD. S9.

^Tei-A^^ Of THE ['OSIVSBSIT

[l^[F)[L^[Ri]^TD©K] ©[F m/AiP WDOo

for Neander's of the Christian Church in the Times of the THIS map was prepared by Kiepert originally History for his beautiful classical of G-reece and Asia Minor, embracing the re- Apostles. It was then reconstructed maps reduced him to the form. In the of it sults of the latest researches; from that it has been by present preparation with the series of which the learned and incom- for this work, it has been carefully compared maps accompany on the life of St. Paul. parable work of Conybeare and Howson

on his to Jerusalem for the first A. D. after I. The travels of the Apostle begin at Damascus, going up time, 88,

sail from for Tarsus. his conversion, and supposes him to Joppa

Antioch. A. D. 44. Visits Jerusalem a second time with Barnabas on II. Paul goes by invitation of Barnabas to to the Orontes the occasion of the famine, A. D. 45. The route is conjectural. He is supposed pass up through

Cosle-Syria and to return by sea from Joppa.

traced and III. His First Missionary Tour, A. D. 48, is distinctly defmed and may be easily through Cyprus and Derbe in and the same to Pamphylia to Antioch in Pisidia, Iconium, Lystra, Lycaonia, through places Perga,

Attalia, and Antioch.

G-al. ii. to the council about IV. Paul goes the third time to Jerusalem in company with Barnabas and Titus, §, circumcision. Their line of travel is along the great Roman road dov/n the Phcenician coast, and through the midland districts of Samaria and returns Damascus to Antioch. ; through

V. Paul in his Second Missionary Tour passes by land to Tarsus, and revisits Derbe, Lystra, and Iconium,

thence through G-alatia and Phrygia to Troas, A. D. §2. Macedonia, Athens, Corinth, Ephesus, Cesarea, Jeru-

salem, A. D. S4, the fourth time.

VI. Paul in his Third Missionary Tour visits the churches of Lycaonia, Galatia, and Pamphylia—goes to

Ephesus, to Macedonia, into Ulyricum to Corinth—from Corinth returns by land through Thessaly to Philippi, then

to Miletus, to Tyre, and Jerusalem the fifth and last time.

VII. The voyage to Pvome in the autumn and winter of A. D. 60-61, is distinctly traced from Cesarea up the coast around along the coast of Asia Minor to around the southern coast of Crete to Malta and — C3rprus, Cnidus, Syracuse ^through the Straits of Sicily to the Bay of Naples, and along the Appian way through the Pontine marshes to Rome.

Vm. After his release from his first imprisonment at Rome, A. D. 6§. we trace his journey through Brundusium and in Appollonia Illyricum to Macedonia, thence to Ephesus, and the churches of Asia, j^. D. 64, then to Spain and to D. again Ephesus, A. 66, then once more to Macedonia, thence to Crete, and yet again to Ephesus and thence to Corinth, Nicopolis in Epirus in the winter of A. D. 67-8, he is arrested and taken to P^^ome, where in th?

spring of A. D. 68, he is beheaded.

•of THE

;•!•-> T, ', ;')

;UFI7BRSITr] A CHART OF DIFFERENT SECTIONS OF THE LANDS OF THE BIBLE.

From 5000 to 6000 Table-land of Armenia

From 3000 to 4000 Tablo-land of Asia Minor.

Damascus 2237

r Hasbany 322

Sources of the Jordan. Banias 526 I Tell 556 [ El-Kady

Waters of Merom, Huleh 100

' Table-land east of the Sea of Galilee 2S00 c2

- Mountains of Galilet.' o =-- a ^ cc *^

Heights of Nazareth overlooking the valley 1500 Nazareth 821

Mount Tabor I747 Giitioa 1800

Plain of Esdraelon 4.38 Mount Carmel 1500 •%

Sychar, Nabulus 1568 Gerizim 2398

Mount of Olives 2555 Valley of Jehoshaphat—Gethsemane 1900 Jerusalem 2349 Mount Moriali 2300 Mount Zion 2400

Bethlehem 2700

Mountains of Judah and of Moab 3000

Hebron 2640 .

Pass of Zephath 1600

ss Of

PART I.

THE OLD TESTAMENT.

CHAPTER I.

THE ANTEDILUVIAN PERIOD ; FROM THE CREATION TO THE FLOOD, 1656 YEARS.

In the beginning, at some time to us unknown, kel (Gen. ii. 14, Dan. x. 4) and the Euphrates. arise in fiir back in the absorbing periods of eternit.y, God These two rivers both the highlands of Ar- created the heavens and the earth. The earth, as menia—the Tigris within four or five miles of the a originally created by the word of the Lord, waS Euphrates. The headwaters of the Araxes and vast incongruous mass, "without form and void." the Cyrus, which flow north-east into the Caspian From this in the of countless the are traced to the same elevated —chaos, lapse — ages, Sea, regions of elements air, earth and water were evolved. The country. The Araxes, according to the survey of waters under the heaven were gathered together unto Colonel Chesney, springs from the mountain of a thou- one place, and the dry land appeared. The earth sand lakes, nearly in the centre between the two brought forth grass, and herb, and tree, yielding principal sources of the Euphrates, at the distance fruit after their kind. The vicissitudes of day and of about ten miles from either, and runs a course of night and the "mysterious round" of the seasons almost 1000 miles to the Caspian Sea. were established. The earth, the air, the sea were The ancient Halys, at no great distance from the filled with their inhabitants. And the Lord God Euphrates, begins to flow to the north-west, and after formed man of the dust of the ground, and breathed various windings empties into the Black Sea, after a into his nostrils the breath of life and man became course of 700 miles. This to ; river, according the a soul. "Thus the heavens and the earth under is Pison and living theory consideration, ; Havilah, were finished, and all the host of them." abounding in gold and precious stones, is the ancient date of this the The great event, completion of Colchis, famous also from the remotest antiquity for of to the the work creation, is, according chronology its gold and precious gems, which gave rise to the of the Scriptures, four thousand and four i/ears he- Argonautic expedition, and the fable of the golden the Christian fore era; or, according to other ap- fleece of Jason. Ethiopia, or Cush, is a region of proved systems of chronology, four thousand one country adjacent to the Caspian on the west and Jtundred and one or two the years be/ore BIRTH OF south, throughwhich the Araxes flows; or possibly it " OUR Lord and Saviour Jesus Christ. may be the intermediate country which is encompassed" by this river and the Kur, the Cyrus, pre- EDEN, PARADISE, NOD, ENOCH. vious to their junction, as is Mesopotamia by the Tigris and Euphrates. the "And Lord God planted a garden eastward in The Tigris has, in Central Armenia, two "principal Eden and there he the man whom he had the ; put sources, both of which spring from southern formed." Where then was Eden, the abode of our slope of the Anti-Taurus, near those of the Araxes first parents in their innocency ? Two of the rivers [Gihon] and the Euphrates, and not far from that which from this proceeded — country are known, the of the Halys [Pison]." The length of this river Euphrates and the Tigris in Scripture, the Hidde- before its junction with the Euphrates is 1146 miles. 9 2 [A.M. 0+1656=1656.] [B. C. 4102—1656=2446.] 11 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 12

Colonel to some extent at in the fine arts— In the latter part of its course it is stated by proficients, least, and in music and Gen. iv. 19-25. " Chesney to have an average width of 600 feet, poetry. They did has an married were a depth of 15 or 20 feet. The Euphrates eat, they drank, they wives, they given course before in until the that Noe entered into the equal volume of water, and a longer marriage, day former is navi- and the flood came and them all." its junction with the Tigris. The ark, destroyed their con- Their memorial has for save the brief gable 800 miles, and the latter 600, from perished ever, fluence. narrative and concise genealogical table of their It appears then that this elevated plateau of Cen- lineage from Adam to Noah, which is recorded in the tral Armenia, lying west of Ararat, and at an eleva- fifth chapter of the Book of Genesis. tion of more than 5000 feet above the level of the The following analysis will illustrate the genealo- all from table in the fifth of eea, gives rise to four noble rivers, arising gical given chapter Genesis. sources within a short distance of each other, and These and subsequent data are given in accordance ^ discharging their waters into three different seas. with the results of the Rev. Mr. Browne in his Ordo These four main streams seem best to answer the Saeculorum, and other modern chronologists, who add description of that dark and difficult passage which one hundred years to the chronology of our Bible in describes the rivers that went out of Eden and parted common use. Gen. v. four heads. Like those of these of into Eden, A. K. B. C. Armenia run 1. 4102-1. The first year of the Mundane Era, and of the life of Adam. Whether the years of Adam " Diverse, wandering many a famous realm are reckoned from his creation, or from And country, whereof here needs no account" the expulsion from Paradise, is left undecided. Such is the variety of climate, surface, and temper- Cain and Ahel. ature of this country, that it is adapted to the growth The death of Abel must be supposed to have not long preceded the birth of Seth, since Eve regarded Seth as the substi- of "every tree that is pleasant to the sight and good tute "for Abel, whom Cain slew." In that case there will be for food." It is described by Colonel Chesney as in- " no difficulty in explaining Cain's exclamation, every one who with beautiful and fertile terspersed valleys plains, findeth me shall slay me." In 120 years after the Creation, the overspread with "groves, orchards, vineyards, gar- earth may have had a considerable population. dens, and villages." In some of these delightful Posterity of Cain.—Enoch, Irad, Mehujael, Methuasel, La- mech. Lamech had two wives: 1. Adah, of whom was born retreats, on the east of this Eden, dwelt, we fancy, father of dwellers in tents and and " Jabal, cattle-graziers j Jubal, the gentle pair in the blissful Paradise of God." father of instrumental musicians. 2. Zillah, of whom was born like other is beset with difficulties; artificers in brass and iron and Na- This, every theory, Tubal-cain, who instructed ; but, in the absence of a better, we are constrained amah, a daughter.

to adopt it. 131. 3972-1. Birth of Seth. of Enos. " Then men to call The land of Eden is assumed to be a province of 236. 3867-6. Birth began upon the name of the Lord." Armenia, of indefinite extent; and Paradise, the gar- 326. 3777-6. Birth of Cainan. den which the Lord God in is referred planted Eden, 396. 3707-6. Birth of Mahalaleel. to some one of the fertile and charming valleys in 461. 3642-1. Birth of Jared. Eden, with which this region of country abounds. 623. 3480-79. Birth of Enoch. 688. 3415-4. Birth of Methuselah. Nod, to which Cain, cursed of God for the shedding 875. 3228-7. Birth of Lamech. of his brother's blood, was driven to wander a fugi- 931. 3172-1. Death of Adam, 930 years. tive and a is a land of vagabond, wanderings, of 988. 3115-4. Translation of Enoch, 365 years. of fiight, of hanishment, indicative rather of his manner 1043. 3060-59, Death of Seth, 912 years. [Bisection tho to the of life than of his of abode. period from Adam Promise.] place Of this locality " 1057. 3046-5. Birth of Noah. nothing is known more than that it was on the 1141. 2962-1. Deathof Enos, 905 years. east of Eden." Gen. iv. 16. 1236. 2865-6. Death of Cainan, 910 years. this land the of In city Enoch became in process 1271. 2812-1. Death of Mahalaleel, 895 years. of time the settled abode of 1423. 2680-79. Death of Jared, 902 years. himself and of his pos- 1536. 2567-6. The ark begins to be prepared, (120 years.) terity. Nothing more is known of the dwelling- 1557. 2546-5. Noah's eldest son is born, (500 years.) of the men before the flood. places They doubtless 1558. 2545-4. Shem is bom. built cities and in many dwelt them. Their great 1652. 2451-0. Lamech dies, 777 years. Methuselah in his 969th progenitor began life in the full maturity of man- 1656. 2447. dies, year. The Flood, in the 600th year of Noah, 99tb hood, and instinctively endowed with all that was of Shem. requisite for the of civilized life. And enjoyment In the year of the Flood we have the following dates and became artificers in they wood, iron, and brass; and numbers : — [A.M.04-1G56.=1G.56.] [B. C. 4102— 1656=:244G.] 13 THE ANTEDILUVIAN PERIOD. 14

Gen. vii. 3-10. A pause of 7 days. ice, unbroken by rock or stone, and scarcely 200 17. Rain 40 12, clays. feet in diameter 24. The waters prevailed 160 days : "at the From this and awful the end of the 150 days the waters were perilous height, inequali- viii. ties of abated." 3. hills, valleys, and lower mountain ranges

in this : — seemed We must, therefore, arrange the times way levelled into one vast plain, confused, indis- 40 to the 10th of the 2d m. b. c. days, month, (a. 1656, 2447.) tinct, and illimitable as the wide world itself. But 7 days suspense to the 17th day. The Flood begins. Noah from the plains the view of this monarch of enters the ark. below, mountains is one of surpassing grandeur and sub- 40 days rain. limity. Sir Robert Ker Porter describes his emo- 110 days the waters prevail. tions in view of it in the following terms : — 160 days, ending at the 17th of the 7th month. Nisan, (17 "It appeared as if the highest mountains of the A.M. 1666, B.C. 2446.) world had been piled together to form this one sub- The year being lunar, the interval is in fact but 148 days, or lime of it was on the 149th day current that the ark rested; but this immensity earth, rocks, and snow. The is of no moment. of its discrepancy icy peaks double head rose majestically into viii. 6. The waters decreased till the 10th month, 1st day; the clear and cloudless heavens; the sun blazed 100 days from the ark's resting. bright upon them, and the reflection sent forth a Ver. 6. At the end of 40 days, (10th day of 11th month, radiance to other suns. t. e. of the month afterward called Ab, the 5th month,) Noah dazzling equal My eye, not the window and sent forth the raven and the dove. opened able to rest for any time upon the blinding glory of Ver. 10. Seven days later the dove was sent forth the second its summits, wandered down the apparently inter- time; and at the end of another week, the third and last time minable till I could no trace their lines —24th of the 11th month. sides, longer in the mists of the Ver. 13. On the first day of the new year (a week after the horizon, when an irrepressible of the the face of the was departure dove) ground dry. impulse immediately carrying my eye upward again, Ver. 14. On the 27th of the second month Noah issues from refixed my gaze upon the awful Ararat." the ark, after a sojourn of a lunar year and 10 days, or a com- Viewed from whatever point, at whatever distance, plete solar year. Noah issues from the ark the 27th of the 2d Mount Ararat is the admiration of month, October or November, A. M. 1657, b. c. 2446-5. — equally every beholder, grand, sublime, peculiar. Mr. Layard on the ark Ararat, which rested as the waters sub- on the Alpine heights of Kourdistan, where he had is the name rather of a of sided, region country than pitched his tent on the margin of perpetual snow of a mountain. Isa. xxxvii. 38 2 xix. 37 and " I climbed a ; Kings ; ice, says, up solitary rock to take Jer. li. 27. It is watered the by Araxes, which the bearings of the principal peaks around us. A flows through this province. It is situated a short sight as magnificent as unexpected awaited me. distance east of the position which is assumed as the Far to the north, and high above the dark moun- abode of our first parents. tain ranges which spread like a troubled sea beneath In the of at the distance of or rose province Ararat, 25 my feet, one solitary cone of unspotted whit

CHAPTER II.

THE PERIOD OF THE DISPERSION; FROM THE FLOOD TO THE PROMISE, 430 YEARS.

A. M. 1656 + 430 = 2086. b. c. 2446 — 430 = 2016.

In the settlement of the earth by the sons of Noah, north-east of Europe are comprehended under this it is observed by Knobel, that from Armenia the term as the descendants from the grandson of Japheth. descendants from Japheth migrated to the north- Ezek. xxxviii. 2, xxxix. 6. The isles in this passage those of are west, those of Shem to the south-east, and the countries of Europe. The original country of 'IBam to the south-west; and that the chronologist Magog was the Caucasian mountains and the regions in G-en. x. enumerates first the remotest and earliest north around the Caspian. From this point they early settlements of each of the sons of Noah, and after overran all the north of Europe, driving back the those that are nearer. It is further to be Cimmerians and in the of the Ezekiel them, ; age prophet observed that the order of the enumeration— is ethno- they had already become a powerful people in the grapMcal rather than geographical by families north of Asia. Ezek. xxxviii. xxxix. The Rus- rather than by territorial limits. sians and Scythians are the descendants of Magog. from it From the following chart, drawn Gen. x., Gog is the king of Magog in Revelation : they are re- will appear that Moses has given an imperfect gene- mote northern nations. the de- alogy, tracing through several generations III. JIadai, the ancestor of the Modes, south of and but a scendants of certain families, naming single the Caspian Sea, bounded east by the Hyrcanians of ancestor of others, agreeably to his great design and Parthians, south by the Persians, and west by exhibiting the lineage of our Lord and Savioui*. the Assyrians and Armenians. IV. Javan, the progenitor of the Greeks, the A. JAPHETH. lonians in Isa. Ixvi. 19 Dan. viii. 21 in Greece, ; ;

1. Gomer. II. Magog. m.Madai. IV.Jaran. T. Tubal. VLMcsboch. VU. Tlras. Asia Zech. ix. 13 and also Jonah Minor, ; perhaps iv. 6. In and south- 1. Ashkenaz. Ezek. xxvii. 13 Tubal Meshech, 2. Riphath. east of the Black Sea, are associated with Javan. 3. To2;armah. The sons of Javan were—

1. Elisha, who settled in JEolia, in the north-west DESCENDANTS OF JAPHETH. of Asia Minor, extending from the Propontis through I, GoMER. North and west of the Black Sea—^the Mysia to Lydia, and comprehending the adjacent Cimmerians, the Cimbri, the Celts, and generally islands. From Javan and Elisha descended the the nations of Europe. In the 7th century B. c. various tribes of Greece. a portion of the sons of Gomer, driven from their 2. Tarshish. Knobel understands that by this homes, took possession of a great part of Asia Minor. term the Etruscans are indicated, who inhabited the 1. Ashkenaz, kindred to the classic names Ascania, northern part of Italy a long time antecedent to the Ascanius, is to be sought in Troy, Mysia, Phrygia, rise of the Roman power. The same he supposes is in the north-western part of Asia Minor, whence indicated in Isa. Ixvi. 19. Pul is allied to Apulia; Germany was very early settled. 600 years B. C. and Lud, a colony of Lydians who came very early another portion of Ashkenaz had fallen back again from Asia Minor into Italy. In other passages near Armenia. Jer. li. 27. Tarshish is to be in Isa. xxiii. 6-10 sought Spain. ; 2. Riphath. With this family is associated the Ezek. xxvii. 12, xxxviii. 13. of ^liiphean mountains in ancient history, located in the 3. Kittim, in Isa. xxiii. 1-12, is the island remote regions of the north. Riphath became the Cyprus; but when in other passages the isles of ancestor of the Celts in the north-west of Kittim are Jer. ii. 10 Ezek. xxvii. the Europe, as mentioned, ; 6, Ashkenaz was of the Germans. A division of the term is more comprehensive, and includes Crete, Celts early took possession of Gaul, France. together with the islands along the coast of Asia 3. Togarmah is by common consent referred to Minor and the MgQssa Sea, and perhaps all Greece. Armenia, Ezek. xxvii. 14, xxxviii. 6, with which in In Dan. xi. 30, it is Macedonia. ancient history Phrygia is closely allied. 4. Dodanim, Thrace and Thessaly. II. Magog. The Sclavonic tribes in the north and V. YI. Tubal and Meshech. These are men- [A. M. 1656-1 430=2080.] [B. C. 2446—430=2016.] 17 THE PERIOD OF THE DISPERSION. 18 tioned in such connection as to show that they were kindred and neighbouring tribes. They are also associated with Magog, the representative of the Scythians and northern tribes. Comp. Ezek. xxxviii. 2, xxxix. 1. These considerations direct us to the south-east of the Black Sea as their locality. But the Tubal of Isa. Ixvi. 19 is to be sought for in Spain, whence proceeded the Tyrrhenians, Iberians. In Psalms cxx. 5, Meshech and Kedar are put for barbarous tribes.

VII. TiRAS represents ancient Thrace. 19 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 20 and powerful tribe above Zidon, probably the founders of Tyre and rivals of the Zidonians. Proceeding still north from Tyre, our author locates the the Arkite, the Sinite, the Arvadite, Zemarite, and the Hamathite, the 7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, and 11th sons of Canaan. Of these the Arvadite was on the coast of the river Aradus, some distance above Beirut, where our missionaries have discovered many interest- the ing ruins. Hamath was east of Arvad, between mountains of Lebanon. South of Hamath and Baal Hermon, and extending down below the Sea of Galilee, was the Hivite, the 6th son of Canaan. Of the Girgashite little is known.

The Amorite had his strongholds in the mountains of Judah, which are also called the mountains of the Amorite. Deut. i. 7, 19, 27, 44. The Jebusite inhabited Jerusalem. Several of these Canaanites will fall under our notice more at length in the conquest of Canaan.

C. SHEM.

I. Elam. II. Ashur. III. Arphaxad. IV. Lud. V. Aram.

1. Salah.

2. Eber.

1. Joktan. 21 THE PERIOD OF THE DISPERSION. 22 the three friends of Job. Buz, the native place of Elihu, Job xxxii. 2, he makes identical with Bozrah in Edom. Others, with less probability, locate the land of Uz near the Euphrates, south and west of Babylon, on the eastern margin of the desert of Arabia.

The age of the Book of Job cannot be defined with accuracy. It is generally assumed to have been subsequent to the age of Samuel and David, and antecedent to Isaiah, who distinctly alludes to it. Comp.

li. xxvi. 13 Isa. xix. xiv. laa. 9 and Job ; 5, Job 11, &c. According to these limitations, the Book of Job falls between the years 1000 and 760 b. c. 2. Hul, in Syria, near the sources of the Jordan. 3. Grether, of whom nothing is known. 4. Mash, referred by conjecture to the mountains of Armenia, near the headwaters of the Euphrates and the Tigris.

DIVISION OF THE EARTH.

Peleg was born 100 years after the Flood, and lived " 239 years, in which time the earth was divided."

1 Chron. i. 19.

This brief notice concerning Peleg is interesting in several points of view. The name of this patri- " arch means division," with an express reference to the division of the earth; but it seems to have a further significance in these respects : —

1. Peleg is central between Noah and Abraham :

Noah. Abraham. 23 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 24

These characters have been deciphered so far as none ever met with an overthrow more appalling and to show that no records remain of date earlier than entire. Thousands and tens the second of was situated on the age of Nebuchadnezzar. Erech, city Nimrod, of thousands of bricks have been taken from the the Euphrates, 82 miles south and 43 east from this but reveal- The is to be. identified ruins bearing the name of monarch, Babylon. place supposed and no continuous immense known as the Palace of ing no anterior history annals; by mounds, which bear also the nor is it probable that any important records will Pebbles, name of 'Irka and ever be recovered from Babylon, as they have from Irak. Comp. Gen. x. 10. Nineveh. The site of Accad is supposed to correspond with One of these ruins, at the distance of a little more Sittsee of the Greeks, and Akari Babel of the pre- than six miles from Hillah, the present site of Baby- sent day. It consists of a mound surmounted by a of ion, is an immense mound, Bir Nimroud, which is mass building, which, viewed^from one point, as the remains of the tower of looks like a tower from like an recognized by some ; another, irregukir Babel. The appearance of the mound, notwithstand- pyramid. It is about 400 feet in circumference at the and rises to ing all the abrasion of the elements and the waste of base, the height of 125 feet above time, is still very imposing. It rises suddenly from the elevation on which it stands. The mound which the a vast plain to a great height, overspread with frag- seems to form foundation of the pile is a mass of mentary vitrified masses of the materials of which rubbish accumulated from the decay of the super- the town was built. These present the appearance incumbent structure. This mound is on the Eu- of having been fused and cemented together under phrates, 55 miles north and 13 west of Babel. the action of the most intense heat. The summit of this mass is crowned a ruined pyramidal by tower, NINEVEH. still lofty and impressive in its ruins. It is rent from the top nearly to the bottom, scathed and vitri- About the same time that Nimrod settled in Slii- if the of fied, as by lightning heaven, but towering nar, Ashur went forth and built Nineveh on the still to the skies in stern and awful sublimity, a Tigris, 300 miles north from Babel. This, 1500 monument of the avenging justice of God. Clouds years later, was the rival of Babylon, and the capita] around its its recesses are of the play summit; inhabited Assyrian Empire. Nineveh, in the great- lions. were seen by They by Sir R. K. Porter qui- ness of its power, equalled Babylon in extent, and on the —a literal etly basking heights fulfilment of perhaps in population, though inferior in regal mag- the prophetic denunciation, "Wild beasts of the nificence, in wealth, and in the splendour of its et!i- desert shall dwell and their in there, houses shall be fices, and the extent and magnitude of its walls. full of doleful creatures." xiii. Isa. 21. Both were near 20 miles square, and from 60 to 80 Four miles north-north-west from Hillah are miles in circumference. According to the compu- found ruins which are supposed to be the remains tation of Bonomi,' Babylon contained 225 square of the hanging gardens, and of the palace of Nebu- miles, Nineveh 216, while London contains but 114. chadnezzar. The outer walls of it were originally six Nineveh was with Babylon equally distinguished for miles in circumference. This enormous mound of idolatry, licentiousness, and every form of wicked- ruins is ascertained to be 2400 feet in length and ness. More mature in iniquity, and earlier in the 1800 in breadth. rise of its power, it was equally the subject of pro- Near this is another enormous mound of almost phetic denunciation, and sooner sank into utter ruin dimensions. Indeed the equal whole region, to a under the just judgments of heaven. is with great extent, overspread indiscriminate ruins Of the three other cities founded by Ashur, no- in the midst of utter which sets desolation, at de- thing satisfactory is known, after all the researches, fiance all research or conjecture, even with reference excavations, and discoveries of modern travellers. to their or or nor is it the original character, form, age ; On right bank of the Euphrates, at the that these will be determined probable in future. north-western extremity of the plain of Shinar, are " is is that Babylon fallen, fallen, great city, because extensive ruins around a castle which still bears the she made all nations drink of the wine of her forni- name of Rehoboth. cation." No ever so city provoked the judgments Major Rawlinson is supposed to have identified of God her sins as which was by this, originally the ruins of Calah near the Tigris, 130 or 140 miles founded the horde whom Nimrod by conducted to north-west of Bagdad, and near half that distance the plains of Shinar. None has ever been the sub- south-east of Nineveh. of ject such frequent and fearful and of the learned all denunciation, Many suppose these cities, Re- [A. M. 1G56 -j- 430 = 2086.] [B. C. 2446 — 430 = 2016.] 25 THE PERIOD OE THE PATRIARCHS. 20 hoboth, Resen, and Calah^ to have been near each 8 miles in circumference. The present mound is other, and to have been gradually comprehended 144 feet high and 777 in circumference. within the limits of Nineveh, just as several ancient Near 70 miles in a direct line below Mosul, aisd towns are now comprised within the modern city of on the right bank of the Tigris, is found anoth( r London. This is supposed to be indicated in the immense mound, covering the ruins of Assyrian " text, The same a great city," the singular in palaces. This is called Kalah Sherghat, and is this place being used for the plural. In scrip- believed to be the Calah of Ashur. These ruins are the the are almost 3 tural phraseology singular and plural miles in circumference, and in parts up- not unfrequently used thus interchangeably. ward of 60 feet in height. the of the Nine- From period Babylonish captivity, From the great mound of Kouyunjik, opposite veh and Assyria fade away from the page of canon- Mosul, Mr. Layard has disinterred the ruins of the ical history, and indeed from all authentic history, magnificent and stupendous palace of Sennacherib. sacred or profane. The very site of this renowned Nimroud and Khorsabad were also palaces of almost metropolis was totally unknown several centuries equal extent and magnificently built. Khorsabad before the Christian era; and only within a few was the palace of Sargon, 722 b. c, mentioned by years past have its ruins been disinterred and laid Isaiah xx. 1, as besieging Ashdod. lie is better open for the admiration and wonder of the world. known in Scripture as Shalmaneser, who took Sa- These remains of Nineveh are found in several maria and overthrew the kingdom of Israel, carry- localities east of the Tigris, opposite Mosul, and ing away captive the Israelites. He was the father of both above and below this city. Some of these are Sennacherib. Tiglath Pileser, the father of Shal- believed to represent the ancient towns of Ashur. maneser, built one part of a palace at Nimroud, and Khorsabad, 14 miles north-east from IMosul, is sup- Esarhaddon, son of Sennacherib, built another; so posed to be in the northern limits of Nineveh. Kou- that these ruins are the remains of several palaces yunjik, and Nebbi Yunis, the Tomb of Jonah, built by diffei-ent kings. These, and perhaps others, opposite Mosul, represent another portion of the Mr. Layard believes to have been fortified enclosures city, which also extended a few miles beyond these of palaces, parks, and temples, possibly within the mounds. great city, each capable of sustaining a severe siege. The mound Nimroud, 23 miles below Mosul, is These all appear by actual survey to form an oblong now generally admitted to represent the site of parallelogram, which may represent the form of the Resen but in the of Mr. it in- to this of the ; opinion Layard was city. According view subject, Reho- cluded within the limits of Nineveh itself. The both, Resen, and Calah remain yet undistinguished city he supposes to have been an oblong, extending among the innumerable mounds which overspread on the left bank of the Tigris from Khorsabad to this region of country, which future research may Nimroud, a distance in a direct line of 34 miles. possibly reveal, but more probably they are dis- Xenophon, 400 b. c, found this city a heap of solved like the baseless fabric of a vision, leaving ruins, nameless and unknown, the walls of which not a wreck behind. were 25 feet in breadth, 100 in height, and near

CHAPTER III.

THE PERIOD OF THE PATRIARCHS; FROM THE PROMISE TO THE EXODE, 430 YEARS.

A. M. 208G -f 430 ^ 2516. b. c. 2016 — 430 = 1586.

Abraiiam, father of the faithful, at the age of UR OF THE CHALDEES. 60, and 17 years before the renewal of the promise from which our chronology dates, left, at the call The dwelling-place of Abraham was confessedly the and the of God, his country and his kindred, Acts vii. 3, to in Mesopotamia, between Euphrates be the take possession of a distant foreign land, where his Tigris, in Ur of the Chaldees, which may a within or posterity should become a great people, the future name of a province, or of city it, possi- the where the depositories of the revelation which God was about bly of both the city and country their abode. It is custom- to make, and the ancestors, according to the flesh, family of Abraham had of Jesus Christ, the Saviour of the world. ary to locate TJr of the Chaldees in Upper Meso- 3 [A.M. 2086+430=2510.] [B. C. 2016—430=1586.] TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 28

and at no the on a similar occasion for potamia, south of Armenia and Ararat, later, repeated journey is in this himself. Gen. xxix. great distance from either. There vicinity xxviii., of considerable im- The first notice of Abraham in the land of Ca- a walled city, Orfah or Urfah, and Christians naan is at or near the of portance, which Moslems, Jews, ge- Sichem, Shechem, plain as the of Moreh. of this memorable in nerally concur in recognizing birthplace The position town, Abraham. Urfah, or Orfah, is described as a con- the whole history of the Jewish nation, from this siderable town, of several thousand inhabitants, in arrival of Abraham to their final overthrow, should Upper Mesopotamia; but all attempts to identify be carefully noted as an important landmark in the of It is the line of the this or any other locality with the patriarchal resi- geography Palestine. on dence of Abraham and his ancestors in the land of central or middle route from Jerusalem to Galilee, the Chaldees must be conjectural and unsatisfactory. at the distance of 35 miles from Jerusalem, and at Twenty miles south-east by south from Urfah is an equal distance from Nazareth, and midway be- the town of Haran, in which we recognize the site tween the coast of the Mediterranean and the Jor^ of Charran, to which the family of Abraham removed dan, in a narrow dell between the famous summits after the first call, and where they remained 15 of Ebal and Gerizim. The valley which separates years, until the death of Terah, the father of Abra- these mountains opens at the distance of 2 miles ham, and of Haran, his eldest brother. Acts vii. 2. east of Sichem into a fertile and beautiful plain, ex- Mr. Loftus, an English geologist engaged in a tending from 8 to 10 miles from north to south, and survey of the country of the ancient Chaldees around varying in width from 2 to 4 miles. This is the Babylon and Susiana, refers the site of Ur to Lower plain of Moreh, whose luxuriant fields afforded an Chaldea, or Mesopotamia proper, near the junction inviting place of encampment for the patriarch, and the OL the Euphrates and Tigris. He describes of pasturage for his flocks, wasted and wearied by ruins of great extent and extraordinary interest, reason of their long march. now called Werka, which he supposes represent Ur Shechem, under the name of Nabalus, is still an of the Chaldees, whence proceeded the exodus of inhabited city of 8000 souls. Sheltered in quiet Abraham. seclusion between Ebal and Gerizim, the mounts it incredible that the of But seems ancestral resi- blessings and of curses, which tower high above it, dence of this patriarch could have been so remote like lofty walls on either side, and surrounded by from Canaan. Haran, the native place of the family groves, orchards, and gardens, this ancient town, the of Laban, was confessedly near to Ur. Laban him- Sichem, or Shechem, of the Old Testament, and the " self is styled a Syrian." In his pursuit of Jacob Sychar of the New, presents a scene delightful in he overtook the fugitive in Gilead, below Lake Gen- itself, and of surpassing interest in its historical nesaret, east of Jordan, in seven days. Jacob, with associations. his household and his vast flocks and herds, made Here God renewed his covenant with Abraham. this distance in ten days, Gen. xxxi. 20-25, in which Gen. xii. 7. Jacob, on his return from Padan- time he could at hardly have exceeded a journey of Aram, pitched his tent over against this city, 250 or 300 miles, which is about the distance from Shalim, on the east of the plain. Jacob's field was Upper Mesopotamia to Gilead. there, a parcel of ground which he gave to his sou Haran is enumerated, a thousand years after the Joseph, Gen. xxxiii. 18, 19, whose sepulchre is there of call Abraham, among the towns which had been to this day. Near, at the distance of 600 or 700 taken the of by predecessors Sennacherib, king of feet from Joseph's tomb, is Jacob's well, at the mouth Assyria, and is also mentioned still later among the of which our Saviour sat in his interview with the cities that traded with 2 xix. 12 Isa. of iv. 5, enacted Tyre. Kings ; woman Samaria. John Here was xxxvii. Ezek. xxvii. 23. 12; the terrible tragedy connected with the dishonour Fifteen after the first years call, Abraham, at the done to Dinah by the son of Hamar, prince of the of divine age 75 years, by command again removed country. Gen. xxxiv. Here Jacob kept his flocks, from his country and his kindred to seek the strano-e even when at Hebron, 50 or 60 miles distant. At land which the Lord had given to him. This exodus Dothan, 15 miles north-west, Joseph was betrayed be a of 250 or 300 might journey miles, or 800 or by his brethren. Gen. xxxvii. The Israelites, im- 1000 as miles, according Upper or Lower Chaldea is mediately on their return from Egypt, here ratified assumed as his place of departure. Eliezer, the ser- the law of the Lord. Six tribes on Ebal and six vant of 64 Abraham, years afterward traversed the on Gerizim—the ark and the attendant priests in same to obtain for Isaac a journey wife from among the valley below—pronounce the blessings and the bis own Gen. xxv. and 100 all raise to kindred, ; Jacob, years curses, and the assembled multitude ("A.M.208G-f430-=^.2.516.] [B.C. 2016—430=1586.] 29 THE PERIOD OF THE PATRIARCHS. }0

tlieir — let it be ! Dcut. the it Ezra ii. Nob. vii. 32 heaven solemn Amen So captivity was rebuilt, 28, ; rxvii. Here they buried the bones of Joseph, Here in the time of the Maccabees it was fortified, and last time. hill Joshua met the assembled people for the finally destroyed by Vespasian. The upon to Josh. xxiv. 1, 25, 32. Shechem was allotted which it was built is quite overspread with ruins, Ephraim, and assigned to the Levites. It was among which are the remains of an immense cistern, the scene of the treachery of Abimelech, Judg. ix., 314 feet in length and 217 in breadth. the of of the revolt of the ten and parable Jotham ; tribes. It was and ever has been the abode of the BATTLE OF THE KINGS. GEN. XIV. sect of Samaritans, a little remnant of whom still go up on Mount Gerizim, to worship God on that The invaders of the cities of the plains of Sodom mountain, as did their fothers in the time of our came from the region of the Euphrates. Elam, the Saviour. John iv. 20. It was captured by Shal- same as Elymais, is the ancient name of Persia. It maneser, king of Assyria, under Hoshea, and re- is mentioned by the prophets in connection with a 2 and both the Medes and the Isa. xxi. 2 peopled by strange people, Kings xvii., again Assyrians. ; in the of Nehemiah and of Ezra. Ezra iv. 9. Jer. XXV. 25 Isa. xxii. 6 Ezek. xxxii. 24. days ; ; A vast temple, the ruins of which still remain, Shinar, the country of another of the confede- was built here by Sanballat, in the time of Alexan- rates, includes the plains of Babylon about the junc- der the Great, which, 200 years later, was destroyed tion of the Euphrates and the Tigris, and extends by the Maccabees. to the Persian Gulf. Elassar and Goim, the nations of which Tidal was king, are unknown. BETHEL. Ashtcroth-Karnaim, at this time the residence of

the giants, Eephaims, was, 470 years afterward, at This place, originally Luz, where Abraham next the period of the exodus, still the residence of Og, built an altar unto the Lord, is 20 miles south of the giant king of Bashan. Deut. i. 4; com. Josh, and 15 north of Jerusalem. ix. 10 xii. xiii. 12. It was included in the half Shechem, Abraham, ; 4; in the year following his return from Egypt, again tribe of Manasseh, and became a Levitical city. encamped here, and parted on friendly terms from 1 Chron. vi. 71. It was six miles north of Edrei. of Lot. Gen. xiii. Jacob, flying from Esau toward The Zuzims in Ham, the Zamzummims Deut. Haran, saw here the vision of the ladder, and ii. 20-23, dwelt farther south, about the mouth of the angels ascending and descending upon it. Gen. the Jordan and the north-east coast of the Dead that the xxviii.; xxxi. 13. Twenty years later, on his return Sea. The connection also indicates Emims the from Padan-Aram, he lingered at this sacred spot, built of Shaveh-Kiriathaim were a kindred tribe in an altar unto the Lord, and received the promises of same neighbourhood. The cities of the plain around the indicate the God, and erected here a pillar. Here Deborah also the southern extremity of Dead Sea died. Gen. XXXV.; xxxii. 28; xxviii. 20-22. Three progress of the invaders still farther south, who ex- in or hundred years after this, in the distribution of the tended their conquests to Mount Hor, Seir land under Joshua, Bethel became the portion of Edom. Thence they directed their course up the Benjamin, Josh, xviii. 22, on the boundaries of Arabah to En-Mishpat, Kadesh-Barnea, and the wil- of and the west Ephraim, Josh, xviii. 13, xvi. 1, 2, into whose hands derness of Paran, south Judea, up it afterward fell. It was for some time the conse- side of the Dead Sea to Hazezon-Tamar, En-Gedi. crated place of the ark of the covenant. Judg. xx. Enriched with the spoils of this extensive circuit, 18,26; 1 Sam. X. 3. Samuel held here his court in Chedorlaomer returned along the valley of the Jor- his annual circuit. Near Beth-Aven, Jonathan smote dan to Dan, above the waters of Merom, the modern the Philistines. 1 Sam. xiv. 1-23. From Jeroboam Iluleh, where they were overtaken by Abraham and miles to Da- to Josiah, more than 300 years, it was desecrated pursued fifty farther, Hobah, beyond by the worship of the golden calves, 1 Kings xii. mascus. is understood to 28; xiii. 1; 2 Kings x. 28, 29; xxiii. 15-18; by Salem, the city of Melchisedek, reason of which it under the and the near was, name of Beth- be Jerusalem ; Shaveh, King's Dale, aven, the frequent subject of prophetic denuncia- the head of the Valley of Jehoshaphat, not far from of tion. Hos. iv. 15; v. 8; x. 5, 8; Amos v. 5. Eli- the tombs of the kings, a short distance north it near sha was going from Jericho to this place when Jerusalem. Others assume to have been in the of Je- mocked by the impious children who were torn in En-Kogel, just below the city, Valley pieces by wild beasts. 2 Kings ii. 23-25. After hoshaphat. THE PROMISE GEN. XV. M. [A. 2086+430=2516.] [B. C. 201G-j-430--=1586.] 31 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 32

the hill country of Judea, removing his flocks from CITIES OF THE PLAIN. time to time from the neighbourhood of Mamre,

The late French traveller, De Saulcy, has ex- Hebron, to that of Beersheba. These places, the but without satisfact- favourite abodes of all the should be plored the site of these cities, patriarchs, par- the salt mountain noted as landmarks in the his- ory results. Just above vast ticularly important at the south-west angle of the Dead Sea, he finds torical geography of the Scriptures. extensive ruins, chiefly foundations and substruc- tions, very rude in structure, and having every ap- HEBRON, KIRJATH AREA, MAMRE. the pearance of great antiquity, which bear name These is of the mountain itself,'* Sdum," or Sodom. This city situated among the mountains of re- ruins, passed unobserved by other travellers, he Judah, in a deep valley, twenty-two miles south gards as undoubted remains of that devoted city. from Jerusalem, and twenty-five from Beersheba, in Having survived the devastations of that horrible a country abounding in pasturage, and vineyards tempest by which it was destroyed, and the waste yielding the finest grapes in Palestine. From this of ages, they still indicate the locality of Sodom. place the spies gathered the grapes of Eshcol, with

Certain ruins in the immediate vicinity, less ex- pomegranates and figs, as a specimen of the exceed- tensive but equally rude and antique, bear a name ing good land which they were invited to go up and which he considers only a corruption of Zoar. "Was possess. Num. xiii. 23. One of the oldest inhabited " little ?" it cities in the it after the it not a city And these ruins indicate world, is, Jerusalem, largest to have been a small suburb of Sodom. in Palestine, containing from 5000 to 8000 inhabit- Admah he locates by conjecture at a small dis- ants. Here Abraham purchased, of the sons of tance west from the coast on the way to Hebron. Heth, the cave of Machpelah, as a burial-place for Zeboim he finds on the peninsula on the eastern his dead. Gen. xxiii. Here lived the patriarchs; side of the lake, as indicated by ruins which Dr. here they communed with God, and received the Robinson and Lieut. Lynch assume to be the re- promises; and here they were buried, with their mains of Zoar. wives, and their sepulchre is here to this day, en- Near the north-west angle of the Dead Sea, he closed in a Turkish mosque, 200 feet in length, by found immense ruins of rude walls and ditches, 115 in breadth, and 60 in height, which no Chris- covering the space of four miles in extent, which tian is permitted to enter. had been but not examined Dr. Robin- Hebron was Josh. x. noticed, by utterly destroyed by Joshua, ; a son, which bear the name of Gomraum, indicating and given to Caleb for possession, in reward for the situation of Gomorrah, once large and populous, his courage and trust in God. It was one of the involved in the same terrible overthrow as Sodom, cities of refuge, and a Levitical city of the sons of boeause their cry was great and their sin very griev- Aaron. Josh. xxi. 11. xx : 7. ous. Gen. xviii. 20; comp. Gen. xviii. and xix. David was here anointed king over Israel, and the line of his travels this for seven and six the seat of Along around gloomy made it, years months, lake, De Saulcy noticed many indications of the his kingdom. 2 Sam. ii. 11. Abner also was here most terrible volcanic immense crate-s of ex- assassinated 2 Sam. iii. 27 and Absalom action, by Joab, ; tinct volcanoes, and rocks rent and burnt as by in- made it his headquarters in his rebellion against his tense heat, and clefts and seams indicating the con- father. 2 Sam. xv. vulsions into which the whole land of the plain was Rehoboam made it one of his fenced cities. It thrown in the dreadful overthrow of its cities. was resettled after the captivity, and from that Near Sodom, and around the southern extremity period it disappears for many centuries from the of the Dead Sea, he found treacherous and concealed page of history. " chasms and slime-pits," which made the travelling BEERSHEBA. exceedingly difiicult and dangerous. A camel, a time before short De Saulcy's visit, had sunk into This city, consecrated by sacred associations, is one of these chasms and was lost. Several of his twenty-five miles south-west from Hebron, in the horses sunk in these slime-pits, south of the sea: midst of a broad, undulating country on the borders one was lost, and all might have perished but for of the great desert. This region, before the drought the skilful guidance and precautions of his faithful of summer, is overspread with verdure well suited Arabs. xiv. 10. Comp. Gen. for the grazing of the vast herds of the patriarclis. After the warlike expedition in behalf of Lot, the The place is identified by two wells, 55 rods distant patriarch continued to lead a quiet pastoral life in from each other, one 12 feet in diameter and 442 M. [.v. 2080+430=251 C] [B. C. 2010—130=1586.] THE PERIOD OF THE PATRIARCHS. 34 deep; the other, 5 feet in diameter and 42 in depth. Edom, extending from the Dead Sea to the eastern is of the best the arm of the Red on the east of that immense The water abundant, and quality ; Sea, curbstones are deeply worn by the friction of the crevasse, now a deep and dreary valley, which reaches from the sea to the other. This moun- ropes by which the water is drawn, and numerous one tainous as Seir and drinking-troughs of stone lie about the wells for the region, known also Mount Seir, accommodation of camels and flocks which resort contains many fertile valleys, sufficient to sustain the dukes of Edom and the in here, as in the days of Abraham, to quench their Edomites, who appear so thirst. The hills just north of the wells are over- sacred history oft^n, as the antagonists and foes of the children of with were in spread with ruins, which indicate that Beersheba Israel, whom they conflict. Gen. xx. was once a large village. frequent Comp. xxxvi.; Num. of the 14-21 and references in the Index. Here, on the borders the desert, dwelt pa- ; triarchs, Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob. Abraham have these wells. Here he left his may dug very SONS OF KETURAH. family and his flocks, and journeyed with Isaac fifty miles to Jerusalem, to offer him in sacrifice on These descendants from Abraham received their " Mount Moriah. From this place Jacob fled to allotment in the desert of Arabia, east of the sons Padan Aram, after acquiring the birthright and of Esau, in Edom. Gen. xxv. 1-4. Here they be- to his brother and here too he came the heads of various tribes and wander- blessing belonging ; petty sacrificed to the Lord, on setting off to meet his son ing hordes; and blending with the tribes of Ish- Joseph in Egypt. Here Samuel made his sons maelites that roved eastward over the deserts of judges; and from here Elijah wandered out into Arabia, they seem early to have become assimilated the southern desert, and sat down under a shrub of with them as the inhabitants of those vast wastes. Retem, just as our Arabs sat down under it every Kedar, an Ishmaelitish horde, appears to have in- day and every night. Here was the border of Pa- habited the eastern portion of the desert near Ara- lestine proper, which extended from Dan [on the bia. Mesech, among whom the Psalmist dwelt in extreme to Beersheba. xxi. xxii. inhabited the Caucasian west north] Gen. 31 ; sorrow, mountains,

19 xxvi. 23 xxviii. 10 xlvi. 1 1 viii. of the Sea. The lamentation is not that he ; ; ; ; Sam. 2 ; Caspian 1 xix. 3 2 Sam. xvii. 11. these dwells these as but Kings ; Over smil- among contiguous tribes, among ing hills the flocks of the patriarchs once roved by nations savage and barbarous as they. Ps. cxx. 5. thousands where found a now return to the son of ; now we only few camels, We Isaac, promise. asses and goats."* In the south country, the southern extremity of Gerar, where Abraham and Isaac denied their Judea, endeared to him as his paternal inheritance, wives before Abimelech, Gen. xx. and xxvi., was in this peaceable old man tended his vast flocks and from to for this desert, near Gaza, one of the towns bordering herds, roving place place pasturage, upon the desert. but lingering chiefly about Beersheba and Hebron. The old age of this gentle, contemplative patriarch, in addition to his blindness, was imbittered by the WILDERNESS OF SHUR, AND THE ISHMAELITES. of his sons Jacob and Esau but he quarrel ; lived to see them and to for This wilderness, toward which Hagar fled. Gen. reunited, enjoy, more than xvi. 7, and where, after being miraculously delivered twenty years, the society of Jacob with his family from death, she dwelt with Ishmael, Gen. xxi. 9-21, after his return from Padan Aram. Old and full of was a portion of the great desert, Pharan, south and years, at the age of 180 years, he died at Hebron, west of Beersheba. This immense desert from and was buried by his sons in Machpelah, the sepul- Shur along the coast of the Mediterranean to Ha- chre of Abraham and of Sarah. data in the of vilah, the extreme south of Arabia, became theirs, The principal historical lives Abra- and has ever since been the desolate home of the ham and Isaac are comprehended in the following

wild Arabs, the descendants of Ishmael, their hand summary : — against every man, and every man's hand against B. c. 2093. Abraham born. « them. 2018. Abraham, 75 years old, departs from Haran, to which place he had previously gone from Ur of AND THE SONS OF ESAU. EDOM, the Chaldees, Gen. xi. 31-xii. 5 : comes to Si-

chem, thence to a place between Bethel and Ai : The of Esau inherited the mountains of posterity thence advances southward, and, in consequence 2017. of a famine, descends into Egypt, where he * Robinson's Researches, i. 302. makes no long sta}', xii. Returns to JBetheL [A. M. 20864-430=2516.] [B. C. 2016—430=1586.] So TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 8G

xiii. this time wres- Lot separates from Abraham, At also for Peniel, the encampment where Jacob the cities of the were revolted from Che- plain tled with the angel of the covenant. Gen. xxxii. 30. dorlaomor, to whom they had been subject 12 The next station of the was Succoth, a and bat- patriarch B. C. 2016. years, xiv. 1. Chedorlaomer's invasion, of on the east bank of where he tle with the kings of these cities. Abraham res- city Gad, Jordan, xiv. this and cues Lot. Melchizedek blesses him, The passed over into Canaan. Between She- WORD OF THE LORD COMES TO ABRAHAM: THE chem was Shalim, which Dr. Robinson supposes to Promise, xr. have been in the eastern margin of the plain of 2007. Abraham 86 y. Ishmael is born, xvi. over Shechem. 1994. Abraham 99 y. The covenant renewed: circum- Moreh, against cision ordained, xvii. The visit of the Three The rape of Dinah and slaughter of the She- xviii. Destruction of Sodom, xix. Abra- Angels, chemites, Gen. xxxiv., the return to Bethel and ham journeys southward; second denial of Sa- death of Deborah and Rachel at Ephrath Bethle- rah, XX. (in Gerar.) xxxv.are incidents in there- 1993. Isaac is born, (in Beersheba,) xxi. Long sojourn hem,Gen. theprincipal in the land of the Philistines, ver. 34. Abraham turn of Jacob with his family to Hebron. offers up Isaac, xxii. The time is not specified : 1956. the next event is the death of Sarah, 127 y. DOTHAN. (Abraham 137 y.) xxiii. after Jacob's settlement at 1954. Isaac marries Rebekah, xxv. 20. Abraham mar- Ten years Hebron, ries Keturah. Joseph is sold by his brethren into Egypt, at Do- Esau and Jacob xxv. Isaac removes to 1934. born, than. Dr. Robinson, in his late journey to Pales- Gerar in consequence of a famine : denies his tine, has recovered this interesting locality, long wife, xxvi. lost. He found a fine about twelve mile* 1918. Abraham dies, 175 y., xxv. 7. green hill, xxvi. 34. and 1894. Esau, 40 y., marries, north by west from Samaria, in a broad very 1870. Ishmael dies, 137 xxv. 17. y., fertile plain, bearing still the name of Dothan. 1813. Isaac dies, 180 y. There is a fountain at the southern base of the hill

Jacob, aged seventy-seven years, having fraudu- Dothan. This site is on the caravan route from Beth- Beer- to and which lently obtained the blessing of Isaac, fled from shean, now Beisan, Ramleh Egypt, sheba to Haran, over the same country which the Midianites would naturally have pursued. On thence. the of Abraham had traversed in coming Glen. this plain, beyond a doubt, brethren Joseph in held his final in- father's con- xxviii., xxxii. Gilead, which he were tending their flocks, when they " terview with Laban, was the name of the country east spired against this dreamer," the favourite of the of Jordan, about the river Jabbok, midway between fond mourner their father, and sold him into Egypt. the Sea of Galilee and the Dead Sea. Jacob, soon after the loss of Joseph, removes and Gilead is often taken in the widest sense for the resides ten years himself at Shechem, so strongly east of Num. xxxii. 29 Deut. to the affectionate and sor- whole land Jordan. j was this place endeared 1 v. 17 XX. 1 2 Sam. ii. 1 old who desired to out his life xxxiv. J Judg. J J 9; Kings rowful man, linger " iv. 19 2 x. 33. I will down to the to ; Kings here, saying, go grave my Mizpeh, the place of the interview, was in Bashan, son, mourning." south-east of the Sea of Galilee. After the dreadful tragedy at Shechem, Gen. Mahauaim, where Jacob and Esau met, was near xxxiv., he removes, by divine direction, to Bethel, the fords of the river Jabbok, an eastern tributary where Deborah dies, and thence to Hebron, where of the Jordan, some sixty-five miles in length, Rachel dies in giving birth to Benjamin, ten years which in winter swells to a considerable size, but in after the supposed death of Joseph. Two years summer is almost dry. Esau came up from Edom, after this event, Isaac dies, aged 180 years, 1813 south of the Dead Sea, to this place. Mahanaim, B. c, A. M. 2289, and 632 years after the Flood. in the distribution, fell to the tribe of Gad. Josh, Joseph is now in prison in Egypt. Gen. xxxix.; xiii. 26—30. Ishboshcth, Saul's son, was here made xl. Pharaoh's dream and Joseph's enlargement oc- king by Abner, 2 Sam. ii. 8; and David, driven cur in the year following. Gen. xli. from his home by the treason of Absalom, fled also B. c. 1805. Seven years of famine begin. to Mahanaim. 2 Sam. xvii. The battle between the 1804. First descent of Jacob's sons into Egypt. Gen. xiii. forces of David and in which the latter Absalom, 1803. Second visit. Joseph discovers himself. Jacob was slain, was fought in a place near Mahanaim, and his household descend into Egypt. Gen. xliii. xliv. xiv. xlvi. which, for reasons which do not now appear, was ; ; ; 1786. Jacob dies, aged 147 years. Gen. xlvii.-l. called the Woods of Ephraim. 2 Sam. xviii. 6. The 1732. Joseph dies, aged 110 years. Gen. 1. 26. tjite of this ancient town has not been iden- clearly 1666. Moses is born. Ex. ii. tified. In the immediate vicinity are we to look 1626. Moses (40 years old) flees to Midian. [A. M. 208G+430:=2516.] [B. 0.2016—430=1586.] 37 THE PERIOD OF THE PATRIARCHS.

set in Zoan," Ezek. xxx. 14, and few now visit this EGYPT AND HER CITIES. scene of hopeless desolation. We have neither time nor space to touch upon the and wonderful monuments history, geography, BETH-SHEMESH, of this land but some of its ancient TAHPANHES, extraordinary ; in and cities, which frequently occur Jewish history, Jeremiah in his prophecy against Egypt, chap, the in this in the denunciations of prophets, require xliii., specifies two cities as particularly subjects of place a brief notice. Divine displeasure, Tahpanhes and Beth-shemesb. The first of these was a large city on the eastern or Pelusiac arm of the Nile, sixteen miles above Pelu- SIN, PELUSIUM. sium. Here a colony of the Jews settled, who fled " xxx. after This city, the strength of Egypt," Ezek. into Egypt the murder of Gedaliah. It is was situated on the eastern or Pelusiac arm of several times mentioned the Isa. xxx. 4 16, by prophets, ; the at a little distance from the now in Jer. ii. xlvi. xliv. 1 Ezek. xxx. and is Nile, sea, 16; 14; ; 18; the midst of salt marshes and morasses, on the line known in profane history under the name of Daphne. of the travel and trade from the eastern coast of the Beth-shemesh, known as On, the city of the priest Mediterranean, Palestine, and the Euphrates. By whose daughter Joseph married, Gen. xli. 45, and reason of its position as the key of Egypt, the bul- by the Scptuagint identical with Aven of Ezekiel, wark of its eastern frontier, as well as by its vast Ezek. xxx. 17, is the ancient Heliopolis, "City of extent, its great wealth, and its strong fortifications, the Sun," of Herodotus. It is seven or eight miles it was a place of great consequence. Its importance north-north-east from Cairo. may be inferred from the frequent references to it It was famous for the Temple of the Sun, and in ancient history, of which Winer has collected many other magnificent structures, all of which have many from Strabo, Herodotus, Pliny, Polybius, Dio- crumbled down to an indiscriminate heap of ruins, and dorus Siculus, Plutarch, Livy, Josephus, &c. Pom- are covered with the sands of the desert, which have pey the Great was treacherously murdered here by encroached upon the city and buried it in the grave. order of Ptolemy, whose protection he sought in his One lone obelisk towers aloft in solitary grandeur, distress. as a sepulchral monument of the city which for God, according to his word by the prophet, has thousands of years has lain entombed at its base. " poured out his fury upon the strength of Egypt." This venerable monument is covered with hiero- Its remains are now only some rude mounds and a glyphics, which record the name of Osirtasen the few fallen columns. These are approachable by First, who is regarded by the learned as that Pha- boats in the of the Nile and to his and only overflowing ; by raoh whom Joseph interpreted dream, land only in the drought of summer. The climate who so kindly honoured him and hospitably enter- is very unwholesome, and the place is seldom visited tained the venerable patriarch Jacob and his family. by travellers. According to Lepsius, this venerable mounument was erected 2300 years B. c. ZOAN. The traveller, therefore, here gazes upon the than four Zoan is a city of great antiquity, having been same lofty spire which more thousand built only seven years later than Hebron. Num. xiii. years ago may have first caught the eye of that an- far out in the desert 22. It was situated on an easlern branch of the cient patriarch, while yet away ; Nile, in the Delta, a short distance south of the sea and which greeted his approach to the city of the of Menzaleh, and some thirty miles west from Sin, or Pharaohs. Pelusium, and was one of the oldest cities in Egypt. This obelisk, a single shaft, is sixty-two feet in " The field of Zoan," the fine alluvial plain around height, and six feet square at the base, which rests the city, described as the scene of God's marvellous on a pedestal ten feet square and two thick, and works in the time of Moses, Ps. Ixxviii. 12, 43, is this again lies upon a second pedestal, nineteen feet now a barren waste but the is its has not been ascertained. If ; city supposed by square, but depth many to have been the residence of the Pharaohs, this lower pedestal is a solid cube, the entire height than feet. of Joseph and of Moses in the period of the bondage. of the pillar must have been more eighty The ground is overspread with extensive ruins, re- Near this obelisk is an ancient sycamore-tree, be- that the mains of temples, fragments of walls, columns, and neath which tradition relates holy family fallen obelisks, which still attest the grandeur of of Joseph and Mary reclined when they went down " this ancient city of the Pharaohs. A fire has been into Egypt. [A.M. 2086+430=2516.] [B.C. 2010—430=1586] 39 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 40

In his rebuke of the Jews who dwelt in the seve- all the desolate cities of antiquity. Thousands have and volumes have been written ral cities of Egypt, the prophet, chap. xliv. 1, begins visited these ruins, on the eastern border of the in of them but no of the or his survey with Migdol, description ; power pen then can of their country; then turns westward to Tahpanhes, pencil give any adequate conception south up the Nile to Noph, or Memphis, in Central matchless grandeur. All that was in the structures even of Kgypt, and ends with the country of Pathros or imposing and Nineveh sinks into in Thebais, farther up the Nile, in Upper Egypt. Babylon insignificance with them and Thebes was in ruina comparison ; yet " before either of these cities flourished. Art thou MOPH, MEMPHIS. better than populous No ?" says Nahum, when de- infatu- the burden of more than 700 B. c. Noph, called also Moph, Hos. ix. 6, whose livering Nineveh, " the was carried she went into ated princes seduced Egypt," Isa. xix. 13, was "She away; captivity; her children also were dashed in at the Memphis of ancient geographers and historians. It young pieces of the of all her and cast lots for her was a large and flourishing city in the time top streets; they honourable and all her men were bound pati'iarchs. men, great Nah. iii. 8-10 Ezek. xxx. 14 It was situated on the west side of the Nile, a in chains." ; comp. j 25. describes Thebes as short distance above Cairo, and near the pyramids. Jer. xlvi. Homer and the immense of on the These pyramids, depositories The world's great empress Egyptian plains ; That her o'er a thousand the dead in these regions, are only a vast necropolis spreads conquests states, And pours her heroes through a hundred gates. of this renowned city. Even its immense and magnificent ruins, which Arabian writers of the twelfth We must dismiss this subject by referring the and thirteenth centuries describe, have almost en- reader to the descriptions of traveller, Drs. Robin- a of fifteen or for an tirely disappeared. Once city twenty son, Durbin, Olin, and others, account of the miles in circumference, it has nothing now to mark wonderful remains and ruins of this city. it out but a few mounds, a colossal statue of Ra- moses the a small of red Great, figure granite, SYENE. greatly mutilated, and a few foundations. It is with the learned an unsettled question whether This city was at the foot of the cataracts of th<^ Noph or Zoan was the residence of the Pharaohs Nile, the head of navigation. It had a noble site, when Joseph was the favourite of the court, and on a high blufi" of granite, which overhangs the river during the bondage of Israel. But this great city, at the height of 80 or 100 feet. There is there an once one of the most populous of Egypt, is now, as immense accumulation of rubbish, the remains of of in was predicted it, waste and desolate, without an structures of difierent ages, which succession have inhabitant. Jer. xlvi. 19. arisen and fallen one upon another, as an immense Near Memphis immense underground galleries, forest in the lapse of time arises, flourishes, and falls, cut from the solid rock, have been found, 600 yards to give place to another, and others still in long suc- long, 12 or 15 feet wide, and 10 or 12 high. In cession. The walls are strong and massive, but they these are found vast sarcophagi, each carved from a enclose no splendid remains of architecture. Some single block, 15 feet long, 9 in width and height, ex- are said to have been discovered by excavations, but clusive of the cover, which is 2^, and 3 feet thick. they have been removed or buried again in the sand The sides, a foot thick, finely polished externally, or rubbish. A number of poor people now live in and covered with hieroglyphics. But no mummy the ruinous apartments of the ancient city many or body of any kind is found in them. It is sug- feet below the present surface. gested that they may be cenotaphs of the god Apis, In the immediate vicinity are found the immense and are believed to be very ancient. quarries of red granite from which were taken the towering obelisks and pillars of ancient Egypt, those monuments of the skill and power of the CITY OF NO. stupendous mighty people whom they commemorate. In announcing the judgments which were to be Syene has been in all ages the southern limit of " executed on Egypt, the prophet instances the mul- Egypt. Under every government, native or foreign, titude of No," as subjects of Divine punishment. it has possessed great importance as a military post the This is the magnificent city of Thebes, in Upper and commercial depot. In this city was famous Egypt, 500 miles above Cairo, at once the most an- well of Strabo, into which the rays of a vertical —sun cient and most vast and stupendous in its ruins of were reported to fall during the summer solstice a [A.M. 2086 f 430=2516.] [B.C.2016— 430=:1586.] 41 THE PERIOD OF THE PATRIARCHS. 42

sircumstance, says tlie geographer, that proves tlie king's house," 1 Kings xiv. 25-27, whose name is " at mid- still at as of tlie of place to lie under the tropic, the gnomon recorded Thebes "king country day casting no shadow." No traces, however, of Judah." Zerah, "the Ethiopian," with his army Buch a well have been discovered, neither does it lie of 1300 chariots, is smitten by the Lord before Asa it. and Judah. under the tropic, but four degrees north of 2 Chron. xiv. 9-13. Tirhakah, "king In this hasty survey of this ancient kingdom, from of Ethiopia," and Necho, king of Egypt, who over- " Pelusium, the strength of Egypt," to the town of threw Josiah in the valley Megiddo, are mentioned Syene, we observe it overspread with stupendous by the sacred; historians. Several of the later Pha- monuments of human greatness and heaven's aveng- raohs become the confederates of the kings of Judah ing justice. The wreck of Egypt's grandeur is one and Israel, and one gives to the world the oldest vast ' monument of the vengeance of an angry God. translation of the Hebrew Bible. Many Hebrews, On the memorials of her ruined cities, on their with the prophet Jeremiah, flee to Egypt, where the

thousand prostrate pillars, we see inscribed the awful Lord "kindles a fire in the houses of the gods and lesson of his providence verifying the predictions of burns them." And the child Jesus consecrates it by " his prophets : The pride of her power shall his presence as a holy land. The Lord hath blest " the of • shall Blessed be and come down. From tower Syene they it, saying, Egypt my people, As- fall in it by the sword, saith the Lord God. And syria the work of my hands, and Israel my inherit- they shall be desolate ia the midst of the countries ance." Isa. xix. 25. that are desolate, and her cities shall be in the

midst of the cities that are wasted." Ezek. xxx. 6, 7. DEATH AND BURIAL OP JACOB. B. C. 1786.

To interference from the THE LAND OP GOSHEN. prevent any Philistines, the funeral procession that went out from Egypt to On going down into Egypt, the whole caravan of conduct the remains of Jacob to their final restinor- Jacob and his sons, with their families, halted on the place in the cave of Machpelah, appear to have pro- land eastern borders of the of Goshen, a fertile graz- ceeded east, across the great desert, passing through ing country. Num. xi. 5, Deut. xi. 10, east of the Edom and Moab, east of the Dead Sea, and entering Nile, well suited to the occupation of the sons of Judea at the mouth of the Jordan, over against Jacob, Avhose trade had been about cattle from their Jericho. Here, at the threshing-floor of Atad, they youth. Gen. xlvi. 34; xlvii. 11. From this country began their mourning, thus indicating the peaceable of their tiiey sent forward one number to notify the and melancholy errand on which this imposing caval- governor of their coming. Joseph hastened from cade had entered the land. Comp. Gen. 1. the coui't of Pharaoh to meet his brethren in the land of Goshen. This now became the province CHRONOLOGICAL DATA. residence of the descendants of Jacob for two hundred years. Here, in process of time, they were "Now the sojourning of the children of Israel for more than to cruel subjected, eighty years, a who dwelt in Egypt, was four hundred and thirty- oppression under Egyptian taskmasters. Here were years." Ex. xii. 40-42, 51. These 430 years are wrought those stupendous miracles, denominated the reckoned, not from the Descent into Egypt, but from Plagues of Egypt, which subdued the proud heart the beginning of the sojourning of Abraham in and of Pharaoh, compelled him to let the people go. Canaan, or from his going down into Egypt. This was 23 or 24 years before the birth of Isaac : add 60 to the birth of 130 to the De- SCRIPTURAL ASSOCIATIONS AND INCIDENTS. years Jacob, years from the Descent to the 217. scent j Exode, the Egypt, "land of ancient kings," is rich in These several periods added equal 430 years : sacred associations. Abraham and Sarah flee there 23 + 60 + 130 + 217 = 430. The Exode, ac- the for food when famine is sore in the land. Jo- cording to this chronology, was the fulfilment of the seph enters it a slave, and rises to the dignity of a promise recorded in the fifteenth chapter of Genesis, " sovereign. The family of Jacob reside in it for 13th and 14th verses : Know of a surety that thy than more 200 years, and are led out by a high seed shall be a stranger in a land that is not hand and an outstretched arm. Solomon marries theirs, and shall serve them; and they shall afiiict the daughter of her sovereign. Shishak carries his them four hundred years; and also that nation arms into Judea, takes Jerusalem, and carries away whom they shall serve, will I judge; and afterward ' " the treasures of the house of the Lord and of the shall they come out with great substance." 4 [A. M. 2086+430=.2516.] [B. C. 2016—430=1586.] 43 TEXT BOOK AND AT J, AS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 44

It may be well to note in this connection some riod of 450 that of Samuel and years Saul, 40 j i.ar<, other in important dates the history of the Old Testa- during which time also Jehovah was disowned as ment. In round the from the Crea- numbers, period king in Israel, and the sum 490 = 70 X 7. That tion to the Christian era be reckoned 4000 is the may years. 70 years of the Captivity, during which time In the middle of this stands 2000 the land had rest and period Abraham, kept her sabbaths, is exactly from 2000 before Christ. years Adam, Abraham equal to the 70 sabbatical years of the revolt from also divides the period from the Flood to the Ex- Jehovah's rule over Israel.

860 into two : from the the ode, years, equal parts Moreover, continuation of the Mosaic Dispen- 2446 b. to the Gen. 2016 sation from Flood, c, Promise, xv., the Exode, 1586, to the burning of the B C, are 430 from this to the 1586 second A. d. years; Exode, temple, 70 = 1656, is exactly the pe- B are also 430 This is bi- c, years. period again riod before the Flood. So also the period from the or Jacob's Descent into sected, nearly so, by Egypt. Creation to the Promise, 1656 -f 430 = 2086, is From the 2016 b. to the Promise, c, Descent, 1803 exactly parallel to that from the Promise to the end of B. C, are 213; from the Descent to the 217. the Mosaic to the Exode, Dispensation; Exode 430, -}- 1656 From Joshua to the of the Theo- from that Samuel, period time to the burning of the temple, = 2086. 1546 — 1096 = from David to the Ba- Such are the cracy, 450; curious and interesting parallelisms bylonish —the of the — which are derived from the Captivity period Monarchy chronology of the Scrip- ] 056 — 606 = 450. The and the Mo- Theocracy tures, by which we may easily establish in our minds were add to this the narchy exactly equal. Again, pe- important dates of Scripture history.

CHAPTER IV.

THE PERIOD OF THE WANDERING; FROM THE EXODE TO THE PASSAGE OVER JORDAN, 40 TEARS. A. M. 2516 + 40 = 2556. b. c. 1586 — 40 = 1546.

be- Sixty-six years intervened between the death of coth, Ex. xii. 37, Num. xxxiii. 3, 5, midway Joseph and the birth of Moses. During this inter- tween Rameses and the borders of the desert north them val another king arose, who knew not Joseph. This of the Red Sea. Their next journey brought king made the lives of the Israelites bitter with hard near to this desert, here known by the name of xiii. xxxiii. 6. Three miles bondage. It was his oppressive policy to break up Etham. Ex. 20; Num. the nomadic habits of these Israelites, to compel from Suez there is a watering-place which supplies them to dwell in permanent habitations, in towns the town with water, and nine miles north-west from feet in These and cities, to conform to the customs of the country, this is a well 250 depth. places pro- and also to reduce the number of this roving bably indicate the borders of that portion of the great is here called people. To accomplish these designs, he made rigo- desert above and about Suez, which rous exactions upon the Israelites of brick and of Etham. mortar. He compelled them to build in their ter- Here, instead of passing around the head-waters fords of it at ritories two treasure cities, Pithom and Rameses, or of the Red Sea, or crossing the Suez, Raamses, as places of deposit for stores for the sup- the children of Israel directed their course, by the western shore of the port and government of the people. The first of divine direction, down sea, " these was on the eastern branch of the Nile, on the and encamped before Pihahiroth, between Migdol the in the in- and the over Ex. xiv. 2 borders of land of Goshen ; the other sea, against Baal-zephon." ;

terior, midway between the Nile and the Isthmus Num. xxxiii. 7. this cannot well be de- of Suez, and thirty or thirty-five miles from the The place of encampment at the distance of or ten head of the gulf of the same name. fined. Below Suez, eight miles, the chain of mountains which runs from

Cairo to the Red Sea terminates in the lofty, frown- THE EXODE. B. C. 1586, ing bluff of the Ataka. South of this, twelve or from is the head of a Taking their departure from this place, after their fifteen miles Suez, valley, long miraculous deliverance from the bondage of Pha- and narrow, which leads from Cairo to the sea along of this chain of mountains. From raoh, the Israelites encamped the first night at Suc- the south side [A. M. 2516-f40=255G.] [B. C. 1586—40=1540.] 45 THE PERIOD OF 'JIIE WANDERING. 46

Etham the Israelites might have made their way THE SINAITIC GROUP. to this valley by a circuit around the Ataka, a in the through pass mountains west of it, or they These mountains, comprising the triangular peninsula might have passed under its cliffs, between its base between the two arms of the Red Sea, consist and the shore. Here in this valley they would find of an innumerable multitude of sharp rocky sum- " themselves hopelessly entangled in the land," and mits, thrown together in wild confu!?ion, rising to shut in by the wilderness. Before them, the sea; different heights, leafless and barren, without the on the right, frightful and interminable mountains least trace of verdure to relieve the stern and awful

and deserts; on the left, the Ataka, "Mountain of features of the prospect. The rocks which bound '' Deliverance," lofty and dark ;" behind them, the the deep, narrow, tortuous ravines between the valley leading up to the capital of Egypt, and open- mountains, are basalt, sandstone, and granite, va- ing a way for the pursuit of Pharaoh, with an or- riegated with an endless variety of hues, from the ganized military force and 600 chariots of war,— brightest yellow to the deepest green. their destruction would seem inevitable except the The view from one of these summits presents a " Lord wrought for them deliverance. perfect sea of desolation," without a parallel on It is not probable that either of the places above the face of the earth. The valleys between the mentioned, or the exact place of the passage of the summits sink into deep and narrow ravines, with Israelites through the sea, will ever be determined. perpendicular sides of several hundred feet in height, It seems most in harmony with the sacred narrative forming a maze of irregular defiles, which can be to suppose the passage to have been made at the securely traversed only by the wild Arab, who has " place already intimated, beyond the Ataka, ten miles his habitation in the clefts of the valleys," amid more or less below Suez, and where the sea is eight these eternal solitudes. or ten miles in width and that the this wilderness of ; Migdol, Pihahiroth, Toward north, mountains and Baal-zephon are localities in the neighbourhood. slopes down in an irregular curvilinear line, which not the mountains turns like a May on the right and left, and outward crescent, and runs off, on the the pass to this secluded plain, be designated by one hand, toward the head of the eastern gulf of the these names respectively ? Red Sea, and on the other, north-west, toward the

the western extremity of this sea itself, near the gulf of Suez, at the head of which is the modern DESERTS OF SHUR, ETHAM, AND ARABIA. town and port of Suez. This long, irregular crescent The children of Israel came up on the eastern marks the outline of a high chain of mountains, shore of the Red Sea into the desert of Shur, Ex. Et-Tih, extending eastward from the Red Sea, south XV. 22, which in Num. xxxiii. 6, is the desert of of Suez, in a continued range to the Ailanitic Gulf, Etham. Shur designates the north-western portion a distance of 150 miles, which forms the southern of the great desert of Arabia from the north-eastern abutment of a high table-land, a vast desert, utterly of the the shore Red Sea, along Mediterranean Sea, desolate and barren, lying high above the adjacent the land of the Philistines, and Southern Judea. waters, with a slight inclination to the north, toward Etham seems to be restricted to a smaller extent the Mediterranean Sea. above and below Suez. The surface of this elevated plain is overspread desert of The immense Arabia, of which Shur and with a coarse gravel mingled with black flintstone, Etham are only a small part, extends from the Nile, interspersed occasionally with drifting sand; and in Lower Egypt, to the Euphrates, a distance of one only diversified with occasional ridges and summits thousand miles from west to east. The remarkable of barren chalk-hills. In the time of Moses it was

valley of Akabah, and the mountains of Edom, east a great and terrible wilderness; and from time im- of this desert into two it, separate great divisions, memorial it has been a waste, howling desert, with- Arabia Deserta on the and east, Arabia Petraea on out rivers, or fountains, or verdure, to alleviate the the west. The northern boundary of the latter ex- horrors of its desolation. tends from the eastern mouth of the Nile, along the But we must suppose that this desert was once Mediterranean to and thence Gaza, to the southern supplied, in some measure, both with water and of the Dead the extremity Sea, forming base of a with vegetation. The brethren of Joseph repeat- vast in the triangular desert, opposite angle of edly traversed it from Hebron to Egypt with asses. between the Red which, Sea and the Ailanitic Gulf, Gen. xlii. 26; xliii. 24. When the country was are the mountains of Sinai. suffering with extreme dearth, Jacob and his sona M. [A. 2516+40=2556.] [B. C. 1586—40=1546.] 47 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 48

herds. the of in went down with their JlocJcs and their Gen. called Valley Ease, which we recognise the xlvii. 1. But no animal save the camel is now able encampment of the Israelites "by the sea," distant fifteen or miles from Elim. to pass over the same route. twenty The Israelites, to the number of two millions, with their flocks and their herds, Ex. x. 9, inhabited WILDERNESS OF SIN. portions of this wilderness for forty years, where now they could not subsist a week without drawing Near the last station the coast again becomes an supplies both of water and of provisions from a extensive desert, running far down toward the extremities of the This desolate great distance. peninsula. region is clearly identified as the Wilderness of Sin, where the Israelites are next found. Ex. xvii. 1 Num. xxxiii. FROM SUEZ TO MOUNT SINAI. ; 11. Burckhardt describes it "as a frightful de- Below Suez, the table-land of the desert breaks sert, almost wholly without vegetation." It ex- in a narrow abruptly off toward the Ked Sea, into a rugged line tends long, plain, between the coast and the almost to the termination of the of mountains, running south by east, at the distance mountains, the of eight and ten miles from the shore. Along peninsula. interval between the brow of these mountains and This wilderness is memorable as the place where, in answer to their the Israelites the shore, lay the route of the Israelites. On the murmurings, were, eastern shore of the Red Sea, a short distance below for the first time, miraculously fed with quails, to Suez, are several springs of brackish water, called appease their lusting after the flesh-pots of Egypt. Ayun Mousa, the Fountains of Moses, where Moses Ex. xvi. first that is supposed to have indited his triumphal song. Ex. Here, also, they were fed with manna, XV. 1-22. bread of heaven, which they continued to eat for

The course of the Israelites now lay, for some dis- forty years, until they reached the land of promise tance, down the eastern shore of the Red Sea, be- and ate of the corn of that land.

tween the coast on the right, and the mountainous From their station at the northern pai-t of the ridge on the left. Down this coast they went three Wilderness of Sin, the Israelites might pursue differ- days' journey in the wilderness, and found no water ent routes to Mount Sinai. They might turn ob- the of val- until they came to Marah, waters which were liquely to the left, and follow through winding so bitter that they could not drink them. Here leys that run between the mountains, a long, narrow, the miraculous to the central their murmurings were stilled by difficult, and devious way, up group healing of the waters. Ex. xv. 22-25. These waters of Sinai; or they might follow the plain of this are still found forty miles below the Fountains of wilderness along the coast, in a broader, easier path- Moses, so salt and so bitter that even the camel re- way for such a multitude, until they came down op- of or fuses, unless very thirsty, to drink them. posite Sinai, near the modern city Tur Tor, Elim, where were twelve wells of water and three- and then turn at a right angle up one or more of score and ten palm-trees, Ex. xv. 27, was six miles the valleys which lead down from Sinai to the coast. from Marah. Here is still found an abundant sup- From this place a march of two days among the ply of water, some tillage land, several varieties of mountains would bring them to the base of Sinai. shrubs and plants, and a few palm-trees. One or the other of these routes the Israelites are The next encampment was by the Red Sea. Num. generally supposed to have pursued, according to the xxxiii. 10. At Elim the plain of the coast is inter- position which they are presumed to have occupied rupted by irregular broken eminences of a mountain at the giving of the law from Sinai. Dr. Robinson the first ridge or spur that comes from the mountains on the supposes them to have approached Sinai by and into route at the of the to have occu- left, juts out, by high, precipitous bluffs, ; and, giving law, the sea. Extending for some distance along the pied a plain lying around the northern base of the as of coast, it presents, toward the sea, a series of head- Mount of God, now known Mount Horeb, lands, "black, desolate, and picturesque." Turn- which he has given a very graphic and impressive his to the ing off from the coast, the traveller passes by a cir- description. In detailing own approach cuitous route around one or two of these headlands, Mount in the same direction, he says— " wider and then turns into a valley, which leads again As we advanced, the valley still opened a and became full of directly down to the sea, where he pursues his course and wider, with gentle ascent, of shut in on each side along the beach, under high bluffs on the left, shrubs and tufts herbs, by " a until he comes into an extensive triangular plain," lofty granite ridges, with rugged, shattered peaks, [A. M. 2516+40=2556.] [B. C. 1586—40:^=1546.] 49 THE PERIOD OF THE WANDERING. 5C

time immemorial has been more thousand feet liigh, while the face of Horeb rose Sinai, which from directly before us. Both my companion and myself or less frequented. involuntarily exclaimed/' Here is room enough for a !' large encampment AND REPHIDIM. " ALUSH, DOPHKAH, Reaching the top of the ascent, or water-shed, at the en- a fine, broad plain lay before us, sloping down Between the station last mentioned, gently toward the south south-east, enclosed by trance into the Wilderness of Sin, and the encamp- rugged and venerable mountains of dark granite, ment at Sinai, three intervening stations are men- stern, naked, splintered peaks and ridges of inde- tioned, Alush, Dophkah, and Rephidim. Num. xxxiii. scribable grandeur; and terminated, at a distance 12, 13. These localities are irrecoverably lost. Re- of more than a mile, by the bold and awful front of phidim was evidently near or within the Sinaitic Iloreb, rising perpendicularly in frowning majesty, group, and apparently within a day's march of the from twelve to fifteen hundred feet in height. It Mount of God. Here the children of Israel were was a scene of solemn grandeur, wholly unexpected, met by a predatory horde of Amalekites, assembled and such as we had never seen and the associations to arrest the of that vast multitude of immi- ; progress which at the moment rushed upon our minds, were grants who were advancing as if to take possession almost overwhelming." of their strongholds among the fastnesses of these " Our conviction was strengthened that here, or mountains. The result of this conflict was the de- the to Moses. on some of adjacent cliffs, was the spot where feat of the enemy in answer the prayers of the in Lord descended fire,' and proclaimed, the Ex. xvii. The murmuring of the children of Israel, law. Here lay the plain where the whole congre- their miraculous supply of water from the rock at gation might be assembled; here was the mount Horeb, the visit of Jethro the father-in-law of Moses, that could, be approached, if not forbidden; and Ex, xviii., and the establishment of subordinate here the mountain alone the brow, where lightnings courts of justice, according to his advice, are all in- and the thick cloud and the thun- would be visible, cidents of great interest which transpired while the ders and the voice of the trump be heard, when the children of Israel were lingering at Rephidim, ' Lord came down in the sight of all the people upon Their next station was at the Mount of God. Mount Sinai.' Their deliverance was miraculous. The depths had " We ourselves to the of the in the heart of the sea the floods had gave up impressions congealed ; awful scene; and read, with a feeling that will stood upright as a heap to open the way for them never be the sublime account of the trans- forgotten, through the great waters. The pillar of cloud had action, and the commandments there promulgated, directed their march. The bread of heaven had fed in the original words as recorded by the great He- them by the way, and rivers of water had flowed brew legislator."* from the rock to quench their thirst. The Lord and more recent Dr. Other travellers than Robin- God, glorious in holiness, fearful in praises, was son have explored, more carefully, the valleys and their Redeemer, whose law they were now to receive around the southern base of plains Sinai, where they from Sinai, and in whose goodness they were to put find a larger and more convenient area for the en- their trust. of so a and from which campment great multitude; AVhen Egypt's king God's chosen tribe pursued, the loftier brow of in distinction from that Si7iai, In crystal walls the admiring waters stood : "When the desert wild took their of Horeh, may be distinctly seen at a greater dis- through they way, The rocks relented and poured forth a sea : tance. This southern plain, though having less of What limit can Almighty goodness know, the stern and awful features which to that belong When seas can harden, and when rocks can flow ? described by Dr. Robinson, may, perhaps with greater probability, be assumed as the actual station MOUNTS HOREB AND SINAI. of the children of Israel. Moses had for forty years The mountain from which the law was is led a pastoral life in this region, during which time given he all denominated Horeb in Deut. i. 6 iv. 15 v. 2 must have become acquainted with the passes ; 10, ; ; among these mountains, and doubtless selected that xviii. 16. In other books of the Pentateuch it is Sinai. this time Horeb to be the which was the most eligible for the multitude. called At appears the From Tur there is a caravan route across the desert generic term for the group, and Sinai name for a mountain. At a later Sinai becomes northward, leading directly by the southern base of single period, a name. Acts vii. Gal. iv. 24. As general 3.0-38 ; * are to two EiLlical Researches, vol. i. pages 129-30, 158. specific names they now applied opposita [A.M. 2516+40=2556.] [B. C. 1586—40=1516.1 51 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 52

about their Jehovah and the service of hia summits of an isolated, oblong, central ridge, King, ; regular to in the court was established. two miles in length, from north south, this interval of time were re midst of a confused group of mountain summits. In they severely for their from their and Modern Horeb is the frowning, awful cliff at the buked defection God Kinf in the of the the sanctions of northern extremity, described by Dr. Robinson as worship golden calf; the law were the were overhanging the plain, Er-Rahah, and from which solemnly repeated; people numbered and mustered for war the order of en- he supposes the law to have been given. ; and Sinai, the Mount of Moses, rises in loftier, sterner camping, breaking up, marching was accurately and the constitution of the grandeur at the southern extremity. This overlooks settled; whole state the at the south on the that plain ; and, supposition completed. this was the station of the Israelites, must be the The twelve tribes, in their marches and encamp- " summit on which the Lord descended in fire" to ments, formed a square, facing the cardinal points, the with the tabernacle in the the give laws to Israel. The distance between two centre, surrounded by summits of Sinai and Horeb is about three miles. tribe of Levi, and the carriers and attendants. The former is more than 7000 feet above the level Moses had been a wandering shepherd for forty that of the at in this on this same had of the sea, about 2000 above plains years region ; and, mount, the base, and 400 or 500 higher than Horeb. received from Jehovah appearing to him in the defile around Ex. his commission for the de- A deep, irregular, and narrow sweeps burning bush, iii., the entire base of this oblong mountain, which sup- liverance of his people. He was therefore well pre- ports the heights of Horeb and Sinai, as if the Al- pared, by his intimate acquaintance with the coun- the in mighty himself had set bounds around the Holy try, to conduct thousands of Israel their Mount and sanctified it. Even the mountains round perilous march through this terrible wilderness. about, which seem crowded together in wild con- He also took with him, as a guide, his brother- fusion, as if in mute amazement at the scene when in-law, Hobab, who was well acquainted with the " the Lord descended in fire upon the mount, and situation of the fountains, wells, and pastures of the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a fur- that region, and might direct the people in the nace, and the whole mount quaked greatly"—even foraging excursions which they would have occasion these mountains are cut oflF from any immediate continually to make, in order to supply water and communication with this Mount of God. provisions for themselves and their flocks and herds. Mount Sinai is situated above the 28 th degree of Num. X. 29-32. The descendants of Hobab from north latitude, about 120 miles from Suez, and this time remained among the Hebrews. near 100 from the head of the eastern gulf of the Their marches and encampments in all their sub- lied Sea. sequent wanderings were directed by Jehovah, their The children of Israel left on the fifteenth day of King. A cloud, in token of his presence, covered the first month of the second year, or about the the tabernacle by day; "and at even, there was upon middle of April, and reached Sinai on the third the tabernacle as it were the appearance of fire until month, Ex. xix. 1, having been apparently just the morning." three months on the and made a of So it was the cloud covered it way, journey always ; by day, about two hundred miles. At Sinai they remained and the appearance of fire by night. Num. ix. 15, 16. all the transactions in during recorded Exodus, from The rising of this cloud was the signal for them to to in the eighteenth chapter the end, and Leviticus, advance, as this, overhanging the tabernacle, should and the first nine of Numbers. In these lead the and the of the cloud the chapters way ; settling upon transactions they were occupied a little less than a tabernacle was, again, the signal for them to encamp. year. On the twentieth day of the second month of the this During time their theocracy was fully es- second year after their departure, the cloud was tablished; Jehovah himself was constituted their taken up from ofi" the tabernacle of the testimony, King; his law was promulgated in dreadful solem- and the children of Israel, taking their departure nity from the mount, and committed to them as from out the Wilderness of Sinai, came by three written the of God their was into the of Paran. by finger ; government days' journey Wilderness Num. duly organized, their national laws and institutions X. 11-36. Burckhardt supposes the rocky wilder- were established, to separate them from all other ness of the upper nucleus of Sinai, to be the Desert nations as the future depositories of the oracles of of Sinai, so often mentioned in the wanderings of God; the tabernacle was set up for the palace of the Israelites. [A. M. 2516+40=2556.] [B.C. 1586— 40=1546.] 53 THE PERIOD OF THE WANDERING. 54

the base of the high mountain ridge, Et-Tih, which WILDERNESS OP PARAN. rises as an immense bulwark before him.

And it came to on the twentieth of the pass day HAZEROTH AND TABERAH. second month in the second year [from their departure out of Egypt] that the cloud was taken up from This plain is called El-Hadharah, a name which off the tabernacle of the testimony, and the children is admitted by all scholars to be the same as that of of Israel took their journeys out of the Wilderness Hazeroth of the Scriptures. Near the eastern ex- of Sinai, and the cloud rested in the Wilderness of tremity of the plain is a fountain of the same name, Paran. Num. x. 11, 12. A journey of three days which Dr. Robinson identifies as Hazeroth, where the brings them into the wilderness of Paran. Where, children of Israel tarried for some time, ever memo- then, is this wilderness? Its southern limits are rable by reason of the envious sedition of Miriam within three march of Sinai its northern is xii. this oc- days' ; and Aaron. Num. Whether incident

near Beersheba and Kadesh, on the southern borders curred at this particular locality, or somewhere in of Canaan. Gen. xxi. 21 xiii. x. 33. the of is still an 14, ; Num. 12, plain Hazeroth, open question. It is west of Edom, and between that country and The burning at Taberah, and the graves of lust, Egypt. Gen. xiv. 6; 1 Kings xi. 18; 1 Sam. xxv. 1. Kibroth Hattaavah, where, for a whole month, the These and other notices of Paran, Deut. xxxiii. 2, children of Israel were miraculously fed with quails. iii. indicate under this Hab. 3, name a large part of Num. xi., must have been near this plain. The the desert lying west of the eastern arm of the Red plain is extensive enough for a "three days' jour- Sea and the Arabah, that deep valley between this ney" of such a multitude; or Hazeroth may have gulf and the Dead Sea, extending north and south been more remote than the modern name would nearly the whole length of the desert from Sinai to indicate. and west toward to the desert of Canaan, Egypt A modern German traveller, in passing through It is the Shur. "great and terrible wilderness" this region of country, observed the whole heavens the through which children of Israel wandered darkened by immense flocks of birds in their migra- the of chiefly during forty years their Exodus. tion, at the same season of the year as that when The desert of Arabia Petrea, between Sinai and the Israelites were there encamped. Though this divided " Canaan, is, therefore, by the geography of rain of feathered fowls like as the sand of the sea" the Bible into four unequal divisions. On the were supplied by natural causes, the prediction and north-west, from the Mediterranean to Suez, and the continuance of the supply was no less mira- some distance bslow, is the Wilderness of Shur : a culous. portion of this about Suez bears also the name of From Hazeroth the children of Israel have gene- the Etham. Below Shur, along coast of the Red rally been supposed to have threaded their way Sea, and stretching north to the southern boundaries through a tangled network of mountains and narrow of the promised land, and indefinitely westward to defiles eastward to the Akabah, the eastern arm of is the W^ildemess of Paran and about the the and then to its to Shur, ; Red Sea, have followed shores the a south-west shores of Dead Sea portion of the the head of this gulf. Many of these passes are desert bears the name of the Wilderness of Zin, compressed to the space of a single gateway, scarcely extending down to Kadesh Barnea. Num. xiii. admitting the passage of two camels abreast. The 21, xxxiv. 3; Josh. xv. 1; Num. xx. 1, xxvii. 14, mountains which line the shore frequently press xxxiii. 36. down to the water's edge, so as to interrupt the From Mount Sinai the course of the children of pathway of the camel. It is difficult to conceive Israel was, for some distance, nearly due north, how the immense multitude of the children of Israel down a broad valley which descends by a gradual could have continued their march, with the taber- slope from the tangled labyrinth of the Sinaitic nacle of the Lord, through a route so narrow and group toward the crescent-shaped ridge of moun- difficult. It seems much more reasonable to sup- tains, Et-Tih, which forms the lofty buttress of the pose that from the plain of Hazeroth they ascended groat desert. one of the passes of the Tih to the broad plains of At the distance of fifteen or twenty miles from the desert above. turned their Sinai, after leaving the valley, which turns off to the From this position they must have direction toward the head north-west, the traveller emerges into a long, sandy course in a north-easterly plain, varying in width from five to fifteen miles, of the gulf, or advanced directly northward across and curving to the north-east for many miles around the desert toward the land whither they were jour- [A. M. 2516+40=2556.] [B.C. 1586— 40=^1546.] 51 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 52

central about their Jehovah and the service of his summits of an isolated, oblong, ridge, King, ; regular in court was established. two miles in length from north to south, the midst of a confused group of mountain summits. In this interval of time they were severely re Modern Horeb is the frowning, awful cliff at the buked for their defection from their God and Kinf northern extremity, described by Dr. Eobinson as in the worship of the golden calf; the sanctions of the the overhanging the plain, Er-Rahah, and from which law were solemnly repeated; people were the to numbered and mustered for war the order of en- he supposes law have been given. ; Sinai, the Mount of Moses, rises in loftier, sterner camping, breaking up, and marching was accurately grandeur at the southern extremity. This overlooks settled; and the whole constitution of the state the at the south on the that plain ; and, supposition completed. this was the station of the Israelites, must be the The twelve tribes, in their marches and encamp-i " summit on which the Lord descended in fire" to ments, formed a square, facing the cardinal points, give laws to Israel. The distance between the two with the tabernacle in the centre, surrounded by the summits of Sinai and Horeb is about three miles. tribe of Levi, and the carriers and attendants.

The former is more than 7000 feet above the level Moses had been a wandering shepherd for forty of the about 2000 above that of the at in this on this sea, plains years region ; and, same mount, had the base, and 400 or 500 higher than Horeb. received from Jehovah appearing to him in the and defile around Ex. his for A deep, irregular, narrow sweeps burning bush, iii., commission the de- the entire base of this oblong mountain, which sup- liverance of his people. He was therefore well pre- ports the heights of Horeb and Sinai, as if the Al- pared, by his intimate acquaintance with the coun- mighty himself had set bounds around the Holy try, to conduct the thousands of Israel in their Mount and sanctified it. Even the mountains round perilous march through this terrible wilderness. about, which seem crowded together in wild con- He also took with him, as a guide, his brother- fusion, as if in mute amazement at the scene when in-law, Hobab, who was well acquainted with the '' the Lord descended in fire upon the mount, and situation of the fountains, wells, and pastures of the smoke thereof ascended as the smoke of a fur- that region, and might direct the people in the nace, and the whole mount quaked greatly"—even foraging excursions which they would have occasion these mountains are cut ofi" from any immediate continually to make, in order to supply water and communication with this Mount of God. provisions for themselves and their flocks and herds. Mount Sinai is situated above the 28th degree of Num. X. 29-32. The descendants of Hobab from north latitude, about 120 miles from Suez, and this time remained among the Hebrews. near 100 from the head of the eastern gulf of the Their marches and encampments in all their sub- lied Sea. sequent wanderings were directed by Jehovah, their The children of Israel left on the fifteenth day of King. A cloud, in token of his presence, covered the first month of the second year, or about the the tabernacle by day; "and at even, there was upon middle of April, and reached Sinai on the third the tabernacle as it were the appearance of fire until month, Ex. xix. 1, having been apparently just the morning." three months on the and made a of So it was the cloud covered it way, journey always ; by day, miles. about two hundred At Sinai they remained and the appearance of fire by night. Num. ix. 15, 16. all the transactions in during recorded Exodus, from The rising of this cloud was the signal for them to the to the in eighteenth chapter end, and Leviticus, advance, as this, overhanging the tabernacle, should and the first nine of Numbers. In these lead the and the of the cloud the chapters way ; settling upon transactions a little they were occupied less than a tabernacle was, again, the signal for them to encamp. year. On the twentieth day of the second month of the this During time their theocracy was fully es- second year after their departure, the cloud was

Jehovah himself ofi" tablished; was constituted their taken tip from the tabernacle of the testimony, his law was King; promulgated in dreadful solem- and the children of Israel, taking their departure from the nity mount, and committed to them as from out the Wilderness of Sinai, came by three written the of God their into the of by finger ; government was days' journey Wilderness Paran. Num. duly organized, their national laws and institutions X. 11-36. Burckhardt supposes the rocky wilder- were established, to separate them from all other ness of the upper nucleus of Sinai, to be the Desert nations as the future depositories of the oracles of of Sinai, so often mentioned in the wanderings of God; the tabernacle was set up for the palace of the Israelites. [A.M. 2516+40=2556.] [B.C. 1586-40=1546.] 53 THE PERIOD OF THE WANDERING. 54

the base of the high mountain ridge, Et-Tih, which rises immense before him. WILDERNESS OP PARAN. as an bulwark

And it came to on tlie twentieth of the pass day HAZEROTH AND TABERAH. pecond month in the second year [from their depart- ui'e out of Egypt] that the cloud was taken up from This plain is called El-Hadharah, a name which off the tahernacle of the testimony, and the children is admitted by all scholars to be the same as that of of Israel took their journeys out of the Wilderness Hazeroth of the Scriptures. Near the eastern ex- of Sinai, and the cloud rested in the Wilderness of tremity of the plain is a fountain of the same name, the Paran. Num. x. 11, 12. A jou^rney of three days which Dr. Robinson identifies as Hazeroth, where tarried for ever memo- brings them into the wilderness of Paran. Where, children of Israel some time, then, is this wilderness? Its southern limits are rable by reason of the envious sedition of Miriam three march of Sinai its northern is and Aaron. Num. xii. Whether this incident oc- within days' ; near Beersheba and Kadesh, on the southern borders curred at this particular locality, or somewhere in xxi. 21 xiii. x. 33. the of is still an of Canaan, Gen. 14, ; Num. 12, plain Hazeroth, open question. the of It is west of Edom, and between that country and The burning at Taberah, and graves lust, for a whole the Egypt. Gen. xiv. 6; 1 Kings xi. 18; 1 Sam. xxv. 1. Kibroth Hattaavah, where, month, fed These and other notices of Paran, Deut. xxxiii. 2, children of Israel were miraculously with quails. near this The Hab. iii. 3, indicate under this name a large part of Num. xi., must have been plain. for a the desert lying west of the eastern arm of the Red plain is extensive enough "three days* jour- Sea and the Arabah, that deep valley between this ney" of such a multitude; or Hazeroth may have gulf and the Dead Sea, extending north and south been more remote than the modern name would nearly the whole length of the desert from Sinai to indicate. Canaan, and west toward Egypt to the desert of A modern German traveller, in passing through Shur. It is the "great and terrible wilderness" this region of country, observed the whole heavens through which the children of Israel wandered darkened by immense flocks of birds in their migra- the as that chiefly during the forty years of their Exodus. tion, at the same season of year when The desert of Arabia Petrea, between Sinai and the Israelites were there encamped. Though this divided the of rain of " feathered fowls like as the sand of the sea" Canaan, is, therefore, by geography the Bible into four unequal divisions. On the were supplied by natural causes, the prediction and north-west, from the Mediterranean to Suez, and the continuance of the supply was no less mira-

aome distance bslow, is the Wilderness of Shur : a culous. the children of Israel have portion of this about Suez bears also the name of From Hazeroth gene- threaded their Etham. Below Shur, along the coast of the Red rally been supposed to have way of mountains and narrow Sea, and stretching north to the southern boundaries through a tangled network to the the eastern arm of of the promised land, and indefinitely westward to defiles eastward Akabah, Shur, is the Wilderness of Paran; and about the the Red Sea, and then to have followed its shores to south-west shores of the Dead Sea a portion of the the head of this gulf. Many of these passes are desert bears the name of the Wilderness of Zin, compressed to the space of a single gateway, scarcely of camels abreast. The extending down to Kadesh Barnea. Num. xiii. admitting the passage two line the shore 21, xxxiv. 3; Josh. xv. 1; Num. xx. 1, xxvii. 14, mountains which frequently press xxxiii. 36. down to the water's edge, so as to interrupt the From Mount Sinai the course of the children of pathway of the camel. It is difficult to conceive Israel Israel was, for some distance, nearly due north, how the immense multitude of the children of with the taber- down a broad valley which descends by a gradual could have continued their march, a route so narrow and slope from the tangled labyrinth of the Sinaitic nacle of the Lord, through to group toward the crescent-shaped ridge of moun- difficult. It seems much more reasonable sup- Hazeroth ascended tains, Et-Tih, which forms the lofty buttress of the pose that from the plain of they one of the of the Tih to the broad of gi'sat desert. passes plains At the distance of fifteen or twenty miles from the desert above. this must have turned their Sinai, after leaving the valley, which turns off to the From position they course in a direction toward the head north-west, the traveller emerges into a long, sandy north-easterly of the or advanced northward across plain, varying in width from five to fifteen miles, gulf, directly toward tho land whither were and curving to the north-east for many miles around the desert they jour- 1586— [A. M. 2516+40=2556.] [B.C. 40=1546.] 55 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 56 neying. Ewald, Tuch, and others suppose the lat- desh, and reported the result of his discoveries to " : — ter route to be distinctly indicated by Moses in his Mr. Williams in the following terms The locality recapitulation of their march through this great and corresponds with or falls in the line of the southern terrible wildernesS; as they came to Kadesh Barnea. boundary of the promised land from the southern boundary of the Dead Sea, by Safaa or Maaleh the and the El- KADESH BARNEA. Akrabbim, Wady El-Murra, Wady Arish, or river of Egypt, succeeds in the same line. This outpost of the land of Canaan, so remarkable It corresponds also with the order in which the in the history of the Exode, the authors above places of the border are mentioned. Adar and Az- dis- mentioned locate in the midst of this desert, fifty mon, two places in the border which we have miles more or less south of Beersheba. Compare in covered under the names of Adeirat and Aseimah, this xx. 2 xvi. xxi. 14—21. sometimes called Kadeirat and now and connection, Gen. 1, ; 7 ; Kasiemah, Travellers have recently discovered here an oasis in perhaps always merely springs or fountains, lie to the desert, with fountains of water, where, in the the west of Kades, and Wady El-Arish, or river of deep seclusion of the desert, the Israelites might Egypt. It lies east of Jebel-el-Halah, or Bloimt as the linger in safety for the return of the spies whom Halak, mentioned somewhere by Jeremiah they sent to search out the land, and to observe the uttermost extremity of the promised land to the best means of going up to possess it. south. It lies at the foot of the mountain of the The Rev. Messrs. Rowlands and Williams, in the Amorites. It is situated near the grand pass or en- autumn of 1842, explored this region of country, trance into the promised land by the Beer Laha-roi, and describe as follows what they regard as the which is the only east/ entrance from the desert to " southern boundary of the land of promise : — At the east of Halah, and most probably the entrance three o'clock we turned to the left of our path, and to which the Hebrews were conducted from Sinai having ascended a ridge, a scene of awful grandeur toward the land of promise. A good road leads to burst suddenly upon us with such startling effect as this place all the way from Sinai, and the distance to strike us dumb for some moments. We found is about five days of dromedary riding, or about ten ourselves standing on a gigantic natural rampart of or eleven days of common camel riding, as the Be- lofty mountains, which we could trace distinctly for douins stated. A grand road, still finer, / was (old, some miles east and west of the spot on which by broad wadies, leads from Kades to Mount Her." we stood, whose precipitous promontories of naked In opposition to this theory. Dr. Robinson u]-ges, that the rock, forming as it were bastions of cyclopean archi- with great earnestness and force, incidents tecture, jutted forth in irregular masses from the of the narrative necessarily limit the site of Kadesh mountain ban-ier into a frightfully terrific wilder- Barnea to the neighbourhood of Mount Hor, in the ness, stretched far before us toward the south, whose deep chasm of the Arabah, below the Dead Sea. horrors language must fail to describe. It was a He locates it at a certain watering-place, Ain-el- confused chaos of chalk, and had the appearance of Weibah, within a day's march north-west of Mount an immense furnace glowing with white heat, illumi- Hor. Others assume its position to have- been a nated as it now was by the fierce rays of the sun. few miles farther north, in the same valley. the has been There did not appear to be the least particle of vege- To reconcile opposing views, theory tation in all the waste all raised of two sites the same name. On tliis dreary j was drought and having barrenness and desolation. Immediately below was supposition the route of the Israelites was across the the wide and well-defined Wady Murreh, running desert from Horeb to Kadesh Barnea, by eleven from east to west, which a few hours to the east days' journey. Deut. i. 2. At this station they divides into at a the went and two, singularly formed hill, called halted for some time, while spies up Moddera the southernmost its searched the land the entire of j retaining name, and through length it, east into the Arabah the other called from the Wilderness of Zin to the of going ; Wady Rehob, pass Fikreh, north-east to the Dead Sea. We felt no Hasbany, between the two ridges of Lebanon, above doubt that we were standing upon the mountain Laish, Dan, the modern Tel-el-Kadi, and even to barrier of the land and this several miles above Rehob. Num. xiii. promised j impression Hamath, 21; ff^as confirmed our sheiks xiii. 5 2 Sam. x. 6. by pointing out, some Josh. ; hours to the west, in a valley, the site of Kad- Disheartened by the report of the spies, the Israel- dese, the Kadesh of Scripture, mentioned in the ites murmured and rebelled, and were sentenced to

border." linger and die in the wilderness. Then relenting they the and Mr. Rowlands afterward explored this site of Ka- went up to fight with Amalckitcs Canaan- [A.M. 2516+40=2556.] [B.C. 1586-40=1546.] tr' THE PERIOD or THE WANDERING. 58

It is side ites, and were discomfited, "even unto Ilormah." lined on either by perpendicular bluffs,

Num. xiii., xiv. which, on the west, at the height of 1200 and 1500 Hormah, by those who assign to Kadesh a central feet, form an abutment for the great western desert is a de- that lies at this elevation above the bed of this position in the desert, identical with locality valley. nominated by the Arabs Sepata, equivalent, as they On the east the mountains of Edom rise to the

to which is Hormah. i. 17 of 1500 and 2000 which indicates the suppose, Zephath, Judg. ; height feet, Josh. XV. 30 Num. xiv. 45 Deut. i. 44-46. elevation of the eastern of the desert comp. ; ; portion great Others find Hormah in the Arabah, near the eastern of Arabia. The Ailanitic Gulf is but a continuation site of Kadesh, Arad being found on the heights of this extraordinary fissure of the earth, which ex- above and to the right of the pass that leads up tends at about the same variable width to the Red from the gulf to the southern mountains of Judah. Sea, a distance of about 100 miles, and lined with Num. xxi. 3, bluffs corresponding to those of the plain of the From Hormah, wherever it may have been, the Arabah. In its geological character it is but a con- Israelites returned at the command of God toward the tinuation of the fissure of the Arabah, which, when eastern arm of the Red Sea, to wander forty years formed by some mighty convulsion, in some distant in the wilderness, until they should be consumed age, opened out upon the sea and received its waters. and die there for their rebellion against Grod. The depth of these waters is very remarkable. It Of their subsequent wanderings for thirty-eight greatly exceeds that of the Straits of Dover or the years we know nothing. Eighteen stations are spe- Gulf of Suez. They have often been sounded to the cified as occupied in this interval, Num. xxxiii. 18-36, depth of 1000 and 1800 feet without finding bottom, but of these nothing is known. The Israelites, like but their actual depth is not known. the modern Bedouins, doubtless spent this time in Altogether the conclusion is irresistible that the ro^^ng up and down the Arabah, and over the vast immense peninsula of Sinai, and the portion of this desert of Paran, between Sinai and Palestine, ac- desert north, has by some mighty convulsion been as find and fallen the desert cording they could pasturage water. broken off, and back from greater The rebellion of and this vast cleft and chasm oc- I Korah, Dathan, Abiram, eastward, leaving now Num. xvi., is referred to this interval, but the date cupied by the Akabah and the Arabah. and place of this judgment are alike unknown. The Dead Sea itself is only an expansion and deeper depression of this fissure of the earth, of which the of the Jordan and the Sea of RETURN TO KADESH. valley Galilee are also a farther continuation. The whole

In the first month, April, they again returned to line, from the Red Sea to the mountains of Lebanon,

Kadesh, which they had left, in the third ov fourth a distance of not less than 340 miles, is one continu- month, almost thirty-eight years before. The Ka- ous chasm, deep, dreary, desolate, and mysterious. iesh of which mention is here made, was confessedly This rent in the earth's surface is in geology called \n the valley of the Arabah, near the mountains of a crevasse, and is the most remarkable of this class Edom, and a few miles south of the Dead Sea. But of phenomena perhaps on the face of the earth. It before resuming the narrative of the wanderings of opens a wide field of speculation respecting the stu- ;he Israelites, it will be expedient briefly to notice pendous convulsions and disruptions to which the ;he extraordinary features of the countries through surface of the earth has been subject in the early vhich they are to pass, and the adjacent regions and unknown ages of its existence. From below vith which we are to become conversant in their the Dead Sea northward this valley takes the name

[uture history. of the Ghor, a name which it has appropriately received from the Arabic language, in which it means a valley between two ranges of mountains. THE AILANITIO GULP OR THE AKABAH, THE The entire length of this crevasse affords the ARABAH, AND THE GHOR. most evident indications of volcanic agencies. Ba- Between the Ailanitic Gulf, or the eastern arm saltic rocks are of frequent occurrence. The foun- if the Red Sea, and the Dead Sea, runs in a direct tains of petroleum and naphtha near the sources of an immense chasm or and the ^ne gulf, known as the Ara- the Jordan, the asphaltum of the Red Sea, the 100 miles fah, Plain, from sea to sea. The hot springs of this and the Sea of Galilee, and the ed of this gulf is a barren sand-plain, varying in frequent earthquakes with which the country is ndth from 5 to 10 or 15 miles, with occasional oases convulsed, indicate the existence of slumbering a and coarse verspread with sparse growth of weeds. agents that may, far back in ages past, have kindled 5 £A. M. 2516+40=2556.] [B. C. 1586—40=1546.] 59 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 60

as to cleave the solid cess had the into such tremendous activity which we experienced ; but wild sub- earth asunder and open this stupendous chasm in its limity and grandeur and terror of the new and won- surface. derful scene around and underneath us, overawed Above the Dead Sea the summit level of the moun- our souls. " tains which enclose the Ghor, gradually recede and We were seated on the very throne, as it ap- approach to the bed of the valley by more gentle peared to us, of desolation itself. Its own metro-

or rather successive offsets and ter- of broken and shattered and —• declivities, by polis frowning heights , races. On the east of the Jordan are formed several ruin piled upon ruin, and dark and devouring depth offsets and terraces, with intervening plains of great added to depth—lay on our right hand and on our fertility and beauty, overspread with the ruins of left. " cities once numerous and populous. This country, To the rising sun. Mount Seir, the pride and then the Amorites and the occupied by Moabites, glory of Edom, and the terror of its adversaries, lay tribes of Reuben and Gad and a part of Manasseh before us—smitten in its length and breadth by the their final inheritance. wisely chose as hand of the Almighty stretched out against it—bar- of the the bed of the ' The plain valley forming ren and most desolate, with its daughter, the city the Jordan rises from Dead Sea to Tiberias, 1000 of the rock,' overthrown and prostrate at its feet. feet in 60 miles; and in 25 or 30 miles, ascends 300 To the west, we had the great and terrible wilder- or 400 feet farther to the common level of the earth's ness, with its deserts and pits and droughts spread at of surface the base of the mountains Lebanon. out before us, without any limit but its own vast- ness, and pronounced by God himself to be the very ' shadow of death.' Jer. ii. 6." THE EXODUS OP THE ISRAELITES RESUMED. Here Moses took Aaron and Eleazar, and went up On the second return to Kadesh, Miriam dies; the into Mount Hor in the sight of all the congregation, for water Moses and Aaron where these venerable took of each other people murmur ; bring pilgrims in sin their last died there in the water from the rocks; but, doing it, against farewell, "and Aaron God, and receive sentence of death without seeing top of the mount." Num. xx. 28. A tomb has been that good land beyond Jordan, so long the object of erected to his memory on the summit, which has their desire a is demanded the often been visited and described modern tra- ; passage through by land of Edom, and is refused. Num. xx. 14-22. vellers. The children of Israel then journey from Kadesh to From Mount Hor the children of Israel passed to Blount Hor or Mosera, Deut. x. 6, where Aaron dies. along the Arabah, south Ezion-Geber, at the Num. XX. and xxxiii. 37, 38. head of the eastern or Ailanitic Gulf, which is several

in Israelites times denominated the Red Sea. Deut. i. 40 Num. While the vicinity of Mount Hor, the ; xxi. 4. gain a signal victory over the Canaanites, by whom Elath and were both situated at the they had been repulsed on their attempt to ascend Ezion-Geber head of this latter afterward up into Palestine after their murmurs at the report gulf. The became famous as the where and after him of the spies. Arad is overthrown, and the cities of port Solomon, the Canaanites laid waste as far as to Hormah, Jehoshaphat, built fleets to carry on a commerce ' xxi. 3. with Deut. ii. 8 1 ix. 26 2 Chron. formerly called Zephath. Num. Ophir. ; Kings ; viii. 17, 18. Here they turned eastward, up the pass that MOUNT HOR. leads to the high plain of the great eastern desert This is a high rocky peak in the mountains of of Arabia. Edom, east of the Arabah, and situated midway be- At this place a large defile comes down steeply tween the Red Sea and the Akabah. It rises, in lone from the north-east through the mountains, forming above the and over- the main out of the to this majesty, surrounding summits, passage great valley de^^ looks a boundless of the Israelites prospect craggy cliffs, gloomy sert. The ascent of was, doubtless^ ravines, and lofty, barren deserts. through this pass, when they departed from the Red " The grandeur and sublimity of the scene from the Sea, and turned north to compass Edom," and summit of Mount Hor is forcibly sketched by Dr. pass on to Moab, and ic the Jordan. •' Wilson in the following paragraphs : — It was at this point in their wanderings that thd " After the greatness and peril of the effort which people was much discouraged because of the way;'l we had been compelled to make, we should, in ordi- and they were bitten by fiery serpents. Num. xxii nary circumstances, have been elated with the suc- 4-19; Deut. ii. 8. [A.M. 2516-1- 40==-^5-5G.] [B.C. 1580-40=1546.] 61 THE PERIOD OF THE WANDERING. 62

Burckhardt informs us that this is still in- place site Jericho, the accounts of the intervening stations f«^sted are feared by poisonous serpents, which greatly seem to be contradictory—comp. Num. xxi. 13-20 the inhabitants. by and xxxiii. 45-49—but they are harmonized by sup- The course of the Israelites now the the lay along posing former to be specifications of the encamp- border of the eastern desert, back of Mount Seir, ments of the army in their conquest of the Amor- Mountains of Edom. and the ites, the latter that of the stations of the people, had The Edomites, who refused the children of who here turned to the west, passing obliquely over Israel a passage through their land from Kadesh, the mountains east of the head of the Dead Sea to now suffered them to pass unmolested along their the mouth of the Jordan. Abarim is the name of borders on the east, and even supplied them with the range which overhangs the eastern shore of the provisions for their march. Nothing is known of Dead Sea through the entire length of it. Num. xxi. the places mentioned in the interval until the Israel- 11, xxxiii. 44, and xxvii. 12. Pisgah is some Tin- ites arrived at the brook Zered or Sared, a marshy known spur or height at the northern extremity of which rises in the eastern desert near the Abarim and the summit of valley pre- j Nebo, Pisgah. sent route to Mecca, and, after a course of several miles to the west, discharges, in the rainy season, its THE AMORITES AND MOABITES, WITH THEIR CITIES. waters through the south-eastern shore of the Dead Sea. In the summer season the channel is dry. Heshbon, the capital of the Amorites, whom the For some distance from the sea the channel of this Israelites subdued, and the residence of their king, like all similar in this a It is still identified brook is, valleys region, was a powerful city. by extensive deep and almost impassable gorge. This is the ruins, twenty miles east of the Jordan, over against '* brook of the Isa. xv. 7 accord- a which com- wilderness," ; and, Jericho, overspreading lofty eminence, " ing to Ritter, the river of the wilderness." Amos mands an extensive prospect in every direction; vi. 14. It was the southern boundary of Moab. Once a city of the Moabites, Num. xxi. 26, it be- From this station the children of Israel passed comes, after the conquest of the Amorites, a city of without molestation around Moab, on the borders of Reuben, Num. xxxii. 37; Josh, xiii, 17, and subse- xi. to the the desert, Judg. 18, river Arnon, twenty- quently a Levitical city of Gad. Josh. xxi. 39; 1 five or thirty miles farther north. They were now Chron. vi. 81. In the days of Isaiah and Jeremiah, on the borders of the Ammonites, who, like the 700 or 800 years later, it is again a city of the Moab- had been reduced so as to retain a mere Isa. XV. xvi. Jer. xlviii. Moabites, ites. 4, 9 ; 2, 45^9. remnant of their former possessions. They seem now to the of the desert to the occupy margin right OG OF BASHAN. of the Israelites. This portion of the desert east- the of Kedemoth. xxi. After the of the Israelites ward bore name Num. 13 ; conquest Sihon, dij^ected

Deut. ii. 26 Josh. xiii. 18 xi. 19-22. their forces the of the j ; Judg. against Og, giant Bashan, capital of whose kingdom was Edrei, twenty-five or miles east of the southern extremity of the THE AMORITES. thirty Sea of Galilee, and sixty-five or seventy from the The children of Israel now encountered a formida- plains of Moab. It was built on a high hill, spring- ble foe in the Amorites, a powerful tribe who had ing out of a deep valley, and is now a miserable vil- a an crossed the Jordan and taken possession of the lage. The ruins of an ancient cistern, bridge, country east of it from the river Jabbok, midway aqueduct, and a tower remain to attest its former between the Sea of Tiberias, to the Arnon. These grandeur; a ruined church indicates that Chris- of Amorites, in answer to the request of Moses peace- tianity once gathered its converts from this seat Seetzen observed ably to pass through their territory, came out to bat- the obscene rites of Baal-pcor. used as a tle against the Israelites at Jahaz, on their borders there a beautiful sarcophagus, watering- at Arnon. The result was the entire conquest of trough.

ii. the Israelites their the Amorites. Num. xxi. 21-25 ; Deut. 24-37. From Bashan spread conquests the Sea of The neighbourhood of the same station near Kede- farther north, over all the region of as far as Mount moth and Jahaz, identical with Beer-elim, Isa. xv. 8, Galilee and the waters of Merom, " im- is the same also of the Song of the Wells." Num. Lebanon. In these conquests they gathered from the xxi. 16-20. mense booty in herds, flocks, and jewels from the desert of From the station on the banks of the Arnon to Midianites, who had come up the east of the east and for in the the plains of Moab, on Jordan, oppo- Arabia, south-east, pasturage 1586— [A.M. 2516+40=2556.] [B.C. 40^1546.] TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. H luxuriant fields of Bashan and Gilead. Modern and Joram, his son, fourteen years after, was wounded this have found in a similar efibrt. 2 viii. 28. Each travellers, in passing over country, Kings sought the manner with the herds a with the of Judah it overspread in same confederacy contemporary king ; an alliance never formed between the of and flocks of the Arabs, from the same desert. They kings those have estimated these herds and flocks at 20,000 rival nations on any other occasion, except in a animals instance. camels, 50,000 goats, and other domestic single Here Jehu was anointed over Israel the in like proportion, equalling, even at this day, king by the multitude that was taken from the Midianites. prophet Elisha, and began his exterminating war- Num. xxxi. fare against the house of Ahab. 2 Kings ix. From Ramoth Gilead runs a valley south-west to MOAB AND AMMON the Jordan. Where it breaks through the moun- The Moabites, well pleased with the subjugation tains into the vale of this river are found the ruins of the Amorites, were still the foes of the Israelites. of Nimrah, Beth Nimrah. Num. xxxii. 3, 36; Josh, Though fearing to engage with them in open war, xiii. 27; comp. Isa. xv. 6; Jer. xlviii. 34. Beth they called Balaam from beyond the Euphrates to Haran was still farther south. See the passages cited hated Num. xxiv. above. Still farther curse these invaders. xxii., xxiii., j south was Beth Jesimoth, the but finding no enchantment to prevail against them, northern limit of the encampment on the plains of in their they succeeded by wiles, harmony with own Moab, Num. xxxiii. 49; Josh. xii. 3, xiii. 20; and incestuous in a the afterward recovered the Ezek. xxv. 9 origin, bringing plague upon by Moabites, ; people, by which 24,000 perished. and under the Romans was a fortress of Vespasian. Moab is the frequent subject of historical record Beth Shittim must be located at the mouth of the and prophetic denunciation. The following is a Jordan, on the shores of the Dead Sea. Num. brief stetement of the principal localities of Moab xxxiii. 49. and Ammon which have been identified : —The Six or eight miles south-west from Ramoth, the boundaries of these two kindred tribes appear never site of Jaazer is supposed to be identified by im- to have been well defined or distinctly preserved. posing ruins near living waters. Num. xxi. 32, Moab was east of the Dead Sea and Ammon north xxxii. Josh. xiii. 25 a Levitical Josh. xxi. ; 35; ; city. of Moab and east of the lower part of Jordan. But 39; 1 Chron. vi. 81; 2 Sam. xx. 5; prophetic de- cities about Heshbon and eastward from the nunciations. Isa. xvi. xlviii. mouth 8, 9 ; Jer. 32. of the Jordan are sometimes enumerated among the Some two miles north of Heshbon was Elealah, cities of Moab at as to like its a ; others, belonging Ammon. neighbour occupying commanding position on a hill. Num. xxxii. Isa. xv. xvi. high 3, 37 ; 4, 9; Jer. xlviii. 34. RAMOTH GILEAD. South-west from Heshbon, some two miles, is North-east from the over passage the Jordan Main, Baal Meon of the Scriptures. Num. xxxii. 38; about the same distance from the Josh. xiii. 1 Chron. v. 8 Jer. xlviii. twenty-five miles, 17 ; ; 23 ; Ezek. of the river parallel itself, and half of this space xxv. 9. south from the river Jabbok, is Es-Salt, the strongest Medeba is recognised in extensive ruins over- town in all this region, protected by a strong castle spreading a rounded eminence five miles south-east which crowns a on high hill, the steep declivities of from Heshbon. Among these ruins can be traced which the houses are built one above another, as if the remains of a temple of great antiquity. Num. to the castle for pressing up protection from the xxi. 30; Josh. xiii. 9, 16. Two or three miles Arabs who rove for wandering plunder over all this west of Medeba was probably Kiriathaim, where desolate and forsaken region. This is Ramoth Gilead Chedorlaomer slew the Emims. Gen. xiv. 5 ; comp. or Ramoth Mizpeh, a city of the under Num. xxxii. Josh. xiii. Jer. xlviii. Amorites, 37 ; 19 ; 1 ; Ezek. the Israelites the central city of refuge east of Jor- xxv. 9. The site of Kiriathaim has also been as- dan, in the territory of Gad. was one of the to hill It^ signed a arising out of a beautiful plain eight cities of Deut. iv. 43 Josh. xx. refuge, ; 8, xiii. 26, or ten miles farther west, which Winer supposes xxi. 38, and one of the towns in which Solomon sta- may have been Kirioth, whose palaces the fire should tioned an intendant. 1 iv. 13. It was the devour. ii. Kings Amos 2 ; Jer. xlviii. 24. head-quarters of in his war with the Jephthah Am- Dibon is found on a plain two or three miles north orites. Josh. xi. Ahab was slain here a by bow of the Arnon, and some twenty south of Heshbon. drawn at a venture, while in battle for the engaged Num. xxxii. 3, 34, xxxiii. 45; Josh. xiii. 9, 17; Isa. of the 1 xxii. 2 mastery place, ; Chron. x^iii. XV. 2 Jer. xlviii. Kings ; ; 18, 22. In Num. xxi. 13-17 we [A. M. 2516-1-40^2556.] [B. C. 1586—40=1646.] G5 THE PERIOD OF THE WANDERING. 63

find the Israelites on the utmost borders of the de- son of these passages it is supposed' that these two the " of the as sert, by brooks" Arnon, known Beer, towns may have been on the opposite sides of the ix, 21 Beer Isa. xv. 8. At Matta- same hill. that the in it Judg. ; Elim, So fugitives passing over nah, their next station, they have left the wilderness are seen going up the ascent of Luhith and down behind them. xxi. 18. Nahaliel must have the descent Num. of Horonaim, and weeping as they go. been near this Num. xxi. 19 and both in the Verse 6. About place, ; eight or ten miles above the of is their of vicinity Dibon. This principal station, mouth the Jordan is a small valley and brook where the people linger during the conquest of which corresponds to the Waters of Nimrim. The these cities. Bamoth was little north-west of Dibon, place still bears its ancient name. These waters are and farther onward in the same direction they pass dried up; withered the grass; gone the herbage; the heights of Pisgah to their final resting-place on verdure none. the plains of Moab, before Jordan. Verse 7. What little remains to the inhabitants Immediately upon the high banks of the Arnon, of their efiects, they are carrying away over the south of Dibon, was Aroer. Deut. ii. 36, iii. 12, iv. 48; brook of willows—generally understood to be the Josh. xii. 2, xiii. 9. Immediately below Aroer, in long deep valley which opens upon the south-east the deep vale of the Arnon, was Ar, a city of Moab, corner of the Dead Sea, the extreme limit of Moab, which the Israelites were to pass and leave un- from which they are running into Edom.

harmed. Deut. ii. xxi. its Several other towns of Moab are mentioned 18 ; Num. 15. This, from by " the in position in the bed of the Arnon, is called the city prophet this prophetic representation of the that is in the midst of the river." Josh. xiii. 9, 16. judgment of heaven in this country. All are filled Balaam was here met by Balak. Num. xxii. 36. with distress. Both Ar in the valley and Aroer on the plain above Verse 8. All around, the land is filled with la- are identified by ruins. mentation. This wailing is heard at Eglairff and at Twelve or fifteen miles south of this Ar was an- Beer-elim. The first of these places is said by Je-

other city, often erroneously confounded with this— rome to have been near the mouth of the Jordan. Ar of Moab, called also Rabbath Moab, and by the Beer-elim, the well of the mighty ones, is the same Greeks, Areopolis, Num. xxi. 28; denounced by that the nobles and princes dug with their staves. Isaiah, xv. 1, and Jeremiah, xlviii. This was utterly Num. xxi. 18. If these localities are correctly given, destroyed by an earthquake in the fourth century. they are equivalent to the general expression, "the Kir of Moab was on the southern frontier of this whole land is filled with their wailing." country, seventeen miles east of the promontory or Verse 9. The Waters of Dimon or Dibon are isthmus of the Dead Sea, where Zeboim, one of the supposed to be the stream mentioned 2 Kings iii. cities of the Plain, is supposed to have been situated. 20-22, which shall—not be, as then, red in appear- It is known by the name of Kerak, and is at pre- ance, but in reality red with blood, the blood of the sent the only inhabited town in the whole country slain. of Moab. Sibmah, whose vineyards were bewailed with the It is near the head of a valley which runs down weeping of Jazer, was only a short distance from to the plain of Sodom, and opens a prospect of the Heshbon. Isa. xvi. 8, 9. Dead Sea, and of the region beyond, quite to Je- The Sea of Jazer is supposed to be a fine fountain rusalem. at a short distance from Bamoth Gilead. By a

There is here a strong castle, now in ruins, on a poetical exaggeration, the vine of Sibmah is sup- the high hill surrounded by a deep valley with perpen- posed to extend quite to this sea, overspreading dicular sides, and almost impregnable by the ancient whole country. mode of warfare.

The is the same as which was city Kir-haraseth, BOZRAH. taken and destroyed by Jehoshaphat and Jehoram. —one in 2 Kings iii. 25. It is included in the denunciations There were two places of this name of ancient of the prophets. Isa. xvi. 7; Jer. xlviii. 19, 20, Edom, the other in the Hauran, east 31, 36. Bashan, on the borders of the Arabian desert. The in the former is recognised in the modern Buseirah, PICTORIAL SCENE IN THE PROPHETIC DENUNCIA- miles north of northern part of Edom, thirty Petra, TION OF SEVERAL TOWNS IN MOAB. ISA. XV. and twenty south by east from the Dead Sea. It is situated on Luhith and Horonaim are mentioned by Isaiah, now a small village of about fifty houses, XV. and xlviii. 5. a a on the of which is a small castle. In its I 5, Jeremiah, 3, From compari- hill, top [A. M. 2516+40=2556.] [[3.0.1586—40=1546.] G7 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 63 desolation it verifies the judgments wliich the pro- Deut. iii. 11; 2 Sam. xii. 27; Jer. xlix. 3. The

it. sword bathed in faithful Uriah fell here in the of Rabbah pliets denounced upon The siege by under xii. This at a heaven has come down upon it. The Lord hath a sa- Joab, David. 2 Sam. xi., city It crifice in Bozrah and great slaughter in the land of later period bore also the name of Philadelphia.

Idumea. Isa. xxxiv. 5, 6. The Lord has sent the fire was south-east about ten miles from Ramoth Uilead, which should devour the of Boz- fifteen miles north east from Heshbon and Aroer predicted, palaces by ; rah. Amos i. 11, 12. "I have sworn by myself, of Ammon was "over against it," on the west, gaith the Lord, that Bozrah shall become a desola- doubtless, and distant but five or ten miles. The tion, a reproach, a waste, and a curse." Jer. xlix. 13. ancient magnificence of Rabbath is attested by im- Bozrah, east of Bashan, is the last inhabited town posing ruins of a bridge, a theatre, and Christian in the south of the Hauran. This is nearly on a churches and pagan temples. parallel with the mountains of Gilboa, and sixty The- dreariness of this city of Ammon is repre- miles east of Jordan. sented by travellers as quite indescribable. From It is now inhabited only by a few families of Fel- the luxuriant and extensive pasture-grounds in the lahs, but was once a walled town of great strength, neighbourhood, thousands of sheep, goats, and camels and the capital of a Roman province of Arabia. come to drink at the rivulet which flows through the in The ruins are five or six miles circumference, and valley. Lord Lindsay found the ruins overspread consist of dilapidated walls, private dwellings of with the dung of these animals, and the air filled fallen which the roofs have in, of two churches, a with the stench of their carcasses : a dead camel was magnificent mosque, a temple still more splendid, a rotting in the stream. Nothing but the croaking of and a castle. triumphal arch, Saracenic frogs and the scream of wild birds broke the silence There is also an immense cistern, almost entire, of this valley of desolation. Storks were perched in a hundwd and feet a hundred and direction on the of the ruined ninety long, fifty- every tops buildings ; *liree wide, and twenty deep. The prophecies of others soared at an immense height above them, and Scripture seem to be chiefly, if not exclusively, di- vultures were garbaging on the camel. Now, how the " rected against former city. runs the prophecy against this place ? Ammon in " As Moab, there was an Aroer which became a . . . shall be a desolation !" Rabbah of the Am- city of Reuben, so in Ammon there was another monites shall be a desolate heap ! I will make Rab- a of 2 Sam. xxiv. 5 Josh. xiii. a stable for and the Ammonites a Aroer, city Gad, ; 25; bah camels, couch- xi. 33 and a Rabbath also to for flocks and shall that I the Judg. ; corresponding ing-place ; ye know am that of Moab. This Rabbath of the children of Jer. xlix. 2 Ezek. xxv. 5. Lord." ; is of Ammon frequent occurrence in Jewish history.

CHAPTER V. THE PERIOD OP THE THEOCRACY j THE JUDGES FROM JOSHUA TO SAMUEL, 450 YEARS.

A. M. 2556 + 450 =» 3006. b. c. 1546 — 450 = 1096.

TiiE land of promise, toward which the children appellation among the nations of the earth, ancient of for Israel, forty years, had been journeying, and and modern. which were about to they conquer and possess, is This land, so inconsiderable in extent, so famous known difierent names. It by is called Canaan, in the history of the world, is situated between lati- Gen. xi. xii. from the 31, 5, original settler, the tude 31° and 33° 36' north, and 34° and 36° of east fourth son of Ham. Gen. x. 15-19. It was known longitude. It is bounded on the south by the penin- the name of the Land of by Israel, Israel, and of the sular desert of Sinai, on the west by the Mediterra- Hebrews after the revolt of the ten ; tribes, Israel, nean, on the north by the mountains of Lebanon, and or Judah, according as the government of one or the on the east by the river J'ordan and the Dead Sea. other It is denominated the prevailed. Promised The territory of the tribes east of Jordan was the the land of the Land, Holy Land, Judea, Philis- bounded on the north by Syria, on the east by the the land of the tines, Palestine, immigrant, of the great Arabian desert, and on the south by the moun- stranger. The last, has been the most common tains of Edom. M. [A. 2556+450=3000.] [B. C. 1546—450=1096.] 09 THE PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY. 70

Palestine proper is about 180 miles in length : on mountainous chain, which runs north through the it miles in width on middle the north scarcely exceeds 20 ; of the land between the Mediterranean and the south it is 75 or 80. Its average width is esti- the valley of the Jordan to the region of Galilee. mated variously from 40 to 60 miles. In form and This central chain presents an uneven outline of dimensions it very closely compares with the State summits from 1000 to 2000 feet in height, and sends off of New Hampshire. frequent spurs to the right and left, sepa- But the assurance frequently given was that the rated by deep ravines, which, winding about their bases land of promise should extend from the Mediterra- and running up into the central ridge, become, nean to the Euphrates. Gen. xv. 18; Ex. xxiii. 31; in the rainy season, watercourses for the drainage Deut. xi. 24 This is explained to refer to the ut- of the land. At the distance of a few miles south most expansion of the kingdom of Israel, which it of the parallel of the Sea of Galilee, in Samaria, actually attained under David and Solomon. this highland breaks down to the level of an ele- The territory of the Canaanites was a triangle, vated plain, and sends off north-west a high con- having its apex at Sidon, the line of the Mediterra- tinuous ridge, which juts out some distance into the nean to Gaza and Gerar, the southern extremity of sea in the lofty and beautiful promontory of Mount Philistia, for one side; from the south-east angle of Carmel, 1500 feet in height. this sea to the southern limit of the Dead Sea, its and from this to its other side. base; point Zidon, PLAIN or ESDRAELON. Gen. X. 19. The boundaries xxxiv. 2-12 North of the of Carmel and the mountains given by Moses, Num. ; range Josh. xiii. 15-31, and xv.-xx., are not easily de- of Samaria, lies the great plain of Esdraelon, twenty fined. The south line across the desert was from mlies in length from east to west, and ten or twelve Kadesh Barnea to the River of Egypt, now El-Arish, in width. The Bay of Acre, Accho, constikites its some few miles below Gaza. western boundary. The mountains of Gilboa, Little

The ascent of Akrabbim, Num. xxxiv. 4, is sup- Hermon, and Tabor define its eastern ; but between

pt)sed by Dr. Robinson to be a line of cliffs across these it sends off arms down to the valley of the the Arabah, some twenty miles south of the Dead Jordan. This plain presents an undulating surface

Sea, which sink the level of that sea some sixty or of great fertility and beauty, which preserves an eighty feet below the higher plain of the Arabah. average level of 400 feet above the sea. For thou- The western boundary is the Mediterranean as sands of years it has been the highway of travel,

far as Zidon. and the battle-field of nations : no field under heaven From Zidon the line of the boundary ran east to has so often been fattened by the blood of the slain. some summit in the— mountains of Lebanon, here It has been the chosen place for encampment in called Mount Hor perhaps Hermon, Josh. xiii. 5, every contest that has been carried on in this coun- iii. 3 thence north-east the of Cele- from the of Deborah and Barak until the Judg. ; up valley try days syria, between Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, passing disastrous march of Napoleon Bonaparte from Egypt " by Balbec to the sources of the Orontcs, the en- into Syria. Egyptians, Persians, Arabs, Jews, Gen-

tering in of Hamath," so often mentioned in the tiles, Saracens, Turks, Crusaders, Druses, and French,

of the Josh. xiii. 5 iii. 3 warriors out of nation which is under history Israelites, ; Judg. ; every heaven, 1 viii. 65 2 Chron. vii. where Pharaoh have their tents the of Kings ; 8, pitched upon plain Esdraelon, Necho put Jehoahaz in bonds. 2 Kings xxiii. 33. and have beheld their banners wet with the dews of Zedad is identified by Dr. Robinson in Sudud, east Hermon and Tabor. This plain will frequently occur of the road that leads from Damascus to the lake in the subsequent history of the Jews, under the Hums, above Hamath. The sites of Riblah and Ain, names of Megiddo and Jezreel, Num. xxxiv. 11, have been recovered by our mission- North of Esdraelon, for thirty miles, are the ary, the Rev. Mr. Thompson, From Zalad, lat. 34° mountains of Galilee, presenting a confused succes- 30' north, the boundary passes over Anti-Lebanon sion of hills and mountains, which form a country and down the eastern slope of it to Lake Huleh and singularly picturesque and beautiful, but highly pro- the Sea of Tiberias, following thence the Jordan ductive. Dr. Robinson represents it to be fruitful to the Dead Sea. beyond any thing to be found in our Western coun- of wheat try. He found immense crops growing MOUNTAINS. there with unparalleled luxuriance. The desert on the southern border of Palestine Beyond the mountains of Galilee rise the lofty in the of often rises, hill-country Judea, to a rugged ridges of Lebanon. These, lifting their heads [A. M. 2550+450=3006.] [B. C. 1546—450=1096.] 71 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OP BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 72

into the regions of perpetual snow and ice, condense GENNESARET, THE SEA OP GALILEE, OP TIBERIAS. the clouds of heaven and send them off, borne on the cold winds of the mountain, to refresh the scorched About ten miles below its outlet from Huleh, the and thirsty plains which are spread out below them. Jordan again expands into a lake much larger than The head-waters of the Jordan spring from the south- Huleh, the Lake of Gennesaret, the Sea of Tiberias, ern base of Lebanon, which indeed is a great con- of Galilee. According to the estimate of Dr. Robin- in denser, refrigerator, and fertilizer for all the lands son, this sea is ten or twelve miles length, and of the Jews. half that distance in width. Lieut. Molyneux estimates the lake to be sixteen or eighteen miles in THE JORDAN. length, and half these distances in width. This extraordinary river rises from three principal At Jacob's Bridge, one mile below the outlet a sources : of these the most remote springs in the from Huleh, the Jordan, while flowing with swift valley between Lebanon and Anti-Lebanon, from a current, is eighty feet wide and four deep. Below large fountain near the town of Hasbeiya. From this it sinks into a deep gorge, and rushes rapidly it in the size of a a descent of 400 feet this gushing fountain runs off, on to the lake below, making small river or mill-stream, due south some twelve or in its course of ten miles from sea to sea. fifteen miles, when it emerges into the marsh of the The Sea of Tiberias lies deeply embosomed in the Huleh, ten or twelve miles above the lake of the mountains which on the east break boldly down to same name, known in Jewish history as the Waters its waters. On the west the mountains near the

of Merom. At the head of this plain, and two or centre recede and enclose the small, fertile, and three miles to the left of the stream from of on the Hasbeiya, charming plain Magdala ; and, north-west, of out from lie another fountain equal volume gushes recede by a more gentle acclivity. The waters the crater of an extinct volcano, Tell-el-Kady, which 328 feet below the level of the Mediterranean. The marks the site of the ancient city of Dan, or Laish. shores of this lovely lake were the favourite resort The stream from this fountain runs south, parallel of our Saviour, and the native place of several of the and unites it in the its to preceding, with marsh his disciples. Wherever you tread along shores " above the lake. it is holy haunted ground," often trodden by the East of Tell-el-Kady some three miles is Paneas, footsteps of the Son of Man, and drenched with his or Banias, known in the Gospels as Caesarea Philip- tears—the scene of a thousand hallowed associations Matt. xvi. 13-20 Mark viii. Luke ix. the that have been pi. ; 27-30 ; connected with mighty works 18-2 L Just above this town a third fountain flows wrought there. Capernaum, Chorazin, Bethsaida, the of out from brow a lofty rock. This stream, Tiberias ! what a charm have these sacred names to after the to the passing through town, turns west every Christian heart, especially when blended with into the great marsh, and then south towai^ the all that nature has added in the picturesque loveli- lake. Before the lake reaching the three streams ness of her charming scenery. The waters of the and themselves one chan- as in the time of our unite, discharge through lake are clear and sweet ; and, nel into the reservoir. From the mountains of Saviour, abound with excellent fish. The few sound- west of several other fountains send Galilee, Huleh, ings that have been made indicate an average depth off copious contributions to augment the waters of of 120 or 126 feet. Lieut. Lynch found but a sin- the Jordan. the which he nor is it gle boat upon lake, purchased ; known that its waters are now cut by a single keel, or rufl[led a or that have ever MARSH AND LAKE OF HULEH. by solitary oar, they been darkened by a single sail. marsh The great above the lake is eight or ten From the Sea of Tiberias to the Dead Sea, in a miles and affords for square, pasturage immense direct line, the distance is sixty miles. But in its herds of and and of sheep goats, droves camels, cows, course, the Jordan so infolds and doubles its chan- and buffaloes. nel by frequent windings as to run a course of 200 The lake is some seven funnel-shaped, miles broad miles to make this distance of sixty miles in a right at its northern extremity, and tapering down to an line. outlet at the apex at its distance of six or eight The channel of the river is deeply embedded be- miles. It in extent varies, however, considerably at tween opposite terraces, running nearly parallel to different seasons of the waters year. The are very each other, at the distance of from three to five and covered to a extent with shoal, great aquatic miles. These terraces, presenting sometimes per-

plants. pendicular cliffs, sometimes steep, precipitous banks, M. [A. 25564-450^:3006.] [B.C. 1546—450=1096.] 73 THE PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY. 74

.form the commencement of high rounded knolls, sea; and varying in height from 1600 to 2800 feet. in much the stern conical hills, and rocks, thrown together wild The western shore presents same and a outline confusion, which rise irregularly as they recede to forbidding aspect, but preserves general the highlands of the central chain of Palestine on some 400 feet lower. the west, and to a higher series of mountain heights Embedded deep in this awful chasm, under a on the east beyond Jordan. burning sun reflected from beetling heights on either Between these terraces, the river, from 75 to 100 side, this sea becomes a vast caldron, from which feet in width, and 6 or 8 in depth, rolls on through the evaporation is so great in summer as to ren- its endless sinuosities and contortions, a chafed and der the waters intensely saline. There is also an the angry tide of waters, sometimes turbid, sometimes infusion of other ingredients, which renders bitter and nauseous to the taste. clear, sometimes swift, sometimes slow, leaping down water No living in three frequent and fearful rapids, and dashing from side thing inhabits these waters, and never, but to side of the narrow bed in which it is imprisoned, instances, are they known to have been navigated as if struggling to burst the barriers by which it is by man. arises from as confined, and save its sacred waters from being lost No deadly miasma, however, it, in that sea of death below. was once supposed. The water is of a dull green dense that one Toward the end of its course, Lieut. Lynch ob- colour, highly transparent, and so served the flow of the Jordan to become more gentle, floats easily on its surface without effort, as if re- but its meanderings continued the same. It "curved clining on a couch. the account and twisted north, south, east, and west, turning, in We cannot forbear subjoining lively on this the short space of half an hour, to every quarter of which Mr. Stephens gives of his experience the compass,—seeming as if desirous to prolong its point : — " I can almost corrobo- luxuriant meanderings in the calm and silent valley, From my own experience, and reluctant to pour its sweet and sacred waters rate the most extravagant accounts of the ancients. that into the accursed bosom of the bitter sea." I know, in reference to my own specific gravity, float with- Such are the windings and reduplications of the in the Atlantic or Mediterranean I cannot to bluff out little of the hands and even channel as it sweeps and dashes from bluff some movement ; to Lieut. then is almost but within which it is confined, that, according my body totally submerged ; here, was Lynch's survey, it runs a distance of 200 miles to when I threw myself upon my back, my body for make the distance of sixty miles in a direct line half out of water. It was an exertion even my from sea to sea. In this wonderful course from the lank Arabs to keep themselves under. " Sea of Tiberias to the Dead Sea, the Jordan dashes When I struck out in swimming, it was exceed- for were over twenty-seven frightful rapids, and makes a per- ingly awkward; my legs constantly rising above the water. I could pendicular descent of 1000 feet. The entire dis- to the surface, and even In tance from the highest source of the Jordan to its have lain there and read with perfect ease. fact, than it have been a much outlet is, in a direct line, not more 120 miles, I could have slept, and would

in which distance it makes a descent of 2000 feet, easier bed than the bushes at Jericho. " to one of the horses. As and according to some estimates more than this. It was ludicrous see soon as his body touched the water he was afloat, and turned over on his side; he struggled with all his THE DEAD SEA. to his but the moment force preserve equilibrium ; he he turned over on his side The Dead Sea is about forty miles long, and from stopped moving, again, and almost on his his feet out of six to eight miles wide. A broad peninsula projects back, kicking and with terror. from the eastern shore on the south, and contracts water, snorting " after it was the breadth of the sea to within two miles. South The worst of my bath was, over, that in skin was covered with a sub- of this, the water is very shallow, so mid- my thick, glutinous another ablution to rid summer, when, in consequence of evaporation, the stance, which it required get and after I had dry, body body of the lake falls from twelve to fifteen feet, of; wiped myself my turned round this end is left a marsh. burned and smarted as if I had been a fire. face and ears were in- The shores of this mysterious and gloomy lake before roasting My crusted with hairs stood out, 'each par- are formed on the east by perpendicular cliffs, rising salt; my ticular hair on and were irritated into ragged splintered points, forming an irregular end;' my eyes that I felt the effects of it for seve- breastwork, sometimes receding a little from the and inflamed, so In of all revived and water's edge, and then again jutting out into the ral days. spite this, however, 1546— G [A. M. 2556+450= -3006.] [B.C. 450=1096.] 76 75 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY.

horse a new refreshed by my bath, I mounted my man. Modern science has solved all the mystery about this water. It has been satisfactorily analyzed, and ascertained to be a its specific gravity 1-211, degree the of density unknown in any other, specific gravity found of fresh water being 1-000; and it has been to hold in solution the following proportions of salt to one hundred grains of water : —

Muriate of limo . . 77 THE PEKIOD OF THE THEOCKACY. 78 cheerful day was redolent with their fragrance, and which overwhelmed the Cities of the Plain was still vocal with the song of birds. The distant heights burning over its arid and scathed surface." of ancient Bashan on the east, and of Galilee on the west, Hermon, Gilboa, and Tabor, were overspread PLAIN OF THE COAST. with verdure. the Lower down, at some distance above Dead From Mount Carmel to the southern extremity to that of a stern and Sea, the landscape changes of Palestine, a distance of 100 miles, there is a con- a de- gloomy desert, of which our author has given tinuous plain between the coast and the mountains. scription : — This plain, at first narrow and sandy, becomes wider " Although the day was some hours past its meri- and more fertile as it proceeds south. the and the dian, weather was exceedingly sultry, In some places this tract is interrupted by pro- it had eye ached from the reverberated glare of fight montories and rising ground running off' from the encountered since morning. mountains, but generally the whole coast of Pales- " in this —in these There was something solitude tine may be described as an extensive plain of va- spots, forsaken and alone in their hopeless sterility rious breadth. Sometimes it expands to consider- —that even in the at it and weird silence begat reflection, able width, others contracts into narrow valleys. all this waste there most thoughtless. In dreary On the south it spreads out into a broad plain, no for had the land of the was sound ; every living thing retired, comprising whole Philistines and exhausted, from the withering heat and blinding the western portion of Judea. This section of coun- the fit of was glare. Silence, companion desolation, try was sometimes called The Plain, in distinction profound. The song of a bird, the chirrup of a from the hill country of Judea. of a out grasshopper, the drone fly, would have been The soil, with some exceptions, particularly in the of harmony. The wind, without which even soli- northern part of the plain, is exceedingly fertile; tude is incomplete, sounded mournfully as it went and in the season of vegetation is overspread with sweeping over the barren plain, and sighed, even in the richest verdure. This is particularly true of the broad and garish day, like the blast of autumn the plain of Saron, or Sharon, between Cassarea and among the marshy sedge, where the cold toad croaks, Joppa. like a and the withered leaf is spotted leprosy. The This charming valley, so celebrated in the songs chaiacter of the whole scene of this dreary waste of the poets and prophets of Judah, now lies neg- was singularly wild and impressive." lected, save that its verdant knolls are occasionally interspersed with a few small Arab houses, built of stone. EASTERN DESERT. The climate all along the coast, compared with Between the central ridge and the valley of the the more elevated parts of the country, is rather un- Jordan, there is a cheerless desert, from fifteen to healthy, and very warm. twenty miles in width, and one hundred miles in This vast desert is of naked lime- length. composed CLIMATE AND SEASONS. stone hills, separated from each other by deep, wind- are two seasons in Palestine—the ing valleys, and narrow gullies covered with gravel, There but rainy and rounded, water-worn stones. and the dry. The rainy season begins in October The southern portion especially of this waste, howl- with occasional showers and intervals of fair weather. ing wilderness, is rent and torn in every direction The cold attains its greatest height in December and by jagged, perpendicular ravines, which open to the January. Snow often falls in the winter months, traveller frightful gorges along the eastern border but the ground is not frozen, and the snow continues March the of the desert, bounded by high, precipitous walls, as but a day or two. In February and rain continues to fall the gloomy gateway leading into the wild and deso- weather is often very fine, but from late scenery within. in March, so that the rainy season continues " first in October and With the exception of a few olives and pome- October to March. The rains are the " former and the latter granates around Jericho, a small village in the Jor- the last in March on which the of dan valley, and a few patches of green grass and rains" of Scripture, productiveness Deut. xi. 14 Jer. iii. shrubs scattered here and there throughout the track the year so much depends. ; 3, the western shore of the there V. 24 James v. 7. and along Dead Sea, ; months of and the is is scarcely a tree or shrub or hiade of grass in all During the April May sky the air soft and and the this district. It would seem as though the curse generally serene, balmy, 1546— [A. M. 2556+450=3006.] [B.C. 450=1096.] GEOGBAPIIY. 79 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL 80

' had whole surface of the soil covered with a luxuriant quest of Chedorlaomer, who pillaged the land, " rain is over and and was laden with verdure. The winter is past, the returning spoils. on the the time of gone. The flowers appear earth, and the voice of the the singing of birds is come, THE HITTITES. turtle is heard in the land." who dwelt at were the During the months of summer not a particle of These, Hebron, originally a the verdure of most of the Canaanitish as rain falls, and under scorching sun powerful tribes, appears the fields withers and dies. from the passages where they are mentioned. Abra- ham treats them with Gen. xxiii. The harvest begins in May, and in the valley profound respect. Esau forms a connection with them. xxvi. 34. of the Jordan even earlier, and the harvest of wheat Gen. The of the whole land even is to soon follows. Early grapes are obtained in July, possession assigned the them. Josh. i. 4. At the time of the invasion and the vintage is ended in September. In val- by Joshua have lost their in ley of the Jordan the heat becomes exceedingly op- they importance. Uriah, is hastened in an David's as a remnant of this pressive, and the harvest equal army, appears people, the Sea of the 2 Sam. xi. xxiii. who are with the degree. About Tiberias, on Galilee, 3, 39, reduced, this of other to inhabitants make a profitable use of peculiarity remnants tribes, bond-service by Solo- 1 ix. of their climate, by supplying the market at Da- mon. Kings 20. After this they appear to mascus with vegetables and melons greatly in ad- have passed over to Cyprus, the land of the Chittim, vance of their season. Isa. xxiii. 1—the isles of Chittim. Ezek. xxvii. 6.

The soil of Palestine, even now, after the waste and exhaustion of 4000 years, is of surprising fer- THE HIVITES AND PERIZZITES. in his late tour found the hill tility. Dr. Robinson country of Galilee yielding crops which indicate a These were inhabitants of the mountains of Lebar to all that has said non. Josh. ix. xi. 3 iii. 3. Some of this productiveness equal Josephus 1, j Judg. of it. The industrial settlement lately and success- tribe found a settlement farther south, in Shechem near the of south of and in Gihon. Gen. xxxiii. xxxiv. 2 Josh. ix. fully begun pools Solomon, 19, j Bethlehem, report that they raise two crops in a 3, 7, 15. near the Perizzites Josh xi. 3, xvii. 15. year. Their grapes almost rival the clusters of " THE AMORITES. Eshcol, a single vine having 100 bunches of grapes, each 3 feet long, and each grape 3 J inches in cir- This tribe came up originally from the desert.

cumference." have Indian corn 11 feet Gen. xiv. 13 i. 36. In the of the They high, 7, ; Judg. 35, age watermelons of 20, 30, 40 pounds weight, and bean- patriarchs they were an inconsiderable people, but pods 13 inches long, and 6 on each stem. Their little known; but in the time of the Exode they quince-trees yield 400 quinces each, which are larger had become a powerful tribe. Their possessions ex- than the of and a sin- of the and over largest apples New England ; tended west Dead Sea Lower Jordan, citron-tree of fruit. gle yields 510 pounds a great part of Judea. Josh. x. 1-14. So prevalent were they over other tribes as sometimes to represent the Canaauites Josh. x. 12. East INHABITANTS OP CANAAN. generally. 5, of Jordan they had dispossessed the Ammonites, Palestine was originally settled by Canaan, a son and driven back the Moabites, so as to become of ix. and Ham, Gen. 22, by his posterity. Gen. x. masters of the whole country from the river Ar- 15-19. At the time of the patriarchs it was only non to Bashan and Gilead, and the most deter- occupied by a few nomadic families, the most of mined and formidable foes of the Israelites. Num. whom had no fixed no xxxii. xxi. 34 xi. 22 Num. xxi. 33 abode, permanent possessions. 33, 13, ; Judg. ; j

The whole land was to Lot and Abraham to xii. iii. open Josh. 5 ; Deut. 5-10. settle where they chose. Only the Canaanite and then in the Perizzite dwelt the land. Gen. xiii. 7, 9 ; THE GIRGASIIITES. and 200 years later, Jacob, with equal freedom from molestation, ranged with his flocks at large over the These are mentioned in such connection as to inland. Shechem was inhabited by one of the same dicate that they were an inconsiderable tribe. Gen. name then Gen. xxxiv. 2. X. 16 Josh. XV. 21. Their of residence is not living. Hebron, perhaps ; place the oldest of the cities of had Canaan, only been distinctly defined. It is conjectured that they were a short death settled time at the of Sarah. Num. from the east of Jordan, and that the Gergesenes, 22. xiii. Abraham, with 318 men, made the con- Matt. viii. 28, were a remnant of them. [A.M. 2550-1-450=3000.] [B. C. 1546—450=1090.] 81 THE PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY. 82

war against the Midianites for their agency in en- THE JEBUSITES. ticing the Israelites into a sin which caused 24,000 a tlie They were warlike family of Amorites, wlio of them to perish by a plague. Num. xiv. In the inhabited took Jebus, Salem, which subsequently dreadful carnage of this expedition, Balaam, the the name of Jerusalem. They successfully resisted apostate prophet, was slain. retained their the Israelites, Josh. xv. 63, and strong- The last office of the leader of Israel toward his peo- hold until their dispossessed by David, who made ple was to indite that incomparable song, Deut. xxxii. the of his Josh, xviii. 28 in which he city capital empire. } comp. xxxiii., pronounces blessings on each of X. 1 and 5 Num. xiii. 29 Josh. ix. xv. 8 the tribes in ; ; 1, ; Judg. order, and concludes with the tri- " i. 8 2 Sam. v. 7. Solomon reduced is ; 6, them, with umphant exclamation, There none like unto the to other tribes, bond-service. God of Jeshurun. Happy art thou, Israel ! Who is like thee, people saved of the Lord !" was more natural than that Moses should THE PHILISTINES. Nothing earnestly desire to go over and see that good land These fast and formidable foes of the Hebrews which had so long engaged his contemplations—the were from Deut. ii. 23 land of and of invitation—toward which he foreign immigrants Caphtor, ; promise Jer. xlvii. 4; Amos ix. 7, supposed to be Crete, had been sending forward his ardent aspirations but originally descended from Mizraim, the son of during the forty years of his dreary pilgrimage in " Ham. Gren. x, 14. In all their history they show the wilderness. I pray thee let me go over and themselves a brave, warlike people, in advance of see that goodly land that is beyond Jordan, that their neighbours in cultivation, and the most formid- goodly mountain and Lebanon." With profound able and determined enemies of the Jews. submission he yields this cherished desire of his At the time of the Exode they had become too heart. Forgetful of himself, he prays for a fit suc- " powerful for the Israelites to encounter, Ex. xiii. cessor to guide his people. Let the Lord, the God all a 17, though quite inconsiderable in the age of the of the spirits of flesh, set man over the congrega- patriarchs. Joshua was careful not to engage in tion, which may go out before them, and which may hostilities with them. But the judges were in go in before them, and which may lead them out, and conflict with them. " There was sore which them in that the be frequent war may bring ; congregation with the Philistines all the days of Saul." 1 Sam. not as sheep having no shepherd." Having finished xiv. 52. David was in continual conflict with them; his exhortations and his prayers, the selfsame day and, through all the Jewish history the Philistines, he goes, at the command of God, up into the mount in instances innumerable, appear as the antagonists and dies in the presence only of God, in whom he ^' of the Jews down to their dispersion, when they trusted, and is buried in an unknown grave. No in turn yielded to the conquering arms of the Ko- man knoweth of his sepulchre unto this day." mans, and were merged and lost in the empire of There is some diflSculty in harmonizing the seve- the Romans. Joshua indeed included their land ral passages in which the names of Abarim, Pisgah, in the to the and Nebo occur. Num. xxi. 11-13 Deut. xxxii. distribution tribes, but they never ; 49, of this inherit- xxxiv. 1 Num. xxxiii. xxiii. 14-24. Aba- gained possession portion of their ; 44-47, ance. Josh. XV. 45, xix. 43. rim is supposed to be the chain of mountains run- north and east of the Dead Sea ning south, ; Pisgah is some in the northern of this chain DEATH OF MOSES. height part j and Nebo, the summit of Pisgah. Such were the people whom the Israelites were to Travellers, however, have not noticed any remark- dispossess, and such the promised land which they able mountain height east of Jericho, but a line of were to inherit. They had already lingered four or mountain ridge, without remarkable peaks or sum- the five months on the plains of Moab, over against mits. This mountain ridge, as seen in distance, Jericho, in full view of their future inheritance. presents the appearance of a horizontal line, drawn During this time they had subdued their enemies by a trembling hand along the eastern sky. The never be before them, Moses had written the book of Deutero- heights of Pisgah and Nebo will probably nomy, recapitulating the blessings and the curses of identified. their law, and recording his final exhortations and PASSAGE OP THE JORDAN. entreaties in the full consciousness that his eventful divine com- life was advancing to a close. His last military act Upon the death of Moses, Joshua, by of and was to wage, by God's command, an exterminating mand, becomes the leader Israel, immediately [A. M. 2556+450=3006.] [B.C. 1546—450=1096.] 83 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 84

into their in- the residence of Herod the who died prepares to conduct them over Jordan royal Great,

heritance. here, it was several times visited by our Lord. On the last one occasion he was entertained wher The passage of the Jordan from Shittim, by Zaccheus, east of the he healed the two blind men. Matt. xx. 29-30 place of encampment, opposite Jericho, A. M. 1546 B. at ihe Luke xix. 1-10. river, occurred in April, C, season of the year when the river discharges its CAPTURE OF AI. laro'est volume of water into the Dead Sea. Its

its or 10. usual width may be 100 feet, and depth 8 This exploit, accomplished by stratagem, soon Lieut, Lynch, April 18th, found the river 120 feet followed. Josh. viii. 1-30. The site has been iden- wide and 12 deep, then "in the latter stage of a tified by Dr. Robinson, twelve miles north-west from freshet." At the passage of the Israelites it is sup- Jericho, ten north-east from Jerusalem, three south- feet in east posed to have been 1200 width. The waters from Bethel. It was still a city in the time of stood up in a heap, and set back to Zaretan and the Syrian invasion, Isa. x. 28, and resettled after near 35 or 40 miles distant. the Ezra ii. 28 Neh. vii. 32. Adam, Beth-shean, captivity. ; The Israelites encamped at Gilgal, on the plains The valley of Achor, the scene of Achan's tres- of Jericho, here 5 or 6 miles wide, on the opposite pass, was a short distance north of Jericho. shores, to renew the neglected rite of circumcision. At Shechem, twenty-five miles north from Ai, the the old the children of Here they ate of com of land, and the Israel with gi-eat solemnity renew their manna ceased. Josh. v. covenant, and avouch the Lord Jehovah to be their

God, and his law, with its blessings and its curses,

to be the rule of their life, Josh. viii. 30-35, as di- GILGAL. rected in Deut. xxvii. Ebal and Gerizim, on which The site of Gilgal is entirely obliterated, but it the tribes stood, rise 800 feet above the valley be- was east of Jericho. Josh. iv. 19. Memorable for tween them, which may be one-third of a mile in the pillar of twelve stones from the Jordan, Josh. iv. width and two or three in length. 20 for the of the ark of the of the is ; presence covenant before The stratagem Gibeonites the next his- its removal to Shiloh, Josh, xviii. 1-11, comp. v., torical event in the order of the narrative. Josh. ix. for " vi.; Samuel's yearly courts, ISam. vii. 16; for A great city as one of the royal cities," it was situ- the and of 1 Sam. xiii. 9 ated on a six miles north of Jeru- offering sacrilege Saul, ; high eminence, for the death of 1 Sam. xv. 33 and the salem. four miles Agag, 32, ; Beeroth, north, Kirjath-jearim, visits of 2 Sam. xix. 40 of an distance the David, 15, ; Elijah and equal south-west, and unknown 2 ii. iv. 38-41 its Elisha, Kings 1, ; prophetic denun- town, Cephirah, were under jurisdiction. ciations. Hos. iv. ix. xii. 11 iv. 15, 15, j Amos 4, 5. There was another Gilgal in Samaria, south-west THE SOUTHERN CONQUEST. from Shechem. Josh. xii. 23.

In defence of the Gibeonites against the five confederate of the Joshua was drawn into JERICHO. kings south, the great battle when the "sun stood still on Gi- known as the This, City of the Palm-trees, was beon." Josh. x. 12. The "pool of Gibeon," 2 Sam. the first of the of the " conquests Israelites, Josh, vi., ii. 13, and the great waters of Gibeon," Jer. xii. is now a miserable represented by hamlet, Kiha, of 12, are recognised in a large fountain below the 100 or 200 six miles west from the inhabitants, Jor- heights of Gibeon. Gibeon became a Levitical city dan. The site is original supposed to be two miles of Benjamin. Josh, xviii. 25, xxi. 17. The histori- west from this on the road to hamlet, Jerusalem, cal incidents connected with the place are the defeat where are found some ruins. Two miles north- of Abner and death of Asahel, 2 Sam. ii. 18-32—the west from Riha is the copious fountain of Elisha. assassination of Amasa, 2 Sam. xx. 8-12—the rest- Whether healed Elisha or permanently by not, ing-place of the tabernacle for many years, the ark 2 ii. the water is now sweet and Kings 21, salu- being at Jerusalem, 1 Chron. xvi. 39, xvi. 39, xxi. brious. The heat in summer is and the 29 2 Chron. i. 4—the and the of intense, ; 3, offerings prayer

region unhealthy. Solomon. 1 iii. 5-15 2 Chron. i. 13. Kings ; 3, Devoted to the curse of destruction, Joshua, vi. The confederate army, in their retreat, passed by was executed Hiel 520 26, upon years afterward. Beth-horon, four miles west by north from Gibeon. I xvi. 34. The of Kings messengers David, after Upper Beth-horon was on a high tongue of land be- the insult of tarried here 100 — Hanun, years before; tween the valleys that run off from Gibeon and Bgc- M. [A. 2556-1-460=3006.] [B. 0.1546-450=^1096.] 85 THE PERIOD OP THE THEOCRACY. 8G roth, and uniting below this town, form the valley of the great king seems to have been called forth to of Ajalon. To Joshua, standing on this eminence, take this stronghold. In no other sculpture were so the sun in the early part of the day might have ap- many warriors seen drawn up in array before a be- peared over Gibcon, and the moon, near the western sieged city. In the first rank were the kneeling over as he called archers those in the second were horizon, might have hung Ajalon, ; leaning forward, unto them to stay themselves in their course. In while those in the third discharged their arrows their transit by this place the retreating army were standing upright, and were mingled with spearmen smitten with hailstones. Josh. x. 10-15. and slingers, the whole forming an organized and Makkedah, the place of the concealment of the compact phalanx. The reserve consisted of a large five kings, is unknown. Winer infers from Joshua party of horsemen and charioteers. Against the X. that it must have been north of Libnah fortifications had been thrown as as ten 29, 31, ; up many and from Josh. x. 10, that it was south from Aze- banks or mounds, compactly built of stones, bricks, kah. Eusebius places it eight miles east from earth, and branches of trees; and even battering- Eleutheropolis. Josh. x. 15-28. It was near Socoh. rams had already been rolled up to the walls. The Keil supposes it to have been a little east or north- be.sieged defended themselves with great determina- east of it. Josh. XV. 35; 1 Sam. xvii. 1. These tion. Spearmen, archers, and slingers thronged the places must have been on the plains south-west from battlements and towers, showering arrows, javelins, Jerusalem, but their sites are unknown. stones, and blazing torches upon the assailants. On Jarmuth, the residence of one of the captured the battering-rams were bowmen discharging their kings, is placed by Dr. Robinson about twelve miles arrows, and men with ladles pouring water on the south-west from Jerusalem. flaming brands which, hurled from above, threatened Eglon is represented by ruins overspreading an to destroy the engines. Ladders, probably used for eminence on the plains of Judah, on the borders of escalade, were falling from the walls upon the sol- the Philistines, nearly west twenty-five miles from diers who mounted the inclined ways to the assault. Hebron, and south-west from Jerusalem, on the way Part of the city had, however, been taken. Beneath to G-aza. its walls were seen Assyrian warriors impaling their prisoners; and from the gateway of an advanced LACHISH. tower or fort issued a procession of captives reach- This fenced city of Judah, which resisted for a ing to the presence of the king, who, gorgeously ar- time the army of Nebuchadnezzar, Jer. xxxiv. 7, rayed, received them seated on his throne. Among where Sennacherib stationed his army under Rab- the furniture were arms, shields, chariots, vases of shakeh to advance toward Jerusalem, 2 Kings xviii. metals of various forms, camels, carts drawn by and Amaziah was 2 xiv. 19 oxen and laden with women and and 14, 17, slain, Kings ; children, many 2 Chron. xxv. 27, is supposed to be identified by the objects, the nature of which cannot be determined." ruins of Um Lakis, two miles west of Eglon. To The following paragraph is inserted to illustrate this conjecture, however. Dr. Robinson objects. the Jewish costume in that remote age : — " Mr. Layard has discovered in one of the cham- The vanquished people were distinguished from bers of the palace of Sennacherib, at Nineveh, an the conquerors by their dress : those that defended actual picture of the siege and capture of Lachish the battlements wore a pointed helmet, differing by Rabshakeh, when he went to demand tribute of from that of the Assyrian warriors in having a the Ilezekiah. 2 Kings xviii. 14; Isa. xxxvi. 2; 2 Kings fringed lappet falling over the ears. Some of xix. 8 Isa. xxxvii. 8. As one of the most interest- had a kind of not unlike that ; captives turban, worn ing and satisfactory discoveries which he has made, by the modern Arabs of the Hedjaz. Othei-s had and wonderfully illustrative of Scripture history and no head-dress, and short hair and beards. Their of ancient warfare, his own account of this discovery garments consisted either of a robe reaching to the the is transferred to these pages. The whole scene is ankles, or of a tunic scarcely falling lower than a The portrayed with great spirit in bas-reliefs on the slabs thigh, and confined at the waist by girdle. which form the ornamented walls of the room. latter appeared to be the dress of the fighting men. " an outer These bas-reliefs represent the siege and capture The women wore long skirts, with cloak, of a city evidently of great extent and importance. thrown, like the vail of modern Eastern ladies, over the feet." It appears to have been defended by double walls, the back of the head, and falling to the with battlements and towers, and by fortified out- Some of the prisoners were in hands of the on the to be works. The country around it was hilly and wooded, torturers. Two were stretched ground

the and the vine. : others were slain the sword producing fig The whole power flayed alive being by [A. M. 2550+450=3006.] [B. C. 1546—450=1096.] 87 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 88

. in the of the before the throne of the king. . . Above the king recognises ruins Hazuri, on southern of the of the the loftiest was the following inscription, written in arrow- declivity Hermon Scriptures, headed characters:—Sennacherib, the mighty summit of the eastern range of Lebanon. These KING OP THE COUNTRY OF ASSYRIA, SITTING IN ruins are found occupying a commanding position THE THRONE OP JUDGMENT BEPORE THE CITY OP above Banias, Caesarea Philippi, north-east from the a of LaCHISH, I GIVE PERMISSION POR ITS SLAUGHTER. city. Hazor must have been city great strength resources for that It Debir, one of the confederate cities, Josh. x. 3, and vast age. "beforetime all those 38, 39, is quite unknown. was the head of kingdoms." Josh.xi.10-13. Joshua, in the course of a few months, swept his Though burned and destroyed, it acquired power conquests over the whole of the south of Canaan, sufficient, 200 years later, to reduce the Israelites to afterward known as Judea, from Kadesh Barnea to servitude, and to furnish an incredible number of Gaza, and extending as far north in this country as chariots of iron in the campaign against Barak and to Jerusalem, which is here called Goshen, Josh. x. Deborah. Judg. iv. 13. Solomon fortified it as a xi. 16 and the of his 1 ix. 15. 41, ; having completely subjugated strong outpost kingdom. Kings Two of his at it land, returned to the encampment people hundred and fifty years afterward was sacked by Gilgal. The other towns included in these con- Tiglath-Pileser. B. c. 738. 2 Kings xv. 29. Even for in the quests enumerated by Joshua, chap, xii., are, age of the Maccabees it still continued a pow-

the most part, unknown in history. erful city. 1 Mac. xi. 67. Josh. xi. 16-18 is a summary survey of the extent of the from • made, CONQUEST OF THE NORTH OF CANAAN. conquests already ranging south to north. Mount Halk, the bald mountain, these at the the is Alarmed by conquests south, supposed to be the chalk clifFs, sixty or eighty feet northern natives of Canaan entered into a more ex- in height, which cross to Arabah, a few miles below tensive and formidable confederacy for theix mutual the Dead Sea, and in which Dr. Robinson finds the defence against these invaders. pass of Akrabbim. of The head of this confederacy was Jabin, king Goshen in this passage is some unknown locality Hazor, near the Waters of Merom, (the Lake Hu- in southern Judea. in the northern of Galilee assisted Baal is not but leh,) part ; by Gad Baalbec, some town near the people of Dor, on the Mediterranean, between Hasbeiya, and Mount Hermon, Jebel Sheikh. Von Csesarea and Mount Carmel, and by the people of Reaumar conjectures it to be Ctesarea Philippi, Cinneroth, on the western shore of the Sea of Tibe- Banias. rias. The other smaller tribes who inhabited the These northern conquests of Joshua occupied con- whole extent the Mediterranean and the Josh. xi. after between siderable time. 18 ; which he main- valley of the Jordan, from the mountains of Leba- tained a desultory war for some years against the non on the north, to the parallel of Jerusalem on giant race of highlanders who continued to retain the south, joined in this confederacy. their strongholds in the mountains of the central Joshua, by divine command, proceeded up the chain. But at the end of seven years the "land of the and valley Jordan, along the western shore of rested from war." Thus during these yef.rs we the of to Sea Tiberias, give them battle before their have an account of five expeditions : —1. The over- own camp, by the Waters of Merom. throw of Jericho; 2. The capture of Ai; 3. The Over this allied Joshua a of the of the south 4. the army gained complete conquest kings ; Of kings and victory, pursued the routed fugitives north-west of the north; 5. Of the Anakims in the southern to Zidon." Another "great company of the confede- and western highlands. rates he pursued north by east along the lake and marsh of Huleh, where they would find two places of THE THIRTY-ONE KINGS SUBDUED IN THE SEVEN retreat : one up toward Hasbeiya, between Lebanon YEARS' WAR. 1546 — 7 = 1539. and Anti-Lebanon; the other, eastward by Banias Damascus, The north toward plain and east of Hu- Several of these have already been mentioned. " leh is the of eastward." Josh. xi. 8. valley Mizpeh Gezer, a Levitical city, Josh. xxi. 21; 1 Chron. vi. must have been in Mizrephoth-maim this region, 16, 67, on the borders of Ephraim, and in the tribe is lost. but totally of Dan, Josh. xvi. 3, continued in the hands of the

Josh. xvi. 10 i. 1 ix. Canaanites, ; Judg. 29; Kings HAZOR. 16 in in of the ; and, David's time, was the hands This ancient and Professor Kitter 2 v. 1 4. powerful city Philistines. Sam. 25 ; Chron. xiv. 16 ; xx. M. [A. 2556+450=3006.] [B. C. 1546—450:=1096.]

:::5^ 89 THE PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY. 90

\ Subsequently it fell into the bands of Egyptians, and XV. 29. It has been explored by American mis- a of tbe of the became part dowry king's daughter, sionaries, who found an inconsiderable village, in 1 ix. 17. Its remains a small wife of Solomon, Kings 16, plain of great fertility, abundantly sup- on the are found two miles east from Jaffa, Joppa, plied with water by perennial springs, and com- road to Jerusalem. manding a view of a landscape of great beauty and Of Debir and Geder, the sites are conjectural, vast extent. Every thing indicated that it was once probably near Arad, twenty-two miles south from a large and important place. Hebron, Jokneam of Carmel, a Levitical city of Zebulon, Hebron. See page 82. Josh. xix. 11, xxi. 34, in the plain of Esdraelon, Hormah. See page 57. paid by Eusebius to be six miles north from Me- Libnah, Adullam, Makkedah. Unknown. giddo. Bethel. See page 29. Dor, ten miles north from Cassarea, and somewhat Tappuah, five miles west from Hebron. farther south from Carmel. It belonged to the tribe Hepher, near Socho, the possession of one of the of Manasseh in Issachar, but was not subdued until commissaries of Solomon. 1 iv. 10. the of Josh. xi. xvii. 11 i. Kings age Solomon, 23, ; Judg. Aphek, north-western part of Judah, where the 27; IChron. vii. 29; when it became the residence ark was taken by the Philistines. 1 Sam. iv. 1. of Ben-Abinadab, one of the commissaries of Solo- Lashavon. Unknown. mon, and his son-in-law. 1 Kings iv. 11. A few At this point in the enumeration the historian wretched houses mark the site of Dor. passes apparently from the southern conquest to spe- Tii'zah, the residence of Jeroboam and his succes- cify the results of the northern conquest. sors sixty years, until Omri built Samaria. 1 Kings Madon. Unknown. xiv. 17, XV. 21, 33, xvi. 8-18; "beautiful as Tir- Hazor. See page 87. zah." Sol. Songs vi. 4. Its position has lately been Shimron Meron. Unknown. established by Dr. Robinson, north of Sychar, on a Achsaph, supposed to be Kefr Jasif, five miles commanding site, which is formed by the northern north-east from Akko, the sacred burial-place of the declivity of Ebal.

Jews of that city. Taanach, in the south-west part of the plain of THE FIRST DISTRIBUTION. B. C. 1539. Esdraelon, south-east of Megiddo four miles, the scene of battle between Barak and Sisera. Judg. Five or six years the Israelites had now been oc- V.19. cupied in an exterminating warfare with the petty rebuilt and fortified 1 tribes had made considerable in their Megiddo, by Solomon, Kings ; they progress ix. 15. Ahaziah, king of Judah, when wounded by conquests. Thirty-one chieftains had been subdued, Jehu, fled hither and died. 2 Kings ix. 27. Josiah but the conquest was incomplete. There remained also was slain near this place. 2 Kings xxiii. 29. "yet very much land to be possessed." On the the The mourning on this occasion became proverbial for south-west the five confederate cities, and whole " any similar national sorrow : Like the mourning country of the Philistines, and beyond them, the of Hadadrimmon in the valley of Megiddon." Zech. Geshurites, and the tribes of the desert to Sihon xii. 11. which is before Egypt, that is the river Nile. The ruins of this place are found on the north Josh. xiii. 3. " all the coast of side of a small hill, consisting of foundations for On the north, Lebanon" from the land of the Gib- buildings, with prostrate pillars of granite and lime- Tyre and Zidon, and upward, the of Damas- stone. lites, toward the sun-rising, region " in of The waters of Megiddo," Judg. v. 19, are pro- cus, and Baal-gad, Banias, to the "entering bably a small stream noticed by Mr. Walcott, which Hamath," Josh. xiii. 4-6, north of Balbec. Still, in springs from the hills above Megiddo. It is suffi- consideration of the great age of Joshua, the distri- cient to feed three or four mills, and the largest bution was begun. rivulet in all the southern region of the great valley. TERRITORY OE JUDAH. of a Kedesh Naphtali, Levitical city, Josh. xxi. 32, the Mediterranean was twenty miles east of Tyre, on the heights north This was comprised between south of Safet, and west of the waters of Merom. It was and the Dead Sea, and the country liordering a city of refuge, and the birth-place of Barak. Judg. on the desert. of the with iv. 6. It was captured by Tiglath.-Pilcser. 2 Kings The boundaries tribes, though specified 450=1 7 [A. M. 2556+450=3006.] [B. C. 1646— 096.] 91 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 92

in uncer- and sixteen miles in a direct line above great minuteness, being involved great Jordan, and content ourselves with the Dead Sea. tainty, we pass unnoticed, a only of the relative position of the specification THE JABBOK. several tribes. The cities and towns comprised within the territories of the tribes respectively will This eastern tributary of the Jordan rises in the come under consideration in connec- mountains of near the borders of the desert, appropriately Hauran, ^ tion with the progress of the historical narratives in and pursues a western course of some sixty miles to the sacred Scriptures; but several of the towns in the Jordan. Several times it passes under ground. the southern of Judah with propriety be In the season it becomes a stream of consider- part may rainy ^ to found: specified in this connection, as recently brought able magnitude. Lieut. Lynch, April 17th, " a and wide light by Dr. Robinson and other travellers. it a small stream trickling down deep Beersheba has been already mentioned, together torrent-bed. The water was sweet, but the stones with Gerar and Hormah. Anim and Anab, below upon the bare, exposed bank were coated with salt. that iu Hebron, together with many other towns, are also There was another bed, then dry, showing included in those of the south of Judah. The one times of freshet there are two outlets to this tribu-

six or eight miles south from Hebron, and the other tary." half of this distance south-east from Anim. THE TERRITORY OE GAD. Dr. Robinson has also the honour of having re- from that covered several other towns in this neighbourhood, The territory of this tribe was separated and thus bringing out a sure and delightful proof of of Reuben on the south by the Jabbok; on the the truth of sacred history. This history is now to- north it extended to the Sea of Galilee, from which it the south-east to tally unknown by the inhabitants, and yet they, seems to have run obliquely toward the fer- retain to this day the names of these places, just as Ammon, on the great desert. It comprised and they were when frequented by Abraham, Isaac, tile grazing country and woodland of Bashan Jacob, Joshua, Samuel, and David. Gilead, and extended quite down to Rabbah-ammon, With reference to several of these ancient towns or Philadelphia. " Dr. R. says, Here we found ourselves surrounded the towns of the mountains of Judah and could by ; THE HALF TRIBE OP BIANASSEH. enumerate before us not less than nine places, still

beai'ing apparently their ancient names, Maon, Car- The territory of this tribe comprised the country mel, Ziph, and Juttah; Jattir, Socoh, Anab, and east of the Waters of Merom and the Sea of Galilee, Eshtemoah; and Kirjath-arba,which is Hebron. Josh. from the borders of Gad in the line of Edrei and XV. The with which we looked to an extensive and fertile 47-55. feelings Salah Mount Hermon ; hitherto an infinite upon these ancient cities, most of which had tract of country, now overspread with remained unknown, were of themselves a sufficient multitude of ruins, which attest the ancient gran-' reward for our whole journey." deur and the number of its cities. In summer it is The upper and nether springs given to the daugh- at present overrun with immense herds and flocks ter tract of Caleb, Josh. xv. 19, define a of country from the desert, which resort to these elevated plains) near the unknown city of Debir. Compare Josh, xv. for pasturage. with Num. xxxiv. SHILOH. Beth-hoglah is a fine fountain of sweet water, three miles west of the outlet of the Jordan. En- The distribution thus far was made at Gilgal, shemish is supposed to be a fountain near Bethany, where the tabernacle and ark of the covenant had on the way to Jericho; and En-rogel is well known in hitherto continued. But they were now removed to

of : a the valley Jehoshaphat, below Jerusalem. These Shiloh by divine command. Josh. 18 1, as more fountains mark the northern boundary of Judah. central position, and more convenient for the convo- Ephraim and the half tribe of Manasseh, who cations of the tribes. chose to receive their portion within the land of pro- We are indebted to Dr. Robinson for the recovery: of the received each mise west Jordan, their allot- of this interesting locality. It is between Jerusa- ment north of Judah. lem and Shechem, ten or twelve miles south of the inheritance of the The Reuben was country and latter place, and twice this distance north of the cities already described as gained from the conquest former, at a short distance east of the road between of Sihon, king of the Amoritcs. This extended these cities. from the river Arnon to that of Jabbok, east of The account of Dr. Robinson's discovery may best; JA. M. 2556+450=3006.] [B.C. 1546-450=1096.] 93 THE TEPJOD OF THE TIIEOCrvACY. 94 " in liis : — be given own words We carae at 7 o'clock cursed of God. Ps. Ixxviii. 60 Jer. vii. seq. ; 12-14, the to ruins of Seilun, surrounded by hills, but xxvii. 6. out the small which we had " looking through valley It is mentioned in Scripture during the exile, traversed toward the on the south. but not afterward and Jerome of it plain Hardly ; speaks in his jBve minutes before the site is an an- reaching proper day as so utterly in ruins, that the foundations of an cient or a small about tower, perhaps chapel, twenty- altar could scarcely be pointed out. Jer. xli. 5." eight feet square inside, with walls four feet thick. Within are three prostrate columns with Corinthian THE SURVEY. capitals, lying separate. The stone which forms the upper part of the doorway is ornamented on the For some time after the erection of the tabernacle outside with sculptured work, an amphora between at Shiloh the tribes appear to have suspended their the outer a two chaplets. Along wall defence or efforts for the conquest of the country. This indo- buttress of has been built obvi- lent was sloping masonry up, inactivity severely rebuked by Joshua : at a later " ously period. The Arabs call this ruin How long are ye slack to go to possess the land the Mosque of Seilun. As we came up, three which the Lord G-od of your fathers giveth you ?" startled owls flew off in dismay." It would seem that an unequal distribution had Through the narrow valley toward the east, which been made to Judah and Ephraim, and a survey of breaks a the through ridge, and is at first shut in by whole country was necessary in order justly to perpendicular walls of rock, and then follows a more allot to the remaining tribes their portion. Three open tract, our traveller was conducted to the Foun- from each of the seven tribes were deputed for this tain of Shiloh. service. Seven months were occupied in this topo- "The water is excellent; and issues from the graphical survey, the first of which we have any rocks first into a sort of artificial well, eight or ten knowledge. feet deep, and thence into a reservoir lower down. FINAL DISTRIBUTION. Many flocks and herds were waiting round about. In the sides of the narrow valleys are many exca- On the basis of this sui*vey the distribution of the vated tombs, now much broken away; near the foun- land was readjusted, and the territories of the several

tain are also several tombs, and one in an isolated tribes assigned. Josh, xviii., xix. block." Territory of Benjaimin. It appears that tlie " Here then was Shiloh, where the tabernacle was territory of Benjamin was taken from Judah and set up after the country had been subdued before Ephraim, so that Benjamin was located between these the Israelites and where the last and divi- two the line between and Judah ; general tribes, Benjamin sion of the land was made among the tribes. Josh, running from the outlet of the Jordan to En-rogcl, xviii. 1-10. The ark and tabernacle long continued and westward through the valley of Hinnom, south here—fi-om the days of Joshua, during the minis- of Jerusalem, to the tribe of Dan. Between Benja- of all the until the close of Eli's life min and the east and west ran try Judges, ; Ephraim boundary and here Samuel was dedicated to G-cd, and his above Bethel and Ai, including in this territory childhood spent in the sanctuary. 1 Sam. chap, i.-iv. these cities, with Jericho, Jerusalem, and Gibeon " In honour of the presence of the ark there was with her dependencies. The territory was small,

' a feast of the Lord in Shiloh yearly,' during which and much of it barren and incapable of cultivation. * the daughters of Shiloh came out to dance in Jericho, Jerusalem, Ilamah,Gibeah, Gibeon, and Be- dances and it on such an occasion that thel the most notable in ;' was thoy were places Benjamin. were seized and carried ofF by the remaining Benja- Josh, xviii. 11-28. Imites as wives. Judg. xxi. 19-23. Territory of Simeon. The portion of this " The scene of these dances may not improbably tribe was taken from the south-west of Judah, on have been somewhere around the fountain above de- the plain bordering upon the Philistines. It con- iscribed. From Shiloh the ark was at length resisted rather of certain cities and their dependencies xix. 1-10. jmoved to the army of Israel; and being captured than of any continuous territory. Josh. the of by the Philistines, returned no more to its former The coast of the Mediterranean and country as the place. 1 Sam. chap, iv.—vi. the Philistines continued to be reckoned pos- " Shiloh henceforth, though sometimes the resi- session of Judah. Judg. i. 18. of dence of prophets, as of Ahijah, celebrated in the Territory of Dan. The possessions Dan, consisted of certain cities history of Jeroboam, 1 Kings xi. 29, xii. 15, xiv. 2 like those of Simeon, the of north of seq., is nevertheless spoken of as forsaken and ac- within original territory Judah, fA. M. 2556+450=3000.] [B.C. 1546—450=1096.] 95 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY.

Simeon and the land of the Philistines. On the became a tribe. The twelve were complete wiiln at the tribe of who constituted the coast of the sea the territory of Dan extended above reckoning Levi, a of This received no Joppa some distance, and included portion priesthood. tribe, therefore, spe- between cific to the several families of the the plain of Sharon. Dan was, therefore, territory; but, with their were Ephraim and Judah on the west, bordering on the tribe certain cities, suburbs, assigned, to the number of The de- Mediterranean, as was Benjamin on the east, bor- forty-eight. Kohathites, scendants from who were the intrusted dering on the Jordan. Josh. xix. 40-48. Aaron, priests Territory of Ephraim. This tribe extended with the care of the temple and the duties of the from the Jordan to the Mediterranean, north of temple-service, received their allotment in the ori- of the tribe of near the Dan. Shiloh, Shechem, Samaria, and the valley of ginal territory Judah, sacred Sharon were included in Ephraim. Josh. xvi. 1-3. city and the temple of the Lord.

The territory of this tribe in extent and importance was second to that of Judah. Josh. xvi. only CITIES of REFUGE. Territory of Manasseh. The half of this of to Six of the Levitical three on cither side of tribe, west of Jordan, extended north Ephraim cities, the were as cities of from the plain of Esdraelon and Mount Carmel. Josh. xvii. Jordan, appointed refuge Territory op Issachar. This tribe was situ- the avenger of blood. These were situated at conve- ated north of Ephraim, and extended on the Jordan nient distances from each other, on a line running from north to central nearly to the Sea of Grennesaret, and westward to south, through the portions of Manasseh. It extended to the confines of Mount the territories east and west of the Jordan. Tabor, and included the mountains of Hermon and Moses had made provision for the establishmcn of Gilboa, together with the principal part of the plain six cities, as places of refuge, to which one whi of Esdraelon and Mount Carmel—the most fertile had accidentally caused the death of another migh' as and delightful section of all Palestine. Endor, Jez- flee, an asylum from the avenger of blood. 1 to a merciful to reel, Taanach, and Megiddo belonged Issachar. was provision protect the innocent" Josh. xix. 17-24. Tabor, in the 22d verse, is the against the hasty and unjust consequences of the eS' same as Chisloth-tabor in the 12th, a Levitical city tablished rights of blood-revenge, and to encourage

in Zebulon, mild, forgiving spirit. The laws on this subject, ai

The Territory of Zebulon was north of Issa- given in the references, sufficiently illustrate the n ture of char, west of the Jordan and a considerable part of the this peculiar right of revenge, and the be Sea of Galilee, and east of the southern portion of nevolent provision of these cities of refuge. Ex. xxi Asher. Tiberias, Magdala, Capernaum, Cana, and 13; Num. XXXV. 9-35; Deut. iv. 41-43, xix. 1-13; XX. Nazareth are localities in Zebulon of great interest, Josh. 7-9. which will come into notice in the life of our Sa- In order to give the fugitive all possible advanJ viour. Josh. xix. 10-17. tage, the rabbins relate that the sanhedrim were re- The Territory of Naphtali was north of Ze- quired to make the roads that led to the cities of bulon, west of the Sea of Tiberias, the Jordan, and refuge convenient, by enlarging them, and removing the Waters of Mierom, to the entering in of Hamath, every obstruction that might hurt the foot of the or or his and Hermon, Lebanon, and east of Asher. Ha- fugitive, injure speed. No hillock was left, zor, Ijon, Abel-beth-maachah, and Kedesh of the Old no river was allowed over which there was not a with Caesarea the two Beth- and at turn there were erected Testament, Philippi, bridge ; every posts saidas, and Chorazin of the New, belonged to Naph- with panels pointing in the right direction, and tali. Josh. xix. 32-40. bearing the words. Refuge, Refuge, to guide the un- Territory of The Asher was west of Naphtali, happy man in his flight. and extended from the Bay of Acre, or Accho, just On the west side of the Jordan the three cities of north of Carmel, northward along the coast of Tyre refuge were Hebron, Shechem, and Kedesh of Naph- to the utmost limits of the and Zidon, territory of the tali, already described. tribes. Josh. xix. 24-32. Rehob, Josh. xix. 28, is On the east of Jordan the three cities were Golan, distinct from Num. xiii. 21, which was in Naphtali; Ramoth-Gilead, and Bezer. Golan was situated in xix. 30 another of the in Josh. town same name in Manasseh, in the province of Gaulonitis, on the high Asher is specified. and fertile table-lands east and south-east from the Sea of Tiberias, and bounded on the south by Ba- THE LEVITICAL CITIES. shan. The site of the city has not been identified. The sons of Joseph, Ephraim and Manasseh, each The Jewish rabbins say that it was opposite Kedesh, [A. M. 2.356+450=3006.] [B.C. 1516—450=1096.] 97 THE PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY. S8 as Ramotli Gilcad is to Shechcm that Bezer was in Their extermination for ; was necessary the accom- the wilderuess east of the Dead Sea, over against plishment of the Divine purpose in making the de- that the either Hebron, and cities of refuge, on side scendants of Abraham the depositaries of His word, of were situated like vine-stocks in and Jordan, parallel preserving among them a pure religion. to each other. were to be of the land rows, opposite They wholly dispossessed ; at but they were liberty to emigi-ate to other landp, DEATH OF JOSHUA. B. C. 1516. and many of them are said to have colonized on the northern coast After the distribution of the land and the dis- of Africa.. Many ages after these events there are missal of the tribes beyond Jordan, Joshua appears said to have been found two pillars in a to have retired to his own inheritance at Timnath- town in Numidia, on which were inscribed, in " serah, in the mountains of Ephraim, and to have Phcenician characters, these words : We are of passed there the remainder of his days in quietness. those who fled from the arms of Joshua, the robber, After the lapse of some twenty years, and just be- the son of Naue.'^ fore his death, he summoned two convocations of the one at he delivered to them J Shiloh, where people IDOLATRIES OF THE ISRAELITES. his Josh, xxiii. and another at She- parting charge. ; chem, where the blessing and the curse had formerly The children of Israel soon ceased their extermi- been announced to the tribes standing on Bbal and nating warfare with the Canaanites, and contented Gerizim. themselves with making them vassals. They even On this occasion he caused the covenant by which proceeded to contract marriages with them, and thus the Lord had their Deut. xxvii. a snare for their own in which become sovereign, ; spread feet, tlicy Josh. viii. 30-35, xxiv. 28; comp. Gen. xii. 6, to be were soon entangled. They sank into idolatry, and solemnly acknowledged and renewed; and caused into the shocking licentiousness and debaucheries a record of it to be made in the Book of the Law. with which the idolatry of Canaan was characterized.

He also erected a pillar, as a standing memorial of Of these idolatries we have a remarkable instance the of this trans- in the case of and the Danites. it, under an oak near place solemn Micah Judg. xvii.- action. It had been consecrated by the prayers of xviii. This story, though placed at the end of the Abi-aham, and by sacred associations had become a book as a kind of supplement, belongs to a very sanctuary to them. early period in the history of the Judges. A party Soon after these solemn rites and charges to the of this tribe from Zorah and Eshtaol, on the plains people, this venerable patriarch and leader of Israel of Judah, west of Jerusalem, dissatisfied with their died, 1516 B. c, aged 110, and was buried on the inheritance, go forth to establish a colony in the border of his inheritance, in Timnath-serah. northern frontiers of the land. On their way through Mr. Smith, the American missionary, has with the mountains of Ephraim, they steal from Micah, great probability identified the burial-place of Joshua at Kirjath-jearim, his idolatrous images, and esta- with Tibneh, on the ancient Roman road from Jeru- blish his idolatry in Laish, the city of their con- salem to Caesarea, about thirty miles north-west quest, to which they give the name of Dan, from the former place. On the north side of the This was situated a few miles north of the Waters hill on which the town lies are ancient sepulchres, of Merom, the modern El-IIuleh, and near the foun- resembling the tombs of the kings at Jerusalem. tain Tell-el-Kady, already described as one of the Possibly these tombs, if not as ancient as that of head-waters of Jordan. " Joshua, may indicate the site of his sepulchre on The idolatry which was introduced prepared the the north side of the hill Gaash." Josh. xxiv. 30. place to become, several hundred years later, the chief seat of Jeroboam's worship of the golden calf. 1 xii. 29. It was overrun by the Syrians in EXTERMINATION OF THE CANAANITES. Kings their 1 xv. 20 2 Chron. xvi. and invasion, Kings ; 4, in la answer to the objections that have been fre- is celebrated as the northern limit of Palestine, " to Beersheba." quently urged to the forcible occupation of Canaan, the common expression, from Dan and the extermination of the inhabitants by the The mustering of the hosts of Israel to avenge the horrible at was at tsraelites, the reply of Jahn and others is, that they atrocity Gibcah, Mizpeh, Judg. north-west from Jerusalem. acted by direct authority of Jehovah, the King of XX., about four miles at an distance nations. These tribes had wearied the long-sufier- Gibeah occupied a conical hill, equal six miles north from Jerusa- ing of God by their sins. Their iniquity was now north-east of this city, full and the of had come. lem. These data are sufficient to direct us to the ; day vengeance fully 1546- [A. M. 2556+450=3006.] [B.C. -450:=1096.] &9 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 100 acene of that dreadful caruage by wliich the tribe of The conquests mentioned in the first cliaptcv of Beujamin was almost exterminated. Judges were antecedent to the death of Joshua. Eimmon, to which the remnant fled, is a high, The situation of Bezek is unknown. Joscplir.3 it near chalky, naked peak, about fifteen miles north by east locates north-east from Shcchem, Beth-slicLiii, from Jerusalem, and east by north from Bethel. but the conquests of Judah and Simeon, in the same connection, were in the extreme south of Pa-

with the of Jerusalem. i. 7. THE OrriCE OF THE JUDGES. lestine, exception Judg. An English traveller mentions a locality bearing This was very peculiar. They were not kings; this name, two miles west of Bezur, north-west of for Jehovah was the invisible king of the Jews, Hebron. whose decrees and instructions were given by the Zephath, Judg. i. 17, already noticed, was one of " Urim and Thummim. Neither were the judges the uttermost cities of Judah toward the coast of heads of the tribes, but persons who, by their vir- Edom southward," where the repentant Israelites tues, exercised a presiding influence, more or less were repulsed, with severe loss, in their rash at- extensive, over the people, like an Indian sachem or tempt to go up and possess the land, after having an Arab sheikh. They were not exclusively mili- been sentenced to die in the wilderness for their tary men, but rulers, headmen, to whom the com- impatient unbelief. mand of armies fell as supreme executive officers. The towns in Manasseh, Ephraim, Zebulon, Asher, office for in The was held life, but was not hereditary. and Naphtali, which these tribes sufiered the

They wore no badges of office, and had no salary. Canaanitcs still to dwell, have cither been already Noble, magnanimous men, they felt that what they mentioned, or are unknown. did for their country was above all reward. They The situation of Bochim, where the angel re- were not but reformers to cor- the for their is merely conquerors, buked people remissness, Judg. ii., rect the vices and the idolatry of the people, and the wholly conjectural. It was probably near Gilgal. instruments of Divine Providence to preserve the Hebrew commonwealth and save the true religion THE SERVITUDES. from utter extinction. the Dm-ing period of the Judges, the tribes were The first servitude of the Israelites, b. c. 1486, for 111 years, more or less, extensively under the about thirty years after the death of Joshua, was of of enemies but the whole coun- under a of oppression foreign j eight years' continuance, king Mesopo- seldom at try was subject the same time to one op- tamia, the native country of Abraham. Othniel, Their pressor. own tribunals of justice were never their deliverer, and son of Kenaz, the brother of entirely subverted, nor was the sacred tabernacle Caleb, was from Debir, Judg. iii. 1-11, in the south- either entirely deserted or polluted by pagan rites. western part of Judea. Their condition perfectly corresponded to the sanc- Their next conquerors, B. c. 1438, eighteen years, tions of their and law, they experienced its blessings came from beyond Jordan and the country east of or its curses in strict conformity to their obedience the Dead Sea. They seem to have contented them- or disobedience. " selves with the conquest of the City of Palm-trees," The reformation under the Judges generally was B. c. 1438. of no duration than the life of the longer deliverer. Nothing is known of Seirath, the dwelling-place As soon as that generation was extinct, idolatry of Ehud. He was of the tribe of Benjamin. Judg. in the agitiu crept by same way, and soon became iii. 11-30. Then followed predominant. subjection and op- The third servitude occurred B. c. 1340, twenty under the of a pression yoke neighbouring people, years, after a pause of eighty years under Ehud and till a second reformation them for prepared a new Shamgar. Jabin of Hazor, on the northern fron- deliverance. tiers of the land, was the conqueror. Joshua, 200 "As the Hebrews in the course of time became years before, had subdued the city and prince of more obstinate in their continually idolatry, so each the same name, whose descendant in turn became of the nation was subsequent oppression always the conqueror. The dwelling-place of Deborah, as and more severe than the So greater precedino-. defined in Judg.iv.5, was a few miles north-east, and difficult was as mankind were then it, situated, to Kedesh of Naphtali, already described, the residence on earth a of the true preserve knowledge God, of Barak, was eighty miles north from Jerusalem. so though repeatedly and so expressly revealed, and Barak mustered his forces at Tabor and fell back 1o lu so a made evident to the high degree senses." Kishcn, in the south-west of Esdraelon, where Jabiu M. [A. 2556+450=3006.] [D. C. 1646—450=1096.] 101 THE PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY. 102

him but was in his back gave battle, pursued flight miles north-east from Shcchem, on the way to to Harosheth of the Gentiles, near Hazor, north-east Beth-shean. of the "Waters of where he was slain Merom, by Shamir, the residence of Tola, the sixth judge, Jael : the result was a peace of forty years. Judg. who, after Abimelech, b. C. 1230, judged Israel iv., r. twenty-three years, is assumed by Schwartz, the viii. The and Judg. vi., vii., Midianites Amalek- Jewish rabbi, to have been Sanar, now in ruins, with other tribes from the desert south until itcs, and east but recently a strong fortress on a round, rocky of Judah, became next the scourge of the Israelites, hill of considerable elevation, five or six miles north who, during seven years of the fifth servitude, B. c. from Sebaste, the ancient Samaria. The Sacred 1280, poured into Palestine in great numbers, and Scriptures only affirm that Shamir was in the terri- with their numerous herds trampled down all the tory of Issachai*, in the mountains of Ephraim. X. 2. fields, gardens, and vineyards, without distinction, Judg. 1,

seized the cattle, plundered men and houses, and Jair, the successor of Tola, b. c. 1207, and seventh rioted in the country as the Bedouin Arabs are ac- judge, was from the half tribe of Manasseh beyond customed to do at the present day when not re- Jordan. The Havoth Jair, thirty cities of Jair, strained by force. were in the northern part of Gilead, south and east Of Ophrah, the birth-place of Gideon, the de- of the Sea of Tiberias. These are distinct from the B. C. distinct from Josh, xviii. 23 cities of an earlier Jair. Deut. iii. 14 Josh, liverer, 1273, ; sixty 4, ; 1 Sam. that it was in the tribe xiii. 30 1 iv. 13 Num. xxxii. 41. These xiii.l7,we only know ; Kings ; of Manasseh in Samaria, The battle of Gideon was were in Bashan, farther north and east. Kamar, in the valley of Jezreel, between Mount Gilboa and the burial-place of Jair, was, according to Eusebius, Little Hermon, where Saul was afterward overthrown. in the plain of Esdraelon, north of Megiddo. The well of Harod, by which Gideon was encamped, The fifth servitude, B. C. 1185, eighteen years, was probably on the slope of Gilboa, while the host Judg. X. 6, was efiectcd by a coalition of the Philis-

of the Midianites was beneath him in the valley, tines and Ammonites, " like grasshoppers for multitude, and their camels The Maonites of Judg. x. 12, are from Maon, de- a miles east of on as the sand of the sea for multitude." Judg. vi. 1, scribed by Burckhardt, few Edom, 12. From the field of battle the routed army fled the great caravan route to Mecca. Comp. 1 Sam. down the valley of Jezreel to Beth-shean, where xxiii. 24, 25, and they crossed the Jordan and directed their flight Jephthah, the next deliverer, eighth judge, the land of eastward across the country toward Bozrah, The Judg. xi., was called from Tob, 1167 ruins of Succoth are still identified near the river on B. C, which, according to Schwartz, was one of the the east side, below Beth-shean. Near this place cities of the Decapolis, on the south-east shore of the the castings for the vessels of Solomon's temple Sea of Tiberias. The northern Aroer, near Rab- were made. 1 Kings vii. 46. Penuel, or Peniel, bath-Ammon, was the scene of his conflict with the where Jacob wrestled with the angel of the covenant. Ammonites. the four Gen. xsxii. 24 seq., is placed by Kiepert on the river Minnith was probably modern Mesejah, Jabbok, east of Succoth. Karkor is not again miles north-east from Heshbon, where many arches

mentioned in Sacred Scripture. The rock Oreb, and pillars, vast cisterns, deep wells, and countless in Judg. vii. 25, Flitter identifies with Kerak, Kir of ruins, indicate the site of a city once powerful, deserted. Moab. this region, then populous though now Nobah, near which place Zebah and Zalmunna From Aroer the Ammonites were driven back to in their retreat their were surprised and fled, is still distinguished by IMinnith toward own country. vast Iloman ruins at Kannat, Kuath, seventy miles Mizpeh, to which Jephthah returned, Judg. xi. 34, is Hermon east by north from Beth-shean, and twenty or twenty- understood by Bitter to have been south of five north from Bozrah in the Hauran. The land and east of the Waters of Merom.

now had rest forty years. Bethlehem, six miles south-west from Jerusalem, the residence The usurpation of Abimelech for three years the dwelling-place of Ibzan, 1161 B. C, the follows the administration of Gideon. Judg. ix. of Boaz and Ruth, and the scene of delightful in his- Jlillo, verse 6, is doubtless a fortress, the strong- pastoral respecting them, became subsequent the of hold mentioned in verses 46-49. Arumah, verse 41, tory for ever memorable as birth-place David, of the must have been near Shechem, possibly the same as and the scene of the incarnation Saviour of Piumnh. 2 Kings xxiii. 36. Thebez, where Abime- the world. Ibzan was the ninth judge, seven years. lech met his death, is recognised in Tubas, thirteen Ajalon in Zcbulon, the burial-place of Elon, the [A. M. 2556-}-4.50=3006.] [B.C. 1546— 450=1096.] 103 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 104 tenth judge, B. C. 1154, distinct from that over We next find Samson fearlessly lodging in Gaza, which Joshua commanded the moon to stand still, the principal city of the Philistines, and bearing is now unknown. away the gates of the city by an eflbrt of more in the land of the dwell- than mortal and then in the of Of Pirathon, Ephraim, power } again valley ing-place of Abdon, the eleventh judge, 1144 b. c, Sorek, a victim to the blandishments of Delilah. nothing is known. Judg. xvi. Eli at this time is high-priest, B. C. 1157, forty This valley, according to Von Raumer, has its years. The history of the first part of the book of outlet at Askelon, where it discharges a small stream Samuel thus overlies that of the latter part of Judges. of water. Somewhere in the neighbourhood of this The sixth and last servitude, B. c. 1136, was of city then, in just judgment for his folly, he is shorn forty years' continuance, under the Philistines. of his strength, and led captive and blind to Gaza, 1136 B. C. This remarkable to in the of his enemies Samson, personage, grind prison-house ; where, equally distinguished for his great bodily strength, bowing himself down in the greatness of his return- his moral infirmities, and his tragical end, was born ing strength, when led out for the diversion of the at Zorah, in the tribe of Dan. It is still recognised, people assembled at a great festival of their god situated a their upon high hill, on the western line of the Dagon, he tore away the solid foundations of mountains of Judah, twelve or fourteen miles west temple, and perished, with multitudes of his insult- of Jerusalem. It overlooks, on the south, the fine ing foes, beneath its ruins. deep valley of Bethshemesh, that comes out of the Gaza, the last of the five cities of the five lords mountains, and commands a wide prospect of the of the Philistines, on the high road to Egypt, has great plain beyond, on the south and west. Judg. xiii. ever been an important post. Anciently it was de- Timnath, the scene of the next chapter, lay in fended by a wall sixty feet in height. It required full view on the plain below, three or four miles all the energies and resources of Alexander the south of west from Zorah. to after a Judg. xiv. Great reduce it, which he accomplished Askelon was on the coast of the Mediterranean, siege of five months. nearly midway between G-aza and Ashdod, and thir- The last five chapters of Joshua are an appendix ty-seven miles west-south-west from Jerusalem, and to this book, and relate to events which occurred twenty south-west from Timnath. It was the birth- early after the death of Joshua. They have accord- place of Herod the Great, who adorned it with foun- ingly been considered in their chronological order. and tains, baths, colonnades. It is particularly conspicuous in the of the at which history Crusades, BOOK OP RUTH, period its harbour was closed, and the place reduced to ruins. This delightful pastoral belongs to the period of Rev. Mr. Smith, who visited it in 1827, describes the Judges; perhaps to the times of Jcphthah. The it as one of the most mournful scenes of utter deso- husband of Naomi, during a famine, removes from lation he had ever beheld. Thick, massive walls, Bethlehem to the land of Moab, lying south-east of flanked with towers built on the top of a ridge of the Dead Sea, After a few years, Naomi returns in rock that encircles the town and terminates at each deep poverty and afiliction to her kindred at Bethle- end in the attest the sea, strength and former gran- hem, having buried in that foreign country her hus- deur of the place. band and her two sons. the to the of of the returns her Etam, stronghold which Samson retired, Ruth, wife one sons, with XV. is Judg. 8, supposed by some to have been in the aged mother-in-law, saying, "Whither thou goest of a town of the vicinity same name, a mile or two I will go; and where thou lodgest I will lodge; south of which was Bethlehem, ornamented by Solo- thy people shall be my people, and thy God my and fortified Rehoboam. 1 Chron. iv. Soon after their return to Ruth mon, by 3, 32 ; God." Bethlehem, 2 xi. 6, Chron. Others suggest that it may have is married to Boaz, a rich relative of her deceased been the Frank Mountain east of Bethlehem. husband. By this marriage this Moabitish woman xv. Lehi, Judg. 9, 14, 19, is supposed to be Eleu- becomes the ancestor of David, and of David's greater between Hebron and theropolis, Askelon, Son, our Lord and Saviour, M. [A. 2556+450:^:3006.] [B. 0,1546-450=1096.] 105 THE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD. Iu6

CHAPTER VI.

THE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD; FROM SAMUEL TO DAVID AS KING, 40 YEARS.

A. M. 3006 + 40 = 3046. b. c. 1096 — 40 = 1056.

The history of Samuel and of David, the last of ASHDOD. the judges and the first of the kings, is inseparably connected. During the rule of the last three judges, The captive ark is first found at Ashdod, 1 Sam, Eli, a weak and inefficient but pious old man, has V. 1-9, a city of the Philistines, midway between been high-priest contemporary with Samson, a short Joppa and Gaza, and about twenty miles from either time previous to whose death Eli died, 1117 B. C. city, having Ekron on the north, ten miles distant, Samuel is supposed by chronologists to have been and Askelon at an equal distance on the south. Its twenty years of age at the death of Eli and the re- ruins, consisting of broken arches and fragments of turn of the ark from the captivity of the Philis- marble columns, are found on a grassy hill near the tines, which occurred six months after the death of Mediterranean. A few inhabitants still linger about

Eli, and about the time of Samson's death. its ruins. It is on the great route from the Eu- phrates to the Nile, and became a military post of in the wars between the RAMATHAIM-ZOPHIM. great importance Assyrians and Egyptians. It was, with several Philistine

Samuel, the renowned prophet and judge of Israel, cities, dismantled by Uzziah, b. c. 810. It was cap- born at this in the mountains of tured the of in the of was place, Ephraim ; by king Assyria days Isaiah, Isa. XX. B. c. sustained a but the locality itself has been the subject of more 1, 718, and afterward siege conjecture and discussion perhaps than any other in by Psammetichus, king of Egypt, of twenty-nine the history of the judges and kings of Israel. An- years, which is the longest siege on record. It was cient writers identified it with Arimathea, Ramleh, frequently the subject of prophetic denunciation, Jer. XXV. 20 Amos i. iii. 9 ii. 4 Zech. near Jaffa. Dr. Robinson, with whom Ritter also ; 8, ; Zeph. ; makes it identical a conical ix. 6 and was afterward the agrees, with Sobah, high ; destroyed by Maccabees, B. c. 163. 1 Mac. V. x. xi. 4. was hill, commanding a wide prospect, four or five miles 68, 71-78, Philip west from Jerusalem. Gesenius locates it near the carried by the Spirit here, after baptizing the Ethi- Frank Mountain, six miles south by east from Jeru- opian eunuch. Acts viii. 40. It subsisted many salem others still farther afterward as a miserable ; south, toward Hebron ; years village. others again in the mountains of Ephraim, north of From Ashdod we trace the ark to Gath, fifteen of Jerusalem; and Schwartz, the Jewish rabbi, confi- miles south-east, and then again to Ekron, one xiii. ten miles north-north- dently places it near Sanur, north-west of Sebaste, the royal cities, Josh. 3, ancient Samaria, and forty miles north-north-west east from Ashdod. This was on the borders of Ju- a of their Josh. xv. from Jerusalem. Among these conflicting opinions, dah, and part territory. 11, 46, the views of Dr. Robinson seem most worthy of con- 47. Admonished by the calamities of Ashdod and fidence, Gath, Ekron, fearing to retain the ark, returns it to

the Israelites, after a captivity of seven months. APHEK. the 1 Sam. v., vi. Baal-zebub, the god of flies, was

: Jer.xxv. The position of Aphek, where the ark of the cove- god of Ekron. Prophecies against Ekron nant was taken the is in 20 Amos i. 8 ii. 4 Zech. ix. 7. It is now by Philistines, involved ; ; Zeph. ; and mud. almost equal uncertainty. Robinson and Gesenius a small village built of unburnt bricks make it identical with Aphek, near the mountains Bethshemesh, which first received the ark from is ten of Gilboa, in the plain of Esdraelon, where Saul was the Philistines, 1 Sam. vi. 9, 20, near miles afterward slain. Winer and others locate it at a south-east from Ekron, and somewhat more than The death great distance from this, and make it a town in -this south-west from Jerusalem. judicial Judah. of thousands on this occasion, its supply of stores 8 [A. M. 3006+40=3046.] [B. C. 1096—40==1056.] t07 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. lOS

fi )r Solomon's table, 1 Kings iv. 9, the capture of the adjacent plains, overlooking all the mountains xiv. 2 a Amaziali Iby Joash, 2 Kings 11, 12, Chron. round about Jerusalem, and commanding vast XXV. 21, and its conquest by the Philistines under prospect from the Mediterranean and the great plain Ahaz, 2 Chron. xxviii. 18, are the principal incidents of the coast to the Dead Sea, and the mountains of connected with the history of Bethshemesh. Many Moab beyond. Here, on this watch-tower, the peo- foundations and ancient walls of hewn over- often xx. xxi. 1 here Sa- stone, ple assembled, Judg. 1, ; spreading a low swell of ground just west of the muel ofibred sacrifice and judged the people, 1 Sam. modern mark the and indicate the vii. 5—16 here Saul was chosen 1 Sam, village, place ; king by lot, fallen of this ancient town. X. 17 and here the Chaldean greatness ; Gedaliah, governor, resided and was assassinated. 2 xxv. 23 Kings 22, ; Jer. xli. KIBJATH-JEARIM. xl., This Mizpeh of Samuel is to be carefully dis- To Dr. Ptobinson belongs the honour of recover- tinguished from others of the same name. There other " the was a in Josh. xv. 38 another in ing, among many towns, long-lost city, Mizpeh Judah, ; Kirjath-jearim," to which the ark was conveyed Moab, probably the same as Kir-Moab, 1 Sam. xxii. from Bethshemesh. This city he finds at Kuryet- 3; another in Gilead, the same as Ramoth-Mizpeh, six or miles from Jerusa- xi. 29 Josh. xiii. 26 and a second in el-'Enab, seven north-west Judg. J ; yet lem, and eight or ten north-east from Bethshemesh. Gilead, north of the foregoing, where Jacob and is built on terraces the side of a hill. Laban had their final Gen. xxxi. 49 The town upon interview. ; It one of the of Josh. ix. X. Jer. xl. 8 and another near was dependencies Gribeon, Judg. 17 ; 6, ; still, 17, xviii. 25, 26, on the border of Benjamin. Here Mount Hermon, east of the Water's of Merom. Josh. the emigrants from Dan encamped. Judg. xviii. 12. xi. 3, 8. It was also the birth-place of Urijah the prophet. The scene of the overthrow of the Philistines by the

Jer. xxvi. 20. But this locality is chiefly interest- tempest fi-om heaven, the place where Samuel erected found in the ing as the resting-place of the ark, which, for rea- his Ebenezer, Shen, and Bethcar, same sons which do not appear, returned no more to the connection, all are alike unknown. 1 Sam. vii. 10-12. tabernacle at Shiloh. Here chiefly it was kept for The circuit of Saul, 1 Sam. ix., which brings Saul seventy years, until removed to Jerusalem by David, first into connection with Samuel, together with Sha- 10-49 B. c. 2 Sam. vi. Forty-three years after which lisha, Shalim, Zuph, and Zelzah, are involved in the remove it was deposited in its final resting-place, same inexplicable difficulties as the site of Eama- the holy of holies in Solomon's temple. Here, thaim-Zophim. shrouded in the awful eflFulgence of the Shekinah, BEZEK. the glory of which filled the most holy place in token of the Divine presence, it continued four hun- Bezek, where, with incredible expedition, Saul of Israel for the relief of Jabesh- dred and fifty years, until the temple was destroyed. mustered the hosts 588 B. c. Gilead, is supposed to have been near Scythopolis or Bethshean, on the west of the Jordan, and over MIZPEH. the resi- against Jabesh-Gilead. It was probably

i. 5. This The twenty years specified in 1 Sam. vii. 2, marks dence of Adonibezek. Judg. success was and defeat of at a season of dreadful declension in Israel, during soon followed by the impiety Saul, time there which was neither prophet nor judge in Gilgal. 1 Sam. xi. xiii. the land. The the the solemn as- ark, tabernacle, JABESH-GILEAD. semblies, and the worship of God, together with the administration of justice, were neglected, and the Jabesh-Gilead was fifteen or twenty miles below people wholly given over to the idols of Baalim and the outlet of the Sea of Tiberias, and a few miles Ashtaroth. east of the Jordan. In a valley bearing this name At the end of this period Samuel reappears, the Dr. Robinson has recently discovered the site of this people return unto the Lord, and in a great convo- town. It has already been mentioned. Judg. xxi. cation at and of their deliverance Mizpeh acknowledge inaugurate Samuel 6-14. In grateful remembrance as and seer in Israel. is to judge Mizpeh identified by by Saul, the men of this city went by night Beth- Dr. a of his Robinson as lofty height, now known as Neby shean and brought his remains, and those son, Samuil, about two miles north-east from Kirjath- and caused them to be respectfully interred. 1 gam. and near twice that distance north-west 2 xxi. 12-14 2 Sam. ii. 7. jearim, xxxi.8-13; Sam. ; comp. 4, from Jerusalem. It is 500 feet above the level of Filled with admiration at the energy displayed in M. [A. 3006+40:^3046.] I"B. C. 1096—40=:1056.] 109 THE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD. 110

for tlie relief heredi- this expedition against the Ammonites south of Palestine, those ancient, marauding, of Jabcsh-Gilead, all Israel assembled at Gilgal and tary enemies of the Hebrews, who had been pre- xviii. Deut. 19. inaugurated Saul, previously anointed and elected, destined to destruction. Ex. 14; xxv. as kmcr. 1 Sam. xi. 15. B. C. 1070 — 63. Instead of utterly exterminating these, he retains the best of the cattle for booty, and after erecting a vain monument of his at MICHMA8H. victory Carmel, brings back Agag, their king, as a prisoner to Gilgal, with 1 Sam. xiii. About nine miles north by cast the best of the sheep. For this neglect of the from Jerusalem, and about half this distance south- Divine command, the irrevocable decree of exclu- east from Bethaven, Bethel, verse 5, lies Michmash, sion from the kingdom was again pronounced against now in ruins. Some two miles south, on the way him by Samuel. 1 Sam. xv. 23. t.0 Jemsalem, is Gibeah of Benjamin, also in ruins. Between these from east to runs a places, west, deep BETHLEHEM. the Pass of verse 23 Isa. x. 29. valley, Michmash, ; At Michmash and Gibeah, on either side of this 1 Sam. xvi. The anointing of David to be the divisions of Saul's future of Israel into notice pass, were stationed two lifeguard, king brings Bethlehem, verse 2. Jonathan commences hostilities at Geba, ever memorable as the birthplace of the royal or as the scene of {. e. Gibeah, by breaking down a military piUar Psalmist, but infinitely more sacred Tiionument of the Philistines at this place, not by the nativity of David's Royal Son, the Lord, our Sa- smiting a garrison here. Incensed at this indignity, viour and Redeemer.

' the Philistines encamp in great numbers at Mich- Bethlehem is six miles from Jerusalem, a little or to on an mash, while Saul withdraws to Gilgal, twelve west of south, and east of the road Hebron, his sacri- feet the Mediterra- fifteen miles south-east, verse 7. After oblong ridge, 2538 Paris above him from the throne feet than Jerusalem. It legious sacrifice, which separates nean, and about 60 higher forces to to it from of Israel, Saul advances with his terrified was called Bethlehem-Judah, distinguish the another Bethlehem in Zebulon. Josh. xix. 15 Gibeah, verses 8-15, two armies being separated ; Judg. the and only by the Pass of Michmash. Ophrah, toward xii. 10. It is also called Ephrata, fruitful, is six miles north Gen. xlviii. 7 Mic. v. which one band of the spoilers go, its inhabitants Ephrathites. ; by east from Michmash. Sherar must be the dis- 2. It was the scene of the book of Ruth, the birth- trict beyond. Bethhoron is west from Michmash. place of David, and of his celebrated nephews, Joab, fortified Reho- Zeboim, distinct from the petty kingdom near So- Abishai, and Asahel, and was by dom, in the vale of Siddim, Gen. x. 19, xiv. 2, 8, boam. 2 Chron. xi. 6. has been visited appears to have been in a valley east of Michmash. Bethlehem by many travellers, Comp. Neh. xi. 34. and been often described. We have selected the fol-

the travels of Dr. Olin : — 1 Sam. xiv. In the deep valley between Gebah lowing description from " of Bethlehem is strik- and Michmash, are two remarkable hills, one on The first appearance very in direction it is It is each side of the valley, standing out from the pre- ing, whatever approached. or built a of considerable which cipitous walls, of a conical sugar-loaf form, with upon ridge elevation, Bozez a descent to the north and east. The steep rocky sides. These must be and Seneh, has rapid in some the seat of Jonathan's bold adventure, which re- width of the town is very inconsiderable, that of a street. sulted in the flight of the Philistines toward Ajalon, places hardly exceeding single to the con- west by south from Michmash, in the course of From the gate at the western extremity vent which the the distance which retreat many thousands of them were slain, occupies eastern, may the street verses 1-46. be half a mile. The first part of the way, the defeat of descends farther and near Encouraged by his signal success in rapidly; on, especially the it becomes level. the Philistines, Saul now begins to extend his con- convent, tolerably "The houses are built of quests over enemies more remote. He wages war solidly, though roughly this whole is with Zobah, a Syrian province north of Damascus, the limestone of which region composed; of them are in a extending from Hamoth to the Euphrates, whose but a large part very dilapidated subdued 2 Sam. viii. 3 and uninhabited. A number are without a king was again by David, ; state, ruinous condition. X. 6 and Solomon. 2 Chron. viii. 3. of the walls are in a ; yet again by roof; others, are Ammon and Moab, east of the Dead Sea, were The streets are narrow, and, though paved, also drawn into conflict with Saul. Next he directed almost impassable for a horse. " The inhabitants are all the Moham- his forces against the Amalekitcs, in the desert Christnns, C. 1096—40=1056 [A.M. 8006+40=3040.] [B. ] Ill TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GECGBAPIIY. 112 medans having been expelled and their houses broken CHAP. XVII. DAVID AND GOLIATH. B. C. 10G3. down by Ibrahim Pacha, during the insurrection of 1834. I could not ascertain what is the probable Shochoh, the scene of the rencontre of David, the the extent of the town of with the Philis- population, though, from youthful warrior Israel, Goliath, and the number of houses, it might contain from tine giant, was fifteen miles south-west from Bethle- two to three thousand people; yet I have seen hem, and five south of Bethshemesh, and a short them estimated at not more than three or four distance south of the scene of Samson's exploits with emi- hundred. This is certainly much below the real the Philistines.l Sam.xvii. This is situated on an number. nence over against a corresponding one on the north, "The environs of Bethlehem are beautiful, but where travellers locate Azekah. The valley of Elah, There of the between them. In this they cannot be said to be well cultivated. is, terebinth-tree, lay the Dr. Robinson found an immense tere- indeed, no good tillage in this country, though same valley " best is perhaps about this ancient town. The soil binth-tree, spreading its boughs far and wide like — a is fertile, but it is encumbered with rocks, and the a noble oak under the shade of such tree Abra- hills and valleys are covered to a considerable dis- ham might well have pitched his tent at Mamre." vine- xviii.-xx. of David to tance with figs, olives, pomegranates, and Chap, The advancement minstrel to yards." be armour-bearer to Saul, and then a Since Dr. Olin's visit to this city a very interesting soothe him with music in his fits of morbid melan- and flourishing Christian settlement has been made choly and jealousy; the repeated expeditions of for in con- David the Philistines his with the near Bethlehem, agricultural purposes, against ; marriage nection with Christian missions. The object of this king's daughter, and the affection of Jonathan for association is to the him his visit to Samuel his residence at industrial develop capabilities ; ; Naioth, of the to of the the school of the near Ramah and his de- soil, give practical exemplification prophets, ; arts of husbandry, and of the culture of suitable parture from the court of Saul—all these eventful — a of in the life of crops, vegetables, and fruits adopted as means incidents David occupied apparently restoring to this desolate country the blessings of the space of only a few months,

civilized life, and of the Christian religion. "The on the northern side of the deep valley WANDERINGS OF DAVID. town, which is overlooked by the road leading to Jerusalem, presents a scene of beauty and luxuriance Chap, xxi., xxii. Nob, where David ate of the unrivalled, so far as I have yet seen, in Palestine. shewbread, and where, by the treachery of Doeg the The hill-sides by which it is bounded are terraced Edomite, the priests of the Lord were slain, must with great labour and care, and covered with fine have been just north of the Mount of Olives, as is fruit trees. This delicious spot may perhaps be indicated by the approach of the Assyrian, who, on taken as a specimen of the general appearance of the these heights beyond the valley of Jehoshaphat, " hill-country in the prosperous days of the Jewish stands and shakes his hand against the mount of state, and of what it might once more become under the daughter of Zion, the hill of Jerusalem." Isa. the fostering care of a good government, and of an x. 32. industrious, civilized population." From Nob we trace the fugitive twenty miles Below the heiglits of Bethlehem, in different di- west-south-west across the country to Gath, in the are fruitful rections, small, valleys, in some of which borders of the Philistines, where, under the disguise Ruth followed the reapers of her kinsman Boaz. of madness, he continues some months unknown. To the shepherds also, as they watched their flocks Chap. xxi. Thence he flees to Adullam, supposed by night, the glory of the Lord shone round about to be a short distance south from Bethlehem, near " them, while the angel of God brought them good the Pools of Solomon, and some fifteen miles east by tidings of great joy, which shall be to all people," north from Gath. Thence he transfers himself and the multitude of the host and heavenly confii-med his father's family to Moab; and again, by the ad- that " the joyful tidings by chorus of the skies, Glory monition of the prophet Gad, returns to the unknown to God in the highest, and on earth peace, good-will forest of Hareth, in Judah. Chap. xxii. 5. to men." Such high and holy associations cluster Chap, xxiii. Next he engages in a successful ex- around the city of David, where Christ the Lord was pedition for the deliverance of Keilah from the will not disturb born, which we by intermingling Philistines. This was a walled town, now lost, a the childish stories of legendary superstition. few miles south and east from Gath, in Judah. [A.M. 3006+40=3046.] [B.C. 1096-40=1056.] 113 THE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD. 114

trcaclierous of the of The ingratitude men Keikh and Moan gave their names to the desert on the east, him to seek his in which as did also and twice did the inhabitants of compels safety concealment, Engedi ; he finds in the wilderness of Ziph, four miles south- Ziph attempt to betray the youthful outlaw to the ven- east from Hebron. Hachilah and Jeshimon, xxiii. geance of his persecutor. 1 Sam. xxiii. 19, xxvi. 1. " 19, by the limitations of the narrative, must be re- At that time David and his men appear to have ferred to the same neighbourhood, but their situa- been very much in the condition of similar outlaws tion is unknown. The of the com- at the for ' one that was in dis- treachery Ziphites present day ; every pels him to retire still farther south to Maon, the ruins tress, and every one that was in debt, and every one of which Dr. Kobinson found on a conical seven that was discontented themselves unto him hill, gathered ; or miles south-east south from Hebron. and he became a over them and there were eight by captain ; Next, after the return of Saul from the pursuit of with him about four hundred men.' 1 Sam. xxii. 2. him, he takes his position in the strongholds of En- They lurked in these deserts, associating with the gedi, on the western cliffs of the Dead Sea, fifteen herdsmen and shepherds of Nabal and others, and

miles or more north-east from Maon, and midway be- doing them good offices, probably in return for in- tween the extremities of the Dead Sea. This was for formation and supplies obtained through them. 1 some time the head-quarters of Lieut. Lynch in his Sam. xxv. 7, 14-16. " late survey of this sea. The clifis at this place over- Hence, when Nabal held his annual sheep-shear- hang the sea to the height of 1500 feet, the summit ing in Carmel, David felt himself entitled to share of which commands a fine view of the in the festival and sent a his vast, deep ; messenger recounting ' chasm of the sea, shut in on both sides by lofty, pre- own services, and asking for a present : Wherefore mountains. the sides of these cliffs let the men find favour in thine for we cipitous From young eyes ; flows a copious fountain of sweet water. In some come in a good day : give, I pray thee, whatsoever cave within this desert David cuts off the skirt of cometh to thine hand, unto thy servants and to thy Saul's robe. Chap. xxiv. son David.' 1 Sam. xxv. 8, 9. " From this position he soon retires to the wilder- In all these particulars we were deeply struck ness of Paran, on the borders of the great desert, with the truth and strength of the biblical descrip- south of Judah and south-west of the southern ex- tions of manners and customs, almost identically the tremity of the Dead Sea. Next follows the incident same as they exist at the present day. On such a with Nabal, the churl of Carmel, between Maon and festive occasion, near a town or village, even in our Ziph, six miles south by east from Hebron. Dr. own time, an Arab sheikh of the neighbouring de- Robinson found Carmel occupying a beautiful grass- sert would hardly fail to put in a word, either in or and his both in plat, in a secluded valley sm-rounded by hills. A person by message; message, the of vast reservoir, an ancient castle, and many founda- form and substance, would be only transcript tions and broken walls, with the ruins of a church that of David." at a little distance, indicate at once the former im- Chap. xxvi. xxvii. Having again spared the life at returns across the coun- portance and present desolation of Carmel. No pen of Saul Hachilah, David has recorded the date or the means of its overthrow. try to Achish of Gath, where, a year and a half or two he had the madman and Chap. XXV. years before, played ; the of Achish in one of his We are deeply indebted to Dr. Robinson for the settles by grant Ziklag, in that which has recovery of these localities, the scene of David's dependencies apparently vicinity, not been recovered. From this he on an wanderings and trials, while frequently betrayed by place goes several tribes that inhabited the treacherous foes, and hunted, like a partridge on the expedition against the xxvii. and mountains, by the frenzied and relentless king to desert south of Philistines, 8, again of who whose throne Heaven had appointed him. The reader against other tribes on the south Judah, to have been confederates of his Israel, will readily sympathize with the traveller in the seem people emotions with which he explored and brought to xxvii. 10-12. of light these long-lost localities Scripture history. DEATH OP SAUL. B. C. 1056. MOUNTAINS OP " We were here in the midst of scenes memorable GILBOA AND HERMON. of old for the adventures of David, during his wan- The Philistines renew derings in order to escape from the jealousy of Chap, xxviii.-xxxi. again and we did not fail to and with hostilities with Israel on the plain of Esdraelon, at Saul ; peruse here, the mountains of Grilboa. These rise the deepest interest, the chapters of Scripture which the base of of the miles record the history of those wanderings and adven- out of the eastern portion plain, fifty 1 xxiii. 13 xxvi. north east from Jerusalem attain to tures. Sam. seq. ; xxiv., xxv., Ziph by They only C. 1C'D6—40— 9 [A.M. 3006-j-40:=30i6.] [B. 1056.] 115 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGEAPHY. 116

moderate and extend some distance south- height, ZIKLAG. east toward the Jordan. Three miles north of them David had the Philistines on this is the parallel plain of Little Hermon. These two accompanied

: before the had returned heights mark the position of the two armies Saul expedition, but, battle, by and his men on the western height of Gilboa, the reason of the distrust of the Philistines. Chap. xxix. Philistines on those of Hermon. Endor is beyond In his absence, a marauding party of Amalekites, in for his over the Ilermon, on the northern slope. Saul, in distress, revenge victory Geshurites,Gezerites, come abandoned of God, passes by night across the valley and Amalekites, 1 Sam. xxvii. 8-9, have up and over Ilermon, beyond the camp of the Philis- from the desert, smitten and burnt Ziklag, and car- his tines, to consult the sorceress at Endor. xxviii. 7-25. ried away captive wives. David immediately the Aphek, another station of the Philistines, is said by pursues after them, surprises them at brook Jerome and Eusebius to have been near to Endor. Besor, below Gaza, and nearly exterminates the in Either a deep well below Jezreel, on the north of tribe, of whom little more is heard history. Gilboa, noticed by Wilson, or a natural fountain far- THE ELDERS OP JUDAH. 1 SAM. XXX. 26-31. ther east, mentioned by Robinson, was doubtless the fountain by which the Israelites pitched their camp. To the elders of the cities in the south of Judah " The scene of the fatal battle where the men of who had shown kindness to him as an outlaw, David Israel fled from before the Philistines, and fell down now sends presents in return from the spoils of the slain on Mount Gilboa," was the valley between Amalekites. xxx. 27-31. Instead of Bethel, The- Hermon and Gilboa. xxxi. Here, upon the "high nius reads Bethzur, the name of an ancient fortress places" of Gilboa, where, more than 200 years be- of great strength, five miles north-north-west from fore, Gideon had routed the host pf Midian, Saul and Hebron, the ruins of which are still extensive, in " Jonathan, the beauty of Israel, were slain. The connection with a fountain and an ancient tower. " battle went sore against Saul ;" and, wounded by South Ramoth was undoubtedly south of Hebron, the archers," so that he could not escape, he fell upon on the borders of the desert of Jattir. Aroer and his own sword, a guilty suicide, rather than fall into Eshtemoa were in the same direction, nearly in a the hands of the enemy. The chronology of this pe- line south from Hebron. Rachal, Siphmoth, Chora- riod is confused, but according to our chronologist this shan, and Athach are quite unknown. Hormah, of unhappy and wicked prince could not have reigned which frequent mention has been made, is located by more than fourteen, nor less than seven years. geographers in the neighbourhood of Kadesh-Barnea.

CHAPTER VII.

THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY; FROM DAVID TO THE BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY, 450 YEARS.

A. M. 3046 + 450 = 3496. b. c. 1056 — 450 = 606. " and his party. 2 Sam. ii. Ammah, that lieth be- THE CIVIL WAR. fore Giah," near the wilderness of Gibeon, must ha^•e

After the death of this ii. but Saul, David is acknowledged been near city itself, 2 Sam. 24, nothing as king of Judah, and establishes himself at Hebron. is known of them. The same is true of the district other The tribes adhere to the house of Saul, and or pass of Bithron, through which Abner retreats to Ishbosheth his son is by Abner proclaimed king at Mahanaim. 2 Sam. ii. 29. Mahanaim, beyond Jordan. Thus a civil war be- Laish, from whence David, by the agency of Ab- these gins between two rival claimants for the throne, ner, recovered his wife, Michal, the daughter of Saul, the conducted by Abner, cousin of Saul, and Joab, has already fallen under our notice as Dan, in the the nephew of David, men of renown and consum- north of Palestine. mate military talents. Bahurim, to which her husband followed her Abner soon transfers his forces to Gibeon, near weeping, is near Jerusalem, just east of the Mount the seat of Gibeah, Saul's kingdom^where they are of Olives, where also Shimei cursed David in his

met Joab at the head of David's men. Here the iii. by fiiglit from Absalom. 2 Sam. 16, xvi. 5. of challenge Abner to Joab brings defeat upon him Becroth, the native place of Baanah and Rcchab, [A. M. 8046+450=3490.] [B. C. 1056—450=606.] 117 THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY. 118 the assassins of Ishboshetli, 2 Sam. iv. 2, was seven the Philistines, from whom he takes Metheg-Ammah, miles north of Jerusalem, and one of the depend- the hridce-hit of the metropolis,—L e. the metropolis encies of Gibeon. Josh. ix. 17, xviii. 25. At the which in 1 Chron. xviii. 1 is Gath,—then Moab and time of the writing of the book of Samuel the town Edom, east and south of the Dead Sea, and extends was no more inhabited, the inhabitants having fled his conquests quite to the eastern arm of the Red of to the neighbouring city of Gittaim. The revolt Sea. Damascus, Hamath, and Zobah, on the north, Abner and the assassination of Ishbosheth result, at as far. as the Euphrates, are also subdued under his the end of two years, in the termination of the civil arms. war, and the inauguration of David as king over all VALLEY OF SALT. the tribes.

After a reign of seven and a half years at Hebron, David, in his military expedition to Northern Syria, David takes Jerusalem, 1049 B. C, from the Jebu- gi'eatly enriched himself with various treasures, which Millo he to the and him a sites, and makes it the seat of his kingdom. dedicated Lord, "gat name appears to have been a fortress for the defence of when he returned from smiting of the Syrians in the 2 Zion at the north-east, toward Mount Jloriah. valley of salt, being eighteen thousand men." Sam. viii. 13. We are indebted to Mr. Thompson for a and of this remarkable THE PHILISTINES IN EEPHAIM. lively graphic description locality, which hitherto has been but little known, Thrice these wakeful enemies of Israel advance to and seldom visited by European travellers. defeat and the very gat^s of the city, and suffer a signal It is some distance above Hamath, twenty- in Kephaim, a broad valley lying just without the four miles south-east of Aleppo. The incrustations off in a narrow are here are carried to a city, at the south-west, and running which gathered neighbour- the of the are defile through the mountains to land ing village, where they sorted, dried, winnowed, Philistines. and sold to all parts of the country. " Baal-perazim appeal's to be some mount in the line This vale of salt is the most extraordinary place far from Jerusalem. 2 Sam. v. 20 that I have visited. There was the a of this valley, not ; yet shore, 1 Chron. xiv. 11 Isa. xxviii. 21. short distance in advance of as marked ', us, distinctly as that of the ocean; but what was my surprise not to find one drop of water—nothing but a boundless GEBA. 2 SAM. V. 25. extension of incrusted salt ! in the In their second repulse the Philistines withdrew to "A vast expanse of glassy salt, glowing Geba, on the northern line of Benjamin, 2 Kings burning sun of August—an oppressive, saddening, it. It felt such a sad- xxiii. 8, near to Gibeah, but distinct from dismal brightness. I have rarely was rebuilt by Asa, with stones from Ramah, from ness at heart as when steeped, drenched in this flood near and sim- which circumstance it would seem to have been of glory. The very atmosphere trembled, xv. 22 2 Chron. xvi. 6. and as if it were molten silver. this place. 2 Kings ; We mered, quivered, the total have thus these three towns, Geba, Gibeah of Benja- The excess of brightness was terrible, and manifestations of min, and Gibeah of Saul, in the immediate vicinity silence and utter absence of any is of utter of each other. From Geba the Philistines turn in a life were oppressive. It a vale death, and horrid southwest direction across the country to Gazer, on polished and burnished into intolerable in circumference. the north of their land. splendour. It is four days' ride " In winter this whole region is actually a lake, with its margin as accurately defined as any other, REMOVAL OF THE ARK OF THE COVENANT. but by August the water has all evaporated, and a B. c. 1049. crust of white, coarse-grained salt has been deposited saw this crust Chap. vi. Baalah, from which the ark of the over the entire surface. I nowhere covenant was removed to Jerusalem, is only another thicker than half an inch. The quantity, however, of rain the name of Kirjath-jearim, 1 Chron. xiii. 6, where it depends upon the amount during winter, and in certain to be had remained sixty-eight years. and it is said, sometimes, places, several inches in thickness." On the south-eastern margin of this vale, our tra- David's victories. veller was informed that very extensive ruins are xviii. extends his which bear the name of Zobah or Zebah. Chap, viii., 1 Chron. David now found, first over Thi« he marks the site of Hadadezer's eoncLuests over the surrounding' nations; plac« supposes 1056— [A.M.3016-|-450=8-i9G.] [B*C. 450=006.] 119 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1£0'

to capital, which David took and destroyed. From unprincipled Ahithophel, is only known have " this region to the Euphrates it is without inha- been in the hill-country of Judah. Josh. xv. 51. bitant." On his return, Absalom began his treasonable de- Lo-debar, from whence David called to his court signs against the king his father. After four years, Mephibosheth, the only surviving son of Jonathan, which is assumed as the true reading of 2 Sam. xv. 7, was in Grilead, beyond Jordan, not far from Maha- Absalom openly begins his rebellion at Hebron, and ix. xvii. soon advances to Jerusalem. in the mean naim. 2 Sam. ; 27. David, time, passes out at the eastern gate of the city, and the brook in the as- SYRIAN CONFEDERACY. crossing Kidron, valley below, cends the Mount of Olives barefoot, and having his

Chap. X. But little is knovrn of the Syrian states head covered, and weeping, as he goes on his flight which were drawn into this grand confederacy with toward Jordan. Hanun against David. Zobah was north and east Just beyond this mount, at Bahurim, he meekly of Bethrehob around the receives the of Shimei his Damascus; south-west, revilings ; and, pursuing western base of Mount Hermon. Maacah and Ish- journey, crosses the Jordan, apparently at some tob are located on the maps south of Hermon and distance beyond Jericho, and makes a stand against east of the Waters of Mcrom. The confederacy em- his rebellious son at Mahanaim, in Gilead, where braced the provinces north and north-east of Pales- Ishbosheth formerly held his court. 2 Sam. xv., tine to the Euphrates. The first defeat of the con- xvi., xvii. federate army was at Medeba, 1 Chron. xix. 7, En-rogel, where "Jonathan and Ahimaaz stayed," already described, seven miles south of Heshbon. xvii. 17, the seat of Adonijah's conspiracy, 1 Kings Helam, the scene of the second defeat under David i. 9, was in the valley of Jehoshaphat, south of the in person, is supposed to have been near the Eu- city, just below the junction of Hinnom with this phrates, beyond the desert, north-east of Damascus. valley. It is a quadrilateral well, 125 feet in depth, xiv. Chap, xi., xiii., Eabbah of Ammon, the and a fountain of living water. scene of the tragical death of the noble and unsus- The Wood of Ephraim, where Absalom was slain, pecting Uriah, has been already mentioned. B. c. 1023, 2 Sam. xviii. 6, 17, was beyond Jordan, Baal-hazor, near Ephraim, where Amnon was as- near Mahanaim. sassinated by Absalom, appears to have been fifteen Abel-beth-maachah, to which Joab, on the return or twenty miles north-east from Jerusalem. of David to Jerusalem, pursued the fugitive rebels in Geshur, to which Absalom fled, was in the days under Sheba, the son of Bichri, was the exti'eme of Joshua a powerful tribe, extending from Bashan, north of Palestine, north-west from the lake Iluleh, east of the sea of Galilee, to Mount Hermon. Josh, and north-west of Laish or Dan and Banias, the xii. 5.; Deut. iii. 14. Cassarea Philippi of the New Testament. It was a The kingdom of Talmai is assigned, by conjecture, walled town of importance. Eighty years afterward to the country of the Jordan, between Huleh and it was taken and sacked by Benhadad, king of Syria, Tiberias. the residence of the 1 XV. 20 2 xvi. 4 and 200 Tekoah, vase woman Kings ; Chron. ; years later, at whose instigation Absalom was recalled, was twelve by Tiglath-Pileser, 2 Kings xv. 29, from Assyria. miles south by east from Jerusalem, on an eminence 2 Sam. xxi. Zelah of Benjamin, where Saul and commanding an extensive prospect, and overlooking Jonathan were buried, verse 14, and Gob, the scene at various points the Dead Sea and the mountains of battle with the Philistines and their giant cap- of It Moab beyond. was fortified by Rehoboam, tains, verses 18, 19, are altogether unknown. and distinguished as the birthplace of the prophet These victories terminated the military expedi- Amos. It also a name to the desert tions of David and his death soon B. c. gave region ; followed, east of it toward the Dead lying Sea. The ruins of 1016, after a reign of forty years. Ardent and im- the cover an extent of several errors place acres, and con- pulsive, his passions betrayed him into great sist of the foundations of the houses, remains of an and grievous sins, which, with the deepest penitence, ancient tower or and a Greek castle, church. he confessed and bewailed; devoutly religious, he the of the zealously promoted piety people ; brave, and in valiant, magnanimous ; prudent war, mighty THE REBELLION OF ABSALOM, AFTER 1027 B. C. in battle, he was the "light of Israel," and both the This occurs near the thirtieth year of David's admiration and the terror of his enemies. He the of the reign. Giloh, birthplace talented and united in himself an extraordinary combination of M. [A. 3046-f 450^=3496.] [B. C. 1056—450=606.] 121 THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY. 222

the talents of the statesman, the wanior, and the the level of the sea; surrounded on three sides by poet, in which all history, whether profane or sacred, the intrenchments of her valleys and rocky ram- offers no superior. parts, her place of defence is the munitions of rocks. The valley of Jehoshaphat, on the north, runs nearly east for some distance, then turns at a right ACCESSION OF SOLOMON TO THE THRONE, 1017 B. C. angle to the south, and opens a deep defile below the it At the age of eighteen or twenty this youthful eastern walls of the city, between and the monarch inherited the empire of his father, extend- Mount of Olives. The valley of Gihon pursues a course for ing from the Euphrates to the Mediterranean, or, as in southerly some distance, then sweeps in a 1 Kings iv. 24, from Tiphsah, a city on the Euphrates, bold angle around the base of Mount Zion, and falls to Azzah or Gaza, and from the mountains of Leba- by a rapid descent into a deep narrow watercourse, non to Egypt and the Ailanitic Gulf; and compris- which continues in an easterly direction to its junc- ing a population of more than 5,000,000. At peace tion with the valley of Jehoshaphat. with all the nations of the earth, he opened an ex- The platform of the city is divided into four quar- tensive commerce with foreign countries, and made ters of unequal elevation, two of which are familiar his metropolis the seat of the refinements and arts in sacred history as Mount Moriah and Mount Zion. of civilized life. He adorned it with palaces, and Near the line of the valley of Jehoshaphat, before with his famous temple, the most gorgeous that was it turns to the south, a slight depression begins of ever consecrated to the worship God. But his at the north gate of the city. This depression, various appliances of luxury and effeminacy ex- the head of the valley of the Tyropoeon, as it runs

hausted the resources of his people; his foreign al- south through the city, sinks into a deep valley, and liances also introduced idolatry, degeneracy, and cor- divides the city into two sections, of which the east- ruption, which sadly tarnished the splendour of his ern is terminated by Mount Moriah, on which stood reign, so that in old age he became as ingloriously the temple. The western division is terminated by distinguished for his effeminacy and folly as in youth Mount Zion, where was David's house and the royal he had been renowned for his wisdom. residence of his successors. These two heights were united by a bridge crossing the Tyropoeon by a lofty or rather a series of arches it would JERUSALEM. arch, by seem, for the Tyropoeon is here 380 feet wide, of which This holy city, so renowned in the history of the one of the bases remains to this day. The Tyro- Jewish nation and of the world, so celebrated in poeon below the walls on the south corresponds to sacred song as beautiful for situation, an eternal the valley of Hinnom, which name is also applied to

excellency, the joy of many generations, so mourn- the lower part of Gihon, south of the city. fully interesting for its sacred, solemn associations— Another valley less distinct, traverses the city this venerable city is in the midst of the central from west-south-west to east-north-east to the eastern

chain of mountains which runs north and south gate of the city, forming two eminences north of through Palestine, on the boundary-line between the Zion and Moriah, which bear the names of Acra and

tribes of Benjamin and Judah, thirty-three miles from Bezetha : the former, on the west, includes what tra- the sea, and twenty-four from the Jordan, and nearly dition recognises as Mount Calvary. the same distance north of Hebron. It occupies an Moriah, the temple mount, the south-east division irregular promontory in the midst of a confused sea of the city above the valley of Kidron or Jehosha- of rocks, crags, and hills. Here, on her rocky phat, is 2300 feet above the level of the sea; Mount heights, she sits dreary, silent, and solitary, amid Zion, south-west of Moriah, rises 100 feet higher.

I surrounding desolation. The promontory of the city begins at the distance a CALVARY, OR GOLGOTHA. of mile or more north-west of the city, at the head of the valleys of Jehoshaphat and Gihon, which The limits of this work will not allow us to enter fall on the and left sink- into details or state the gradually away right ; and, respecting disputed localities, ing deeper as they run in a circuitous route around reasons adduced in defence of opposing opinions. the sides of the as opposite platform of the city, unite The plan of the ancient city, drawn by Kiepert, their deep ravines at some distance south-east of the supposes the place of the holy sepulchre to have the if not city, and many feet below the level of its walls. been without the second wall, and possible this the crucifixion. Dr. Robinson iPerched on lofty promontory the sacred city the probable site of idwells on high, at an elevation of 2300 feet above contends with great earnestness and ability, that it 9 [A. M. 3046+450=3496.] [B. C. 1057—450=606.] 123 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL' GEOGRAPHY. lU

must have been within that wall, and, therefore, without the western wall of the temple mount there to the cannot designate the place of the crucifixion; be- is a well which Mr. Wolcott descended depth xiii. to no cause our Lord suflfered without the city. Heb. of eighty feet, which seems be supplied by 12. Many receive the reasoning of Dr. Robinson natural springs, and may, according to the common as conclusive. Others, of equal learning and abili- supposition, be connected both with Gihon and Si- tradition refers the scene of our The modern is on the ty, adopt the which loam. city dependent chiefly for is in cisterns Saviour's sufi'ering to the site of the Holy Sepulchre. winter rains water, which retained The discussion is sustained with great ability in the beneath every house for use through the summer works of Dr. Robinson, Williams, Schultz, Tobler, months. Von Raumer, &c, A late writer labours to show ANCIENT FOUNDATIONS. that our Lord suffered near the tombs of the kings by the side of the road leading to Samaria. Jerusalem retains few traces of her ancient grandeur, except near the base of the western wall around OPHEL. the area of the temple. This wall is composed of im- From the southern base of the wall of Mount mense stones of different sizes, from twenty to thirty Moriah, between the valleys of Jehoshaphat and feet in length, and from four to six in thickness, Ilinnom, a high tongue of land slopes down to the which are supposed to be the remains of the ancient junction of these valleys below, at the distance of walls of Solomon. De Saulcy describes similar in- 1550 feet, where is the fountain of Siloam. On the dications of the original structure on the eastern and eastern of the there is side same mount a descent by southern base of the existing walls of the city. a steep declivity of 150 feet to the valley of Jehosha- Within the walls, and beneath the platform of the phat. Add to this the elevation of the walls and temple, are still to be found immense crypts or broad the platform of the temple, the pinnacle where Jesus arched avenues under ground, which evidently led " stood on the last great day of the feast is 200 feet up to the temple, whither the tribes went up, the or more above the valley. tribes of the Lord, to give thanks unto the name of the Lord." Two of these arched ways, each nineteen feet a to the tem- MOUNT OF OLIVES. wide, opened magnificent passage ple above. These are now carefully walled up, but the Beyond valley of Jehoshaphat, east of Jeru- our missionary, Mr. Wolcott, had the rare privilege the of salem, Mount Olives rises boldly up to the of finding access to them through a neglected win- of feet height 2550 above the level of the sea, over- dow, and to traverse in solitude these ancient aisles. '' looking every part of the city at the height of 150 The arches are of hewn stone, and the noblest that or 200 and feet, commanding a wide prospect over I have seen in the country. As I walked through the mountains of on the hill- Ephraim north, the the broad aisles, in a stillness broken only by the of Judea on the the country south, valley of the sound of my footsteps, it was a thrilling thought the Dead and Jordan, Sea, the mountains of Moab that I was treading one of the avenues through on the beyond east and south-east. which the tribes had passed to the temple. I seemed

to see the throng of worshippers and hear their chant : ' I was when said unto let us into UPPER AND LOWER POOLS. glad they me, go the house of the Lord. I will pay my vows now in Above the bend in the valley of Gihon, south-west the presence of all the people, in the court of the of is a reservoir Zion, large or pool, formed by a wall, Lord's house, in the midst of thee, Jerusalem ! like a mill-dam across " running the valley. This pool Praise ye the Lord !' is 592 feet in 275 in length, width, and 42 deep. Of the walls, ancient and modern, of the ancient Some distance on the west side above, of the city, gates of the city, and generally of the topography and is a similar now in the pool ruins, dimensions of history of this city, we forbear to speak. These which are about half as as the great former. At would themselves require a volume quite exceeding one of these pools, Solomon was anointed kino-. the limits of this work.

1 i. 32-39. Kings The modern city has three principal gates—the The is now the present pool supplied by drainage of Yafa or Jaffa gate on the west, the Damascus gate the above but it is that ground them, supposed both on the north, and the eastern gate. The modem were fed a which Hezckiah closed by living fountain, city is divided into several wards, according to the and conducted a hidden channel into the by city. several religious denominations that inhabit them— 2 Chron. xxxii. xxxiii. Sirach xviii. 30, 14; 17. Just the Jewish quarters in the Tyropojon; between M. [A. 3046-f 450=3496.] [B. C 1056—450=606.] 125 THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY. 126

Mounts Zion and Moriali the Armenian. These west, from the north or from the south, except a •wards are indicated with distinctness in the plan of few paths, winding among the rocks, on which you the city which forms the frontispiece of this book, meet only half-naked Arabs, some camel-drivers which, with the plan of the ancient city, should be from Damascus, or women from Bethlehem or Jeri- carefully studied in this connection. cho, carrying on their heads baskets of raisins from We have spoken of the wide and wonderful land- Engedi, or a cage of doves, to be sold on the the scape over which eye ranges from the summit morrow under the terebinthuses beyond the city of the Mount of Olives. But the prospect, however is in view of other scenes nearer " one in or out no interesting, forgotten No passed ; mendicant even was and more overpowering. seated against her curbstones; no sentinel showed You are where stood the himself at her threshold we no standing compassionate ; saw, indeed, living Saviour as he beheld the devoted and over heard no sound found the same city wept object, living ; we it. is the Below you valley of Jchoshaphat, and void, the same silence at the entrance of a city con- there " so G-ethsemane," suggestive of sad and sooth- taining thirty thousand souls, during the twelve meditation there the Saviour of men knelt and of the as before ing ; hours day, we should have expected prayed and wept; and there, in the mysterious, awful the entombed gates of Pompeii or Herculaneum." of his hour abandonment and his agony, he was be- The Jews have a custom singularly expressive and trayed into wicked hands to be crucified and slain. touching, and equally in harmony with the mourn- Above and the of beyond valley Jehoshaphat and ful associations which cluster around the holy city. Gethsemane, there lies in full view before you the At the foot of the western enclosure of the temple sacred — of city Zion, city our God. There stood his mount, where the walls tower to the height of sixty in the temple; there, most holy place, rested the feet, are evident indications that the large stones at token of his presence, overshadowing the mercy-seat. the base are the identical remains of the ancient " There is Mount Zion, beautiful for situation. On wall of Solomon's temple. This portion of the wall " its summit, at some hundred paces from Jerusalem," they denominate the mourning wall." It is visited " stands a says Lamartine, mosque, and a group of by every Israelite on each feast and festival, and on Turkish edifices, not unlike a European hamlet, every Friday afternoon. Here, in confident yet its crowned with church and steeple. This is Zion ! mournful expectation of again treading these courts the the of ! palace, tomb David the seat of his inspi- of the Lord, which have so long been profaned by ration of his ! and joys, of his life and his repose A the foot of the Mussulman alone, the Jews reve- sacred to have so felt their spot doubly me, who often my rentially bow their heads and repeat wailings heart and touched, my thoughts rapt by the sweet together in a most plaintive dirge. Then, lifting

of Israel ! first ! singer the poet of sentiment the their tearful eyes to heaven, they exclaim, with

! " of Never have fibres : ! king lyrics human vibrated broken sobs How long yet, Lord O Lord, to harmonies so so deep, penetrating, so solemn. how long !" Never has the of been set so imagination poet high, Reft of thy sons, amid thy foes forlorn. never has its been so true. expression Never has Mourn, widowed queen ! forgotten Zion, mourn ! the soul of man expanded itself before man, and be- Is this thy place, sad city, this thy throne, rears its Where the wild desert craggy stone ; fore G-od, in tones and sentiments so tender, so Where suns unblest their angry lustre fling, .'sympathetic, and so heartfelt." And wayworn pilgrims seek the scanty spring? sits the There sacred city, like a bereaved and Where now thy pomp which kings with envy viewed; desolate widow, mourning over her absent and re- Where now thy might which all those kings subdued? No martial muster in beautiful mj'riads thy gate; jected Lord, still, though desolate and in No suppliant nations in thy temples wait; ruins. No prophet bards thy glittering courts among All travellers agree in their representations of the Wake the full lyre and swell the tide of song. But lawless Force and Want are overpowering impression produced by the first view meagre there, And the of restless of the so quick-darting ej'e Fear; Holy City, singular in situation, so striking While cold Oblivion, mid the ruins laid, in so sacred in hallowed associations. scenery, Folds his dark wing beneath the ivy shade. Heber. The gloomy silence and solitude of this devoted city, in entire harmony with the stern and awful TYRE. scenery around, are forcibly sketched by Lamar- tine. This renowned city, in the age of Solomon, had " noise arises from her No squares and streets, no been founded as long as our Eastern cities, Boston or roads lead to her gates from the east or from the New York, have been. It had become the great [A. M. 3046+450=3496.] [B. C. 1056-450=606.] 127 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 1£8

alike for described were connecl^od commercial city of antiquity, distinguished by Ezekiel, chap, xxvii., its all the nations of the from which its vast commerce, its various manufactures, skill with almost earth; wealth. Her mer- she wealth to her and men in the arts, and its immense gathered perfect beauty, and who to her armies and her navies. Under the chantmen were princes in wealth power, complete as of a noble the forth the had heaped up silver as the dust, and fine gold similitude ship, prophet sets the mire of the streets. The elder Hiram had as- care with which the builders perfected her beauty. sisted David to build his palace hy sending him Lebanon and Hermon (^Senir) were laid under con- of tributions for fir-trees and cedars. Bashan cedar-trees, carpenters, and masons. The temple ( Gilead) Solomon owed its curious workmanship and magnifi- and the coasts of Cyprus (the isles of Chittwi) fof materials. of fine cence to materials, artisans, and exhaustless wealth other Her sails were linen, from and her from the Grecian drawn from the same source. 1 Kings v., vi., vii. Egypt, purple awnings, The superintendent of the work was from Tyre, a islands, (jhe isles of EUsha.') This splendid sym- of genius who excelled in almost all the arts. 2 Chron. bolical ship state was provided with mariners ii. 1 vii. 13 from and Gebal. } Kings seq. Zidon, Arvad, About a century after Solomon, Carthage was Arvad is an island near the coast from 100 or 125 built by a colony from Tyre, a little less than 900 miles north of Tyre, and still containing two thou- years before Christ. Cyprus, Utica, and Cadiz were sand inhabitants. It was a place of great strength also colonized from the same source. Strabo, indeed, and greater antiquity, but its long story of three or represents her as having planted no less than 500 four thousand years is irrecoverably lost. cities along the shores of the Mediterranean and the "Who can tell the history of Arvad? In what coasts of the Atlantic. volume is it recorded ? Isaiah, twenty-five hundred

' The city itself was situated near the northern line years ago, asks, "Where is the king of Ilamath and of Galilee, 100 miles or more north-west from Jeru- the king of Arphad V And Jeremiah, a hundred ' salem, and thirty from the Sea of Galilee. It was years later, responds, Hamath is confounded, and built the on a for have heard evil are along coast, and small island a short Arphad, they tidings ; they distance from the shore. Such was the strength of faint-hearted, there is sorrow on the sea, it cannot " its position, and such its resources, that it sustained, be quiet.' B. a 720 c, siege of five years from the Assyrians, Gebal is the modem Jebeil, on the coast, perhaps " who abandoned the effort as hopeless. Near 200 twenty-five miles north of Beirut. The most re- years later, it sustained a siege against the Babylo- markable thing about Jebeil is the multitude of nians for thirteen years; and still later by 200 granite columns which are built into the walls and years, it maintained a defence against Alexander for castles, choke up the small harbour, and lie scat- seven months, who finally reduced the city by cast- tered over the fields. Beautiful sarcophagi are also a mound ing up against it, and running out a mole frequently dug out of the ruins." to connect it with the mainland. The armies of Tyre were filled with soldiers drawn of Much the original island is now, according to from the remotest countries—from Persia on the the prediction against it, "a place to spread nets east, and from Phut and Lud, distant provinces of The upon." western shore is a ledge of rugged Egypt, on the south. fifteen or rocks, twenty feet high, against which The Gammadims are not a people, but warriors, " the waves of the Mediterranean dash in ceaseless heroes, and renowned men upon her walls. surges." This shore is strewed, from one end to Her merchandise was with Tarshish in the far the with columns of other, red and gray granite of west, and Javan, Tubal, and Meshech, on the north- various the sizes, only remaining monuments of the east, provinces in the Caucasian mountains, between of ancient At the Bplendour Tyre. north-west point the Caspian and Black Seas. Javan in this place, of the or such island, forty fifty columns are thrown according to Havernick, is some province near Tubal in one beneath together heap, the waves. and Meshech, which, like them, was engaged with The downfall and permanent desolation of Tyre is Tyre in the slave-trade. one of the most remarkable of exemplifications the Togarmah, Armenia, traded in these things. fulfilment of which the annals of prophecy the world Dedan and the neighbouring isles also brought exhibit. in this Compare connection, Isa. xxiii. and thither their merchandise. There were two persons Ezek. xxvi.-xxviii. of this name, both of whom gave names to different in tribes. The first, descended from Abraham; COMMERCE AND MERCHANDISE OF TYRE. Northern Arabia near Idumea or Edom. Gen. xxv. The merchandise and the commerce of as 3 Isa. xxi. xlix. xxv. Tyre, ; 13 ; Jer. xxv. 23, 8; Ezek. M. [A. 3016-1-450=3496.] [B. C. lC56-450==606.] r:9 THE TERIOD OF THE MONARCHY. 130

13, xxvli. 2(1 This tribe is mentioned below, verse called the shoulder of Lebanon, on ground of a vary- 20. But Dedan, in the passage now under con- ing level. They cover about three acres. " sideration, traded in the productions of Southern The venerable patriarch trees, which have stood Arabia. Havernick and Knobel locate them near the blasts of thousands of winters, amount only to the Persian Gulf, and suppose the islands of that re- twelve, and these not standing close together in the gion to be the isles in question. Ezek. xxxviii. 13. same clump; but those of a secondary and still Minnith, Ezek. xxvii. 17, is a city of Ammon. younger growth, as nearly as can be reckoned, to Judg. xi. 33. Pannag is not a town, but some de- three hundred and twenty-five. A person can walk licacy, which was an article of trade. easily round the whole grove in twenty minutes. " Helbon, verse 18, has been identified with a val- The most curious instance of vegetable growth ley twenty or twenty- five miles northwest from which we noticed in it was that of two trees near its Damascus, north of the Barada, the ancient Abana, western side, stretching out their horizontal branches. and parallel with it. The "wine of Helbon" is and, after embracing, actually uniting and sending still celebrated. up a common stem. We measured all the larger

Arabia and Kedar, verse 21, are wandering Bed- trees, one of which, at least, we found to be forty awins, who rove in caravans over these regions, en- feet in circumference. in trade of desert. " gaged the carrying the The wood is remarkably compact and solid, and and verse are of a fine and Sheba— Raamah, 22, Southern Ara- grain, capable of being cut and carved bia Arabia Felix, east of the southern part of the into ornamental pieces, and highly and delightfully lied Sea. scented."

Haran, Canneh, and Eden, verse 23, are in Meso- These trees diminish in every succeeding age. 2 xix. 12. The Travellers counted or more potamia. Comp. Kings second, pro- formerly thirty forty ; on the Seleu- seventeen more still a dozen. bably Ctesiphon, Euphrates, opposite recently ; recently only cia. Eden, Havernick supposes, may have been the There are now but seven of the parent stock, which capital of the province of Telassar, lying between may have stood fast since the ages of Scripture the Tigris and Euphrates, just above their junction. history.

Isa. xxxvii. 12. These cities, according to this com- COMMISSARIES OF SOLOMON. mentator, were the merchants of Sheba, that rich remote and province of Arabia. But the mercantile These are not mentioned in geographical order, but relations of Tyre were even more extensive, for in the order perhaps in which they furnished supplies and that all for his — Chilmad Asshur, is, Assyria, is en- household. The rotation of these was gaged in trade with her. 1st. From Mount Ephraim. 1 Kings iv. 8. 2. Verse 9. From the tribe of Dan on the western of the and the CEDARS OP LEBANON. slope mountains, plain along the borders of the Philistines as far as Gaza, in the " Lebanon, that goodly mountain," and the cedars vicinity of which Dr. Robinson locates Bethhanan. thereof, the pride of its forests, are so often mentioned Elon is a distant town near Timnath and Ekron. in the history of Solomon as to deserve a passing Josh. xix. 43. Shaalbim was near Ajalon, Josh, notice. from Dr. Wilson a of xix. 42 i. in Dan. is unknown. We give description ; Judg. 35, Makas these cedars, and a sketch of the scenery from one 3d. Verse 10. Socho, twelve miles south from of the highest summits above them. Their position Hebron and Hepher, Josh. xvii. 17, in the uttermost is in the parallel of latitude 34° 15', thirty miles cities of the children of Judah toward the coast of above Beirut, Edom southward, Josh. xv. 14, represents the south- " As first seen by us, from Jebel-Makmel, they ap- east part of Judah. peared merely as a speck of green beyond the snowy 4th. Verse 11. Dor, on the coast above Joppa, wreaths which intervened between us and them. ten miles above Caesai-ea, and fifteen below Mount "The perpendicular fall of the mountain to them Carmel, represents the plain of Sharon. is twenty-four hundred feet, for they are six thou- 5th. Verse 12. The entire plain of Esdraelon, sand feet above the level of the sea the is referred to the fertile banks of the ; but road Abel-Meholah, winds so cautiously down the sides of the mountain Jordan, near Bethshean. Zartanah was in the same that loaded horses and mules can to them with- 1 vii. 46 2 Chron. iv. 17. get region. Kings ; Jokneam, out much difficulty. We made all possible haste to Thenius supposes to have been situated south-west them; and we remained a couple of hours beneath from Abel-Meholah, in the mountains over against their hallowed shelter. They stand on what may be the mouth of the river Jabbok. [A. M. 3046+460=^3496.] [B. C. 1056—460=606.] 131 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 13:

and Gtli. Yerse 13. Ramotli-Gilead and Argob both perily. The luxury, effeminacy, idolatry which direct us to tlie river Jabbok, beyond Jordan, on the tarnished the splendour of his reign, are themselves the most that can be parallel of Shechem. expressive commentary givew 7th. Verse 14. Mahanaim represents the dis- upon his own melancholy reflections in the review " trict immediately north of Argob. of his voluptuous life. I looked upon all the 8th. Verse 15. Directs us to the country around works that my hands had wrought, and on the la- the Waters of Merom. bour that I had laboured to do; and, behold, all

9th. Verse 16. Asher represents the northern was vanity and vexation of spirit, and there was no under the sun !" ended his part of Galilee. profit He splendid 10th. Verse 17. Issachar represents the coun- career B. c.,978, in an inglorious old age, and died and little his try west of the Jordan, about Bethshean, oppo- but lamented by subjects, having by exces- site the river Jabbok. sive exactions exhausted the resources and energies 11th. Verse 18. Benjamin, already known to us. of the nation. 12th. Verse 19. The country east and south- east of the Sea of Galilee. KINGS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL, 978-721 B. C.

Upon the death of Solomon, Rehoboam, the only TADMOR, PALMYRA. son of this king of whom we have any knowledge, In addition to his military defences in Palestine, inherited, at the age of forty-one, that portion of his Solomon built this remarkable city in the desert be- father's kingdom, the tribes of Judah and Benjamin, tween the Euphrates and Damascus. 1 Kings ix. 18. which had from the beginning adhered to the house The object of this erection was to protect and control of David and to the religion of their fathers. The the immense caravan trade of the East across the indiscretion of this weak and wicked prince drove the desert. The ruins of this city cover an area of ten remaining tribes into open revolt under Jeroboam, miles in circumference, and consist of vast heaps of 1 Kings xii. 1-20, an ambitious and idolatrous usurp-

indiscriminate rubbish, long ranges of colonnades, er, whose treasonable intentions before the death of

and thousands of prostrate pillars, with foundations Solomon had been clearly manifested, and who had of edifices and temples, which indicate a magnificence been prophetically announced as the future king of rivalling the grandeur of the most renowned cities of these tribes, in token of the divine displeasure because Greece and Rome. Most of these ruins belong in- of the idolatries of Solomon. 1 Kings xi. 26-40. deed to an age subsequent to that of Solomon. But The territory of the two tribes under Rehoboam how vast must have been the flow of wealth and comprised about one-fourth of the kingdom of Solo- trade from east to west, that could have reared and mon. But the tribe of Levi, refusing to participate sustained for centuries such a city in the solitude of in the idolatry of Israel which Jeroboam introduced

desert ! a far from any other human habitation from Israel, went over to the kingdom of Judah. This was also the most populous part of the country; so that the two were more EZION GEBER AND ELATH. kingdoms numericalJy equally divided. The establishment of these maritime cities at the Jeroboam made Shechem the metropolis of his head of the Akabah to control the commerce of the and more to alienate his empire ; effectually people and the East, new diversion thus given to the trade from Jerusalem, and the religious solemnities of this and commerce of the instituted nation, was another of the city, where their fathers worshipped, he national great enterprises which characterized the the worship of the golden calves at Bethel and at of Solomon. reign The site of these cities can Dan, in the two extremities of his kingdom. 1 Kings hardly be identified, but they must have been near xii. 26-33. at the head together, of the eastern gulf of the Red Both kingdoms were more or less addicted to Sea. The distant of his voyages merchantmen from idolatry, and in consequence were finally given over these to and unknown cities of the ports Ophir East, to captivity and destruction from a foreign foe; but and immense of and other importations gold precious Israel was particularly distinguished for their rebel- so enriched the that silver things empire became in lion against Jehovah. Their subsequent history re- Jerusalem as and Solomon stones, King exceeded all presents a contest between Jehovah, who ought to the of the earth for riches and for kings wisdom. be ackowledged as their common Lord, and these But even with all his Solomon, wisdom, still had two rebellious kingdoms. Israel was more wedded neither wisdom nor sufficient for such grace pros- to her idols, and after all mild punishments proved M. [A. 3046+450=3496.] [B. C. 1056—450=606.] 133 THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY. 184

has been to fruitless, was, at the end of 257 years, delivered over ing Christian settlement recently made, as liad test the of the soil and introduce the to captivity and to utter extermination, been capabilities predicted by Moses and by later prophets. Deut. arts of agriculture. xxviii. 36 1 xiv. 15 Hos. ix. Amos v. Bethzur and the scene of the rencontre ; Kings ; ; Shocho, We shall find Providence favourable or adverse between David and Goliath, have already been no- to the kingdom of Judah, also, according as the peo- ticed. Adullam is supposed to have been near Sho- ple obeyed or transgressed the law; only here the cho. It is to be carefully distinguished from the remained in accordance with cave of the same name. Gen. xxxviii. 1 Josh. royal family unchanged, Comp. ; the to David. shall here XV. xii. 15 Neh. xi. 30. promise given We meet, 35, ; indeed, with many idolatrous and rebellious kings, Gath, the Philistine city, and Ziph, below He- but they are always succeeded by those of better bron, the resort of David in his exile, have come views, who put a stop to idolatry, re-established into frequent notice in his history. Mareshah is theocracy in the hearts of their subjects, and by the located by conjecture a short distance south of Eleu- is still an aid of prophets, priests, and Levites, and of the ser- thoropolis. Adoraim important village, five from vices of the temple, restored the knowledge and four or ^iles south-west Hebron, bearing worship of Grod. Judah, therefore, though much the name of Dura. is to smaller than Israel, continued her national existence Lachish supposed have been seven miles from and the distance one hundred and thirty-four years longer; but at Eleuthoropolis, about same west from Adoraim. hundred and last, as no durable reformation was produced, she Two fifty years experienced the same fate as her sister kingdom, in afterward it was besieged by Rabshakeh. of is determined its fulfilment of the predictions of Moses and several The position Azekah by in the of the other prophets. Deut. xxviii. 36. proximity to Shocho, history combat of David with Goliath. 1 Sam. xvii. 1.

Zorah is known to us as the birthplace of Samson, TIRZAH. the of the west of Jerusalem and on borders plain ; the Tirzah, the residence of Jeroboam and of his suc- Ajalon is that valley in which "sun and moon in their Josh. x. 12. Zorah cessors for several years, is recognised by Dr. Robin- were stayed course." a hill the of Beth- son in an Arab village north of Mount Ebal, at a lies upon high overlooking plain At the base of the hill is a noble foun- short distance, surrounded by immense olive gi'oves. shemesh. the inhabitants obtain their It was proverbial for the beauty of its situation, tain, from which sup- Dr. as he it in his Sol. Song vi. 4, before it became a royal residence. ply of water. Robinson, passed Jeroboam was from Zared or Zaretan, below Beth- second journey, observed twelve women toiling up to their as 3000 shean, where Solomon had a brass foundry. 1 Kings the village with jars of water on heads, before the mother of Samson have done. vii. 46. Up to this city the waters of the Jordan years may set back when they stood and rose up as a heap for The invasion of Shishak, king of Egypt, occurred the passage of the Israelites. Josh. iii. 16. in the fifth year of the reign of Rehoboam, when were of The reign of Jeroboam continued two-and-twenty the temple and his own palace despoiled which he built the of their treasures. 1 xiv. 25 2 Chron. xii. years ; during unknown city Kings ; Penuel. Twice he received a solemn denunciation These military defences, however, soon proved of ad- from the Lord for his crimes, accompanied by the little avail against Shishak, king of Egypt, who in fifth sentence of the utter extermination of his family. vanced by them all the year of Rehoboam's took the of Jerusa- He died at the age of sixty-three years, B. c. 957, reign, B. C. 973, and even city xii. 1-13. after having acquired an infamous notoriety in all lem without a battle. 2 Chron. time, as Jeroboam the son of Nebat, who made Abijah became the successor of Rehoboam, 960 B. C. 2 Chron. xiii. where he addressed Israel to sin. 1 Kings xii., xiii., xiv. Zemaraim, 4, and his army before his victory over Jeroboam, Je- shanah, the scene of his miraculous victories, are rehoboam's defenced cities. xiii. 19. wholly lost in the oblivion of ages. 2 Chron. of from 958 to Forbidden to fight against Israel, Rehoboam took Asa, king Judah, forty-one years encountered an care to fortify various towns about Judah against 917 B. C, successfully invading army invasion. 2 Chron. xi. 5-13. Etam, mentioned in of Ethiopians at Mareshah, one of the fortified cities them to connection with Bethlehem and Tekoah, is supposed of Rehoboam, near Gath, and pursued Gerar, borders of the 2 Chron. xiv. 9-15 but to be Urtas, near the Pools of Solomon, some two on the desert, ; miles south-west from Bethlehem, where a flourish- whether these had come from Sheba, in Southern [A. M. 3046+450=3496.] [B. C. 1056—450=606.] 135 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 136

Arabia, or were now the masters of Egypt, does not Ebal and Gerizim. After turning a little to the at appear. north-west, this valley, the distance of three or To divert Baaslia, the successor of Jeroboam, four miles, spreads out into a broad circular basin, B. C. 956, from warlike measures against him at five or six miles in diameter, and bounded on every Ramah, he instigated the Syrians from Damascus to side by mountains. From the plain of this beautiful invade Israel, who took Dan, now the seat of the amphitheatre of mountains, near the western side, of Israel thence extended their con- rises a hill almost idolatry ; they very high by perpendicular sides, quest down to Cinneroth or Gennesareth, a city long on which stood Samaria, commanding a position of

lost, situated apparently on a small fertile plain of the impregnable strength and of surpassing loveliness. distance from same name on the west side of the Sea of Gralilee, The Shechem and Jacob's Well may midway between the two extremes. From this city be six or seven miles. and plain the lake itself took the name of Gen- Not a vestige of ancient Samaria now remains. nesaret. But it was rebuilt and adorned with regal munifi- cence by Herod. Of these structures many inte- IJON AND ABEL-BETHMAACHAH. resting ruins now remain. Here Philip preached the Ijon, now Merj-Agun, meadow of fountains, is gospel; and, in connection with Peter and John, described by Mr. Thompson as "a small but ele- gathered a church. Acts viii. 5-25. vated and very beautiful plain, sub-circular or oval, and so well watered as to appear quite green, even ELIJAH THE TISHBITE, B. C. 915-896. in September." It is situated six miles above Dan, and west of the road leading up to Balbec, between This extraordinary prophet is abruptly introduced the two ranges of Lebanon. Ijon was taken by to our notice in the reign of Ahab, the wicked king of Tiglath-Pileser about 200 years later* 1 Kings xvi. Israel. 1 Kings xvii. In the midst of a most corrupt 29. Abel-Bethmaacha, or Abel Maim, is also iden- generation, he appears suddenly, of stern and awful tified under the name of Abil, in the immediate sanctity, like a messenger from heaven to rebuke the vicinity. They are so situated that their history is sins of the court and the nation, as if let down from the essentially same. This town has fallen under that fiery chariot by which, when his mission was our notice in connection with the rebellion of Absa- ended, he was conveyed up to heaven without tasting lom. Here Sheba posted himself after the return death. He is styled indeed the Tishlite, but whether of David, and was slain. a native of Gilead or Galilee is quite uncertain. He announces to Ahab a drought of three years without rain or and withdraws and hides THE CITY OP SAMARIA. dew, immediately himself by the brook Cherith, the Wady Kelt, above the During reign of Asa, from 958 to 917 B. C, Jericho, where he is miraculously fed, apparently several until wicked kings ruled over Israel, memorable for a year or more, the brook dries up. Then chiefly for their sins. 1 Kings xvi. 6-29. Omri, he retires to Zarephath, the Sarepta of the New Testa- the however, last of these kings, built the renowned ment, Luke iv. 26, on the coast of Tyre and Zidon, of 926 B. and where he is sustained the dis- city Samaria, c, made it, instead of miraculously through Tirzah, the capital of the kingdom of Israel. tressing famine that still continues. This now is city becomes distinguished in the history Sarepta on the coast, seven miles below Zidon of the of kings Israel, and of the prophets Elijah and thirteen above Tyre. Some ruins by the beach, and connected with the Elisha, various famines of and higher up on the slope of a hill, a mile distant, the the land, unexpected plenty of Samaria, and the indicate the site of this ancient toAyn. several deliverances of the city from the Syrians. It continued for two hundred years the seat of ELIJAH ON MOUNT B. C. 906, and the of CARMEL, idolatry subject prophetic denunciations, until the of the ten carrying away tribes into cap- Next in order are the exciting scenes of Elijah with Shalmaneser. Five hundred tivity by years after- Ahab and the prophets of Baal on Mount Carmel. 1 ward it was taken John and razed by Hyrcanus, to Kings xviii. 1-21. This is a noble bluff, which juts the to the words of the ground, according prophet. boldly out into the sea forty miles below Tyre, and Mic. i. 6. 5, about half of that distance west of Nazareth, from the Where then was Samaria ? The access to it is hills of which it is distinctly seen. It forms the most the verdant through Shechem, along valley which conspicuous headland upon all this coast of the Medi- breaks the mountains between through westward, terranean. From an elevation of 1500 feet in height M. [A. 3046+400=8496.] [B. 0.1056—450=606.] 1S7 THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY. 13S

in fol- it breaks almost perpendicularly down to the water's 1-21, is not specified. The second, the year its near edge, leaving only a narrow pathway around base lowing, was at Aphek, in the plain of Jezreel, to the coast below. The chain to which it belongs Gilboa, where the Philistines, 154 years before, had runs off in a south-east direction across the country, encamped against Saul and Jonathan. Here now forming the southern limit of the plain of Esdraelon the children of Israel pitched against Benhadad " and the boundary between Samaria and Galilee. like two little flocks of kids, but the Syrians filled Lifting high its head, covered with the richest ver- the country," who, to the number of 127,000, seven dure, it greets the distant mariner with a cheerful days afterward, filled the country with their dead welcome to the Holy Land, which it guards and bodies. 1 Kings xx. 21-43. adorns so well. Radiant with beauty wherever seen, " the excellency of Carmel" is still to every traveller NABOTH AT JEZREEL, B. C. 897. as much his admiration and his praise as of old it was to the inspired bard. Jezreel, where Ahab had a summer palace, the The Kishon, where the prophets of Baal were scene of the tragical death of Naboth, 1 Kings xxi. slain, is a fordable stream, fifty or sixty feet wide. 1-17, was situated on the heights which form the It drains the waters of Esdraelon, and empties into western extremity of the mountains of Gilboa, twenty the sea at the northern slope of Carmel. miles north by west from Samaria. It is represented of the The scene solitai-y prophet of the Lord to be a magnificent site for a city, commanding a standing around the altar for a burnt-offering on this wide and noble view of the mountains of Samaria on mountain, and challenging all the prophets of Baal, the south of Carmel, and the great plain of Esdraelon -six in eight hundred and fifty number, to decide who on the west, and the mountains of Galilee on the is God by calling down fire from heaven to consume north, while to the east are seen Bashan and Gilead, the victim the frantic and vain cries of the false Jordan. ; pro- beyond the brief of the of the disastrous alliance of with phets ; prayer prophet Lord, The Jehoshaphat Ahab, and the immediate and impressive answer; the ex- the prophetic denunciation against the Syrians, their termination of the of Baal the of at and the death of prophets ; prayer defeat Ramoth-Gilead, Ahab, for the relief of the Elijah dreadful drought and fa- are fully detailed in the Sacred History. With mine, and the immediate answer of abundance of Ramoth-Gilead we have become acquainted, page 63. rain; all conspire to form a spectacle of sublimity Fourteen years after this, Joram, like his father seldom equalled in the stern and awful manifesta- Ahab, was wounded in an attempt to recover this 1 tions of Divine Power. Kings xviii. 21-46. place. 2 Kings viii. 28. And here Jehu was proclaimed and anointed king, from whence he went to Jezreel and executed the decree of FLIGHT OP THE PROPHET exterminating heaven against the house of Ahab. 1 Kings xxii. Elijah, this man of God who, when sought out by 17-25; 2 Kings ix. 13. Thus in the retributive Ahab and devoted to death, stood fearlessly before justice of God, the dogs, according to the denuncia- the enraged monarch, and slew his prophets, now flies tion of the prophet, licked the blood of Ahab, in at the threat of Jezebel the queen down the whole punishment for the dogs having licked the blood of length of the country, 100 miles or more, to the Naboth, not in the spot where tliey licked up the hlood desert of Beersheba. Here, after recruiting his of Naboth, as it is expressed in 1 Kings xxi. 19.

wasted energies, he continues his flight 150 miles This was at Jezreel, but the blood of Ahab was farther across the great and terrible wilderness, quite washed out and licked up at the pool of Samaria, to Sinai and Horeb. Here the Lord rebukes and 1 Kings xxii. 38, twenty miles distant. The inter- reassures the desponding prophet, and sends him on view with Elijah at Carmel was in the ninth year of or miles the on a long journey, 350 400 to Damascus, be- Ahab's reign. The denunciation of prophet yond Palestine, to anoint Hazael king over that the death of Ahab was nine years later. his he finds flourished country. On way Elisha at Abel- During the reign of Ahab, Homer Mcholah, in the valley of the Jordan, eight or ten among the Greeks. miles below Scythopolis or Bethshean, and anoints him to be a prophet of the Lord. 1 Kings xix. 16, 19. jehoshaphat's deliverance, b. c. 897.

The kingdom of Jehoshaphat was invaded by a INVASION OP BENHADAD, B. C. 902. formidable army of the tribes east of the Dead Sea. The of Benhadad's first 1 xx. 1 xxii. 41-49 2 Chron. xx. The cliff of Ziz place defeat, Kings Kings ; IJ [A.M. 3046+450=3496.] [B.C. 1056—450=606.] 139 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 140

a to the iv. is understood to be the difficult and perilous pass of 6. He promised son Shunammite. 16. healed the of Naaman. v. 1-15. Engedi. The ascent of some 1500 feet is made by 7. He leprosy of 8. He transferred the to his servant Ge- zigzags along projecting shelves rocks, smooth leprosy at the hazi. V. 27. and slippery as glass, often steepest angle it 9. He made an iron axe-head to swim. vi. 6. practicable for horses. Seen from below, seems 10. He disclosed the secret counsels of utterly impassable. And yet ancient armies have Benhadad, and these cliffs and the to the of Israel, often passed repassed frightful ; Syrian king, Jehoram, king loaded camels frequently pass them in safety. vi. 8-12. The miraculous deliverance of the pious king from 11. He smote the Syrian army with blindness these invaders, by their mutual slaughter, occurred vi. 18. in the wilderness of Tekoa, here called Israel. 12. He promised abundant provisions during the The valley of Berachah, (benediction,^ through siege of Samaria, vii. 1, 2. 13. at which the army returned with joy, and offering He healed the pottage Grilgal. iv. 41. blessings to the Lord, is a beautiful valley leading 14. He fed one hundred men with twenty loaves, up westward from Tekoa. It lies west of the Frank iv. 42. Mountain, and south of Bethlehem and Etham. On 15. He restored the Shunammite's son. iv. 18-37. the east side of this valley are extensive ruins, cover- 16. He foretold a seven years' famine, viii. 1. ing three or four acres, consisting of several cisterns 17. He foretold the death of Benhadad, viii. 10; and some large substructures. and Jehoshaphat concluded his virtuous reign of twen- 18. The accession of Hazael. viii. 13. ty-five years, 893 b. C. The translation of Elijah 19. He sent to anoint Jehu king. ix. 1-3. occurred three or four years previous to the death of 20. On his deathbed he promised to Joash three Jehoshaphat, B. c. 897. victories over the Syrians, xiii. 19. The kingdom of Judah had now continued eighty- After Elisha's burial a corpse was hastily thrown five years, during which time it had made rapid ad- into his sepulchre, and immediately life was re- vances. From this period it continually degene- stored, xiii. 21. rated, and finally lost all its power. This disastrous Elisha filled the office of prophet in Israel for degeneracy began with the marriage of Jehoram, son fifty-eight years. of Jehoshaphat, with Athaliah, the ^^^g^^er of In his frequent travels from Gilgal to Carmel he Ahab and Jezebel. is hospitably entertained by the wife of the rich Shunammite, to whom he gives promise, B. c. 895, of a son, whom he afterward raises from the dead. ELISHA THE PROPHET, B. C. 896-838. b. vi. 2 Kings iv., c. 891. Shunem (in Cant. 13, Shu- The mantle of Elijah has already fallen upon lam) was built upon the western extremity of Her- Elisha, whose life is filled up with incidents as ex- mon, near four miles north of Jezreel, and, like this almost as that in- traordinary of his predecessor, and city, commanded a noble view of Carmel and the more crowded with the displays of his miraculous tervening plain of Esdraelon, and overlooked the a brief power, summary of which is here subjoined. deep broad valley of Jezreel, between Hermon and Elisha, son of Shaphat of Abel-Meholah, was called Gilboa. Here the Philistines were encamped before to hold the office of prophet during the reign of Je- the battle with Saul and Jonathan. 1 Sam.xxvii.4. B. c. 896. horam, Elijah was taken up to heaven This was also the native place of the fair Abishag, in a chariot of fire the same year, and Elisha was the last of the wives of David. 1 Kings i. 3. now the of Israel. 2 ii. 11. prophet Kings Elisha Ibleam and Gur, mentioned in the flight of Aha-

miracles : wrought many ziah from Jezreel to Megiddo, are lost irrecoverably. 1. He smote the Jordan with Elijah's mantle and Megiddo is five or six miles west of Jezreel. These divided the waters. 2 Kings ii. 14. towns seem to have been intervening stations. 2. He healed the waters of Jericho by throwing salt into them. 2 Kings ii. 21. DAMASCUS. 3. He caused to bears destroy the mocking children at Bethel. 2 ii. 24. Kings In the histories of Elisha, Hazael, and Naaman, 4. He the armies of supplied Judah, Israel, and the mention of this city occurs so frequently that Edom with when with water, perishing thirst. 2 this seems the appropriate place to notice the an- iii. 8-20. Kings cient and renowned city of Damascus, which from 5. He the widow's oil. multiplied iv. 1-7. the time of Abraham to the conversion of Paul by M. [A. 30464-450—3496.] [B. C. 1056—450=606.] 141 THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY. 142 reason of the vibion of God that fell upon him just ing and tearing on, till at last reaching the pretty its Acts ix. 6 xxii. falls under fre- oasis of it like a diamond necklace without gates, ; 10, Damascus, hangs quent notice in the historical incidents of the Scrip- around the queenly city." tures. Lying out upon the desert, east of the moun- The Pharpar rises from the slope of Lebanon tains of Lebanon, in the great line of trade and of south-west by south from Damascus. One of its travel between the Euphrates and the Mediterranean, sources is a singular syphon fountain, which at cer- an intermediate station between the east and the tain periods of the year throws ©ut great quantities west, caravans innumerable have continued for 4000 of water of a blood-red colour, together with great of fish. after years to unlade at her gates, as they do yet, the quantities This river, flowing past the wealth of the East; and armies without number southern portion of the city, is lost like the other in have encamped without on her plains, or swept in the desert. It is described as a fine rapid stream, fury over her, pursuing and pursued, in the flush one of those rivers which "have ever been the pride of conquest or frenzy of defeat. The armies of of Damascus." Nineveh and Babylon, of Egypt and of Israel, of The chronological table gives the dates of the Greece and Rome, who in long succession marshalled parallel reigns of the kings of Judah and Israel, by turns their hosts at Damascus, have passed away with a reference to the leading incidents of their with the empires to which they belonged. But this history, which is given in detail in the second books venerable city still stands out upon the desert like of Kings and Chronicles. Without attempting to a of the an ancient pillar, lone and lofty, amid the waste construct history two kingdoms, we must of ages. limit ourselves to a brief notice of such localities and as in the of The city, surrounded by a vast sand-plain, lying countries occur progress the history, at an elevation of 2237 feet above the level of the sea, which have been already mentioned. is the centre of a charming oasis formed by those ancient rivers of Abana and Damascus, Pharpar, VALLEY OF SALT and their kindred streams, which flow off from Leba- non and lose themselves in the eastern desert. The Amaziah, 825 B. c, gains a victory over Edom in herself is embowered and in a sea of the the of Salt. 2 xiv. 7 2 Chron. xxv. 11. city merged Valley Kings ; richest verdure, a terrestrial paradise, like an island One extraordinary valley of salt in the north of of the blest in the desert ocean, the admiration Syria has been already mentioned. This we find in of every beholder. It is said of Mohammed, that the site of the cities of the plain, at the southern ex- " when he beheld it he exclaimed, Man can have tremity of the Dead Sea. At the south-western is but one paradise : I will not enter this below, lest I angle of this sea an immense mountain of crys- should have none above." tallized rock salt, often presenting precipices forty or feet several feet in The city has still a long street called Straight, as in fifty high, and hundred length, the days of Saul, Acts ix. 11, and the rivers of Damas- of pure crystallized fossil salt. The mountain ex- the or six miles. cus, Abana and Pharpar, are still celebrated as in tends into interior five the days of Naaman the Syrian. 2 Kings v. 12. Lieut. Lynch found here a pillar of salt standing Abana springs from the side of Anti-Lebanon, a few out in advance of the mountain, and near the water's a or miles north-west of the city, and rushes down a edge, resting on rounded pedestal forty sixty thousand feet to the plains below, where, after water- feet above the level of the sea, itself also forty feet ing the city, it is soon lost in the lakes of the desert in height. Possibly this may have given rise to the beyond. A modern traveller describes in the fol- traditionary legend which relates that the pillar of lowing terms the beautiful little lake on Mount Her- salt into which Lot's wife was changed continues to constitutes the source of the " have mon, which Abana, as this day. Josephus says of it, I seen it, and " a large and oval basin, deeply depressed, with its it remains to this day." Antiq. i. c. 12. Clement banks lined with sedgy weeds and droves of moun- of Rome, of the same age, also aflSrms that it contain goats, and its clear crystal surface covered with tinued at that time, a memorial of the divine dis-

and ii. paddling ducks screeching waterfowl. I stood pleasure. Epist. ad. Cor. c. long upon its banks, gazing into its clear deep bosom, before I was aware it was the source of the Abana— SELAH, JOKTHEEL, OR PETRA. Naaman's beautiful stream. And beautiful indeed

it to other than also took this re- is, eyes Naaman's, as meandering In the same expedition, Amaziah that vast for the through plain miles, and then losing markable city, 2 Kings xiv. 7, most extraordinary itself through a fearful mountain gorge, it goes rush- and mysterious of which we have any knowledge. [A. M. 3046+450=3496.] [B.C. 10.56—450=606.] 113 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OP BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 144

It is in tiie mountains of Edom, at the base of stairs cut cut of the rook, and running obliquely up face of it. Mount Hor, on the east side, in a vast, deep, and the perpendicular in and half a of these are adorned in front gloomy pit in the earth, a mile length Many apartments ornamental and mile in width, with perpedicular walls of rock from with curious work, facades, columns, all and still 400 to 600 or 700 feet in height on every side. On statues hewn out of the rock, adhering as a of it. Both nature and art combine the east of the city, a narrow cleft in the walls opens part U lend a like a scene of out a passage by a gradual ascent to the summit of strange charm, enchantment, to these wonderful ruins. the heights above, sometimes not more than ten or twelve feet in width, between the rough and frown- "Nothing contributes so much to the almost ma- effect of some of these as the rich ing walls on each side, which seem ready to collapse gical monuments and crush the traveller, or imbed him in their bosom. and various colours of the rock out of which, or, in formed. This frightful pass is the principal line of communi- more properly, which they are " of them are adorned with such a cation with the city. On the north and the south, Many profu- the breastwork of rocks opens a single pass through sion of the most lovely and brilliant colours as, I it is to describe. which a camel can with great difficulty find his way believe, quite impossible Red,

into the city. purple, yellow, azure or sky-blue, black, and white, One small stream runs down the eastern pass, by are seen in the same mass distinctly in successive which the city was supplied with water. Grooves layers, or blended so as to form every shade and are everywhere cut around the sides of the walls, to hue of which they are capable—as brilliant and as collect every drop of the precious treasure which soft as they ever appear in flowers or in the plumage trickles down their sides, and to convey it off to cis- of birds, or in the sky when illuminated by the most terns and reservoirs for the use of the inhabitants. glorious sunset. The red perpetually shades into jMany of these reservoirs, cut in the solid rock, still pale, or deep rose or flesh-colour. The purple is remain in a good state of preservation. sometimes very dark, and again approaches the hue The area at the bottom, in whole or in part, was of the lilac or violet. " occupied with the buildings and streets and public The white, which is often as pure as snow, is promenades of this ancient metropolis, of which only occasionally just dashed with blue or red. The one solitary palace remains. It is square, and about blue is usually the pale azure of the clear sky or of thirty-five paces along each side. the ocean, but sometimes has the deep and peculiar The front toward the north was ornamented with shade of the clouds in summer when agitated by a a row of columns, four of which are standing. An tempest." open piazza, back of the colonnade, extends the whole The opening on the east is adorned by two splendid of the length building. A noble arch, thirty-five or fayades; farther up, in one of its gloomy recesses feet leads to one forty high, of the apartments. among the tombs, is a vast theatre, capable of seat- The is called the "Pharaoh's five thousand and farther still is the building by Arabs, ing spectators ; house." most attractive of these ruins, the treasury of Pha- the But most wonderful remains of this ancient raoh. It is an immense temple cut out of the facing are the excavations in the city perpendicular facings of the rock, with a front highly ornamented, exhibit- of the rocks which enclose it. The city seems ac- ing an exquisite piece of architecture. The pinnacle to have been carried tually on all sides for several of the temple, at the height of a hundred feet, is hundred feet up these perpendicular walls of solid surmounted by a beautiful urn. out of which rock, innumerable apartments, of every On the mountain west of the town there is also a conceivable form and have been chiselled for vast the front of it is in size, temple ; forty-eight paces the service of men. length, and adorned with eight immense colum^us. It is conceded that generally these excavations The temple stands upon one of the highest, wildest were not for the but merely depositories dead, were crags of the mountain, the sides of which have been used also for private dwellings, for theatres and hewn down and carried away. So that the temple out of temples. stands a single piece of carved work, chiselled not the front They occupy only but the sides of the mountain—a stupendous work of an unknown various ravines and which are recesses, sunk into people, at an age equally unknown. the face of the enclosure in direction. every In a This mysterious and devoted city and country was direct line these excavations would extend five or six frequently the subject of prophetic denunciations, and are sometimes carried to the miles, up summit which are strikingly fulfilled in the gloomy desola- cf tbe rocks. The ascent to them was of tions xlix. xxxv. by flights of Petra. Isa. xxxiv. ; Jer. ; Ezek. M. [A. 3046+450=3496.] [B. C. 1056-450=^606.] 145 THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY. 14G

the river was and the It was a city of great strength and of vast trade, Carchemish, perhaps Calno, several centuries before the Christian era. It was pride and boast of Assyrian conquest. Isa. x. 9. in the third This river has two which unite flourishing, and the seat of a bishopric, principal branches,

about miles above : one is the Ha- century. But all knowledge of it had for centuries fifty Carchemish last the other bears still the name of Al Halih and been totally lost until within the forty years ; bor, it and de- Halah and the on its banks is called since which time has been fully explored ; country by " scribed by many travellers. Ptolemy Gauzanitis. When, therefore, in the it is that Soon after his victory over Edom, and the capture very places where most probable the Is- of Selah, Amaziah challenged Jehoash, king of Is- raelites were deposited, we find every name recorded rael, to battle, in consequence of the murders and in Scripture so little changed in the lapse of centu- dis- robberies committed by the troops whom he had ries, it is reasonable to believe that we have ascer- missed; and was himself overcome and taken pri- tained the locality in which the captives from Sa- soner at Bethshemesh. maria were placed." Amaziah was restored to his throne, but Jerusa- lem at the same time, taken; its walls were was, FOREIGN COLONISTS IN SAMARIA. broken down in part, and the treasures of the temple, and of the king's house, carried away to Sama- Cutha, one of the provinces from which colonists ria. 2 Kings xiv. 8-14. Several years after this he were sent to settle in Samaria, has been discovered was assassinated at Lachish. by Major Rawlinson, as he believes, in latitude 32° 41', longitude 44° 42', some 150 or 200 miles below Carchemish and Calno. AZARIAH, KING OF JUDAH. B. C. 809. Arpad, 2 Kings xviii. 34, must have been an im- Under Azariah, called also Uzziah, Judah had a portant city of Syria, the capital of an unknown pro- season of prosperity, during his long reign of half a vince near Hamath. Dr. Robinson makes it identi- century. 2 Chron. xxvi. 7. cal with Arvad on the coast, to which Winer objects. Nothing is known of Gur-Baal and the Mehunims, Sepharvaim is located below Babylon, near the over whom Uzziah, B. C. about 800; gained a victory. junction of the Tigris and Euphrates. Irah, yet Jabneh, now Yebna, was in the northern part of unknown, is to be sought for in this region of Meso- of between it 2 xviii. xix. 13 Isa. xxxvii. 13. Philistia, nearly west Ekron, midway potamia. Kings 34, ; and the sea. Henah appears to have been a city of Mesopota- xvi. 9. is or 2 Kings Kir, where Tiglath-Pileser colo- mia, but no more known of it, or of Ivah Avah. nized the inhabitants of Damascus, 738 B. c, was on 2 Kings xviii. 34, xix. 13, xvii. 24; Isa. xxxvii. 13. the river Kir, which enters into the Caspian Sea, in Calnah, the same as Calne and Calno, is located the north-eastern division of his kingdom, the most by some writers on the Euphrates, 300 miles above remote from Damascus, and yet the native country Babel, at the junction of the river Chaboras, and on " of the Syrians. Amos ix. 7. Jahn remarks that a the soixth bank of this river, opposite the more

people of foreign aspect, called Usbecks, dwell there modern city of Charchemish on the north bank. at this time, who may be the descendants of these But other authorities in great numbers find Cal- captives." nah to be identical with the Ctesiphon of profane history, on the banks of the Tigris, twenty miles below and more than 200 below CAPTURE OF SAMARIA AND END OF THE KINGDOM Bagdad, Nineveh, sixty north from Babel. OP ISRAEL. B. C. 721. A few miles west of the sources of Habor, and Shalmaneser, king of Assyria, 721 B. c, and 257 north-east from its junction with the Euphrates,

years after the revolt of the ten tribes, took Samaria, stands the ruined but well-known town of Haran or after a of three and 2 the of ancient siege years, destroyed it, Kings Hara, Charnae geographers, possibly xvii., and the kingdom of Israel. The captives of Is- the residence of Abraham before his final remove to rael he transferred to Halah and Habor. The latter the land of promise; so that some of his descendants is a of that river Mesopotamia, the Chebar of Ezekiel, and in their captivity may have been transferred to the Chaboras of It is a left profane history. tributary of very city which their great ancestor 1300 years the with it the Euphrates, which unites some 300 miles before, to establish his posterity, chosen people and above Babylon, 100 below Tiphsah or Thapsa- of Grod, in that good land from which they, by rea- from cus, and 300 west Bagdad. Near its junction son of their sins, had been expelled by the enemy, with the Euphrates, and on the opposite shores of into whose hands they had been delivered by the [A. M. 3046+450=3496.] [B. C. 1056—450=606.] 147 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. U8

God of Abraham their father. From these localities and importance as to require a distinct notice. Nine- it would seem that the captives of Israel were trans- veh had fallen into profound oblivion as early even in ferred to the central parts of Mesopotamia, and as the beginning of authentic history. Xenophon, of even to 400 B. and the father of the very heart of the empire Assyria, c, Herodotus, history, fifty Nineveh itself years earlier, know nothing of Nineveh. And yet

this venerable city, after having lain in its unknown 2500 has been within a few APPROACH OP THE ASSYRIANS TO JERUSALEM. grave years, disclosed, years, to the searching eye of the antiquary, with its B. C. 713. palaces, its temples, and its idols. Even its myste- The prophet Isaiah has sketched with unrivalled rious arrow-headed characters, which have been in inscrutable in spirit and power the approach of this proud invader shrouded mystery, and which were the that toward Jerusalem. He is seen advancing from the carved chronicles of city, have revealed at last their read to the north-east; and his progress may be easily traced hidden meaning, and out upon the map as described by the prophet. The world the strange and stirring story of this long- language of the prophet is that of an eyewitness, lost city. at describing at the moment what he actually sees. These discoveries Nineveh clearly indicate that The enemy is first seen in the frontiers of Judah at the Assyrians had made advances in civilization and Aiath, the same as Ai, after the fall of Jericho, the the fine arts, as well as in wealth and power, far be- the culture ascribed to first place conquered by the Israelites in taking pos- yond which has usually been session of the land. this remote age. Their sculptures exhibit singular They move on through Migron, now unknown. grandeur and boldness of conception. The body and At Michmash, still nearer on the slope of the steep limbs of their statues are admirably portrayed, with valley, between this place and Geba, which was the the muscles and bones strongly developed. Their scene of Jonathan's heroic exploit in surprising the bas-reliefs are executed with wonderful spirit and ex- of camp the Philistines, 1 Sam. xiv., he has laid up pi-ession. Their paintings are skilfully executed his carriages, stores, and baggage, because of this and highly coloured. M. Botta and Mr. Layard, difficult pass. In Geba, beyond the pass, he has on opening these chambers of imagery in the palaces taken up his lodging for the night. The neighbour- of Nineveh, found the warriors and their attire por- ing towns are filled with consternation. Ramah, in trayed in glaring colours, exactly as Ezekicl had seen the distance on the west, though not in the line of and described them 2500 years before, clothed most is afraid. Gibeah of horses. march, Saul, nearer to the city, gorgeously, horsemen riding upon There has fled. Other towns in the neighbourhood raise were men portrayed upon the wall—the images of their of distress and cry alarm. Gallim, near by, the Chaldeans painted in vei'milion, "girdled with but no is longer known, about to raise her cry of girdles upon their loins, exceeding in dyed attire distress until it shall be heard at Laish, Dan, in the upon their heads, all of them princes to look to." remotest of the part land. Ah, poor Anathoth ! Ezek. xxiii. 15. this the Over prophet raises his exclamation. This Entire halls of vast dimensions are found, with Levitical city, the native place of Jeremiah, lie' :n their walls overspread with these rich and gorgeous Benjamin, directly in the line of the enemy's march, paintings and splendid bas-reliefs. Ivory is also on a broad four hill, miles from Jerusalem. The found in great abundance, and very curiously inhabitants of Jladmena and Gebim, no longer wrought. Glass vases, of very delicate structure, nowhere else known, mentioned, flee. The next re- wore manufactured in Nineveh long before the period move the in full view of the brings enemy city. At to which the discovery of glass is assigned. The on Mount north of its Nob, Olivet, just summit, he pulley, too, and arch were found, at a period long stands and shakes his hand in defiance against the anterior to that to which they have been heretofore mount of the of the hill of daughter Zion, Jerusalem. ascribed. It is evident that the art of embroidery was carried to great perfection. Assyria, as we learn from had commerce with and NINEVEH AT THE OVERTHROW OP THE KINGDOM Ezckiel, Tyre, thence obtained blue cloths, and broidered work, OF ISRAEL, B. C. 721. and chests of rich apparel. All these sculptures in- This ancient now the of has city, capital Assyria, dicate that the garments worn, especially those of been noticed in another 24. But the place, page the king, were richly embroidered. The ruins indi- discoveries which have been extraordinary made, cate great wealth and power, together with a high and are still in are of such interest progress there, degree of perfection in the fine arts. Even their M. [A. 3046+450=3496.] [B. C. 1056—450=606.] 149 THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY. 150 musical instruments are inlaid with mother-of-pearl, nasty, whose palaces have been recently excavated in of modern art in the of Mosul and I have obtained from rivalling beauty similar specimens vicinity ; and skill. A vast quantity of small articles in cor- the annals of those kings contemporary notices of in the remarkable with nelian, agate, and marble, beautifully polished, have events which agree most way also been discovered. the statements preserved in sacred and profane

Enormous v^^inged lions, and bulls with human history. the of heads, guarding the portals of the palaces, have been "The king who built palace Khorsabad, the is excavated, overspread with their mysterious signs. excavated by French, named Sargina, (the of The walls of the palace themselves are covered with Sargon of Isaiah ;) but he also bears, in some the of pictorial representations, carved with surprising skill the inscriptions, epithet Shalmaneser, by title better to the Jews. In and form, setting forth the exploits of the kings who which he was known reared these halls and obelisks and slabs in the first of his he came the ; great year reign, up against and the tribes of numbers are found, filled with the history of these city of Samaria (called Samarina) of the name kings, recorded in the strange cuneiform characters the country Beth-Homri, (Omri being 1 xvi. of their extraordinary language. of the founder of Samaria. Kings 16, &c.) carried off" into in All the figures indicate great physical develop- He captivity, Assyria, 27,280 ment, animal propensities very strongly marked, a families, and settled in their places colonists brought to administer calm, settled ferocity, a perfect nonchalance amid from Babylonia, appointing prefects the most terrible scenes no of feature takes the and the same tribute which ; change country, imposing had been to former The tablet at place, whether the individual is inflicting or expe- paid kings. only " Khorsabad which exhibits this in de- riencing horrid suffering. Their bows also dash conquest any the men to have no on the is mxxch mutilated. young pieces ; they pity tail, (Plate Ixx.,) unfortunately fruit of the their doth not children." Should Monsieur de whom the womb ] eye spare Salcy, however, " are to find a The pictures are very remarkable as indicating French now sending Assyria, duplicate I the entire absence of the higher mental and moral of Shalmaneser's annals in good preservation, think it that the name of the of qualities, and the exuberance of the brutal part of probable king man's nature. At the same time, there is not want- Israel may yet be recovered. " In the second of Shalmaneser's he ing a certain consciousness of dignity and of inherent year reign, the of and power. There is a tranquil energy and fixed deter- subjugated kings Libnah(?) Khazita, mination, which will not allow the beholder to feel (the Cadytis of Herodotus,) who were dependent for these stern warriors." in the seventh of his any contempt upon Egypt ; and, year reign, tribute direct the of that These paintings are a faithful delineation of the he received from king character of the Assyrians, as sketched by the pen country, who is named Pirhu, probably for Pha- the title which the of were ever of inspiration: "They are terrible and dreadful; raoh, by kings Egypt their judgment and their dignity shall proceed of known to the Jews and other Semitic nations. This themselves." "And they shall scoff" at the kings, punishment of the Egjrptians by Sargon or Shalma- is alluded to in the and the princes shall be a scorn unto them; they neser, 20th chapter of Isaiah. " shall deride every stronghold, for they shall heap up Among the other exploits of Shalmaneser found

it." i. 10. in his are the of also dust (a mound) and take Hab. annals, conquest Ashdod, These records and representations assume peculiar alluded to in Isaiah xx. 1, and his reduction of the importance from the confirmation which they give neighbouring city of Jamnai, called Jabneh or Jam- to the and records of the neh in the Bible Jamnaan in and prophecies Scriptures. ; Judith, Udpysia From the revelations of these ancient chronicles we by the Greeks. " learn that the king who built the palace of Khorsa- I now go on to the annals of Sennacherib. This bad was Shalmaneser himself, who carried Israel is the king who built the great palace of Koyounjik, and that the builder of the of which Mr, has been He away captive ; palace Layard recently excavating. Koyounjik was the Sennacherib of Scripture, the in- was the son of Sargina or Shalmaneser, and his vader of Judah, whose army was slain by the breath name, expressed entirely by monograms, may have of the Almighty whom he defied. been pronounced Sennachi-riba. The events, at any reach of For the results of these most interesting disco- rate, of his reign, place beyond the dispute veries we are chiefly indebted to Major Rawlinson, his historic identity. " had who gives in the following words a summary of his The inhabitants of Palestine risen against " officers researches : — I have succeeded- in detcrminately their King Padiya, and the who had been of on the of the identifying the Assyrian kings the lower dy- placed in authority over them, part [A. M. 3010+150=^3496.] [B. C. 1056—450=606.] 151 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGBAPIIY. 152

Assyrian monarch, and had driven them out of the found to be tablets of terra-cotta, in great numbers are as as the province, obliging them to take refuge with Heze- the writings of which perfect when kiah, king of Jerusalem, the capital city of Judea. tablets were first stamped. The rebels then sent for assistance to the kings of Among the ruins, Layard has also found the name Egypt, and a large army of horse and foot marched of Jonah inscribed. But his crowning discovery is to their assistance, under the command of the king an obelisk at Nimroud, which records, in hiero- of Pelusium.(?) Sennacherib at once proceeded to glyphics and arrow-headed characters, the great events of connected the meet this army, and fighting an action with them in Jewish history with Assy- de- rian It dates from the of the the vicinity of the city of Allaku, (?) completely conquest. age pro- and and chroni- feated them. He made many prisoners also, whom phets Hosea, Joel, Amos, distinctly he executed, or otherwise disposed of. Padiya then cles the names of Jehu, Jezebel, and Hazael. Much returned from Jerusalem, and was reinstated in his more to the same effect is anticipated when the re- government. In the mean time, however, a quarrel cords of this obelisk shall be more fully deciphered. arose between Sennacherib and Hezekiah on the The latest account of these researches is subjoined subject of tribute. Sennacherib ravaged the open from Major Rawlinson. " (jountry, taking "all the fenced cities of Judah," I am now satisfied that the black obelisk dates and at last threatened Jerusalem. Hezekiah then from about 860 B. c. The tribute depicted in the made his submission, and tendered to the king of second compartment upon the obelisk comes from as 30 talents of 300 talents of Israel it is the tribute of Jehu. names are Assyria, tribute, gold, ; The silver, the ornaments of the temple, slaves, boys Yahua, the Khumriya. Jehu is usually called in and girls, and men-servants and maid-servants, for the Bible the son of Nimshi, (although Jehosha- the use of the palace. All these things Sennache- phat was his actual father, 2 Kings ix. 2 j) but the rib received. After which he detached a portion of Assyrians, taking him for the legitimate successor Hezekiah's villages, and placed them in dependence to the throne, named as his father, (or rather ances- on the cities which had been faithful to him, such tor,) 'Omri, the founder of the kingdom of Sama- as Hebron, Ascalon, and Cadytis. He then retired ria, 'Omri's name being written on the obelisk as it to Assyria, is in the inscription of Shalmaneser, where, as you "Now this is evidently the campaign which is already know, the kingdom of Israel is always called alluded to in Scripture. 2 Kings xviii. 13-17. The the country of Beth 'Omri. If this identification agreement, at any rate, between the record of the of name were the only argument in favour of Jehu, sacred historian and the chronicle of I should not so much on it but the contemporary depend ; king Sennacherib, which I have here copied, extends even of Syria is also named on the obelisk, Khazail, (which to the number of the talents of gold and silver is exactly the Hazael of Scripture, 2 Chron. xxii. 6, tribute. which were given as who was the contemporary of Jehu ;) and in the in- " One of the most interesting matters connected scriptions of the obelisk-king's father, whom I have with this discovery of the identity of the Assyrian hitherto called Sardanapalus, but whose real name kings, is the prospect, amounting almost to a cer- must be rea

In his last Colonel Rawlinson states that he letter, from six to thirty others, who constitute his housf^- has at received the length long-expected cylinder hold or cabinet. If a complete tablet can be found, from Kilah Shergat, a splendid document, consisting the historical succession will be established. At of hundred lines of which contains eight writing, present, only fragments have come into the pos- the bulletins of Pileser I., and is at least session of Colonel Rawlinson does not Tiglath ; but he despair two hundred years older than any other document of completing the series. More recent discoveries yet discovered. Neither Calah nor Nineveh are have indeed almost completed it. Many records are mentioned on the cylinder, as in those early days found of Nebuchadnezzar and of Belshazzar. The the capital was Kilah Shergat, which is everywhere kings of the old Chaldean dynasty are traced back on the called Assur. cylinder Having fairly entered to 1976 years B. C, the period of Abraham. This a anterior to upon period the glories of Nineveh and continued 458 years until B. C. 1518, the conquest Colonel Calah, Rawlinson says he does not despair of of Canaan. The Assyrian kings, from 1273 to 625 to the ascending up institution of the monarchy. B. C, and almost all of the Babylonian dynasty, are The of this writing inscription of Tiglath Pileser is now distinctly identified, covering the period of the more better, language polished, and the gram- Scripture history from Gideon to the return from matical distinctions more marked than in nicely the Babylonish captivity, later legends. The capital city, Assur, is, of course, the Allasar of of which Arioch was Genesis, king, FROM THE CAPTIVITY OF ISRAEL TO THAT OF and the Tel-Assar of the Targums, which is used JUDAH, 115 YEARS, FROM 721 TO 606 B. C for the Mosaic Resen. He considers the site of The of Nineveh to be determinately fixed at Nebbi Yunus, progress degeneracy and of decay in Judah in this interval was Calah at Nimrud, and Resen at Kilah Shergat. only partially stayed by the virtuous of The learned writer turned lastly to his real trea- reigns Hezekiah and Josiah. But the idolatries of fast sure-house of discovery, the debris in fact of the Judah were filling up the measure of her royal library, of which Layard's collection formed iniquity, and 115 years after the captivity of Israel she also to the upper and better preserved part. Here he has was delivered up the spoiler, accord- to the of found fragments of alphabets, syllabaria, and ex- ing predictions the prophets. The mo- of a table of ends and the planations ideographic signs ; also, narchy Babylonish captivity begins with the B. c. 606. notation, phonetic readings of the signs, that showing the Assyrians counted by sixties, in PROPHETS OF JUDAH AND ISRAEL BEFORE THE exact agreement with the sos, sar, and ner of Bero- CAPTIVITY. SU3. The numbers are completely Semitic. There The oldest of the are also elaborate geographical dissertations, explain- prophetic books of the Old their for Testament is that of who was con- ing ideographs countries and cities, desig- Jonah, probably with Azariah and Uzziah in and nating their products, and describing their positions; temporary Judah, the principal Asiatic rivers and mountains are also Jeroboam II. in Israel, about 800 years B. C, con- with and given. There are treatises on weights and measures, temporary Homer, Lycurgus the Spartan he lived divisions of time, points of the compass, &c, &c. lawgiver; 100 years before Rome was founded. Joel soon succeeded him in There is an almajiac for twelve years, apparently Judah, and a like that of the each Hosea and Amos in Israel. In Judah the forming cycle Mongols ; year prophetic office next for bears a name, generally that of a god, and all the was occupied more than half a century Isaiah and B. c. — old annals are numbered after this cycle. by Micah, 758 668 = 60 years, for some time in Again, there are lists of stones, metals, and trees, contemporary with Hosea and Amos Israel. The two former or elementary tracts on geology, metallurgy, and survived the overthrow of the of B. c. and Ze- botany, and astronomical and astrological formulae kingdom Israel, 721. Nahum without end there are also to be veri- in the of Hezekiah and j what appear phaniah prophesied reign table grammars and dictionaries. The whole col- Josiah, a few years previous to the Babylonish cap- lection is in but it a Jeremiah survived the overthrow of the fragments ; gives most curious tivity. insight into the state of Assyrian science while kingdom of Judah and the sacking of the holy city : G-reece was still sunk in barbarism. after wailing forth his lamentations over the ruins the Among the most important discoveries are the and solitude of the city, caused by sins of tlie of he retired into with a remnant of his tables dynasties. Each king has a separate com- people, Egypt, partment, and his name is followed by the names of afliiicted people. C. [A. M. 3046-1-450=3496.1 [B. 1056—450=606.] 11 155 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 156

CHAPTER VIII.

THE PERIOD OF THE CAPTIVITT AND THE RESTORATION; FROM THE CONQUEST OF JUDEA TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT, 206 TEARS.

A. M. 3496 + 70 + 136= 3702. b. c. 606 — 70 — 136 = 400.

XXV. 7, and where two years before Jehoahaz had THE BABYLONIAN EMPIRE. been dethroned and put in bonds by the king of is still known the Nineveh, that exceeding great city, that bloody Egypt, by same name, on the near city, full of lies and robbery, had in process of time Orontes, Hamath, between Lebanon and Anti- at a been overthrown with the ancient Assyrian empire. Lebanon, short distance above Balbec. Near this is a remarkable The Lord had stretched out his hand against the monument, of which Mr. Thomp- north and destroyed Assyria, and made Nineveh a son, our missionary, has given a description, as fol- desolation and dry like a wilderness. Even at this lows : — " early period this rejoicing city had become, as she It is built of large hewn stones, is twenty-five still " feet the rises is, a desolation, a place for beasts to lie down square at base, seventy or eighty feet, in." Babylon had arisen in the greatness of her and is terminated by a pyramid. The four sides are power to fulfil her unconscious mission in completing covered with figures of various animals, intermingled the captivity of the Lord's rebellious people. with bows, arrows, spears, and other implements of In the reign of Jehoiakim, king of Judah, Jeru- the chase, in alto relievo, beautifully executed, and salem was taken by Nebuchadnezzar, king of Baby- as large as life. " lon, who removed a part of the golden vessels of the This monument is in full view of Riblah, which sanctuary to Babylon, carrying with him a part of lies on the river below. Can it have been the work the inhabitants. Daniel and his three friends were of Nebuchadnezzar, when he was encamped here, included among these captives. From this date, and designed to commemorate his conquests ? Or 606 B. c, begins the Babylonish captivity, is it a great hunting trophy, erected by some one of A few years later the revolt of Jehoiachin recalled the chase-loving Seleucidae ? I can meet with no the Chaldeans to the siege of Jerusalem again, b. c. description of this wonderful monument in any book of travels. The of 595, when many more were led into captivity, among style architecture will not con- whom was the prophet Ezekiel. tradict the first supposition." Eighteen years from the commencement of the B. c. the Chaldeans once more re- captivity, 588, BABYLON. turned to chastise the more determined revolt of

Zedekiah, who sustained a close siege of a. year and Babylon, the seat of the Chaldean empire, and the half against the army of Nebuchadnezzar, when a instrument under Providence of completing the cap- of Israel of distressing famine compelled the city to surrender. tivity Judah and because their sins, re- The Babylonians now broke down the walls and nowned in sacred and profane history, and a per- burned with fire the of the city itself, with the palace of petual memorial Heaven's displeasure, and of the kings, and the temple, that holy and beautiful sure word of prophecy, requires again in this place of the house Jews, and laid waste all their pleasant a distinct notice. It is situated on the Euphrates, things. This catastrophe occurred almost 400 years 200 miles above the junction of the Tigris, and 300 from the revolt, and 183 years after the overthrow above the Persian Gulf, and the same distance of the of Israel. king A fourth transportation, four south by west from Nineveh. It stood on a perfect years later, completed the destruction of Jersalem plain, and was an exact square, of not less than and the desolation of Judah. fifteen miles on each side, or sixty in circumference. The Euphrates ran through the midst of it. The walls were more than feet and RIBLAH. eighty-seven thick, three hundred high; they were surrounded by a Riblah, where the eyes of Zedekiah were put out, deep ditch, and pierced by a hundred gates, all of after his cliildrcn had slain in his been sight, 2 Kings solid brass. These streets, intersecting at right \. M. C. COO— [ G43G+T0-f iaG:r.r3702.] [B. 70—136=:4C0.] i57 THE PERIOD OF THE CAPTIVITY AND RETURN. 158

seven- of the connects this angles, divided the city into six hundred and which spanned the chasm river, mass of ruins ty-six equal squares. The parts of the city were impregnable position with a large upon united by a bridge over the Euphrates. the left bank of the river, which again are defended The most wondrous structures were the temple of by a circuitous range of mountains, extending at Bclus and the palace of Nebuchadnezzar. The outer both points to the precipitous banks of the Kuran, walls of the latter embraced six miles. The ruins and traversed by two solitary passes. Within the of Babylon are very extensive—grand, gloomy, and enclosure of the mountains is the tomb of Daniel, desolate beyond description. Like Nineveh, it sunk built of massive stones, and held in great veneration; gradually into decay and utter desolation, and for and a large reservoir filled with great numbers of two thousand years has remained an appalling me- sacred fish, which are regarded with the most super- morial of divine vengeance and the truth of those stitious attachment. In the same neighbourhood is prophecies which foretold its fall. also an immense tablet of long cuneiform inscrip- Who at the time, when Jeremiah and other pro- tions, all of which are supposed to be certain indica- phets wrote, would have predicted the fall of Baby- tions of a city or palace of great antiquity. Patter lon the Great, the glory of kingdoms, the beauty of agrees with Major Rawlinson in the opinion that the Chaldees' excellency, the queen of nations? this was the site of Shusan. But its destruction is complete and entire. It has Susa of the Greelcs, which has generally been re- " become heaps, a dwelling-place for dragons, an as- garded as Shusan of the Persian kings, was on a tonishment and a hissing." It has been "swept plain near the Choaspes, seventy-five miles west of away with the besom of destruction." It was cap- these ruins. Here also are vast mounds of extraor- tured by Cyrus, 539 b. C, in the forty-ninth year dinary height, and many cuneiform inscriptions, to- after the destruction of Jerusalem, and the sixty- gether with another celebrated tomb of Daniel. ninth of the captivity. "The site of this once noble metropolis of the ancient princes of Elam, says Sir Robert Ker Porter, is now a mere wilderness, up to beasts of SHUSHAN OR SUSA. given prey; no human being disputing their right, except- Daniel, after the overthrow of Babylon, was re- ing the poor dervise who keeps watch over the ceived into favour by the conqueror, king of the tomb of the prophet. The friend to whom I am in- 3Iedian and Persian empire, and made prime minis- debted for the outlines I subjoin, passed the night ter of his court at Shushan, his palace. Here, in under the same protection, listening to the screams the province of Elam, by the river Ulai, he saw his of hyenas and the roaring of lions, wandering around prophetic visions, and endured the trial of his faith, its solitary walls." praying toward Jerusalem three times a day in his Major Rawlinson describes these ruins and the as room in the palace, contrary to the king's decree, surrounding country celebrated for their beautiful " and was delivered by the God of his fathers from herbage. It was difiicult to ride along the Shdpiin that its all the lions' mouth. Esther, a captive Jewish maid, for the luxuriant grass clothed banks, and was made queen by Ahasuerus in the palace of Shu- around the plain was covered with a carpet of the rich- The at this March shan. And Nehemiah, later still, a Jewish captive, est verdure. climate, too, season, was the cupbearer and confidential adviser of the 12th, was singularly cool and pleasant, and I never king in the same royal residence. It is therefore remember to have passed a more delightful evening a question of great interest, where was this splendid than that,—in my little tent upon the summit of the and voluptuous court of the kings of Persia ? great mound of Sds alone, contemplating the wrecks Major Rawlinson identifies it with a position of of time that were strewed around me, and indulging great strength in the midst of wild, romantic scenery, in the dreams of bygone ages." in the mountains of Mungasht, in Persia, on the The inscriptions above mentioned can now be read, river Kuran, or Karoon, inore than 300 miles east and future researches will doubtless dispel the dark- of Babylon, 150 north of the Persian Gulf, and 200 ness that still rests upon this portion of Scripture a the commis- south by east from Ecbatana. Forming semicircle history. Within a few months English of the from the river, and thus enclosing the city, is a sioners who are engaged in the survey country, the of Ahasu- range of steep and abrupt mountains, through which appear to have clearly identified palace the above de- there is no passage either along the deep, precipitous erus, but whether at either of places the brief and banks of the river, or at any other point. A once scribed does not appear from imperfect noble bridge, four buttresses of which still remain reports yet received. of their work the commissioners to attest the stupendous nature of this structure, In the prosecution [A. M. 349G+704-136=:3702.] [B. C. 606—70—136=^400.] 159 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 160

* have come upon the remains of the ancient palace the land, for the most part, enjoyed her sabbaths, of Shushan, mentioned in the sacred books of Esther lying desolate without her inhabitants, while they, in and Daniel, together with the tomb of Daniel the their enemy's land, accepted the punishment of their prophet. The locality answers to the received tradi- iniquity.' Levit. xxvi. 35, 46. tion of its position, and the internal evidence, arising In the land of their captivity they were natu- from its correspondence with the description of the ralized as citizens, and appear to have been left to palace recorded in the sacred history, amounts almost the undisturbed enjoyment of their religion. Some to demonstration. The reader can turn to Esther of their nation, as Daniel, Ezra, Esther, Mordecai, " i. 6 there he will read of a of and and were in honour and in office in ; pavement red, Nehemiah, high blue, and white, and black marble in that palace." the court of the king. Ezekiel and other prophets That pavement still exists, and, as described by lived and laboured with the captives to preserve their Colonel Williams, corresponds to the description adherence to the faith of their fathers. But the and given thus in the sacred history. And in the mar- tribes of Israel lost there their nationality, never ble columns, dilapidated ruins, the sculpture and the returned. Even of Judah but an inconsiderable remaining marks of greatness and glory that are portion sought again their promised land. scattered around, the commissioners read the exact truth of the record made the sacred by penman. PROPHETS DURING THE CAPTIVITY. Not far from the palace stands a tomb; on it is sculptured the figure of a man bound banc! and foot, These were Habakkuk, Daniel, Obadiah, and Eze- lion in the act of with a huge springing upon him kiel. The latter prophet, for more than half a cen- him. could to devour No history relate more gra- tury a captive among his captive people, and Daniel, in the phically the story of Daniel lions' den. The for a much longer period at the court of their mo- commissioners have with them an able corps of en- narch, fulfilled their mission in communicating the gineers and scientific men, and most interesting dis- messages of God to the oppressor and the oppressed. coveries may be expected. The Persian arrow-heads are found upon the palace and the tomb. Glass RISE OF THE MEDIAN AND PERSIAN EMPIRE. bottles, elegant as those placed upon the toilet- tables of the ladies of our day, have been discovered, Like Nineveh, Babylon, also the glory of king- with other indications of art and refinement, which doms, the beauty of the Chaldees' excellence, after bear out the statements of the Bible. Thus, twenty- fulfilling her unconscious mission as the scourge of five hundred after the years historians of Esther and God's rebellious people, was razed to the earth by an Daniel made their records, their histories are veri- invading army of the Medes under Cyrus, and soon fied by the peaceful movements of the nations of fell back into annihilation, an abode, according to our day. the word of the Lord, for the owl and the bittern, for the wild beast of the desert, and for any doleful JUDAH DURING THE CAPTIVITY. creature. Isa. xxxiv. 11. The people were carried away into captivity, as we have seen, and the country drained of its inhabitants EZRA.—RETURN OF THE FIRST CARAVAN, B. C. 536. by successive removals, the first under Jehoiakim, 606 B. C. The seven 599 B. second, years later, c, This interesting portion of Jewish history is con- at the end of Jehoiakim's the third at the reign ; cisely and clearly stated by Jahn in an historical of Jerusalem and of the in sacking burning temple, survey of the book of Ezra : — the eleventh of the of 588 B. c. year reign Zedekiah, "Cyrus, in the first year of his reign (536 B. C, Soon after the murder of this, upon Gedaliah, 2 seventy of the captivity, fifty-two after the destruc- XXV. fled into Kings 25, 26, many Egypt, to escape tion of Jerusalem and the temple,) proclaimed the of the Chaldees. vengeance Four years after throughout his empire, by a herald and by a written this the few that remained were taken away by Ne- order, that all the people of the God of heaven, and the land was buchadnezzar, entirely bereaved without exception, had liberty to return to Judea, of its inhabitants. and rebuild the temple at Jerusalem. This general In the mean time other colonists were not intro- permission, therefore, extended to the Israelites in as had been in when duced, they Samaria, Israel went Assyria, Halah, Gozan, and Media, as well as to into 2 xxv. 22-26 Jer, captivity. Kings ; xl.-xliii., the Jews at Chebar and Babylon. lii. 30. The Idumeans settled in " some parts of the As Cyrus announced in his edict that Jehovah, and tribes roamed country, wandering over it; but the God of heaven, had given him all the kingdoms 70-J [A.M. 3496-f 13G=3702.] [B. C. GOG—70— 136=400.] il61 THE PERIOD OF THE CAPTIVITY AND RETURN. 162

of tlie earth and him to build a at adversaries of Judah and But at the \ charged temple Benjamin.

1 Jerusalem, this proclamation was not merely a per- end of twenty years it was finally completed and imission, but rather an invitation to all the Hebrews dedicated, 516 years B. c. But in the midst of the to return and rebuild the temple. He accordingly de- festivities and rejoicings of the occasion, the old men, livered to the returning exiles five thousand four who remembered the splendour of the former temple, hundred sacred vessels of gold and silver, which Ne- wept at the contrast which this presented. It ex-

• buchadnezzar had carried from Jerusalem to Baby- ceeded the former in dimensions, but it lacked the lon, prescribed the size of the temple, and directed regal magnificence which was lavished upon that that the expense of its erection should be defrayed structure. And the ark of the covenant, the sacred from the all which the Ui*im and the sacred fire and royal treasury ; particulars oil, Thummim,— jWere verified by a written edict found fifteen years the more sacred Shekinah, dread yet endearing after in the archives at Ecbatana. Ezra i. 1-11, vi. token of Jehovah's presence—all were wanting. This ^2-5. temple, after standing almost 500 years, gave place " Thus were the mountains laid low and the val- to that of Herod, which was begun twenty years leys filled up for the return of the Hebrews to Pa- before the Christian era. lestine that all obstacles were Zerub- ; is, removed. babel, grandson of the king Jehoiachin, and Jeshua, SECOND CARAVAN, B. C. 458. a grandson of the high-priest Jozadak, and ten of ;the principal eiders, prepared themselves for the Fifty-eight years from the dedication, and seventy- journey. To these were joined forty-two thousand eight after the return of the first caravan, Ezra three hundred and sixty people, whose servants arrived at Jerusalem with ample powers, as viceroy amounted to seven thousand three hundred and thir- of his sovereign, and adequate treasures to admi- and the ty-seven, so that the whole number was nearly fifty nister the government promote advancement

thousand. ii. 64 vii. 7. of the The of the Ezra 2, ; comp. Nch. colony. number, however, captives " Those who were to return, assembled at an ap- that consented to accompany him to the land of their pointed place, according to the usual mode of collect- fathers was small, amounting only to seven thousand, ing a caravan, and furnished themselves with pro- among whom was but a single Levite, who had ori- visions and other things necessary for the journey. ginally volunteered to return. A few, however, had Their camels, horses, and beasts of burden amounted been constrained to accompany the caravan. But two

to eight thousand one hundred and thirty-six. Ze- prophets of the Lord, Haggai and Zechariah, wore rubbabel the director of the caravan, received the raised up to encourage and assist Ezra and Zerubbabel sacred utensils which had been restored, and the in their efforts to restore and reform the people. donations toward the building of the temple made Thirty-four years later, B. c. 424, Ezra was suc- by those who remained behind. ceeded by Nehemiah as viceroy of the king and ruler " Encumbered as they were with baggage and of the province. At the end of twelve years, B. c. 422. the small children, they were obliged to travel slowly, he returned to his former ofiiee in the palace of king and their journey took up four months. Ezra i. 8-11, at Shushan. Twenty-four years later, B. c. 398, Ne- ii. 63-67, vi. 7, vii. 9. Accprdingly, the caravan hemiah again returned to Jerusalem, and, with his could not have arrived in Judea before the close of accustomed energy and decision, undertook the re- the first year of Cyrus. Thus the Jews returned form of vicious customs and irregularities, into which their •precisely at the termination of the seventieth year the people, in his absence, had fallen, through of the captivity, the fifty-second year after the de- adherence to usages and habits of other nations. istruction of the temple." B. C. 588. The reform which Nehemiah effected was thorough Most of the towns which were resettled after the and complete. the from their Icaptivity, as specified in the second chapter of Ezra, In this work of recovering people the are now unknown; others have been already men- deplorable degeneracy, Nehemiah was aided by tioned. prophet Malachi, the last of those inspired reprovers The Hebrew colony seems never to have been in a of the sins of men, until the coming of John the of stern and very flourishing condition. Justice was imperfectly Baptist, that forerunner of the Lord, the for his administered, and the rebuilding of the city of Jeru- awful sanctity, sent to prepare way There salem and of the temple progressed but slowly. For coming by the preaching of repentance. the fifteen years the work of the temple was interdicted were, therefore, three prophets after captivity the roll by the king at the instigation of the Samaritans, the commissioned of God to complete of pro [A. M. 3496+70+136=3702.] [B. C. 606—70—136:=;400.]

|UFI7BRSITf1 163 TEXT BOOK AND ATEAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 164

last of the and phecy, and to conclude the communications of God Malachi was the prophets, com to man, until a nobler order of events should begin pleted the canon of the Old Testament; his exact to unfold the wonderful scheme of grace and salva- time and birthplace are unknown. He was com- tion of which the harp of prophecy had so often and missioned to reprove the priests and people for the fallen so sweetly sung. A brief notice of the three pro- irreligious practices into which they had dur- phets after the return is subjoined as an appropriate ing and after the governorship of Nehemiah, their to in their and their part of the history of this period. disrespect God sacrifices, unlaw- ful intermarriages with idolatresses. He prophesied the rejection of the Jews, the calling of the Gentiles, HAGGAI, ZECHARIAH, AND MALACHI. the coming of Christ, and the ministry of his fore-

: — The birthplace and tribe of Haggai are unknown; runner, John the Baptist "Behold, I will send my but the times of his predictions are distinctly marked messenger, and he shall prepare the way before me; by himself when the Jews, discouraged by the im- and the Lord whom ye seek, shall suddenly come pediments thrown in their way by the Samaritans, to his temple, even the messenger of the covenant whom had ceased to prosecute the rebuilding of the temple. ye delight in: behold he shall come, saith the Lord Haggai was then raised up to exhort the Jews to of hosts Behold, I will send you Elijah complete the building. Ezra v. 1. Hag.l. Zech.l. He the prophet before the coming of the great and that the of the second should dreadful of the Lord." Mai. iv. Matt. xi. predicted glory temple day iii., ; exceed that of the which was fulfilled when xvii. 11 ix. 11 i. first, 14, ; Mark ; Luke 17. (Ihrist entered it; and he foretold the setting up of The history of this reform closes the record of the the Messiah's under the name of Zerub- ancient canon after which there is a chasm of four kingdom ; b:ibel. hundred years in the sacred history, until the com- Zechariah was the son of Berachiah, and grandson ing of Christ and commencement of the Christian of Iddo, but his tribe and birthplace are unknown. era. This interval we pass in silence, and turn at Jjike Haggai, he returned from the captivity with once to the historical geography of the New Testa- ^''erubbabel. His are in prophecies two parts. In ment, and especially to the incidents connected with the first he enjoins the restoration of the temple, and the life and ministry of our Lord and Saviour Jesus intersperses predictions relative to the advent of the Christ.

Messiah. In the second he foretells more distant The principal historical events of Jewish history

: — circumstances the destruction of Jerusalem by in this interval, however, are entered in the continu- the Romans the future condition of the Jews their ation the the ; ; of Chronological Table with synchro- at the compunction having pierced Messiah; their nisms of profane history, by which the historical admission by baptism to the privileges of the gospel records of the Old Testament are connected with covenant, and the final re-establishment of Christ's that of the New. kingdom. M. [A. 3496+70+136=3702.] [B. C. 606—70—136=400.]

END OF PART 1 PART II.

THE NEW TESTAMENT.

CHAPTER I.

THE LIFE OF CHRIST.

PERIOD B. C. TO A. D. 29 ABOUT THIRTY-FIVE YEARS, FROM 7 ; OR, ACCORDING TO THE CUSTOMARY CHRONOLOGY, FROM B. C. 2 TO A. D. 33.

That portion of sacred history and geography divided, by will, his empire betweeen his three sons upon which we now enter, is appropriately introduced in separate and unequal divisions. To Archelaus by a reference to the family of Herod and the pro- he gave Samaria, Judea, and the province south and vinces which east of at that time known as Idumea to they respectively governed. Judea, ; Herod Antipas, Galilee and the southern portion of the in the Jordan. That HEROD THE GREAT. Persea, region beyond portion of the Pergea which Antipas inherited in- During the interval between the historical events cluded the ancient territories of the children of of the Old Testament and those of the New, the Ammon and Moab, corresponding nearly to the land of Palestine was several times overrun by dif- portion of the tribes of Reuben and Gad. ferent invaders. At the advent of our Saviour, it To Herod Philip was allotted the northern part was under the power of the Roman empire, under of the Peraea, including all east of Jordan, which which Herod the Great ruled over the whole coun- belonged to the half tribe of Manasseh, from the try with the absolute authority almost of an inde- land of Bashan, below the sea of Galilee, to the pendent sovereign. By his address in gaining the northern boundary of the country toward Mount favour of the ruling factions of Rome after the Hermon and Damascus. death of Julius Caesar, and through the influence This territory comprised the provinces of Gaulo- of Mark Antony, Herod had been publicly pro- nitis, Iturea, and Trachonitis. The first extended the of the the east side of the sea claimed, by Roman senate, king Jews ; from of Galilee northward, three and, years later, Augustus, on ascending the nearly, or quite, to Csesarea Philippi. East of imperial throne at Rome, confirmed to Herod these Gaulonitis was Iturea, which extended farther north royal prerogatives. This mixed government, to toward Damascus, but not so far south as the former which Palestine and the adjacent provinces were province. was similar to that of the British subject, essentially Trachonitis, lying still farther toward the east, East Indies at the times. The present petty princes was more extensive than either of the preceding of those countries rule to their according own laws provinces. It extended from the plains south of the of and customs their tribes; but, as vassals of Damascus to Bozrah on the south, and comprised the English government, subject to the limitations the mountain-chain El Hedscha, which lies on the and restrictions of this foreign power. western border of the great eastern desert, together with the modern Hauran, the Auranitis of older writers. This of is a table- SONS OP HEROD. tetrarchy Philip high land, having a level of 2000 or 2500 feet above Herod, at his death, which occurred soon 'after that of the sea. The climate is mild and salubri- our Lord's and while advent, Joseph and Mary ous, and the soil, in many parts, fertile. The coun- were in with the lingering Egypt infant Saviour, try, once populous, is now a waste, overspread with (165) (166) 1^7 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 168 ruins, and in the summer season overrun with count- from this country, where his miracles and instruc- less herds of goats and camels, which come up from tions excited less hostility than at Jerusalem. the great desert of Arabia for pasturage. Josephus expatiates at length on the extreme fer-

Archelaus was soon dethroned and banished to tility of Galilee, and all travellers confirm his repre- Gaul, and superseded in his government by a Ro- sentations. In proof of its populousness, it is re- man governor sent out from Rome. In this capa- lated by Josephus that there were in this country, city, Pontius Pilate was acting at the time of our scarcely thirty miles square, 200 towns and villages, Lord's ministry and crucifixion. The residence of each containing 15,000 inhabitants. He himself, the Roman governor was at Csesarea; but, on the in a short time, raised 100,000 volunteers for the " great festivals of the Jews, he usually went up to war against the Romans. Surrounded," he adds, " Jerusalem for the preservation of order. For this by so many foreigners, the Galileans were never reason, Pilate was at Jerusalem at the time of our backward in warlike enterprise, or in supplying men Lord's trial and crucifixion. Herod Antipas was for the defence of the country. They were nume- present on the same occasion, as a Jew, in attend- rous, and accustomed to war from their infancy." ance upon the festival. His usual residence was at Tiberias in on Lake Genesareth but he Galilee, ; THE SAMARITANS. often resided in his territories east of the Jordan, where he was brought into acquaintance with John The prejudice and enmity of the Jews toward the the Baptist. lie appears in history as a weak, Samaritans was even more inveterate and bitter than timid, crafty voluptuary, with neither the talents toward the Galileans. They were remnants and re- nor the stern, relentless cruelty of his father, nor presentatives of the revolted tribes. They had been the atrocious barbarity of his brother Archelaus. the most violent antagonists of the Jews in the rebuilding of the temple. They had erected another on Mount Gerizim. the sacred THE GALILEANS. temple They rejected books of the Jews, with the exception of the books Galilee, after the captivity, had been settled by a of Moses. Their religion was an abomination to a mixed race of foreigners and Jews. Two great Jew, a profane mixture of Judaism and paganism. caravan routes passed through this country; one, For these reasons the Jews had no dealings with from the Euphrates through Damascus to Egypt, the Samaritans. The term Samaritan became to a and one from the same regions to the coast of the Jew suggestive only of reproach, insomuch that Mediterranean. It was also near the great centres when they would express their deepest disgust and " of trade and commerce on the Mediterranean, at abhorrence of Christ, they said, Thou art a Sama- Tyre and Zidon, still cities of considerable trade, ritan, and hast a devil." For the same reason the and at the more modern city of Ptolemais, Acre. Jews avoided travelling through Samaria, and when The northern part of Galilee, comprising the compelled to pass through the country, carried their hill-country north of the plain of Esdraelon, was, own provisions, and refused the entertainments of in the days of Christ, termed heathen Galilee, or the people. Galilee of the Gentiles, Matt. iv. 15, because Samaria was at this time the smallest of the four among the Jewish population there were intermin- provinces above mentioned, and comprised only the gled many foreigners, Phoenicians, Syrians, Greeks, principal part of the territory of the tribes of Ephraim and Arabs. and Manasseh.

From this intercourse and admixture with fo- JUDEA. reigners, the Galileans had acquired a strong pro- vincial character and dialect, which made them par- This division included on the north the tribe of ticularly obnoxious to the Jews. Their language Benjamin, and extended south to the boundaries of had become corrupted by foreign idioms so as to be- ancient Palestine. It was the largest of the three tray them, as was charged upon Peter. Matt. xxvi. divisions already mentioned; and was at this time, as xiv. 70. For the same reasons the it had ever the land of the 73 ; Mark general been, appropriate Jews, Galileans were less bigoted than the Jews of Judea, from whom it took this name after the captivity. and more tolerant toward Christ as an apparent in- The country is hilly and broken, and less fertile than but a of its novator in their religion. He accordingly passed Galilee; portion plains, particu- on the the greater part of his public ministry as well as of larly west, was very productive. Jerusalem, the in his private life in Galilee, and chose his disciples the capital of whole country, was this pro- 169 THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 170

nor in detail the in- vince. It was the great object of interest and union exact chronological order, given life. Each is to all the Jews, and opened various sources of gain cidents and instructions of his public the others. to a numerous population. in a measure supplemental to What and a third It was the place of solemn assembly to the whole one omits, another records at length, with an incidental while each nation at their great yearly festivals. It was the passes allusion, groups combines to his in seat of their religion. Here was the temple, with and according particular object habits of and all its mysterious rites. Here, therefore, the Jew writing, and his own mental thought appeared in all his national characteristics, enter- diction. a delicate and difficult task taining a proud consciousness of his importance as It becomes, therefore, the seed of Abraham and favourite of heaven, to reconstruct these four Gospels by arranging the of each in true and blindly attached to the rites of his religion, and several parts chronological order, the different accounts of the same events and almost equally regardless of the purity of its princi- set down with in so that fill ples J looking proud contempt upon every teachings parallel columns, they may and elucidate each and to foreigner, regarding with unmitigated abhorrence the out, supply, other, give all that the power of the Romans, and firmly expecting a king the reader a full and complete survey of who should establish himself on the throne of uni- Gospels record respecting each and every portion of versal dominion. our Lord's history. This is the design of a Har- To the Jews, their subjection to the Roman power mony. The learned, who have applied themselves was peculiarly irksome and oppressive. The power to this task of harmonizing the gospel, differ essen- into a of the sanhedrim had bfen nearly destroyed by tially in their results. But, without entering the the of life and death was discussion of the merits of different we Herod Great j power Harmonies, now taken away, and the Jews, though left in the shall adopt and follow substantially that of Dr. Ro- enjoyment of their religion and their own forms of binson, both as the latest and the most approved and government to a considerable degree, felt severely satisfactory. He has conferred an inestimable bless- the power of Roman bondage. ing upon the public by presenting it with a harmony Severe exactions were made upon them of tri- of the Gospels according to our English version, bute, which was paid directly to their masters, the which ought to be in the hands of every intelligent also exercised reader of the Romans ; by whom government was Gospels. and justice administered. The procurator, resident Dr. Robinson's views of the different evangelists, at Caesarea, quartered his troops upon the town at according to which he has constructed his harmony,

: — his pleasure. A cohort was stationed at Jerusalem, are given in the following paragraph " in the tower of Antonia, so as to command the tem- The narrative of John, except during the week little that is ple and quell any popular tumult. of the Saviour's passion, contains very Such was the nature of the government at the found in either of the other writers. That of Luke, time of the public ministry and death of our Lord. although in the first part and at the close it has This government was administered by Pontius Pilate, much in common with Matthew and Mark, com- in its the Roman procurator, a weak, cruel, and avaricious prises, nevertheless, middle portions, a large man, who, notwithstanding his cruelty and his vices, amount of matter peculiar to Luke alone. Matthew bore ample testimony to the innocence of the ac- and Mark have in general more resemblance to each cused whom the Jews brought before him for con- other; though Matthew, being more full, presents demnation, and reluctantly gave his consent to the much that is not found in Mark or Luke; while execution of that just man. Vainly seeking some Mark, though briefer, has some things that are not " sweet aspersion" to wash away the stain of that in- contained in any of the rest." " nocent blood on his soul, He took water and washed his I am innocent of the blood of hands, saying, CHRONOLOGICAL DATA. this just man : see ye to it." According to approved chronologists, the date of the Christian era is five or six to THE HARMONY. years subsequent the nativity of Christ, so that this great event trans- The public ministry of our Lord is usually esti- pired earlier than the common designation of this to have continued three and a half resort to an anomalous and mated years. Q^ date, to express which we this ministry the four evangelists have given each a apparent contradiction, assigning the birth of Christ separate history, neither of whom has followed an to the year B. c. 6. In accordance with this cor- 12 171 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 172

rected chronology, the dates will be given in the written about thirty years after our Lord's ascen subsequent notices of the Life of Christ. The cru- sion. Matthew A. D. 56, Luke 58, Mark 58-61, and cifixion, according to this system, occurred A. D. 29, John 61. This Gospel again is supposed to have instead of A. D. 33. been written many years later, in Patmos, or at some The Gospels are generally conceded to have been time during the period from A. D. 60 to 100.

SYNOPSIS OF THE HARMONY.

PART L—EVENTS CONNECTED WITH THE BIRTH AND CHILDHOOD OF OUR LORD.

2 7. Birth of Jesus at Bethlehem, fire miles south of Jerusa- TIME : ABOUT THIRTEEN AND A HALF YEARS. lem. Luke ii. 1-7. B. c. 6.

g 8. An angel appears to the shepherds near Bethlehem. § 1. Preface to Luke's Gospel. Luke i. 1-4. Luke ii. 8-20. b. c. 6. § 2. Angel appears to Zacharias. —Jerusalem. Luke L 5-25. g 9. The circumcision of Jesus, and his presentation in the B. c. 7. temple. —Bethlehem, Jerusalem. Luke ii. 21-38. b. c. 6. Zacharias was one of the ordinary priests. These, § 10. The Magi.—Jerusalem, Bethlehem. Matt. ii. 1-12. when instituted by David, were divided into twenty- B. c. 6. four or courses. 1 Chron. xxiv. 3-19 But who were these ? classes, ; Magi whence came they ? 2 one Chron. viii. 14. These classes served each and what was the star by which they were guided ? week, and were relieved every Sabbath, when they They were Chaldean Magi*from the region of Baby- returned to their several cities. The course of Abia, lon and the Euphrates. They were the learned to which Zacharias belonged, was the eighth. He men of their country, and sustained there, in some resided at Juttah, in the south of Judea, five miles degree, the same relation as the chief priests and below Hebron. scribes among the Jews. The duties of the priests were, to have charge of The conviction had long been spread throughout the sanctuary and of the altar, to prepare the sacri- the East as well as in Palestine, that, about the even- fices, and to ofier the lamb of the morning and time of our era, a great and victorious prince, or ing sacrifice, together with the several burnt-ofierings Messiah, would appear among the Jews. His coming of the festivals and of special occasions, the sin- was supposed, from Numbers xxiv. 17, to have some offerings, the trespass-offerings, the meat-offerings, connection with the appearance of a star. Some &c., of the people, as they were brought to the altar such phenomenon evidently excited the attention of for purification, for atonement, or for the fulfilment these wise men, and influenced them to enter upon of a vow, or other religious purposes. this long pilgrimage, in search of the expected king of the Jews. § 3. An angel appears to Mary—Nazareth—6 months later.

Luke i. 26-38. b. c. 7.

§ 4. Mary visits Elisabeth.—Jcjttah. Luke i. 39-56. THE STAR IN THE EAST. Judah (Luke i. 39) is supposed to be Juttah, a city of the mountains of Judah, five miles south of It is the common and, perhaps, the true impres- Hebron. sion that some supernatural or meteoric appearance This visit of Mary to Elisabeth, therefore, re- guided the wise men, like the pillar of a cloud to quired her to make a journey of near a hundred the Israelites. But the notion has been entertained miles, almost the whole length of the land, from that the star may have been none other than a re- north to south. Juttah has been identified by markable conjunction of the planets Jupiter and Dr. Robinson as a large Mohammedan village on Saturn. If this be true, it will relieve the passage a low surrounded five miles south of difficulties and another astro- eminence, by trees, many ; confirm, by half of this from Hebron, and distance north-west nomical fact, the correction of our chronology, from Carmel. Some old foundations and walls are which has already been, mentioned. The explana- still found there. Mary prolonged her visit with tion, as given below, has engaged the attention of Elisabeth three months, until near the birth of many of the greatest minds, and is at least worthy John. of a respectful consideration. Kepler, the prince of modern astronomers, under 5. Birth of John the Baptist.—Juttah. Luke i. 57-80. 2 the influence of a of the B. c. 6. conjunction planets Jupiter, Saturn, and Mars, which took place in 1664, was 2 6. An angel appears to Joseph.—Nazareth. Matt. 1. 18- 2b. B. c. 6. led to think that he had discovered means for deter- 1T3 THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 174

the true mining year of our Saviour's birth. He In this view, it is certainly an interesting fact, and made his calculations, and found that Jupiter and worthy of being rendered familiar to the popular Saturn were in conjunction in the constellation of mind. the Fishes, (a fish is the astronomical symbol of in the latter Judea,) half of the year of Rome 747, 2 11. The flight into Egypt, B. c. 5. Herod's cruelty, b. c. 5. —Bethlehem. The b. c. 4. relates and were joined by Mars in 748. Here then he return, Josephus that an of the moon occurred a few before the fixed eclipse days the first figure in the date of our era, and here death of Herod the Great. This has been found, by calcula- he found the in the heavens which in- appearance tion, to have been between March 12th and 13th, B. c. 4. duced the Magi to undertake their journey, and The return, then, may have been in the summer or autumn —Nazaeeth. Matt. ii. Luke IL conducted them successfully on their way. Others following. 13-23; 39-40. have taken up this view, freed it from astrological impurities, and shown its trustworthiness and appli- NAZARETH. cability in the case under consideration. It appears for almost the that Jupiter and Saturn came together for the first Nazareth, thirty years residence of our and in of time on May 20th, in the twentieth degree of the Lord Saviour the days his humilia- constellation of the Fishes. They then stood before tion, requires in this place a distinct description. sunrise in the eastern part of the heavens, and so This has been given by many travellers. The fol- were seen by the Magi. Jupiter then passed by lowing is from the graphic pen of Dr. Durbin, the Saturn toward the north. About the middle of distinguished American traveller :— " September they were, near midnight, both in oppo- Nazareth is nearly due north from Jerusalem, sition to the sun, Saturn in the thirteenth, Jupiter distant about sixty-five miles, and embosomed in the in the fifteenth degree, being distant from each mountains of Lower Galilee. I shall not trouble other about a degree and a half. They then drew the reader with the many interesting places which nearer. On October 27th, there was a second con- lie between Jerusalem and Nazareth, such as Bethel, junction in the 16 th degree, and on November 12 th Shiloh, Shechem, and Samaria; but hasten to the there took place a third conjunction in the fifteenth southern edge of the Great Plain of Esdraelon, from

degree of the same constellation. In the last two which one catches the first glance of the gray hills, conjunctions, the interval between the planets in the midst of which lies the early home of Jesus. amounted to no more than a degree, so that, to the un- On our journey thither, we had wandered so long that assisted eye, the rays of the one planet were absorbed amid the venerable remains of Samaria, night in those of the other, and the two bodies would ap- had shut in upon us as we approached the town of pear as one. The two planets went past each other Jennin, at the northern base of the mountains of three times, came very near together, and showed Samaria, and which is directly opposite to Nazareth, themselves all night long for months in conjunction the Great Plain lying between them. " with each other, as if they would never separate Upon rising in the morning, and advancing to the again. Their first union in the East awoke the at- high plateau of masonry on which our khan was tention of the Magi, told them the expected time built, a most beautiful scene opened wide and far. had come, and bade them set ofi" without delay The Great Plain of Esdraelon stretched from the toward Judea, (the fish-land.) When they reached Jordan on the east, thirty miles westward to the Jerusalem, the two planets were once more blended Mediterranean; and from the mountains of Sama- together. Then, in the evening, they stood in the ria on the south, where I stood, fifteen miles north- southern part of the sky, pointing with their united ward, to the mountains of Lower Galilee. In full rays to Bethlehem, where prophecy declared the view in this plain were many objects of deep in-

Messiah was to be born. The Magi followed the terest, such as Gilboa, Hermon, Tabor, the Foun-

finger of heavenly light, and were brought to the tain of Jezreel, and the battle-field of nations from child Jesus. The in to the time time imtnemorial but in across the conclusion, regard ; sight, directly the that our Lord was born in the lat- hills of Nazareth. In of advent is, plain, were the gray, wavy to climb ter part of the year of Rome 747, or six years five hours we were at their base, and began we fell before the common era. their steep, rocky sides. As we ascended, results of came These astronomical calculation do not into a rugged dell, and, following it, quickly the exact to the call in question and literal truthfulness of out upon a ridge, below which, north, lay the narrative of the star in the east but in the hills a narrow val- gospel ; deeply embosomed small, an and beautiful illustration that in this Naza- they ofier interesting ley. I knew sequestered glen lay ' It is in of the confirmation which science gives to Scripture. reth where my Saviour was brought up.' 175 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 17G vain to attempt to indicate to the reader the varied in the centre of the engraving, and the conventual and tumultuous emotions which agitate the Chris- buildings to the left. tian from the New World as he approaches Naza- "As living fountains in the East are wellnigh as reth. As we advanced, my eyes wandered rapidly immutable as mountains, it is very natural to sup- over every nook and corner of the vale, as it opened pose, that, when Mary was a maiden among the upon us, to catch the first glimpse of the town. maids of Nazareth, she often went, as the maids of Suddenly a delicate and well-defined line cut the air; Nazareth do now, to the fountain for water. And and almost at the same moment, at a lower eleva- who shall say that she was distinguishable from the tion, a small, dark, transverse figure was seen on the crowd of her maidenly companions, except by the right. They were the crescent and the cross, im- purity of her manners and the modesty of her de- pending over Nazareth. The spell upon the travel- meanour? This beautiful vision of the youthful is than of ler, as he approaches Nazareth, more rapt days Mary was occupying and illuminating my that which comes upon him as he approaches Jeru- heart, as I approached the only spot in Nazareth salem. In the last case, it is broken by the first that I could feel had certainly been trodden by the

at feet. ! like glance the embattled walls of the city, so unlike Virgin's Alas most other antecedent his early imaginings of the holy place; but, ad- visions in the Holy Land, it suddenly vanished when the vancing upon Nazareth, the quiet, retired little vale fountain appeared. It was surrounded by a is so peaceful, and the silence amid the surrounding crowd of the maids of modem Nazareth, each some- hills so profound, that the visions which the place what clamorous in contending for her turn to fill her calls abide in the and the vale of One damsel was over up imagination ; waterpot. poor lamenting Nazareth seems a mountain sanctuary from which her earthen jar, which had been broken in the con- came forth the grace of life to a dying world. We test. As I drew near, the crowd parted to let me found clean lodgings in a building belonging to the examine the fountain. I found it to be a large mar- convent, just without its gates. ble trough, probably once a sarcophagus, covered " The village of Nazareth is unknown in the annals with a rude stone arch, from under which one end of mankind, except in so far as it is connected with projected a little. From the trough a feeble jet of the mystery of our redemption by Jesus. It is not good water issued, and was received into the water- mentioned in the Old Testament, nor in the New, pots. " except in connection with the life of our Saviour. From the Fountain of the Virgin I ascended " I have already said that the town is in a little the lofty ridge on the west of the town, and seated feet in the of a vale, about 800 above the sea, and deeply em- myself shade large white Mohammedan bosomed in the hills of Lower Gralilee. This vale tomb that crowns its summit. This was one of the is not more than 700 yards in length, and 300 in most pleasing hours of my life. It was late in the width. On the east and south, the hills are lower afternoon; the sky was cloudless, and a profound and more broken silence field up. To the north, they rise higher reigned throughout the of vision, which and are more in commanding. On the west, a precipi- was wellnigh boundless every direction. To the tous mountain ridge swells up some 500 feet above south-west, the long dark ridge of Mount Carmel the town, which is built at the foot of its eastern seemed banked up against the sky, and beyond it declivity, and overlooks the rich and luxuriant vale the evening sun hung over the sea as if in the act still below it. The as all in of into it to the the Mediterranean houses, Palestine, are, falling ; west, lay to the of molten on the owing scarcity wood, built of stone, gene- as a mirror of silver; south, the Plain two stories of its rally high, and the walls very thick, that Esdraelon spread green carpet, beyond which they may stand the frequent shocks of the earth- were the mountains of Samaria; toward the east, and be cooler quake, during the scorching heats of rose in succession the irregular swells of Gilboa, the summer. Nearly every house is finished with a flat summit of Little Hermon, and the bold round top of roof, made of water-proof cement, and surrounded Tabor, which seemed to me, in spite of criticism, the with a low wall of masonry. The roof rests upon most appropriate mountain in all Palestine for the an arch turned over the room below. None of the transfiguration of our Saviour. For it stands apart dwelling-houses are large or imposing. The only from the rest of the world, uplifted into the pure prominent buildings in the town are the mosque and resplendent heavens, and looks down upon the scenes the convent. This belongs to the Franciscans of of his youth, the sea of his miracles, and the familiar the Latin Church, and is rather a cluster of massive walks of his disciples. Farther eastward, beyond sea the buildings, enclosed by a strong wall and gate, and the of Genesareth, were seen dim outlines having gardens attached to it. The mosque is seen of the hills of Bashan. On the north, Kana el 177 THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 178

" the fountain near Jelil, or Cana of Galilee, was visible, where Jesus He must often have visited his first miracle at the of a which we had our tent his feet must fre- wrought wedding neigh- pitched ; his over the hills and bour, to which himself and mother had been quently have wandered adjacent ; invited. Still farther to the north swelled up the his eyes doubtless have gazed upon the splendid the Prince of mountains of Safet, and beyond them towered the prospect from this very spot. Here snowy Hermon, the monarch of this sacred moun- Peace looked down upon the great plain, where the so and the tain-world. Immediately below me on the east, lay din of battles oft had rolled, garments its little vale. of the warrior been in blood and he looked Nazareth impending over paradisiacal dyed ; that over the swift Amid this interesting panorama I was sitting at night- out, too, upon sea, which ships the that often to bear the of his salvation to nations fall, impressed with assurance Jesus had were tidings and to continents then has the wandered over this hill, gazed on this scene, and unknown. How

! and perhaps sat on this very spot which I now occupied." moral aspect of things been changed Battles The sacred associations and solemn musings, bloodshed have, indeed, not ceased to desolate this the awakened by the scene before us, are happily ex- unhappy country, and gross darkness now covers this pressed by Dr. Robinson : — people; but from region a light went forth " Seating myself in the shade of the Wely, I re- which has enlightened the world and unvailed new mained for some hours this lost in the climes and now the of that to be upon spot, ; rays light begin contemplation of the wide prospect and of the events reflected back from distant isles and continents, to connected with the scenes around. In the village illuminate anew the darkened land where it sprang below, the Saviour of the world had passed his child- up." hood we have few of his ; particulars and, although the g 12. At twelve years of age, Jesus goes to Passover.— life those there are certain during early years, yet Jerusalem. Luke ii. 41-52. April, a. d. 8.

features of nature which meet our now as i. ILL . 13. Matt. 1-17 Luke 23-38. eyes just § The genealogies. ; they once met his.

PART IL—ANNOUNCEMENT AND INTRODUCTION OF OUR LORD'S PUBLIC MINISTRY. A. D. 25.

arid grass and some green bushes of cistus. This TIME : ABOUT ONE YEAR. region of country is often mentioned in Scripture, — and termed " the Wilderness of which ex- g 14. The ministry of John the Baptist. The Desert of Judah," Mat. iii. Mark i. Luke iii. 1-18. THE Jordan. 1-12; 1-8; tended along the western shore of the Dead Sea, the Abilene, the tetrarchy of Lysanias, was a small plain of Jordan, and the mountains of Judah toward but beautiful and fertile province on the eastern de- Jerusalem and Jericho. During the rebellion of

clivities of the mountains of Anti-Lebanon, north- Absalom, David, on his flight from Jerusalem, crossed west and west of Damascus. It was bounded on the the Kidron and withdrew to the banks of the Jor- to a of west by the province of Philip, whom part dan, and said, "I will tarry in the plain of the Abilene had been given, with Iturea and Trachonitis. wilderness;" but not being secure there, he passed over Jordan to gather his army in Gilead. From the of it that this re- THE WILDERNESS. description Josephus appears gion, between Jericho and the Asphaltic lake, was The desolate region which lies between the Mount then as stony and barren as it is now. of Olives, east of Jerusalem and the plains of Jor- The country was not entirely destitute of the dan, and extends far north and south of this line means of subsistence. The food of John, and doubt- the is as- along the Jordan and Dead Sea, generally less of our Saviour also, was such as the desert to the wilderness where the sumed have been Bap- afibrds, locusts and wild honey from the rocks. Jo- forerunner of our his subsisted in the tist, Lord, began ministry. sephus informs us that he himself To this also our Lord retired after his baptism, same manner for three years in this wilderness, with for and where he continued forty days forty nights, his teacher, Banas, "and had no other food than in fasting and prayer, preparatory to the great work what grew of its own accord."

of his This mountainous the desert Jordan. Matt. iii. ministry. tract, 1 15. Baptism of Jesus.—The 13-17; of is and Mark i. 9-11 Luke iii. 21-23. Autumn of A. D. 25. Judah, bare, bleak, dreary, presenting ; everywhere yellow rocks and gray sand; no trees Jesus is here supposed to have gone down the east seen a few shrubs here and there on the side of the as indicated in the of his are ; grow Jordan, map dells to have been near slopes, and the intervening are covered with travels, Map YI., baptized the 179 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 180 fords of Jericho, and to have passed over into the day, desirous of baptism, resorted there, and were wilderness west of the Jordan, whence he returned baptized in the living stream.

of this river to Nazareth. — Jordan. ? up the valley g 19. Jesus gains disciples. The Galilee John i. 35-51. — i The temptation. Desert op Judea. Matt, v. 1-11 ; §16. §20, The marriage at Cana of Galilee. John ii. 1-12. March, i. 13 Luke iv. 1-13. Mark 12, ; A. D. 26.

The mountain which tradition assigns as the place Dr. Bobinson supposes the third day to refer back of the temptation, is the lofty summit of Quaran- to John i. 44. The two preceding days were sufficient three miles a tania, about north of the road leading to for the journey to Cana, distance perhaps of fifty Jericho. It is fifteen hundred or two thousand feet miles. Cana of Gralilee, as has been shown by Dr. " high, and distinguished for its sere and desolate as- Bobinson, is not the Cana of most travellers, seen pect, even in this gloomy region of savage and dreary at the distance, five miles north-east of Nazareth, sights. Its highest summit is crowned with a chapel, but Kana el Jelil, about seven miles north of Naza- still occasionally resorted to by the more devout reth, also in full view from the heights above this pilgrims, while the eastern face, which overhangs the place. Cana is remarkable as the place where Jesus plain, and commands a noble view of the Arabian wrought the first two miracles by which to attest the mountains, is much occupied with grottos and cells, truth of his divine mission. He visited the place a the favourite abodes of pious anchorites." short time after the marriage at Cana, on his return from Jerusalem after the first passover, when he g 17. Preface to John's Gospel. John i. 1-18. healed the nobleman's then sick at § 18. Testimony of John the Baptist to Jesus.—Bethabaka son, lying Caper- BEYOND JoRDAX. John i. 19-34. March ? a. d. 26. naum, at the distance of fifteen miles. Nathaniel, also a of Bethabara is supposed by Lticke to be Beth-bara, the guileless Israelite, was native this place, on the Jordan, to which Gideon summoned the Is- John xxi. 2, afterward known as an apostle of the raelites to take the waters before the Midianites. name of Bartholomew. Cana is now a ruined, neg- " Judg. vii. 24. Bitter supposes it to have been by lected place, but little known. "War, bloody, re- the fords of Jordan, over against Jericho. The lentless war, has swept over the little Cana of name itself means the House of Fords. Its true Galilee; fire and sword have laid waste and de- the in site was early lost, and probably will never be re- stroyed peaceful village which Christ met covered. Jerome relates that many believers in his the rejoicing wedding-party."

PART III.—OUR LORD'S FIRST PASSOVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT TRANSACTIONS UNTIL THE SECOND. MARCH, A. D. 26.

time: one TEAR. The valley of the Jordan is more easily traversed on the eastern side than on the course g 21. At the Passover, Jesus drives the traders out of the western. The

—Jerusalem. John ii. temple. 13-25. of the Jordan may be conveniently traversed near the outlet of the Sea of Galilee, or the line of travel ROUTES BETWEEN JERUSALEM AND GALILEE. may be through the plain of Esdraelon and down The approach to Jerusalem from Galilee was by the valley between Hermon and Gilboa, to Beth- three difierent routes—the western, middle, and shean, or Scythopolis, and across the fords of the eastern. Jordan at that place. Then the traveller may fol- 1st. The western was either around the headland low the plain of the Jordan, or go up from the river of Carmel and along the coast by Csesarea to Joppa to the table-land eastward, and follow the line of the and Jerusalem, or across the pass of Mount Carmel terraces to some point nearly opposite Jericho, before near Megiddo, and along the eastern border of the descending to the Jordan. In the map of the travels plain of Sharon, by Antipatris, to Lydda, and thence of our Lord, the particular route is for the most part to Jerusalem. conjectural and arbitrary, nothing being said, except 2d. The middle and most direct route was, as it in one or two instances, to indicate the route pur- still across the of in is, plain Esdraelon, and on the sued by our Saviour going up to Jerusalem or line of the mountains of Samaria by Shechem, the returning to Galilee. 22. Our Lord's discourse with Nicodemus.—Jerusalem. Sychar of the New Testament, to the city of Jeru- § John iii. 1-21. salem. § 23. Jesus remains in Judoa and baptizes. Further testi- 3d. The eastern route was down the valley of the mony of John the Baptist. John iii. 22-36. Summer of Jordan to Jericho, and thence up to Jerusalem. A. D. 26. 181 THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 182

It does not appear where in Judea Jesus passed and imposing." Through this chasm a stream of the interval between the passover and his return to hot water, twelve feet wide and ten inches deep, mention of his near rushes with This hot stream of Galilee ; but from the haptizing, great velocity. where John also was before his imprisonment, he is water is supplied from many springs which gush out supposed, as indicated in the map, to have restricted their heated waters along the line of the chasm for his ministry to the region of Jerusalem and of Jeri- three or four miles. These and the volcanic rocks cho, where the fountains of Elisha and Beth-Hoglah which abound in this region are so many additional and the Jordan might afford stations for his ministry indications of the volcanic nature of this whole re- and for baptizing. gion of country. These waters were much frequented in the time of John's ministry for baptism g 24. Jesus departs into Galilee after John's imprisonment. and for health. are even mentioned in the iv. xiv. i. iv. Matt. 12, 3-5 ; Mark 14, vi. 17-20 ; Luke 14, They

iii. 20 John iv. 1-3. of A. D. 26. of xxxvi. as discovered 19, J Autumn book Genesis, 24, by Anah, son of one of the dukes of Edom, the sons of Esau. In our translation the word meaning hot springs is IMPRISONMENT OF JOHN THE BAPTIST. absurdly rendered mules. The interpretation of the text that he " found the hot of the wil- The imprisonment of John occurred in the second is, springs derness as he fed the asses of Zibeon his father." year of his ministry, which may have continued one year and six months. On the supposition that the The return of Jesus to Galilee was in this in- birth of Jesus was in October, and that both John stance by the middle route, as is indicated by his with the Samaritan It and Jesus entered on their public ministry at thirty conversation woman. was November or December in the second of his years of age, then the ministry of Jesus began six year months before the first passover. Eight months after public ministry. the passover he is on his to Galilee in conse- way § 25. Discourse with the Samaritan woman. Many of the quence of John's imprisonment. More than a year Samaritans believe on him.—Shechem, Sychar, or Ne- John iv. 4-42. December a. d. 26. has already elapsed since the commencement of his APOLis. public ministry, but the ministry of John began At the distance of some thirty miles from Jeru- some months before that of Jesus. It must, there- salem the traveller beholds from an eminence a long ten or fore, have continued at least a year and a half. narrow valley, extending northward twelve miles before him, and bounded on the west by a of mountains 700 or 800 feet in and MACHiERUS AND THE HOT SPRINGS OP CAL- ridge height, on the east an line of hills at the dis- LIRROHOE. by irregular tance of two or three miles. Our Lord's journey Machserus, the castle and palace of Herod, where lay along this valley, at the base of these western John was beheaded, was situated on the east of the mountains. Near the middle of these mountains Dead Sea, above the hot springs of Callirrohoe, eight they are rent to their base by a defile which cuts or nine miles from the sea, about fifteen south-east through them from the West, forming two frowning feet at dis- of the outlet of the Jordan. Seetzin, about fifty bluffs, Gerizim and Ebal, 600 high, the years since, discovered its ruins, still imposing and tance of a quarter of a mile from each other. A extensive, on the summit of an oblong and lofty short distance south of the line of the defile, at the rock, with precipitous sides, and surrounded by a foot of Gerizim, the southern bluff, was Jacob's deep chasm, so as to be altogether inaccessible, ex- Well, where, in the middle of the second day's jour- at cept one point, by a very high bridge. Josephus ney, Jesus seated himself for rest, while his disciples " describes it as so contrived by nature that it could passed up the valley between the opposite heights to for it as it not be easily ascended, is, were, ditched the city of Shechem, Sychar, for the purchase of about with such valleys on all sides, and to such a provisions. While waiting here for the return of depth, that the eye cannot reach their bottoms, and his disciples, Jesus was drawn into that most inte- such as are not easily to be passed over, and even resting and instructive conversation with the woman as it is to fill with earth for to water from such impossible up ; of Samaria, who had come out draw that valley which cuts it off on the west extends to the well. The well itself is a perpendicular shaft, threescore furlongs, and does not end till it comes sunk in the solid rock to the depth of seventy-five to the lake is to the Asphaltis." feet, the digging of which ascribed patriarch Lieut. Lynch found the walls of this chasm near Jacob. " the hot springs standing 122 feet apart, lofty and It is extremely interesting to reflect that from perpendicular, of red and yellow sandstone, majestic these Samaritans, who now for the first time received 183 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 184

the of was the gospel from Son Man himself, gathered, there in vast quantities, and also palm-trees, which the the first Christian church by Philip Evangelist, require heat; while fig-trees and olives, which re- out of Jerusalem, and that they enjoyed the earliest quire a milder atmosphere, grow near them. One ministrations of the apostles Peter and John, who, may say that it is the ambition of nature which in the dispersion upon the death of Stephen, preached forces together the things that are naturally enemies in of their to one another and that there is a contention many villages. ; happy of the seasons of the year, as if each of them laid 26. Jesus teaches publicly in Galilee. John iv. 43-45; Matt. g claim to this district as its own; for it not only iv. 17; Marki. 14, 15; Luke iv. 14, 1 5. January? a. d. 27. nourishes different sorts of fruits, men's ex- 2 27. Jesus is again at Cana, where he heals the son of a no- beyond bleman lying ill at Capernaum.—Cana of Galilee. John pectation, but long preserves them. iv. 46-64. A. n. 27. " January, It supplies men with the principal fruits, with is in this Sarepta, to which allusion made discourse grapes and figs during ten months of the year, with- of our Lord, was midway between Tyre and Zidon, out intermission, and with the rest of the fruits on the celebrated plain of Phcenicia. Remains of an throughout the whole year as they ripen in course. ancient town are found near the shore. The modern And besides the good temperature of the atmosphere, town is on a high hill, a short distance to the east. it is also watered from a most fertile fountain, called Capernaum was on the north-west shore of Gen- Capharnaum by the natives. Some have thought nesaret, twenty miles north-east from Cana. The this fountain to be a vein of the Nile, because it nobleman appears to have been some member of the produces the Coracine fish, like the lake near Alex- family of the king. The fame of Jesus had reached andria. The length of this country extends along the court of at Herod, though Jesus had, this time, the banks of this lake, bearing the same name, for but one miracle in wrought Galilee. thirty stadia, and in breadth it is twenty. This, is the nature of that 28. Jesus at Nazareth he is there and fixes his indeed, place." g ; rejected; abode at iv. the coast near the northern limit of this Capernaum. Luke 16-31 ; Matt. 13-16. Janu- Upon ary, A. D. 27. plain of Gennesar, by a large fountain, are found

The hills south-west of Nazareth break off into a some remains of an ancient city, which Dr. Robin- to perpendicular precipice of forty or fifty feet; and son supposes have been Capernaum. An Ameri- here, doubtless, is the brow of the hill to which his can traveller has assured the writer that he departed own citizens led him, that they might cast him down. from the usual routes of tourists in passing this Tradition assigns for this incident another place, plain—that he neither kept along the shore nor fol- which it is needless to describe. lowed the windings of the western hills that encir-

Capernaum becomes now the residence of Jesus. cle the plain, but struck diagonally across it, and ^' Thou, Capernaum, which art exalted unto heaven, found in the centre of the plains piles of rubbish shall be brought down to hell; for if the mighty and other indications of an ancient town. These works which have been done in thee had been done localities may possibly indicate the sites of Chorazin in Sodom, it would have remained until this day." and Bethsaida. So completely has this word been fulfilled upon this Capernaum, in the opinion of Ritter and Dr. Wil- doomed city, that the very site of it is unknown. son, may have been at a place now known by the North of Tiberias, and about midway of the coast, name of Tell Hum, about four miles farther north, the hills retire in a kind of arch, and form a small on the north-west margin of the lake, where are triangular plain, four miles in length, and two in found extensive ruins. Several plausible reasons are breadth, at the widest part, of great beauty and fer- assigned for assuming this to be the site of Caper- This is the ancient land tility. of Gennesaret, Mark naum, the chosen residence of our Lord. But no- in Dr. vi. 53, which Robinson supposes the lost city thing more can be afiirmed with confidence of Caper- to have been located. naum, Chorazin, or Bethsaida, than they were on This plain Josephus describes as one of surpassing the western shore of the Sea of Tiberias. loveliness and fertility, and modem travellers concur of § 29. The call of Simon Peter and Andrew, and James in attesting the truth of the representation : — and John, with the miraculous draught of fishes. —Near " The named Gcnnesar extends the V. i. 16-20. country along CArERNATJM. Luko 1-11 ; Mattiv. 18-22; Mark lake, wonderful both for its nature and beauty. On January, A. D. 27. 30. Healing of a demoniac in the synagogue.—CAPERNArM. account of its fertility it refuses no tree, and the cul- § i. iv. A. n. 27. Mark 21-28 ; Luke 31-37. January, tivators in it all kinds of trees and the tem- plant ; of Peter's wife's and others. § 31. The healing mother, many of the suits the several sorts. viii. Luke iv. perature atmosphere Capeknaum. Matt. 14-17 ; Marki. 29-34; For walnuts, which require the greatest colds, flourish 38-41. January, A. d. 27. 185 THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 186

32. Jesus with his from g disciples goes Capernaum through- gether conjectural, but is made to comprehend a out Galilee. i. iv. Mark 35-39; Luke iv, 42-44 ; Matt. 23- considerable portion of Galilee. 25. February and March, A. d. 27.

is to define the course or extent of 33. The — viii. Nothing given § healing of a leper. Galilee. Matt. 2-4 ; this first Mark i, 40-45 Luke v. 12-16. or a. d. 27. missionary circuit of our Lord further than ; February March, " g 34. The healing of a paralytic.—Capernaum. Mark that he went about all Gralilee, teaching in their ii^ 1-12 Luke V. 17-26 ix. 2-8. a. d. ; ; Matt. March, 27. and the of the synagogues preaching gospel king- 35. The call of ix. 9 § Matthew.—Capernaum. Matt. ; Mark dom." The course marked on the is alto- ii. 14 map, VI., 13, ; Luke v. 27, 28. April, A. D. 27.

PART IV.—OUR LORD'S SECOND PASSOVER, AND THE SUBSEQUENT TRANSACTIONS UNTIL THE THIRD. A. D. 27-28.

time: one YEAR. intimate by what route he went to Jeioisalem or returned. In map VI. he is assumed to have gone up 36. of Bethesda the of the infirm man § The pool ; healing ; to Jerusalem the eastern the Pe- and our Lord's subsequent discourse.—Jerusalem. John by route, through V. 1-47. April, A. D. 27. rea, at some distance from the Jordan, on the line of the table-land and to have returned the In this third journey to Jerusalem, Christ is sup- above, by middle route Samaria. posed to have crossed the Jordan below the Sea of through 41. The Sermon on the Mount.— Capernaum. Galilee, and to have pursued his journey along the g Near Matt V. 1 viii. 1 Luke vi. 20-49. ? A. D. 27. line of table-land east of the river. See Map VI. ; ; May § 42. The healing of the centurion's servant.—Capernauk. North of the and near the eastern temple area, Matt. viii. 5-13 vii. 1-10. a. d. 27. ; Luke May? of the is an immense 360 feet in gate city, cistern, g 43. The raising of the widow's son.—Nain. Luke vii. 11-17. length, 130 in breadth, and 75 in depth, which, May? A. D. 27. according to tradition, is the Pool of Bethesda. Nain, the scene of this touching incident, is now But the fountain on the eastern base of the hill a small settlement at the foot of Little Hermon, Ophil, below the south-east angle of the walls of the between this mountain and Esdraelon, about three and in full view city, and known as the Fountain of the Virgin or miles south by west from Tabor, King's Pool, may with greater probability be assumed from the hills of Nazareth. From Capernaum the to be the pool in question. This is an intermittent distance must be twenty or twenty-five miles. fountain, and at irregular intervals, rising falling g 44. John the Baptist, in prison, sends disciples to Jesus.— which have been indicated the of Galilee : Capernaum. Matt. xi. 2-19 Luke vii. 18-35. may by troubling ; June ? A. D. 27. the waters. The water itself is slightly saline, but constantly used for domestic purposes, and devoid John, having heard in his prison of the works of it at of any medicinal virtue, as was the period of Christ, sent two of his disciples into Galilee, a dis- our Lord's ministry. The healing of the first that tance of seventy miles, to inquire whether he was after the of the was let down troubling water was the expected Messiah. Some time after this, John that one evidently supernatural. The possibility was beheaded at the instigation of the infamous He- healed collected a multitude of the might be impo- rodias, after having lain in prison not far from a year tent about the pool; but the certainty that all who- and six months. soever will be healed of the that may deadly malady § 45. Reflections of Jesus on appealing to his mighty works. kills beyond the grave brings few to the fountain of Capernaum ? Matt. xi. 20-30. June ? A. D. 27. 46. While at meat with a Pharisee, Jesus is anointed the gospel for life and full salvation ! § sitting by a woman who had been a sinner. —Capernaum ? Luko 37. The ears of on the Sabbath.—On § disciples pluck grain vii. 36-50. June ? A. D. 27. the way to Galilee. Matt. xii. 1-8 Mark ii. 23-28 Luke ; ; § 47. Jesus, with the Twelve, makes a second circuit in Gali- vi. 1-5. A. D. 27. April, lee. Luke viii. 1-3. June to Sept. A. D. 27. § 38. The healing of the withered hand on the Sabbath.— The course of our Lord in this second circuit in xii. iii. Galilee. Matt. 9-14 ; Mark 1-6 ; Luke vi. 6-11. as in the is as § 39. Jesus arrives at the Sea of Tiberias, and is followed by Galilee, first, wholly conjectural; multitudes.—Lake of Galilee. Matt. xii. 15-21 Mark iii. the northern ; such it is traced on the map, through 7-12. May, A. d. 27. part of Galilee. g 40. Jesus withdraws to the mountain, and chooses the The Scribes and Phari- — ^ 48. The healing of a demoniac. Twelve ; the multitudes follow him. Near Capernaum. sees —Galilee. Mark iii. 19-30; Matt. xii. iii. 13-19 Luke vi. 12-19 x. 2-4. blaspheme. Mark ; ; Matt. May, Luke xi. 17-23. Oct.? A. D. 27. A. D. 27. 22-37; 14, 15, seek Our Lord's 2 49. The Scribes and Pharisees a sign. Jesus to have returned toward Galilee appears reflections.—Galilee. Matt. xii. 38-45; Luke xi. 16» after the immediately passover. Nothing is said to 24-36. Oct. ? A. D. 27. 13 187 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 188

50. The true of Christ his nearest relatives.— g disciples mature in this valley much earlier than on the high Galilee. Matt. xii. 46-50 Mark iii. 31-35 Luke viii. ; j lands of G-alilee or Gilead. 19-21. Oct.? A. D. 2r. The of the lake has not the stern and § 51. At a Pharisee's table, Jesus denounces woes against scenery the Pharisees and others.—Galilee. Luke xi. 37-54. awful features of the Dead Sea, but is more rich in Oct ? A. D. 27. hallowed associations, and more attractive in the g 52. Jesus discourses to his disciples and the multitude.— softened beauties of the landscape. The view of it Galilee. Luke xii. 1-59. Oct. ? A. d. 27. from the western breaks the 53. The of certain Galileans. height upon approach- § slaughter— Parable of the barren fig-tree. Galilee. Luke xiii. 1-9. Oct. ? A. d. 27. ing traveller with singular power.

54. Parable of the Sower.—Lake op Galilee : near Ca- " § We were upon the brow of what must appear ? xiii. pernaum Matt. 1-23 ; Mark iv. 1-25 ; Luke viii. to a spectator at its base a lofty mountain, which 4-18. Oct.? A. D. 27. bounds the basin of the Sea of and 2 55. Parable of the tares. Other parables.—Near Caper- deep Galilee, ? Matt. xiii. 24-53 iv. 26-34. Oct.? a.d. forms the last in the descent from the ele- naum ; Maik 27. step very 56. Jesus directs to cross the lake. Incidents. The § tempest vated plain over which we had journeyed during the stilled.—Lake op Galilee. Matt. viii. 18-27; Mark iv. long day. 35-41 Luke viii. 22-25 ix. 57-62. Oct. ? A. D. 27. ; ; " The sun had just set behind us in a blaze of red light, which filled the western sky for many degrees SEA OF GALILEE, OR TIBERIAS. above the horizon, and was slightly reflected from of The Sea Tiberias, the scene of so many inci- the smooth, glassy surface of the beautiful lake, dents connected with our Lord's ministry, is a wide whose opposite shore was visible for many miles on of the in a the expanse Jordan, deep valley encircled by right and left, rising abruptly out of the water mountains, which rise on the east from the water's into an immense and continuous bulwark, several edge by steep acclivities, until they reach the height hundred feet in height, grand and massive, but soft- of a thousand or twelve hundred feet. On the ened by graceful undulations, and covered with a west, and especially in the north-west, the hills are carpet of luxuriant vegetation, from the summit lower and more broken. recede a down to the water's Occasionally they quite edge. ^ little from the " shore, and form small plains of ex- Beyond the lake stretched out a vast, and, to lake is our treme fertility. The about twelve miles long eyes, a boundless region, filled up with a count- and five the are less of broad; waters pure and limpid, number beautiful rounded hills, all clad in and abound with fish, as in the time of our Sa- verdure, which, at this moment, was invested with a viour. peculiar richness of colouring. In the remote dis- From its it is full in position between high hills, exposed tance, though our view, the snowy top of to sudden of as in gusts wind, the case before us. Mount Hermon was still glittering and basking in at the There was, last accounts, but a single boat the beams of the sun, while a chaste, cool drapery the lake. upon of white, fleecy clouds hung around its base. The rocks are limestone and the whole " The form of ; region green, graceful Mount Tabor rose volcanic. Near on the behind us the broad and Tiberias, south-west shore ; while, over well-cultivated of the lake, are several hot springs, and on the op- plain, the numerous fields of wheat, now of a dark, posite side several others, at a short distance from luxuriant green, contrasted very strongly and the shore. The has opinion been advanced, that the strangely with intervening tracts of red, freshly- lake itself occupies the crater of an extinct volcano. ploughed ground. Independent of sacred associa- to the According measurement of Lieut. Symonds, tions, this was altogether a scene of rare and unique the surface of the lake is 328-98 feet below the level beauty—nay, of splendid magnificence." the of Mediterranean. The picturesque beauties of this charming scenery Tiberias, John vi. 23, already mentioned, is the frequently attracted the admiring gaze of this tra-

on the lake. : only town This city, renowned in his- veller as he reluctantly retired on his way to Safet — and built is " tory, by Herod, now mostly in ruins, The sea is almost continually in sight, and the and inhabited by some two thousand Greek Chris- difiierent elevations and ever-shifting points of view tians and Jews. -Dr. Olin describes it as the most from which it was seen, gave to this lovely expanse wretched of all the towns he ever beheld. of in its water reposing deep bed, lustrous and glit-

The heat of the summer at Tiberias, as at Jeri- tering in the sunbeams like molten silver, an endless cho, is almost insupportable, and the climate sickly. variety of interesting forms and aspects. " The inhabitants of the coast find profitable occupa- I thought some of these views the most exqui- tion in of raising early vegetables, grapes, and melons, sitely beautiful any I had enjoyed of this deeply for the market at Damascus. These it productions interesting region ; but, perhaps, was because they 189 THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 190

which was used were parting views of a region so honoured and hal- perfect sarcophagus remained within, a lowed by the presence and ministry of the adorable by the family as provision-chest. ' rested the Sea of ii. Saviour. Galilee/ 58. Levi's feast—Capernaum. Matt. ix. 10-17 ; Mark My eye upon §' < ' 15-22 Luke v. 29-39. Nov. ? a. d. 27. the coast of Magdala/ and the land of Gennesa- ; g 59. The raising of Jairus's daughter. The woman with ret :' upon the site of Chorazin, Bethsaida, and Ca- flux. — Matt. ix. 18-26 v. a bloody Capernaum. j Mark ' the cities where most of his works pernaum, mighty ? 22-43 ; Luke viii. 41-56. Nov. A. D. 27. It ' over to the other and — were done.' passed side/ § 60. Two blind men healed, and a dumb spirit cast out. Capernaum ? Matt. ix. 27-34. Nov. ? A. d. 27. traced, in various directions across the shining lake, Matt. xiii. ' g 61. Jesus again at Nazareth, and again rejected. the probable track of the little ships' in which he ? a. d. 28. 54-58 ; Mark vi. 1-6. Jan. ' went about and that along which he doing good,' g 62. A third circuit in Galilee. The Twelve instructed and' ' came to his on the and forth.—Galilee. Matt. ix. 35-38 x. 5-42 xi. 1 disciples, walking sea,' sent ; 1, ; ; ' Mark vi. 6-13 Luke ix. 1-6. March ? a. D. 28. where He rebuked the winds and the sea, and there ; so in the was a great calm.' Surely no region on earth but As in the preceding instances, present, Jerusalem and its environs alone is richer in affect- we are left to our own conjectures respecting this associations and I felt now as I did circuit of our Lord. It is traced on the ing ; upon map by bidding adieu to the holy city—saddened and quite conjecture through Nazareth and the southern part overpowered with the thought that I should com- of Galilee, around Mount Hermon, and by Tiberias mune with these endeared scenes no more." along the sea-coast.

holds Jesus to be John the whom ho § 57. The two demoniacs of Gadara.—S. E. coast of the I 63. Herod Baptist, viii. ix. 1 v. 1-21 had before beheaded.—Galilee ? Perea. Matt. xiv. . Lake of Galilee. Matt. 28-34 j ^ Mark ; just Luke viii. 26-40. Nov. ? A. d. 27. 1, 2, 6-12; Mark vi. 14-16, 21-29; Luke ix. 7-9. March? A. D. 28. The ruins of Gadara are recognised on a hill some § 64. The Twelve return, and Jesus retires with them across five miles south of the lake, and the same nearly the Lake. Five thousand are fed.—Capernaum. N. E. distance east of Jordan. The remains are extensive, COAST OF the Lake of Ga lilee. Mark vi. 30-44 ; Luke and Not a is ix. Matt. xiv. John vi. 1-14. greatly decayed. building standing , 10-17; 13-21; March, A. D. 28. and only the portals of the eastern gate remain entire. Some traces of streets are still discernible by Near the northern extremity of the Lake, there

the of : in the lines of rubbish, and two large theatres. were two towns of name Bethsaida one The acclivities of the hill on every side are very the neighbourhood of Capernaum and Chorazin, on and are tombs cut in the the west side of the lake the on the eastern steep ; occupied by many ; other, limestone rocks. Some of these tombs are large shore. The former, the city of Andrew and Peter, and is and highly wrought. These tombs are still inha- involved in the doom of Chorazin Capernaum, these outcast and frantic de- lost the mentioned Luke ix. bited as they were by irrecoverably ; latter, moniacs in the time of our Saviour. 10, near which Jesus fed the five thousand, was en- " The accounts given of the habitation of the de- larged by Philip the tetrarch. The ruins of it are a small of at moniac from whom the legion of devils was cast out, just beyond plain surpassing fertility, a little than an hour have struck us very forcibly, while we ourselves the distance of more beyond were wandering among rugged mountains, and sur- the Jordan, where it enters into the lake. They oc- is a from the rounded by tombs still used as dwellings by indivi- cupy a knoll, or hill, which spur moun- duals and whole- families. tain on the east, running down into the plain toward " A finer subject for the masterly expression of the Jordan. In the desert near this place, Jesus the passions of madness in all their violence, con- fed the five thousand, and then ordered his disciples the trasted with the serenity of virtue and benevolence to cross over unto the other Bethsaida on western in Him who went about doing good, could hardly be shore, while he went up into the eastern mountain chosen for the pencil of the artist. A faithful de- for the purpose of secret prayer. In their passage the the lineation of the wild and rugged majesty of the across the lake, near the dawn of morning, those violent mountain scenery here on the one hand, contrasted disciples were struck by one of gusts with the still calm of the waters of the lake on of wind which often sweep with great fury over the consternation and the other, would give an additional charm to the lake. In the midst of their peril, of his picture." Jesus came to the relief disciples, walking he enters into the the One of the ancient tombs, at the time of the visit upon the sea, and, as ship, the of Mr. Buckingham, from whom the above extract wind ceases. The ship came to land near plain where were is taken, was occupied as a carpenter's shop. A of Gennesaret, below Capernaum, ga- 191 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 192 thered many of the five thousand, who, in the mean lating land, beyond which the mountains rise very time, had crossed the sea to see and hear more of steeply. It was built by Herod Antipas, by whose Jesus. order John was beheaded, and is supposed to have — of Galilee, Ge- been one of his residences. The celebrated hot g 65. Jesus walks upon the water. Lake xiv. vi. John vi. NESARETH. Matt. 22-36; Mark 45-56; springs are a mile or more below the modern town, 15-21. March? A. d. 28. where are found various fragments of columns of red 66. Our Lord's discourse to the multitude in the synagogue and gray granite and marble, together with other of Capernaum. Many disciples turn back. Peter's pro- — vii. 1. indications which mark the site of the ancient town. fession of faith. Capernaum. John vi. 22-71 ; The from the earth too hot to Tiberias, from which many of the boats which water flows be borne had passed up and over the lake to the eastern Beth- by the hand, and excessively salt and bitter, and saida before the feeding of the multitude, and then emits a strong smell of sulphur. Tiberias is un- had recrossed the lake to G-enesareth, is a town on the healthy, and the inhabitants poor and sickly—" a south-west shore below Genesareth. The city lies picture of disgusting filth and frightful wretched- directly upon the shore, on a narrow strip of undu-

PART v.—FROM OUR LORD'S THIRD PASSOVER UNTIL HIS FINAL DEPARTURE FROM GALILEE AT THE FESTIVAL OF TABERNACLES.

morse, sees in this mysterious personage John the TIME : SIX MONTHS. Baptist, whom he beheaded, risen from the dead, 67. Our Lord his for with un- g justifies disciples eating and showing forth mighty works that might awaken washen hands. Pharisaic traditions.—Capernaum. Matt. his remorseless rage as well as his secret dread. In XV. 1-20; Mark vii. 1-23. April, a. d. 28. this Jesus was the 2 68. Fourth circuit of our Lord. The daughter of a Syro- region, entirely beyond jurisdic- Phoenician woman is healed. Region of Tyre and Zidon. tion of this Herod, in the tetrarchy of Herod Philip, A. D. 28. April? the lawful husband of Herodias, who is universally has been noticed. Zidon was one Tyre already described as a mild, well-meaning, and righteous of the oldest cities in been founded Palestine, having prince. by the eldest son of Canaan, the eldest son of Ham. Gen. X. 15. It is situated on an elevated promon- THE DECAP0LI8. tory, which projects a considerable distance into the sea. The environs of the city are overspread with The Decapolis, to which Jesus must have passed a luxuriant vegetation, and covered with beautiful by a circuitous route around and through different orchards and gardens. Zidon, like its younger and parts of Galilee, was a confederation of ten cities more powerful rival, once commanded an extensive south of the Sea of Galilee, and chiefly east of the trade with the principal cities and nations of the old Jordan. The inhabitants were, for the most part, world. The Zidonians were noted for their com- not Jews, but pagans. The cities, though not ad- merce, their skill in architecture, philosophy, astro- jacent, but separated, some of them at a considera- nomy, and navigation. Their idolatry and wicked- ble distance from each other, had certain common ness drew down them the denuncia- as well as mutual affinities upon frequent rights and privileges, ; tions of the Ezek. xxviii. 21-24 Joel under the neither of Herod prophets. j and, being jurisdiction iii. 4-8. the But retributive vengeance of heaven nor of Philip, but of the Roman power, they ofiered fell upon them less severely than on their neigh- additional security to Jesus against the power of the of is bours Tyre. Zidon still a considerable town Herods and the persecution of the Jews. Gadara, of five thousand inhabitants and the Ca- ; harbour, Scythopolis, Pella, Gerasa, Abila, Capitolias, though now much choked with sand, still enables natha, and Philadelphia are included in the cities them to maintain some trade and commerce with of the Decapolis; but they are not all known. the cities of the coast. Jesus appears to have lingered in some of those Our Lord's motive in retiring to the coast of Tyre which were near to the sea of Galilee, where he and Zidon, seems to have been to escape from the healed many and fed the four thousand. of power Herod and the malice of Herodias. Like From Capernaum to Tyre is a journey of thirty- his great forerunner, whom they had slain, he had five or forty miles. The whole tour through the become known as a preacher of righteousness of coasts of Tyre and Zidon would require a circuit stem and awful sanctity. Herod, smitten with re- perhaps of a hundred miles. 193 THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 194

69. A deaf and dumb man healed also others. or 2 ; many north, east, and south. The platform, terrace, Four thousand are fed.—The Decapolis. Matt xv. upon which it is built, may be elevated about one vii. viii. 1-9. ? A. d. 28. 29-38 ; Mark 31-37 ; May hundred feet above the extensive plain of which we § 70. The Pharisees and Sadducees again require a sign. xvi. have That of the which [See § 49.]—Near Magdala. Matt. xv. 39; 1-4; already spoken. part city Mark viii. 10-12. May ? A. d. 28. was within the ancient walls, lay directly south of Magdala, the native place of Mary Magdalene, the fountain. The stream formed a deep channel four the and walls and a was on the coast, about miles above Tiberias, along northern western j part and at the southern extremity of the fertile plain of of the water was formerly carried into the ditch, Genesareth. Near which was Dalmanutha, Mark which protected the eastern wall, and fell into the viii. 10. Its modern name is Mejdal. Dr. Olin deep ravine of the mountain torrent, Wady el Kid, the con- describes it as a miserable-looking village of thirty on the margin of which southern wall was or forty huts : — structed. " " and de- We stopped to make some inquiries of the pale, Thus the city was surrounded by water, on the sickly-looking inhabitants, who resembled the peo- fended on all sides by natural ravines, except and fosse. ple of Jericho in their aspect and bearing. This east, which was secured by a wide deep thick and and were region has, in some respects, a striking resemblance The walls were very solid, thorn castles or towers and before to that near the mouth of the Jordan. The strengthened by eight ; of Jericho, which I have so fully described, re- the introduction of artillery, Banias must have been of the is an appears upon this plain. A few scattering palm- almost impregnable. The shape city trees adorn the dreary precincts of Tiberias, while irregular quadrangle, longest from east to west, and the stagnant atmosphere and oppressive heat pre- widest at the eastern end. The whole area is small, in circumference. vailing in this deep valley are probably the chief not being much more than a mile " causes here, as well as at Jericho, of the sickliness The suburbs appear to have been far more ex- of the climate. tensive than the city itself. The plain toward the " This poor village, however, possesses a special north-west, west, and south-west, is covered with indu- historical interest. The people of whom we inquired columns, capitals, and foundations, bearing its name, called it Mejdal; and it is evident from bitable testimony to the ancient size and magnifi- the name, as well as from its position here, that this cence of Banias." is the Magdala of the New Testament, and the Mig- Eusebius relates that the woman who was cured dal of the xix. 38 Matt. xv. At of an issue of blood was a native of this Old. (Josh. ; 39.) place. the northern extremity of this village is a large Her supposed house was still pointed out in the a ruinous state. It the quadrangular edifice, now in fourth century, when he visited city. He adds, may have been a khan." that he himself saw there the statues of this woman

over to and of Jesus Christ. 2 71. At Magdala, Jesus again takes ship and crosses coast of the lake. Matt. xvi. 4-12 Mark to retired to this the north-east ; Jesus appears have remote part viii. 13-21. ? A. D. 28. May of his native land to escape from the pursuit of the g 72. Here, at Bethsaida, he heals a blind man. Mark viii. Pharisees. Here he held those most interesting 22-26. May? a. d. 28. conversations with his his death § 73. From thence he journeys north to the region of CiEsa- disciples respecting rea Philippi. On their way, Peter again professes his and resurrection, and the spiritual state which he faith in Christ. Matt. xvi. 13-20 viii. [See 66.] ; Mark § exemplified to them in his. transfiguration. 27-30; Luke ix. 18-21. May? a. d. 28.

74. In this our Lord foretells his own death and The course to Caesarea Philippi is along the east- g region resurrection, and the trials of his followers. Matt. xvi. em bank of the some ten then Jordan, miles, up viii. ix. 1 ix. 21-28; Mark 31-38; ; Luke 22-27. May? the east shore of the Lake Huleh, (the Waters of A. D. 28. and his Merom,) five miles or more, and thence along the § 75. Next follows the transfiguration of our Lord, xvii. 1-13 subsequent discourse with his disciples. Matt. j great marsh, ten or twelve miles farther north. ix. ix. ? A. D. 28. Mark 2-13 ; Luke 28-36. May Caesarea Philippi is at the head of one of the princi- branches of the Jordan. We cannot better in- pal HERMON AND THE TRANSFIGURATION. troduce this place to the notice of the reader than in the graphic description of the Rev. Mr. Thompson. This "high mountain," the scene of the Transfigu- The modern name of the city is Banias, known as ration, is supposed to have been some lofty eminence Paneas or Panias. of Mount Hermon, above Banias. The mountain, of and ''The city is securely imbosomed among moun- towering into the regions perpetual snow ice, tains, which stand around it on the north-west. has been seldom visited. The following description 195 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 196 of the scenery from its summit is from the pen of lies scattered far and wide around. Around this a recent traveller : — central peak was an immense circular wall, whose " The snow lay in depths of five and seven feet mighty foundations can yet be traced, and the giant at one side. Under such a snow-bank, ten thousand wreck of whose material is scattered far down the stir feet above the busy of human life, with the southern slope of the hill. Its stones are of enor- blue dome of heaven right above, and rocks and mous size; two of them measuring within a small caves and growling bears around, we pitched our fraction of nine feet. From their number, this tent and lit our fires for the The sun was enclosure must have been of immense night. height ; and, the just trembling o'er dark blue sea as we gained from their magnitude and finely cut surfaces, have the summit. That sunset I shall carry with me to formed an ethereal temple worthy of the splendid my dying hour. The fleecy clouds which had idolatry to which it was consecrated." gathered around the western slope of the mountain, But a scene, infinitely surpassing all the glories and extended themselves almost to the distant hori- of Lebanon, was displayed on the heights beneath zon, presented one sea of rolling gold, then, with its hoary head, when, in the Transfiguration, the in- for a the sinking orb, while assuming the most deli- carnate Son of God put on the glories of the hea- cate pink, finally resumed their snowy whiteness venly state to reveal to his disciples what in the and sank to rest on a long level with the dusky flesh they could know of that world of glory, and earth. 'We could see the conical shadow of the to aid them to form some feeble conception of those mountain in the east, first creeping slowly over the things prepared in heaven for them, which eye hath plain, and shedding the darkness of night wherever not seen, nor ear heard, nor the heart of man con- it touched, and then finally mounted high up against ceived. the bright eastern sky, and standing there in fearful The next on from the Jesus horridness, like the funeral shade of some giant § 76. day, descending mount, heals a dumb demoniac. Matt. xvii. Mark ix. Anakim. On the north we had Lebanon and Anti- 14-21;

14-29 ; Luke ix. 37-43. Lebanon, with long rows of awful ravines and fear- § 77. Jesus now returns into Galilee, and again foretells his ful — jagged rocks cjtyeSj^ caverns, and precipices death and resurrection. Matt. xvii. 22, 23; Mark ix. — — 30-32 Luke ix. 43-45. June ? A. d. 28. ^a tu- innumerable mountain capping mountain ; 78. At Capernaum he miraculously provides tribute-mo- multuous flood of gray billowy hills extending as 2 ney. Matt. xvii. 24-27. June? A. d. 28. far as the could reach. How the con- eye pleasant shall in 2 79. Here the disciples contend who be greatest tha trast toward the south ! There we could see the of heaven and are exhorted to for- kingdom ; humility, bearance, and love. Matt, xviii. 1-35 Mark ix. Hauran and the Huleh, covered with verdure and brotherly ; ix. A. d. 2S. 33-50 ; Luke 46-50. Juno, blending with the sky beyond. We could see 80. The Seventy are instructed and sent out; probably and noble and and 2 smiling villages farms, vineyards down the valley of the Jordan, and through the populous and of fig-orchards, groves walnut and shadowy oak. regions of the country beyond Jordan, where our Lord " I know but of two travellers who have ascended soon followed them, and preached. This was the conclusion of his before to Jerusa- Hermon, and neither of them mention the extraor- public ministry, going up lem for the last time. Luke x. 1-16.—Capernaum, Sept. ruins to be there found. A of these dinary part A.D. 28. ruins can be referred to none other than the oldest and g 81. Jesus now takes his final departure from Galilee, Jerusalem. On his he is Syrian times, when the worshippers of Baal inha- goes up to way inhospitably rejected by the Samaritans. John vii. 2-10; Luke ix. bited the land, and temples and noble altars for sun- 61-56.—Samaria, Sept. a. d. 28. and sent their worship graced every hilltop, up in of Luke xvii. g 82. Heals ten lepers the country Samaria. sacrificial to the of smoke very dome heaven. The 11-19. Sept. ? A. D. 28. mountain is capped by a central limestone peak, once deeply hollowed by the hand of man, but now This journey to Jerusalem is traced on the map, in great part filled by the ruin and rubble which through Samaria by the middle route.

PART VL—THE FESTIVAL OF THE TABERNACLES, AND THE SUBSEQUENT EVENTS UNTIL OUR LORD'S ARRIVAL AT BETHANY, SIX DAYS BEFORE THE FOURTH PASSOVER.

been absent a year and a half from Jerusalem. TIME : SIX MONTHS, LESS SIX DAYS, This feast commemorated the wandering of the 83. John vii. 11-53 viii. 1. A.D. 28. g ; Israelites in the wilderness. The Jews therefore

The feast of Tabernacles was held in October, dwelt in booths, as they did in the desert. It was six months after the Passover. Jesus had now also a festival of thanksgiving for the vintage and CHRIST. 198 19' THE LIFE OF

of Josh, the fruits of the season. As ancient and Ophrah Benjamin. the gathering in of Ephron xiii. 2 Chron. xiii. 19. It is on which xviii. 23 1 Sam. 17 ; mch it was celebrated as a joyful occasion, ; on a twelve or fourteen miles north of the Hebrews bore about branches of palms, willows, high hill, distance north of the rock and offered additional and Jerusalem, and a short myrtles, and olives, ap- to which the remnant of the sacrifices. Num. xxix. 12-39. Rimmon, slaughtered propriate and tribe of Benjamin fled for defence, Judg. xx. 47, the taken in John viii. § 84. Dismisses woman adultery. some five miles north-east of Bethel. 2-11.—Jerusalem. September, A. d. 28. the and the of the hill is an ancient § 85. Teaches and reproves unbelieving Jews, escapes On highest point out of their hands. John viii. 12-59.—Jerusalem. of the wilder- tower, which affords a wide prospect 86. Soon after the occurred his conversation § leaving city the Dead ness along the valley of the Jordan, of with a certain lawyer, in connection with which he gave — and of the mountains beyond. the parable of the good Samaritan. Luke x. 25-37. Near Sea, the of a and contains Jerusalem. October? a. d. 28. The village is on slope hill, 87. On his he is entertained in Bethany, at the house hundred Christians of § way a population of about three of Martha and Mary. Luke x. 38-42. November ? a. d. 28. the Greek church. of about " Bethany is now a poor village twenty Even *to this day the hardy and industrious south-eastern of the Mount val- families, on the declivity mountaineers have much intercourse with the .

of in a little and about one mile and till rich fields and the harvests of Olives, valley, ley, and the reap from Jerusalem. a half south-east Jericho. It was therefore quite natural and easy and to xi. for our Lord from this to cross the valley § 88. The disciples are again taught how pray. Luke point 1-13. the Jordan, and then turn his course toward Jericho 89. The return.—Jerusalem ? Luke x. 17-24. § Seventy while at the same time he exercised and Jerusalem ; ^ 90. A man born blind is healed on the Sabbath. Our his the cities and the Lord's discourses.—Jerusalem. John ix. 1-^1 ministry among villages along subsequent j — X. 1-21. valley and in the eastern region." Eng. Harmony, 91. In the month of Jesus returns to Je- § December, again p. 187. rusalem to the feast of the where his instruc- Dedication, next on the coast of § 94. Our Lord is accordingly Judea, by tions give offence to the Jews, and he again retires from the farther side of Jordan, where he heals an infirm wo- the to Bethabara Jordan. John x. 22-42. city beyond 2 x. 1 Luke man on the Sabbath. Matt. xix. 1, ; Mark ;

xiii. 10-21. of the Jordan ?—Perea. February, The feast of the Dedication, otherwise styled the Valley A. D. 29. Purification, was celebrated with eight days, many the and § 95. Passes through villages teaching journeying in of the after the sacrifices, memory purification toward Jerusalem. Luke xiii. 22-35.—Perea, February, temple had been profaned and defiled by Antiochus A. D. 29. 96. In his course he dines with a chief Pharisee on the Epiphanes, B. c. 167, who dedicated the temple to § Sabbath. Luke xiv. 1-24.—Perea. March, A. d. 29. and on the altar of Jehovah erected Jupiter Olympus, the multitude what is of true dis- " § 97. Instructs required an altar to this heathen the abomination that A. d. 29. god, ciples. Luke xiv. 25-35.—Perea. March, desolate" of Daniel xi. xii. 11. of the Lost and of the maketh spoken by 31, § 98. The parables Sheep Prodigal Son follow in this Luke xv.1-32.—Perea. March, The feast was celebrated eight days, with many sa- place. A. D. 29. with the 25th of December. crifices, beginning Steward.—Perea. Luke xvi. § 99. Parable of the Unjust § 92. After remaining here probably a few weeks, he is re- 1-13. March, A. D. 29. of the Rich Man called to Bethany by the sickness of Lazarus. John xi. 1-46. g 100. The Pharisees reproved. Parable January ? A. D. 29. and Lazarus.—Perea. Luke xvi. 14^31. March, a. d. 2P.

in ' —Perea. g 93. From Bethany, consequence of the designs of the g 101. Jesus inculcates forbearance, faith, humility. sanhedrim against him, our Lord withdraws to a city called Luke xvii. 1-10. March, A. d. 29. will — xvii. Ephraim, near the wilderness. John xi. 47-54. January § 102. Christ's coming be sudden. Perea. Luke and February ? A. D. 29. 20-37. March, A. d. 29. 103. The Importunate Widow. The Pharisee and Publi- that Jesus should be to § Caiaphas, by advising put can. Luke xviii. 1-14.—Perea. March, A. d. 29. uttered an sentiment of — xix. death, important prophetic §104. Precepts respecting divorce. Perea. Matt. 3-12; frequent occurrence in the prophets, that Jesus should Mark x. 2-12. March ? a. d. 29. 105. Little children received and blessed.—Perea. Matt die for the people, and in this sense unconsciously I xix. 13-15 Mark x. 13-16 Luke xviii. 15-17. March, that Jesus should die for that ; ; "prophesied nation, A. D. 29. and not for that nation but also that he should Parable of the labourers in the only, § 106. The rich young man. xx. Mark x. gather together in one the children of God that vineyard.—Perea. Matt. xix. 16-30, 1-16; 17-31 Luke xviii. 18-30. March, A. d. 29. •were scattered abroad." ; now foretells his death and resur- § 107. A third time Jesus We are indebted to Dr. Robinson for the probable rection.—Perea. [See §§ 74, 77.] Matt. xx. 17-19; Mark of which he identifies with the X. 32-34 xviii. 31-34. a. d. 29. recovery Ephraim, ; Luke March, 199 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 200

of and —Perea, 110. Is entertained on which occa- I 108. The ambitious requsst James John. g hospitably by Zacchous, x. A. d. 29. sion he delivers the of the Pounds. Luke xix. 2-28. Matt. XX. 20-28 ; Mark 35-45. March, parable a. d. 29. J 109. Our next notice of Jesus is at Jericho, whither he has Jericho. March, on first of gone on his last return to Jerusalem. Near Jericho he § 111. From Jericho he passes to Bethany, the th« heals two blind men. Matt. xx. 29-34; Mark x. 46-52; week before the Passover—the 10th day of the month Luke xviii. 35-43, xix. 1. March, A. D. 29. Nisan, April. John xi. 55-57, xii. 1, 9-11. Bethany.

PART VIL—OUR LORD'S PUBLIC ENTRY INTO JERUSALEM, AND THE SUBSEQUENT TRANSACTIONS BEFORE THE FOURTH PASSOVER.

ax 201 THE LIFE OF CHRIST. 202

of his 129. Final coming at the day of judgment. Duty of watch- This inquiry leads him to speak at length I fulness. Parables of the Ten Virgins and of the Five of the destruction of Jerusalem, and of the coming, Talents. Matt xxiv. 43-51, xxv. 1-30. final This in our is judgment. discourse, Harmony, §130. Scenes of the judgment day. Matt. xxv. 31-46. heads. of this divided into the following sections and Our § 131. When at supper at Bethany, on the evening of eventful day, Judas, filled with sudden resentment at the Lord and his disciples still remain on the Mount rebuke of Jesus, goes out to concert with the chief priests the whole in full view before Olives, having city xiv. 1-11 to betray him. Matt. xxvi. 1-16 ; Mark ; Luko it of the week. and is still the fourth 1-6 xii. 2-8. of the week.—Jeru- them, day xxii. ; John Fifth day of the dis- Bethany. § 127. Destruction of the temple, and persecution salem, Mark xiii. 1-13 Luke xxi. 5-19. 132. 14th. While at Jesus sends two ciples. Matt. xxiv. 3-14 ; ; § Thursday, Bethany, an of his into the to make for the 2 128. Sign of his coming to destroy Jerusalem and put disciples city preparations xxvi. Mark xiv. 12-16 Luke xxii. end to the Jewish state and dispensation. Matt. xxiv. Passover. Matt 17-19 ; ; xiii. 14-37 Luke xxi. 20-36. 7-13. 15-42; Mark j

PART VIIL—THE THIRD PASSOVER; OUR LORD'S PASSION, AND THE ACCOMPANYING EVENTS UNTIL THE END OF THE JEWISH SABBATH.

distance of less than a quarter of a mile from the

TIME : TWO DAYS. It to the gate of St. Stephen. is, according descrip-

to to tion of Lieut. enclosed a stone wall. g 133. Thursday evening. Jesus returns Jerusalem Lynch, by high Passover with his when the keep the disciples, disciples It is 145 feet distant from the bridge over the Ki- fall into an ambitious strife for pre-eminence. Matt xxvi. dron. It is nearly square, and 150 or 160 feet in xiv. 24-30. 20 ; Mark 17 ; Luko xxii. 14-18, length on either side. The incidents from § 133 to § 145 inclusive trans- " When we saw it/' he adds, about the middle of on this and the sixth pire evening night, introducing May, "the trees were in full blossom; the clover day of the week, March 17, A. D. 29. the was in bloom the upon ground ; and, altogether,

feet John xiii. 1-20. in its g 134. Jesus washes the disciples' garden, aspects and associations, was better 135. Jesus out the and Judas withdraws. 2 points traitor, calculated than any place I know to soothe a trou- xxii. 21-23 Matt Kxvi. 21-25 ; Mark xiv. 18-21 ; Luke ; John bled spirit. venerable trees, isolated from xiii. 21-25. Eight the smaller and less ones which skirt the § 136. Jesus foretells the fall of Peter, and the dispersion of imposing the Twelve. John xiii. 36-38; Matt xxvi. 31-35; Mark pass of the Mount of Olives, form a consecrated xiv. 27-31 Luke xxii. 31-38. ; grove. High above, on either hand, towers a very 137. Institutes the Lord's supper at the close of the Pass- § with the chasm of xiv. xxii. lofty mountain, deep, yawning over, Matt xx>i. 26-29 ; Mark 22-25 ; Luke 19-20 ; between them. of 1 Cor. xi. 23-25. Jehoshaphat Crowning one them 138. Comforts his and the is a on the of g disciples, promises Holy Spirit. Jerusalem, living city ; slope the other John xiv. 1-31. is the great Jewish cemetery, a city of the dead. 2 139. Declares himself the true vine, and assures his disci- " Each tree in this grove, cankered, and ples that they shall be hated by the world. John xv. 1-27. gnarled, and furrowed beautiful and § 140. Forewarns them of persecution, and promises again by age, yet impressive the in the name of Christ. John xvi. in is a Holy Spirit. Prayer its decay, living monument of the affecting 1-33. scenes that have taken place beneath and around it. - § 141. Christ offers his final prayer with his disciples. John The olive and from the root of the xvii. 1-26. perpetuates itself, the tree into exist- g 142. After the supper, Jesus retires at a late hour of the dying parent-stem young springs from the toward the Mount of and be- night city Olives, ence. These are accounted one thousand years old. yond the brook Cedron or Kidron, just at the foot of the Under those of the preceding growth, therefore, the mount; he enters into the garden of Gethsemane, where Saviour was wont to rest; and otie of the he sinks to earth in a mysterious agony. Matt xxvi. 30, present the 36-40; Mark xiv. 26, 32-42; Luke xxii. 39-46; John may mark very spot where he knelt, and prayed, 1. xviii. and wept. No cavilling doubt can find entrance At the gate of St. Stephen, on the east side of the here. The geographical boundaries are too distinct

city, the path is turned out of its line by the terraces and clear for an instant's hesitation. Here, the on which formerly stood the temple of Solomon, and Christian, forgetful of the present, and absorbed in where now stands the of Omar and a broad the can himself to sad mosque ; past, resign yet soothing

steep bank descends suddenly to the left, toward the meditation. The few purple and crimson flowers bridge which crosses the Kidron^ and leads to Geth- growing about the roots of the trees, will give ample semane and the Garden of Olives, which lies at the food for contemplation—for they emblem the suffer- depth of 150 feet or more below the city, and the ing and the ensanguined death of the Redeemer." 14 f^ 203 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 204

It was a gloomy and befitting place for the sad ter's Field, was the field purchased by the Jews and awful scene of the agony, still vailed in darkness, with the thirty pieces of silver for which Judas be- and full of unfathomable mystery. It lay low in trayed his Lord, and which in his remorse he re-

where not the sound of turned. Matt, xxvii. 3-8 Acts i. 19. As the the valley of Jehoshaphat, ; 18, it not into the a footfall or note fi-om the city above could have price of blood, could be paid sacred the stillness of the to disturb it for the broken profound nigh't, treasury j was, accordingly, applied pur- the devotions of the Son of Man in this hour of his chase of a burial-place for strangers who might die field is out on the south mysterious, awful agony. This hour of his aban- in the city. This pointed donment by Grod and man, when prostrate upon the of Hinnom, toward the hill of evil counsel. High the a level flat earth beneath the burden of our sins, was a fit occa- up on the heights above valley, upon sion for the treachery of Judas. or terrace, having precipitous clifis in the rear and a in is an immense § 143. A tumultuous rabble, led by Judas the traitor, rush in precipice front, charnel-house, to arrest who advances to meet and is Jesus, calmly them, which, for many centuries, has been used as a de- kiss. xviii. Matt. xxvi. betrayed with a John 2-12 ; 47-56; pository for the remains of the dead. There can be xxii. Mark xiv. 43-52 ; Luke 47-53. Late on Thursday but little doubt that this memorial of the crime and night, or early on Friday morning. the ^ 144. Jesus is led immediately to the house of Hananiah, or infamy of Judas truly commemorates betrayal the father-in-law of who examines him Annas, Caiaphas, of Jesus, while the site of his sepulchre has long while the sanhedrim assemble. He is now in the inner been a subject of dispute, and will probably never court or quadrangle, around which the house is built be known. There is a fire in the open court of the quadrangle, near

which Peter is standing when he first denies his Lord. ^ 152. Jesus is led away, about nine o'clock in the morning, He retreats to the passage, or gateway leading to the to be crucified. On his way to Calvary, Jesus bears the, where he denies his Lord an hour cross to is to nailed the street, again ; and, after, which he be ; but, exhausted by denies him the third time; still within the court, and pro- sufierings to which he has been subjected, he sinks be- bably near the place of the first denial. In the mean time, neath the burden, and a stranger from Cyrene, a city on Annas sends him bound to Caiaphas, who in his zeal has the coast of Africa, opposite Crete, is compelled to bear in advance of the council into the court-house. the cross. xxvii. xv. come Matt. Matt, 31-34 ; Mark 20-23 ; John xix. xxvi. xiv. xxii. 57, 58, 69-75 ; Mark 53, 54, 66-72 ; Luke 16, 17 ; Luke xxiii. 26-33. 64-62 John xviii. 25-27. 153. The Crucifixion from nine o'clock A. M. to throe P. ; 13-18, § ; H 145. Previous to the last denial of the sanhedrim Matt, xxvii. 35-38 xv. g Peter, ; Mark 24-28 ; Luke xxiii. 33, 34, have while it is or on xix. assembled, yet night, early dawn 38 ; John 18-34. March 18, A. d. 29. of the and the trial morning Friday 15th, proceeds ; during Calvary, the place of crucifixion, will probably which our Lord declares himself the Christ, and is con- never be identified. All the research which has and mocked. xviii. 19-24 demned John ; Luke xxii. 63-71; Matt. xxvi. 59-68 Mark xiv. 55-65. been on this has done little else ; employed locality 146. The sanhedrim lead Jesus to Pilate. 2 away Morning than substitute some plausible conjecture for the of March a. d. 29. Matt xxvii. Friday, very early, 18, 1, 2, uncertain traditions of the church. A late writer 11-14 ; Mark xv. 1-5 j Luke xxiii. 1-5 ; John xviiL 28t-38. suggests, with much plausibility, that the place of The or of where Prsetorium, judgment-hall Pilate, crucifixion may have been at the head of the valley he condemned and the soldiers mocked the Saviour of Jehoshaphat, by the side of the road leading north of the to have been the old world, appears palace to Samaria and Galilee. The multitude ^assm^ by of connected with the tower of the Herod, Hippicus, being those who were going to the city or returning of are in the remains which represented plan of the from it. "Mount Calvary" has become common in the near the western city fronting title-page, gate every language, but without any authority from the the This is identified of city. locality very clearly Bible, unless the idea of a hill or mount is darkly fixed in the of the as a point survey city. intimated by the term Golgotha, a skull.

to I 147. Pilate sends Jesus Herod. Luke xxiii. 6-12. 154. Jesus on the cross is mocked the Jews. He com- to release 2 by § 148. Pilate seeks Jesus. The Jews demand Ba- mends his mother to John. Matt, xxvii. 39-44 Mark xv. xxiii. 13-25 ; rabbas. Luke ; Matt xxvii. 15-26 ; Mark xv. 29-32. xviii. 40, 6-15 ; John 39, g 155. Darkness prevails over the land from twelve o'clock g 149. Pilate delivers up Jesus to death, who is scourged to three p. m., when our Saviour expires. Matt, xxvii. and mocked. Matt xxvii. 26-30 ; Mark xv. 15-29 ; John 45-50; Mark xv. 33-37; Luke xxiii. 44-46; John xix. xix. 1-3. 28-30. 1 150. He again seeks to release Jesus. John xix. 4-16. g 156. At this great event the vail of the temple is rent, the 2 151. As soon as Judas sees that his Master is delivered to earth quakes, many graves are opened, and the Roman death, he is seized with remorse, and hangs himself. He centurion, in attendance to witness these scenes, exclaims, had hoped, perhaps, to enjoy the reward of his treachery "Truly, this was the Son of God." Matt xxvii. 61-56; without incurring the guilt of his Master's blood. Matt. Mark xv. 38-41 ; Luke xxiii. 45, 47-49. xxvii. 3-10. g 157. It was a custom of the Jews that the bodies of such or the Aceldama, field of blood, called also Pot- as were publicly executed should be taken down before '::,*

205 THE LIFE OF 'CHRIST. 208

sunset. The of Jesus is delivered body accordingly by Arimathea has generally been supposed to be the request to Joseph of Arimathea, who takes caro to have it modern town of Ramleh, near Lydda. This suppo- embalmed and laid in a new sepulchre near by. Mary sition is refuted Dr. but defended Magdalene, and other women, who had stood by the cross by Robinson, by during the sufferings of their Lord, are also attendants at Von Raumer. his burial. John xix. 31-42 Matt, xxvii. 57-61 Mark 158. the of the ; ; g The next day, Saturday, 19th, Sabbath XV. Luke xxiii. 50-56. little before Fri- to 42-47 ; A sunset, Jews, a watch is set, and other precautions taken, pre- day, March 18, A. D. 29. vent imposition. Matt, xxvii. 62-66.

PART IX.—OUR LORD'S RESURRECTION", HIS SUBSEQUENT APPEARANCES, AND HIS ASCENSION.

Mary Magdalene, who had again followed them to time: FORTY DAYS. the sepulchre, remained standing and weeping before

This difficult portion of the gospel history has it; and looking in, she saw two angels sitting. been carefully harmonized by our author. The Turning around, she sees Jesus; who gives to her order of events will be best presented in his own also a solemn charge for his disciples. " words : — The further sequence of events, consisting chiefly " The resurrection took place at or before early of our Lord's appearances, presents comparatively dawn on the first day of the week, when there was few difficulties. The various manifestations which an earthquake, and an angel descended and rolled the Saviour made of himself to his disciples and the stone the as recorded the and away from sepulchre and sat upon it, others, by evangelists Paul, so that the keepers became as dead men from terror. may accordingly be arranged and enumerated as At early dawn, the same morning, the women who follows : — had attended on Jesus, viz. Mary Magdalene, Mary 1. To the women returning from the sepulchre. the mother of James, Joanna, Salome, and others, Reported only by Matthew. See § 162. went out with spices to the sepulchre, in order fur- 2. To Mary Magdalene, at the sepulchre. By ther to embalm the Lord's body. They inquire John and Mark. § 164. among themselves who should remove for them the 8. To Peter, perhaps early in the afternoon. stone which closed the sepulchre. On their arrival By Luke and Paul. § 166. they find the stone already rolled away. The Lord 4. To the two disciples going to Emmaus, to- had risen. The women, knowing nothing of all that ward evening. By Luke and Mark. § 166. had taken were amazed enter the 5. To the assembled place, j they tomb, apostles (except Thomas) and find not the body of the Lord, and are greatly at evening. By Mark, Luke, John, and perplexed. At this time, Mary Magdalene, im- Paul. §167. pressed with the idea that the body had been stolen N. B. These five appearances all took place away, leaves the sepulchre and the other women, at or near Jerusalem, upon the first day and runs to the city to tell Peter and John. of the week, the same day on which the " other remain still in the The women tomb j and Lord arose. immediately two angels appear, who announce unto 6. To the apostles, Thomas being present, eight them that Jesus is risen from the dead, and give days afterward at Jerusalem. Only by John. them a charge in his name for the apostles. They §168. go out quickly from the sepulchre, and proceed in 7. To seven of the apostles on the shore of the

haste to the city to make this known to the disciples. Lake of Tiberias. Only by John. § 169. On the way, Jesus meets them, permits them to em- 8. To the eleven apostles and to five hundred brace his feet, and renews the same charge to the other brethren, on a mountain in Galilee. apostles. The women relate these things to the By Matthew and Paul. § 170.

disciples, but their words seem to them as idle tales, 9. To James, probably at Jerusalem. Only by and they believe them not. Paul. §171. " Meantime, Peter and John had run to the se- 10. To the eleven at Jerusalem, immediately be- and in pulchre, entering it, had found it empty. But fore the ascension. By Luke, Acts, and the orderly arrangement of the grave-clothes, and by Paul. §171. of the napkin, convinced John that the body had not Then follows the ascension. § 172." been either violence or friends and these the order of removed, by by ; With preliminary explanations, of a the germ belief sprang up in his mind that the events in the following sections will be readily per- ' risen. liord had The two returned to the city. ceived. 207 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 208

159. The on the first of the the § resurrection, day week, not hesitate to regard the interviews thus described Christian March 26. Mark xvi. 1 Matt, xxviii. Sabbath, ; xv. by Matthew (xxviii. 16-20) and Paul (1 Cor. 2-4. as identical. It was a and solemn occa- § 160. Visit of the women to the sepulchre. Mary Magda- 5-8) great Matt, xxviii. 1 xvi. 2-4 xxiv. sion. Our Lord had directed that the eleven and lene returns. ; Mark ; Luke 1-3 John xx. 2. ; 1, all his disciples in Galilee should thus be convened 161. Vision of the in the Mark xvi. 5-7 § angels sepulchre. ; upon the mountain. It was the closing scene of his Luke xxiv. 4-8 ; Matt, xxviii. 5-7. in Galilee. Here his life had been § 162. The women return to the city. Jesus meets them. ministry spent. Matt, xxviii. 8-10 Mark xvi. 8 Luke xxiv. 11. most of his works had been and ; ; 9, Here mighty done, 163. Peter and John run to the John xx. 3-10 g sepulchre. ; his discourses held. Here his followers were as yet Luke xxiv. 12. most numerous. He therefore here takes leave on • § 164. Our Lord is seen by Mary Magdalene at the sepulchre. earth of those whom he had lived and la- John XX. 11-18 ; Mark xvi. 9-11. among 165. of the watch. Matt, xxviii. 11-15. boured and to all his in § Report longest ; repeats disciples 166. Our Lord is seen of Peter. Then by two disciples on g public the solemn charge which he had already given the to 1 Cor. xv. 5 xxiv. way Emmaus. ; Luke 13-35 ; Mark in private to the apostles : 'Go ye therefore and xvi. 12, 13. teach all nations —and I am with ; lo, you always, The position of Emmaus was early lost, and has even unto the end of the world.' It was doubtless It is never been with certainty recovered. generally the Lord's last interview with his disciples in that in a north of the road recognised small village just region; his last great act in Galilee."* miles from Jerusalem. " all to Joppa, twelve or fourteen Paul says that our Lord was seen of the the look- It is on the western declivity of mountains, apostles;" apparently the same as that of which Luke the Its ing westward over great plain. principal speaks just before the ascension, and an appointed fine and an ancient characteristics are a fountain meeting. It was our Lord's last interview with his church. apostles. and fol- § 171. After this public interview with his disciples g 167. On the evening of the Christian Sabbath, Jesus, while lowers, Jesus again appears to James at Jerusalem, and at supper in Jerusalem, presents himself to the disciples, then to all the apostles. The language seems indeed to with the exception of Thomas. Mark xvi. 14^18; Luke imply that there were repeated interviews and communi- xxiv. 36-49 ; John xx. 19-23. cations of which we have no record. 1 Cor. xv. A. d. Jesus specific 7; § 168. One week from this time, March 27, 29, Acts i. 3-8. again presents himself to the apostles in Jerusalem, while g 172. Ascension of Christ.—Bethany. Luke xxiv. 50-53; Thomas also is present. John xx. 24-29. Mark xvi. 20 Acts i. 9-12. to Jesus had 19, ; § 169. The aposUes now return Galilee, where after his re- before assured them that he would meet them In connection with this discourse, or soon after it, surrection. Matt. xxvi. 32; Mark xvi. 7. Here he first our Lord, with the apostles, goes out to Bethany, on discovers himself to seven of them, at the Sea of Tiberias, the eastern slope of the Mount of Olives, where he Wednesday, March 30, A. D. 27. Matt, xxviii. 16; John lifts his hands and blesses them while he xxi. 1-24. up ; and, Jesus meets the and above five hundred carried 2 170. apostles blesses them, he is parted from them, and brethren on a mountain in GalUee. Matt, xxviii. 16-20; up into heaven, and a cloud receives him out of 1 Cor. XV. 6. March or April, A. D. 29. the emotions of the their sight. Who can conceive at The final interview of our Lord with his disciples apostles as they gaze in mute astonishment this

! look at the appointed place, a mountain in Galilee, to us amazing scene In vain they steadfastly up unknown, is appropriately introduced to our notice toward heaven. The heaven of heavens has received the hand of God. by the following remarks of the author of the Har- their Lord and Master unto right " mony : — But two of the heavenly host appear, saying, Ye into heaven ? "The set time had now come; and the eleven men of Galilee, why stand ye gazing up ' into disciples went away into the mountain, where Jesus This same Jesus which is taken up from you had appointed them.' It would seem probable that heaven, shall so come in like manner as ye have " this time and place had been appointed by our Lord seen him go into heaven." And they returned to for a solemn and more public interview, not only Jerusalem with great joy, and were continually in with the eleven, whom he had already met more than the temple, praising and blessing God. Amen." all his in Gralilee and that of John's once, but with disciples ; § 173. Conclusion Gospel. therefore it was on this same accord- occasion, when, And many other signs truly did Jesus in the pre- to ' he was seen of above five hundred in this ing Paul, sence of his disciples, which are not written brethren at once.' " do » 215. I, therefore, with many leading commentators, Eng. Harmony, pp. 214, 209 THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL. 210

book. But these are written, that ye might believe did, the which, if they should be written every one, that Jesus is the the Son of and that I that the itself could not con- Christ, God ; suppose even world believing ye might have life through his name." tain the books that should be written. Amen." " And there are also many other things which Jesus John XX. 30, 31, xxi. 25.

CHAPTER II.

THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL.

PERIOD, THIRTY-FIVE YEARS, FROM A. D. 33 TO 68.

The narrative of the evangelists ends with the assembled together in Jerusalem, the effusion of the ascension of our Lord, but Luke, one of the four, Holy Spirit was suddenly sent forth upon them in a " who was divinely moved "to set in order" the most miraculous manner, like a rushing, mightj memoirs of the ministry of the Son of Man, con- wind, and filled the house where they were sitting." tinued, under the same divine direction, in the Acts One of the effects of this descent of the Holy Spirit of the Apostles, the history of the origin, increase, was that the disciples were suddenly endowed with and extension of the Christian church, particularly ability to speak in foreign and unknown tongues, through the instrumentality of the apostles Peter one in one language and another in another, accord- and Paul. The historical geography of this book ing as each had occasion in addressing the mixed will chiefly engage our attention in connection with multitude who pressed around them to see and to the life and missionary labours of the apostle Paul. hear the wonders respecting them which were noised

The book of the Acts was probably written at abroad in the city. Rome, A. D. 63 or 64, soon after the martyrdom of The enumeration of the foreigners in whose lan- the in the farthest the apostle Paul in that city. guage disciples spoke begins east, The historical order of events in the Acts will and proceeds west and south. Acts ii. 9-11. The be found inserted in the Chronological Table, to Parthians, at this period of history, represented the which the reader is referred. country east and south of the Caspian Sea. The Modes were chiefly south of that sea, and east of the The of the Elamites, the PENTECOST. Tigris. country ancient Susiana, north of the Persian Grulf and east

its its of the and the but Winer This feast received name from occurring on Euphrates Tigris ; sup- the fiftieth day, or seven entire weeks, from the poses that at this time settlements of Elamites had second day of the Passover. From this cycle of been made north of Media, around the south-west weeks, a week of weeks, the festival was called the part of the Caspian Sea, where the captive Jews, weeJcs. Ex. xxxiv. 22 Lev. xxiii. 16 returned to their had learned the lan- feast of ; 15, ; who country, Deut. xvi. 10. It was a festival of thanksgiving for guage of the Elamites. last of in the harvest, and occurred on the May and The dwellers Mesopotamia and Judea are men- , first of June, at which time, in that country, the tioned, not so much as speaking strange languages, harvest is completed. Two loaves, accordingly, as to intimate in how many different languages the made of new meal and a tenth part of an ephah of apostles spoke. grain, were offered as the first-fruits of the new Cappadocia and Pontus were north-eastern pro- Lev. xxiii. 17 Num. xxviii. 26 vinces of Asia south of the eastern harvest. ; ; together Minor, lying with many holocausts, and a burnt-offering for sin. extremity of the Black Sea. In process of time it was also made to commemorate The enumeration now passes to the south-western the giving of the law on Sinai, for which there is no portion of Asia Minor, which at this time bore the authority in the Old Testament. The feast was a name of Asia, and finally gave its name to the it then a joyful occasion, when many Jews and strangers whole continent, of which was only remote from foreign countries came up to Jerusalem. and inconsiderable portion. Phrygia and Pamphy- of Asia On the day of Pentecost, fifty days after the lia represent the central provinces Minor, resurrection of our Lord, and ten after his ascen- between Pontus and Cappadocia on the east, and sion, while the disciples and Christians were all Asia on the west. 211 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. llZ

and of ma- Cyrene was a populous city, some 500 miles west arches, pillars, great quantities building in the modern of Barca. It terial but there is distinctive about them. of Alexandria, country ; nothing was mucli frequented by the Jews. So numerous, Various columns and masses of stone are seen lying indeed, were the Cyrenian Jews at Jerusalem, that in the sea close to the shore. " of they had there a synagogue of their own. Acts vi. 9. The only considerable pile building standing Simon, who was compelled to bear our Saviour's is at the southern part of the fort, where travellers the to a of for them- cross, was himself from this remote city, as was also enter gate get supply water Lucius, the prophet and teacher at Antioch. Acts selves and cattle. At this place we observed only a xiii. 1. solitary human being : and there are now not more To this enumeration of foreign tongues we have than one or two families of herdsmen occasionally to add those of the Romans, Cretes, and Arabians. to be found at the Roman capital of Judea. Were INIany of those who were addressed in these lan- either the Grrecian Strato, who first marked the guages were Jews from these countries, present on place by his tower, or Herod the Great, who built the occasion of their national festival. The Jews the city in a style of the greatest magnificence, and generally adopted the language of the countries formed the breakwater necessary for constituting it at where they resided. The proselytes were originally a port, to raise his head, he would be astonished heathens who had embraced Judaism. the doings of the ruthless hand of man, and the still By reason of the persecution connected with the more potent hand of Time, the great destroyer. " martyrdom of Stephen, Philip goes to Samaria, It is mentioned in the New Testament in con- where he establishes the first Christian church out nection with circumstances and events of great in- of Jerusalem; then he is in the south of Judea, terest. Philip preached in all the cities intermedi- where he the eunuch from then ate Ashdod and distance of baptizes Abyssinia ; between Csesarea, (a viii. 40. he is found at Azotus, Ashdod, already described; more than fifty miles.) Acts The apostle from thence he passed up the coast, through Joppa, Paul was brought down to it from Jerusalem, on his to Csesarea, formerly known as Strato's Tower, the way to Tarsus, when the brethren were inducing residence, perhaps the native place of Philip. Acts him to escape from the violence of the Grecians who viii. had been irritated by his reasonings. Acts ix. 30. It was the residence of Cornelius the centurion, the C^ESAREA. x. xi. It first Gentile convert. Acts 1, &c. ; 11. of inflicted This city, of which frequent mention is made in witnessed the judgment God on Herod the Acts of the was near miles when— in the Apostles, thirty-five Agrippa, probably magnificent— amphi- north from Joppa, twenty-five south from Mount theatre erected by his grandfather he was smitten the of in the Carmel, and fifty-five north-west from Jerusalem. by angel God, when glittering gorgeous It was built by Herod the Great, at immense ex- display of his royal apparel, and rejoicing in the pense. To form a harbour, he constructed an exten- idolatrous plaudits of the maddened multitude. Acts sive mole, or breakwater, sufficient to protect a fleet xii. 19-23. " against the storms which rage on this inhospitable Paul concluded at it his voyage from Ephesus, coast. It was built of large blocks of stone, brought and there saluted the church. Acts xviii. 22. This from a great distance, and sunk to the depth of a apostle made it a landing-place on a similar occasion, hundred and twenty feet. To this stupendous work when he took up his abode for a time with Philip added a a theatre and he temple, amphitheatre, to- the Evangelist. Acts xxi. 8, 16. He was sent to it gether with many splendid buildings, and made it by Claudius Lysias to appear before Felix, in whose his own residence and the capital of Judea. After presence he uttered the noble speech which made him it became the residence of the Roman that tremble. Acts xxiii. 24 xxiv. Here governors. governor ; and the historical Its present state, recollections he was imprisoned for two long years, till he was in connection with the associated with it, history of called forth to plead his cause before Festus and the apostle Paul, are clearly exhibited by Dr. Wil- Agrippa. Acts xxv. 26. From Cajsarea he sailed

: — son to imperial Rome, to finish, at that centre of in- " The ruins are very extensive, lying along the fluence and of power, his wondrous testimony to the shore to the north, where there are some remains of cause of Christ. Acts xxvii. 1." aqueducts. The wall of a fort, surrounded by a Here Vespasian was declared emperor. It was moat, still remains in tolerably good order. This for some time the scene of Origen's labours, and the Irby and Mangles suppose to be of Saracenic archi- birthplace of Eusebius, the first ecclesiastical histo- tecture. The ruins within it consist of foundations, rian and the first biblical geographer. 213 THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL. 214

restoration to health, upon the prayer of Peter. Acts ix. 36-43. JOPPA AND THE PLAIN OF SHARON. ACTS IX. 32^3. Encouraged by the favourable impressions made by this miracle, and the conversion of many in Joppa is the port of Jerusalem, about thirty miles Joppa, Peter abode here for some time, with one a at west by north from the city. From the beach rises Simon tanner, the base of the city, upon tha boldly upward a steep and rounded headland, to sea-shore. At this time there was stationed at a which the city clings, supported and braced by suc- Caesarea, military and naval post, thirty-five or flat of cessive terraces. The roofs and hemispherical forty miles north Joppa, a devput Roman officer, domes of its clustering edifices rise by successive who, warned of God by a holy angel, sent for Peter steps one above another, and crown the heights of to come and preach unto him and his household the this venerable city. No public inn extends to the way of salvation by faith in Christ. The messenger traveller on his arrival the hospitalities of a stranger's sent on this errand by Cornelius, arrived while Pe- home. He seeks in vain for lodgings or entertain- ter, at three o'clock in the afternoon, had gone up ment within its walls. He pitches his tent without on the house-top for evening prayer, according to the walls by the eastern gate, above the city, and the custom of the Jews. Here he fell into a provides as best he can his own provisions, from the trance; and, by a remarkable sign, let down from gardens about the suburbs of the city, which abound heaven in a vision, he was taught of God that cere- with every variety of tropical fruits. monial uncleanness under the Jewish law is totally Tradition dates the origin of Joppa back even to and for ever abrogated, and that the grace of God is the before the ! It years Flood affirms that the city equally free to all, whether Jew or Greek, Barbarian survived the ruins of that great catastrophe, and that or Scythian, bond or free. its halls, deserted by the monsters of the deep, on While musing on this wonderful revelation he the retiring of the waters after the deluge, were receives the invitation of Cornelius, the devout Gen- peopled again by Japheth, the son of Noah, and his tile soldier; and, yielding up those Jewish prejudices posterity. Certain it is, that its origin dates back which had withheld him, in common with all the far beyond the remotest period of recorded history. apostles, from ever ofiering the gospel to any but the What countless generations of men, in this long Jewish nation, he immediately consents to go and lapse of years, have in this venerable city pressed preach the gospel to this Gentile family, though still into eter- successively through life, and passed away hardly imagining that the gospel can be intended nity ! Like the waves of the ocean that roll at the for any but the seed of Abraham. Acts x. base of the city, its fleeting generations, age suc- The men of Joppa profess at this day to point out arisen and rolled a ceeding age, have moment on the the very house-top by the sea-side, which was the tide of restless life, alternately gilded by the sun- scene of this gracious manifestation, to open unto us shine and darkened by the storm, then sunk and Gentiles a way for the reception of the gospel of the mingled with their original element. grace of God. Be this as it may, the house and the More than fifteen hundred years before the Chris- whole scene is in full view from the heights which tian in the of was a Philis- overlook the town and while we in era, days Joshua, Joppa ; gaze, imagina- tine city of importance, included in the borders of tion, upon the scene, we seem ourselves to see heaven Dan. Josh. xix. 46. It was the only port of the opened, and a vessel descending, as it were a great Israelites where the rafts of cedar from Lebanon, for sheet knit at the four corners, and thrice let down the building both of the first and of the second tem- to the earth, to overcome the prejudices of the apos- were landed. 1 v. 9 2 Chron. ii. 16 and teach him to the of the ple, Kings ; ; tle, preach gospel grajce iii. from the of Ezra 7. Jonah, neighbourhood of God with equal freedom to all, of every people Nazareth, repaired to this port to take ship, that he under the whole heavens. We behold him, with all " might flee from the presence of the Lord," unto his characteristic ardour, in fulfilment of this new

Tarshish. i. 3. at Jonah Peter, the request of the mission, pressing on his journey northward, along disciples at Joppa, came to this place from Lydda, the coast through the plain of Sharon, radiant in fourteen miles south-east all its ancient and ferti- from this city, on the occa- beauty still, with fragrance of the death of scene to the sion Dorcas, a benevolent woman, lity. Turning from this enchanting " full of good works and alms-deeds which she did," south beyond the olive groves, orchards, vineyards, To the sorrowful circle who had assembled to weep and gardens which lie at our feet round about the and talk of the charities of their deceased friend, the towU) far as the eye can reach, it ranges over a plain, miraculous power of God was displayed in her broad, beautiful, and fertile as Sharon itself; lining 215 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 216

the coast of the Mediterranean, and comprising the SAUL THE PERSECUTOR. ancient land of the Philistines. On the eastern the rise the borders of landscape rugged, frowning This extraordinary character, whose life was more mountains of Judea and as if in Benjamin, gazing influential upon the destinies of our race than any cold disdain the bland and that upon gentle graces man that ever lived, first appears on the page of his- over the at their base. play landscape But beyond tory at Jerusalem, about three or four years after their frowning heights, in the south-east, we just dis- our Lord's ascension, as a young man, a native of in the a cover distance solitary signal from Jerusa- Tarsus, no mean city of Cilicia, born about the time lem itself, Zion cjty of our Grod, holding out to us a of our Saviour's advent. A Pharisee of the straitest and charming enchanting invitation to the repose sect, a Hebrew of the Hebrews, of the tribe of Ben- and quiet which she seems to enjoy, intrenched jamin, educated in the school of Gamaliel, the most within the mountains round about her, as the Lord renowned instructor and expounder of the Jewish encampeth round about them that fear him. Mount religion in Jerusalem, he becomes an enthusiastic Moriah, Mount Zion, Gethsemane, Calvary, Olivet, zealot in the traditions of his fathers. Toward the

Jerusalem ! —names ever dear to the Christian. How Christians, as a new religious sect, apostates from the and sorrowful, yet how delightful, to walk about faith, regardless of the law and the sacred institu- and tell the towers now tions of he entertains the Zion, thereof, prostrated ; Moses, most implacable in view of the scenes that and, amazing have been hatred. As the new religion spreads and gathers enacted to with there, contemplate tender melan- daily fresh accessions, his zeal for his religion rises and awe the choly mitigated goodness and the grace, to the most ungovernable fury against the new sect. the and the judgment severity of our Grod. Verily thinking to do God service, he persecutes them even unto death, making havoc of the church, into and both THE COAST OF PH(ENICIA. entering every house, delivering men and women to prison and to death, to compel Phenice, to which some of the brethren travelled them to blaspheme the name of Jesus. He is in their dispersion on the persecution of Stephen, present at the martyrdom of Stephen, profoundly Acts xi. 19, known also as Phoenicia, comprised a impressed by his speech, his vision, and his prayer portion of the coast of the Mediterranean, extending for his persecutors, but only moved the more earn- from the neighbourhood of Mount Carmel north- estly to consent to his death. Finding the adhe- miles or ward 100 more along the base and western rents of this new religion springing up everywhere of slope Mount Lebanon, and into the interior a in the cities and villages of the country, he becomes miles to the few summit of Lebanon. The coast of exceedingly mad against them, persecuting them Tyre and Zidon occupies the central and most popu- even unto foreign cities. Breathing out threaten- lous of Phoenicia. portion The mountains, towering ings and slaughter against the disciples of the Lord, to the of regions perpetual snow and ice, with the he goes to Damascus armed with authority and com- of their graceful sweep waving summits, sloping mission to bring any, whether men or women, bound and mountain dells sides covered with the deepest to Jerusalem to be punished. Tcrdure, adapted to every climate from Alpine frosts to and the ocean tropical suns, sleeping at its base, PAUL THE APOSTLE. A. D. 39 OR 40. or lashed into fury by the tempest, form a succession of so goodly prospects, grand, so beautiful, so end- Behold how changed ! This persecuting zealot as to charm the lessly diversified, dullest eye and and inquisitor enters Damascus humbled, subdued, kindle into fervour poetic the coldest heart. Num- and penitent. Smitten with blindness by a vision berless mountain streams flow down to at fertilize the midday, just without the gates of the city, by that narrow of the and plain coast, open harbours for a same Jesus whom he persecuted, he is led, helpless, boundless commerce. trembling, astonished, to the house of Judas, in the Phoenicia was settled soon after the deluge, and street that is called Straight. So terrible is his con- became the earliest and most renowned commercial flict, so deep and piercing his remorse, that for of region antiquity. When the Israelites con- three days he neither eats nor drinks. But he finds the this coast was relief in " quered country occupied by pow- prayer. Behold he prayeth !" This sig- erful maritime towns, which, though given to the nificant exclamation announces and confirms the Jews for an inheritance, maintained their inde- conversion of Saul. A vision is now in mercy all the pendence through vicissitudes and aggres- vouchsafed to him of a devout man of the persecuted sions of the Jewish nation. sect coming to him by divine appointment, that he 217 THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL. 218

might receive his sight and be baptized in the name year," the scene of Paul's ministry, and for many " of Jesus, to become the apostle of the Gentiles, to years the centre of his missionary operations.

open their eyes, to turn them from darkness unto and from the of Satan unto God, that light, power ANTIOCH. they may receive forgiveness of sins and an inheritance among them which are sanctified." This city, where the disciples were first called With all his characteristic ardour, Paul, in obedi- Christians, Acts xi. 26, became from this early ence to the heavenly vision, straightway preaches period the centre of Paul's missionary operations, in the synagogues that Jesus was the Son of God, and the chief seat of Christianity. Antioch was testifying to all that they should repent and turn to situated on the Orontes, 300 miles north of Jerusa- God, and do works meet for repentance. lem, and about 20 from the north-east angle of After a few days he goes out into unknown re- the Mediterranean. After Rome and Alexandria, it gions of Arabia, in fulfilment of his apostolic mis- was the largest city of the Roman empire, and in sion. Then, returning to Damascus, narrowly es- luxury, licentiousness, and every vice of idolatry, it capes assassination, and goes up to Jerusalem, and was not surpassed even by the voluptuous metropo- essays to join himself now to those whom he had lis itself. It contained 150,000 or 200,000 inha-

Gal. i. 17 Acts ix. 25. divided into four each enclosed a persecuted. j bitants, wards, by Finding himself the object of jealousy and dis- separate wall, and all within the enclosure of a com- trust by those who had only known him as their mon wall. persecutor and the murderer of Stephen, he retires Its suburb, Daphne, celebrated for its grove and to his Tarsus, native city, in Cilicia. No record its fountains, its asylum and temple, was a vast " remains of his labours among his kinsmen and his forest of laurels and cypresses, which reached as countrymen in Cilicia. It can hardly be doubted far as a circumference of ten miles, and formed, in

that b 3 had tliere some fruits of his some the an shade. ministry ; most sultry summers, impenetrable or sll of his Dwn family we may even imagine to A thousand streams of the purest water, issuing ha'f e it is that become kindred in Christ. Certain from every hill, preserved the verdure of the earth eight or ten years afterward he went on his second and the temperature of the air." " missionary t^ ar through Syria and Cilicia, confirm- Antioch was celebrated for its refinements in the of literature and ing the chu rches." Acts xv. 41. Perhaps that sis- arts, and the cultivation philoso- describes it as for its ter, the c( mpanion of his childhood, whose son, phy. Cicero distinguished the cultivation of the fine arts.* twenty yes rs later, saved his life at Jerusalem, now learned men, and joined he" jelf to him in the fellowship of Christian It was the birthplace of Chrysostom, and the scene love cei her son's affection for his uncle of his labours until his transfer to ;

' multitudes who had there to a festival. time had fully come when other sheep, not of the gathered fold of were to be into that of the On the south-west side of the town is a preci- I Israel, brought mountain on which a considerable Good Shepherd. Barnabas, also a native of Cyprus, pitous ridge, por- I an the first to introduce to the tion of the old Roman wall of Antioch is still stand- i early convert, feet in and fifteen in brethren at Jerusalem Saul the as Paul ing, from thirty to fifty height, [ persecutor thickness. At short four hundred the of the Gentiles, this Barnabas had gone intervals, high [ apostle in each a to Antioch under his much towers are built up it, containing I up ; where, ministry, square to the staircase and two or three chambers, for i people had been added the Lord. Feeling probably greatness of the work and his need of assistance, "he to Tarsus to seek Saul." From this departed * Loco nobili et celebri quondam urbe ct copiosn, atque eru- " time, about A. D. 44, Antioch becomes, for a whole ditissimis hominibus liberalissimisquo studiis affluente. 15 219 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 220 the use of the soldiers on duty. At the east end of The companions of Paul in this tour were John the western hill are the remains of a fortress, with Mark the Evangelist, and Barnabas, who- was a This circumstance have its turrets, vaults, and cisterns. Its present popu- native of Cyprus. may lation may be fifteen or twenty thousand. determined these itinerant missionaries first to visit Cyprus.

FIRST MISSIONARY TOUR OF ST. PAUL, BETWEEN CYPRUS. A. D. 45 AND 50. The island itself lies at the distance of less than

Seleucia (Acts xiii. 4) was the port of Antioch, a hundred miles from the coast of Syria, and more that of Its is as was Joppa of Jerusalem, and Oatia of Rome. It than fifty from Cilicia. length one was five miles north of the mouth of the Orontes, hundred and forty miles, and its extreme width about and of the sixteen and a half from Antioch by land, forty- fifty. A chain mountains extends through one by water, by reason of the windings of the river. northern part of the island. On the south side of the A rocky eminence, the termination of a range of island are extensive plains of great fertility. The hills called the Pieria, forms a picturesque site for mountains yield abundant supplies of forest tim- the town, overlooking the harbour, and the mercan- ber, and are rich in mineral productions. tile suburbs on the level ground toward the west. Seleucia two harbours. had, properly speaking, SALAMIS. " iiiner or is a morass but The basin, dock, now ; its dimensions can be measured, and the walls that These missionaries landed at Salamis on the east- surrounded it can be distinctly traced. The position em shore of the island, on a bight of the coast to of the ancient floodgates, and the passage through the north of the river Pediaeus. A large city by which the vessels were moved from the inner to the the sea-shore, a widespread plain with cornfields and outer harbour, can be accurately marked. The very orchards, and the blue mountains in the distance, " piers of the outer harbour are still to be seen under clad in the colours of the air," composed the view the water. The stones are of great size—some of on which the eyes of Saul and Barnabas rested when them twenty feet long, five feet deep, and six feet they came to anchor in the bay of Salamis. wide; and are fastened to each other with iron The masonry of ancient Seleucia is still so cramps. PAPHOS. good, that not long since a Turkish pacha conceived the idea of clearing out and repairing— the harbour. Paphos, where these missionaries are next found, Those piers were still unbroken this great seaport was at the western extremity of the island. To the of the Seleucidae and Ptolemies was as magnifi- reach this they must have traversed, through the the of the — cent as ever, under sway Romans when length of the island, one hundred miles or more, Paul and Barnabas passed through it on their pre- preaching the strange doctrines of the gospel of sent mission." Christ. This city, now a miserable place, had a " Here, at Seleucia, in the midst of unsympa- good harbour, and was the residence of the Roman the thizing sailors, two missionary apostles, with proconsul Sergius Paulus, a convert to Christianity, their younger companion, stepped on board the ves- gained by the preaching of Paul. Acts xiii. 6-11. sel which was to convey them to Salamis. As they cleared the port, the whole sweep of the bay of An- PERGA. their — tioch opened on left, the low ground by the mouth of the Orontes,—the wild and woody country The sail from Paphos to Perga was less than one —and then the of beyond it, peak Mount Cassius, hundred and fifty miles across the sea or bay of from the rising symmetrically very edge of the sea Pamphylia. Perga was the chief city of Pamphylia, to a height of five thousand feet. On the right, in situated on the Cestrus, about seven miles from its the south-west horizon, if the day was clear, they mouth. The vessel which brought Paul and Barna- of from the first. saw the island Cyprus The cur- bas probably came up the river, though now ob- rent sets northerly and north-east between the structed by sand-bars, and anchored near the famous " island and the Syrian coast. But, with a fair wind, temple of Diana. The first object that strikes the a few hours would enable them to run down from traveller on arriving here is the extreme beauty of Seleucia to Salamis and the land would the situation of the ancient between ; rapidly town, lying

rise in forms well known and familiar to Barnabas and upon the sides of two hills, with an extensive and Mark." valley in front, watci'ed by the river Cestrus ^21 THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL. 222

the midst of which St. and backed by the mountains of the Taurus. An tory. No population, through Paul ever abounded more in those " arch, a kind of castle, and the ruins of a temple, travelled, perils of robbcTs" of which he himself than the bespeak the vicinity of the town about half a mile speaks, wild and lawless clans of the Pisidian before arriving at its walls. A few arches and highlanders. ruins of many scattered tombs lead to an immense To travellers in the East, there is a reality in the and beautiful theatre, the seats of which for the perils of rivers which we can hardly understand. The rivers of Asia Minor are liable to violent and most part remain, rising very steeply one above the is than in the usual sudden and no district in this is other, whence the height more changes ; country " the width is about three hundred and more characterized its water-floods" proportion j singularly by than the mountainous tract of rivers thirty feet. Near the theatre is a stadium or course Pisidia, where burst out at the bases of for races, which is quite perfect, with seats along huge cliffs, or dash down narrow ravines. Strabo describes each side, and also forming a circular end. There wildly through is also a broken aqueduct, and tombs are scattered these mountains as full of precipices, ravines, and on both sides of the site of the town," torrents, which could be passed only by bridges. The scene in this is At this place, Mark, intimidated, it may be, by following region sketched by Sir C. Fellows the discouragements and perils of the enterprise, by :— leaves his companions and retires to Jerusalem. "An almost uninterrupted train of cattle and The motive certainly was one which Paul did not people passed by. The snowy tops of the mountains seen the approve. Acts xv. 38, though he afterward recog- were through lofty and dark-green nised him as a companion. Col. iv. 10, and com- fir-trees, terminating in abrupt cliffs. From clefts mended him as "profitable to him for the ministry." in these gushed out cascades, and the waters were 2 Tim. iv. 11. This desertion, therefore, though it carried away by the wind in spray over the green led to the unhappy separation between Paul and woods. In a zigzag course up the woodland lay the Barnabas, must not be considered as an abandon- track leading to the cool places. In advance of the ment of the cause of Christ on the part of Mark, pastoral groups were the straggling goats, browsing who was permitted to minister to the apostle in his on the fresh blossoms of the wild almond as they days, and was honoured as the evangelist and biogra- passed. In more steady courses, followed the small pher of Jesus Christ, black cattle; then came the flocks of sheep and the camels, bearing piled loads of ploughs, tent-poles, and kettles; and amid this rustic load was always THE PASS OP PISIDIA. PERILS OF ROBBERS, AND seen the rich Turkey carpet and damask cushions, PERILS OF RIVERS. the pride even of the tented Turk."

The interior of Asia Minor is a lofty table-land from three to six thousand feet above the level lying ANTIOCH OF PISIDIA. of the sea. From these plains mountains, in va- " rious directions, raise their snowy peaks to the re- The situation of Antioch," says a modern tra- " gions of perpetual frost. These highlands are, in veller, on an isolated rock, rising in the centre of summer, the retreat of the inhabitants of the coast the mouth of the valley of the Mosynus, and ccm- from the intolerable heat of the lowlands, to which manding a view of that of the Meander, is wortliy they repair for the season in caravans and families, of the ancient Greeks; but the ruins, now covering men, women, and children, with their flocks, herds, and undermining its summit, are quite inferior. The camels, and asses. The ascent to these bleak up- site of the town is covered with huge blocks of mar- lands is often through narrow passes, with frowning ble. The first ruin which I saw was an oblong cliffs, yawning gulfs, hidden recesses and secret building consisting of an inner and outer wall. The caverns, fit haunts for marauding mountaineers and outer wall was built of rough blocks of limestone, robbers that subsist by plunder. four feet thick. The length is about one hundred In his ascent those and and feet the breadth It a tem- up rugged dangerous eighty ; sixty. was passes, Paul is supposed to have encountered those ple or church—^perhaps each in succession. About '' perils of waters, (or rivers,) and perils of robbers" two hundred yards to the north-east are the remains of which he speaks in 2 Cor. xi. 26. The lawless of another massive building. One of the most " and marauding habits of the population of those striking objects is a ruined aqueduct. Twenty- mountains which separate the table-lands in the in- one arches are perfect, and are the most splendid terior of Asia Minor from the plains on the south ever beheld. The stones are without cement, and were notorious in all coast, periods of ancient his- of massy dimensions." The arches stretch along a 223 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 224

mile or more. For a considerable distance, the inundations. Lystra, where, in consequence of the aqueduct is so entire that it forms a convenient walk, healing of the impotent man, they might have been and after- stretching away toward the neighbouring mountain. worshipped as Jupiter Mercury, and were ward stoned, is placed on the maps at the distance of some miles south from Iconium, and ICONIUM. twenty Derbe, more than twice this distance east of Lystra. miles was a native of Acts xvi. 1 This city, ninety south-east from Antioch, Timothy Lystra, ;

in a vast in the interior of Asia 2 Tim. iii. 11 and the friend and fellow- was situated plain ; Gains, a native of xx. Minor, surrounded by lofty mountains, some of traveller of Paul, was Derbe. Acts which on the north rise to the region of perpetual 4. These were probably the fruits of his ministry snow. The eyes of Paul and Barnabas, for several at this time in these places. hours before reaching the city, and also after they ]Mr. Brewer, the American missionary and travel- left it for Lystra, must have ranged over these ler, describes his approach to Klissera, which he

snowy summits and a vast expanse of plains to the assumes to be the ancient Lystra, as follows : — " south and east. Leake, who approached the city Full of the impression that we were now near " from the same direction, says, On the descent the hlrtliplace of Tivioihy, we bent our course more from a ridge branching eastward from these moun- westerly, through a narrow, but fex'tile and most tains, we came in sight of the vast plain around lovely ravine. The pebbly brook, which gave fer- of the lake the to Konieh, and which occupies middle tility the vale, was overhung by trees of a larger of it and we saw the with its and and so than we had been ; city, mosques growth, walnut, poplar, on, ancient walls, still at the distance of twelve or four- accustomed to see on our journey. Vineyards, gar- " teen miles from us." Konieh," says another tra- dens, and small orchards of fruit-trees, were planted " veller, extends to the east and south over the plain in convenient nooks by the way. A rich fragrance far beyond the walls, which are about two miles in was exhaled from the wildflowers that besprinkled circumference. Mountains covered with snow rise the ground, and only the murmuring of the brook, on every side, excepting toward the east, where a and the music of here and there a feathered song- plain, as flat as the desert of Arabia, extends far ster, interrupted the stillness which prevailed. beyond the reach of the eye." Along these quiet paths, I said within myself, oft It is famous as the cradle of the rising power of trod that beloved youthful disciple, Timothy ! Be- the Turks. It has been repeatedly destroyed and neath such shades he repeated, perhaps, the songa rebuilt, and its architectural character wholly al- of Israel, before he had learned from the apostle tered. Little, if any thing, remains of the G-reek Paul of the name of Jesus. Perhaps he was inured or Roman Iconium, except the ancient inscriptions to hardship by labour in these very fields; or, more and the fragments of sculptures which are built into probably, he may have passed to and from Iconium the Turkish walls. At a late period of the empire, with burdens of wood and returns of merchandise, it became a colonia. Its population, in the time of as those who dwell here now do. Precious saint ! Paul, was probably the same as that of other im- thy memory breathes a richer perfume than the portant towns in Asia Minor, a large number of flowers of thy native vales. Through the long tract frivolous Greeks, some remains of an older popula- of ages, thy early knowledge of the Holy Scrip- civil tion, a few Roman and military officials, and tures, thy rigid temperance, thy early wisdom, thy a of at their colony Jews, working trades in the youthful piety, thy useful labours, thy name of good week, and meeting in the synagogue on the Sab- report, thy apostolic ministry, have come down with bath. Mr. Hamilton says that the city is one refreshing and stimulating influence to the youth of scene of destruction and decay, with heaps of ruins our distant and of all coming times. And, ye ex- ' and dilapidated mosques. The remains of at least cellent and revered mother Eunice, and grand- twenty mosques were passed. The ruined walls mother Lois,' so honourably mentioned by an apos- alone mark the former extent of the shall live the moon city. A part tle, your example while sun and of it is converted into a burial ground. endure, as an encouragement to timely and faithful parental instruction ! " We took notice, as we hurried forward, on the LYCAONIA, LYSTEA, DERBE. opposite side of the ravine from which we now From Iconium, Paul and Barnabas pass eastward turned off to the right, of a ridge of limestone into Lycaonia, a bare and dreary region, unwatercd rising to the height of twenty or thirty feet, stretch- by streams, though in parts subject to occasional ing along for several miles, and bearing a striking 'J.'2b THE LABOURS OF ST. TAUL. 226 resemblance to an artificial wall. Several small series of square towers on the level summit of the hills, rising one above another from the ridge which hill." ^ve ascended, were, in like manner, surrounded with The town is composed of three parts, extending circular ridges. This was especially the case with from the shore to the heifrhts above. It is sur- that on which the town was and which rose rounded a fertile district but the heat is so in- situated, by ; before us in conical form, and with the appearance supportable in summer that most of the inhabitants of a rounded beehive, studded with dwellings and remove during that season to the neighbouring ( averus clustered about its sides. The lines of mountains. At this place, the apostle, after having seeming walls, both within and without the town, as travelled by land and sea twelve or fourteen hundred also some of the a embarked for in others,— were hollowed out with miles, Antioch Syria, at which place thousand excavations sepulchres, doubtless, for the he arrived after an absence, perhaps, of two years. (lad of other generations. Toward some of the A. D. 46, 47. largest of these caverns, near what appeared to be the gate of the city, we saw labourers, and shep- SECOND MISSIONARY TOUR. A. D. 51. herds with their flocks, hastening for shelter. We followed, with the full impression that the entrance After remaining about two years at Antioch, dur- was altogether artificial. It was, however, only a ing which time he went a third time to Jerusalem natural passage, but the rules and resources of art with Barnabas and others, with reference to the dis- could not have fortified the town here more strongly. sension about circumcision. Acts xv., Paul entered Only the gate was wanting to make it complete." on a second missionary tour, more extensive and Our missionary tourist finds the remains of Derbe eventful than the first. His companion in this tour in a place denominated the One Thousand and One was Silas, Barnabas having left him in consequence Churches, at the base of an isolated sugar-loaf moun- of their unhappy quarrel. Acts xv. 36-40. Pass- tain, which rises out of the plain to a great height, ing through Syria and Cilicia, around the north-east and is known as the Black Mountain. At the east- angle of the Mediterranean Sea, he came again to ern base of this mountain he found the remains of the cities of Derbe, Lystra, and Iconium, by a journey and many churches, various indications of a city once of some two hundred and fifty miles. and populous addicted to the Christian religion. On his way through Cilicia, he doubtless visited " a his The walls of score or two of churches are stand- own native city. Tarsus, the capital of the pro- ing, more or less entire, and the foundations of a vince, where, as he passed through the streets with multitude of others were in ruins. These, and a which he had been familiar from childhood, amid castellated sort of house in the upper part of the temples, altars, and statues, tokens of idolatry, he " town, are thickly covered with crosses." may have recognised some families who had turned Paul and Barnabas now retraced their journey, from dumb idols to serve the living and true God," through Lystra, Iconium, and Antioch, to Perga, among whom we may contemplate some of his confirming the souls of the disciples, exhorting them own kindred, now united to him in bonds more dear to continue in their faith, and ordaining them elders than those connected with the sacred names of bro- in every church. At Perga, instead of sailing down ther, sister, or mother. Some of his own kinsmen the Ccstrus, which they ascended on their first visit he certainly had the happiness to recognise as bre- to the city, they proceeded westward across the plain thren in Christ. Rom. xvi. 21. a to Attalia, seaport fifteen or twenty miles distant, in the Pamphylian Grulf. Attalia, now Satala, is THE PYL.^S, GATES OF CILICIA. still, and from its foundation has been, a city of con- " siderable of its importance. The style relics is in- In passing up from the plains of Cilicia to the variably Roman, agreeing with the date of its founda- lofty uplands of Lycaonia, Paul had occasion to tion. Behind it is the plain through which the ascend through the extraordinary pass so famous river Catarrhactes flows. In front of in it, and along history as the Cicilian Gates. Colonel Chesney the shore on each are lines of in side, long cliffs, over describes the pass as a rent or fissure the chain which the river finds its in waterfalls way to the sea, of Mount Taurus, extending from north to south, and which hide the plain from those who look through a distance of eighty miles. This vast ra- toward the land from the bay. Beaufort describes vine contracts in some places to a width of ten or the as situated city beautifully jound a small har- twelve paces, atFording room only for a single chariot. the streets to rise behind each either side bour, appearing other, On are limestone cliffs, many hundred feet like the seats of a with a double theatre, wall, and a in height. Through this gorge, Cyrus passed in hii* 227 TEXT BOOK AND xVTLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 228 famous his which Xeno- expedition against brother, TROAS, phon so minutely describes in his Anabasis. Alex- ander descended through these gates to the con- Troas was situated on the Hellespont, at some dis- quest of the East; and armies and men innu- tance south of ancient Troy, on an eminence oppo- merable have passed through them both, in the flush site the island of Tenedos. The present appearance of conquest, and in the fear and flight attendant upon of the ruins is thus described : — '' defeat. The ancient port of Troas is very interesting, At Lystra, Paul receives as his faithful compa- and has been highly ornamented. Hundreds of nion and fellow-labourer, Timothy, now a young columns, on a somewhat small scale, lie scattered in man, who by his mother and grandmother, Lois and all directions, and bristle among the waves to a con- Eunice, had been trained for the service to which, in siderable distance out at sea. The most striking the grace of God, he is called. ruins are about a mile from the sea, probably near or our tourists the centre of the are on an From Lystra, Antioch, missionary city ; they exceedingly turn northward into Galatia, where churches are grand scale. The ground, in every direction within gathered, to whom Paul subsequently addressed his the walls, is strown with carvings, mouldings, and epistle, and where he seems to have been detained pedestals in marble, some of which have inscriptions, some time by sickness. Gal. iv. 13. generally Greek." Homer and Virgil have celebrated, in immortal the battle of and men on the of THE GALATIANS. song, gods plains Troy. Xerxes swept over them with his countless About two hundred and seventy years before the myriads for the conquest of Greece. Alexander Christian era, a colony from Gaul had wandered east- girded on his sword at the tomb of Achilles, and ward from their native country, crossed the Hellespont, rushed on to the conquest of the East. And now our and settled in this central province of Asia Minor, Christian warrior, burning with a loftier, purer en- among whose descendants Paul gathered these Chris- thusiasm, goes forth in a holier warfare to fight for a tian converts. nobler crown, from the same place. From Galatia, Paul proceeded south-west through At this point Paul's party was also joined by Luke " Phrygia, but was forbidden of the Holy Ghost to the evangelist and journalist, to whom we are in- preach the Word in Asia." Acts xvi. 6. debted for his record of the missions of the apostle in the Book of the Acts.

Warned by a vision, the apostle sets sail from ASIA. Troas for Macedonia, one hundred and twenty-five of The history and signification of this term requires miles on the opposite side the -^gean Sea. Sixty a passing notice. In Homer, it is the name of a miles from Troas, he first touched at Samothrace, meadow by the streams of the river Cayster.* In a small island in the northern part of the ^gean Herodotus, it is applied as a general term for the East, Sea, distinguished by a high mountain, described in and divided into Asia within, and Asia beyond the the Missionary Herald for 1836, p. 246. There is Halys. In the New Testament it is a province west now but a single village upon the island. and south of Phrygia, comprising the more limited and ancient provinces of Lydia. The seven churches PHILIPPI, of the Apocalypse were within this province. Rev. i. 4. the To people of this province, among others, From Samothrace, an inconsiderable port on the also addressed Peter his epistle. 1 Pet. i. 1. From Strymonic Gulf in Macedonia, by a north-westerly this limited application, Asia spread, like the Africa course, he sailed to Neapolis, and passed down the of the to to Romans, designate one of the four quarters coast, twelve miles west Philippi. This city oc- of the world. cupies a fertile plain between two ridges of moun- Diverted from his purpose of preaching in Asia, tains. The Acropolis is upon a mount standing out Paul next to north into essayed go Bithynia, lying into the plain from the north-east. The city seems on the south of the Black Sea ; but, restrained by to have extended from the base of it for some dis- the same divine agency, he pursued his course, west tance to the south and south-west. The remains of by north, by Mysia to Troas. Acts xvi. 6-8. the fortress upon the top consist of three ruined

towers, and considerable portions of walls of stone, * 'Affto) tv Xciji'Sivi Kiiwrpiox) II. ii. 461. djipi fitcica, brick, and very hard mortar. The plain below 229 THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL. 230 exhibits but rains— of stone and nothing heaps THESSALONICA. rubbish, overgrown with thorns and briers; and nothing is seen of the innumerable busts and Thessalonica was one of the most populous towns statues, and thousands of columns, and vast of Macedonia, and still retains much of its ancient masses of classic ruins, of which earlier travellers importance, having a population of sixty or seventy speak. thousand inhabitants. It is situated near three hun- Euins of are still visible also dred and miles west from one private dwellings ; fifty Constantinople, something of a semicircular shape, probably a forum hundred south-west from Philippi, and about two or market-place—perhaps the one where Paul and hundred north by west from Athens. It is inha-

Silas received their undeserved stripes. bited by many Jews, among whom the American There is particularly worthy of notice an ancient Board have established a missionary station. The palace, the architecture of which is grand, and the principal antiquities are the remains of a hippodrome, materials costly. The pilasters, chapiters, &c. are a rotunda, and triumphal arches to Augustus and of the finest white marble and the walls for- Constantino. to the this has a ; were But, Christian, city merly encased in the same stone. The marble blocks living interest from the precious epistles which the are gradually knocked down by the Turks and apostle addressed to the church which he there esta- he to to wrought into their silly grave-stones. Many of the blished. From this city was compelled flee, ruins of the town are said to be covered at present escape from a fanatical and riotous mob, instigated with stagnant water. by the unbelieving Jews, and to leave the care of On the plains of Philippi was fought the last bat- these young converts to Timothj', as those at Phi- tle of the republicans of Rome, under Brutus and lippi had been committed to Luke. Cassius, against Augustus and Antony, B. c. 42, Driven thence by the unbelieving Jews, Paul next where Cassius died by his own hand, and Brutus retired to Bercea, fifty-five miles farther westward, and " bade adieu to his friends, saying, Certainly we must along the coast toward Greece, where the more inge- not the a attention to his doc- fly, with feet, but with the hands." Many, nuous Beroeans gave candid " despairing of pardon, fled thus from the swords of trine, searching the Scriptures daily whether these " the conqueror. things were so." Of these many believed, and In this city of ancient Thrace, Paul encountered honourable women who were Greeks, and of men various vicissitudes of his missionary life. The not a few." conversion of Lydia, the silencing of the sorceress, Bei'oea was situated near the borders of Macedonia at offshoot from the uproar in the city, the scourging of Paul and and Greece, the base of an the Silas, their imprisonment, the miraculous opening chain of Mount Olympus, on the banks of the Hali- of the prison doors, and the conversion and baptism acmon, at a little distance from the shore. of the jailer, Acts xvi. 9-40, are detailed by the his- Still pursued by the persecuting Jews of Thessa- torian. But the result was the establishment of a lonica, Paul, leaving the care of the Beroean con- church, remarkable, above all others founded by the verts to Silas and Timothy, was conducted by the apostle, for purity of doctrine and fidelity to Christ. brethren to Athens, the metropolis of Greece. The To this church St. Paul, ten years later, wrote an journey by land would have been more than two remarkable as the epistle only one of all his epis- hundred miles; by sea, the passage might have been tles which contains no censure or complaint against not more than two or three days' sail with a fair the church addressed. wind. He is supposed to have gone by sea to From Philippi to Thessalonica, the apostle passed Athens. down the coast south-west through Amphipolis and The former at this a Apollonia. was, time, large ST. PAUL AT ATHENS. and flourishing city on the banks of a navigable river about miles above its influx eight into the sea, Here, from the proselytes and Jews in their syna- and from thirty Philippi. Extensive forests and gogues, from the inquisitive Athenians and idlers in valuable gold-mines in its vicinity give importance the streets and market-places, as well as from philo- to its commerce. a Apollonia was of less notoriety. sophers of the Epicureans and Stoics, Paul gained about It was thirty miles from Thessalonica on the ready audience, "preaching unto them Jesus and hand and on one Amphipolis the other. After tarry- the resurrection." Demosthenes himself charges for a ing apparently only night at each of these his countrymen with the same inquisitive, gossiping the took places, apostle up his abode for three or disposition of which the historian speaks. Acts xvii. at Thessalonica. four weeks 21, alleging that they do nothing but sit in the mar- 2<31 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 232

" than the and ket and inquire What news ?" The strange doc- encouragement orators, sages, philoso- trines set forth by Paul soon awakened such curi- phers of her proud rival. Paul's for his new converts in osity and contradiction, that the multitude conducted Such was anxiety that he had consented to remain alone him to the place of holding the renowned council Macedonia, that of the Areopagus on Mars' Hill, where he might be at Athens, Silas might minister to the Be- more distinctly heard by the multitude. roeans, and Timothy to the Thessalonians. After remaining at Athens about two weeks, perhaps, the

apostle proceeded alone to Corinth, about fifty miles, ST. PAUL ON MARS HILL. where he continued from one and a half to two

To form a just impression of the scene, we must years. place ourselves, in imagination, in the agora, public rendered " of the square, improperly ma)-ket-place," CORINTH. city, and survey the scene around us. The square itself is a large area crowded with temples, altars, This metropolis, rivalling Athens in wealth and and statues, with columns and porticoes adorned with commerce, in luxury and licentiousness, and scarcely statuary and painting, the common resort of states- inferior in the fine arts, was situated on the isthmus men, philosophers, orators, poets, and men of business, of the Peloponnesus, fifty miles west of Athens, as well as of crowds of the inquisitive, pleasure- guarded and defended by a lofty acropolis, which rises feet loving idlers of Athens. Before and above us on two thousand above the platform of the city. the north is Mars Hill, a high, craggy eminence, The region is now unhealthy, and only a few mise- which is ascended by a broad flight of steps cut in rable hovels still occupy the site of this far-famed the solid rock. On the left is the Pnyx, a sloping city of Corinth. A few excavations, the tombs of hill, partially levelled into an open area for political the ancient dead, and seven Doric columns, sad se- assemblies, the platform of Athenian orators in their pulchral monuments of departed greatness, are all public addresses to the men of Athens. On the that remains of this devoted city, which, for al- right is the Acropolis, towering high above the scene most two years, A. D. 52, 53, became the scene of of which it is the glory and the crown. the apostle's labours. Abiding with Aquila and " Here, standing in the midst of Mars Hill, the his wife Priscilla, because he was of the same whole lies in full view below and the their tent- city ; beyond craft, for, by occupation, they were walls are the plains of Attica, bounded by the graceful makers," he reasoned both with Jew and Greek. sweep of the mountains of Pentelicus and Hymet- Though to the one a stumbling-block, to the other sea of Attica is seen in the and tus. The distance, foolishness, he faithfully and fearlessly preached of the the the ports city reposing on margin of the Christ, and him crucified, in the face of great opposi- distant rises bay. The Acropolis high above him, tion and blasphemy. But even in that corrupt city, crowned with the lofty Parthenon, adorned with the the most hopeless, it would seem, that could have " magnificent propylaea, and crowded with temples been selected, the Lord had much people," and and statues, the choicest models of Athenian taste many of the Corinthians, both Jews and Greeks, and skill. Here, treading almost in the very foot- believed and were baptized. During his residence of the prints great Athenian orators, while the hea- at Corinth, the apostle wrote the Epistle to the are almost vens above reverberating still with the thun- Thessalonians, and planted other churches in Achaia. ders of Demosthenes' eloquence, the great apostle, 2 Cor. i. 1. fired with all these classic associations, and guided by Cenchrea, on the eastern side of the isthmus, at an inspiration which Demosthenes never knew, de- the head of the Savonic Gulf, a bay in the ^gean livers before the sages and philosophers of Greece Sea, was about ten miles distant from Corinth. that masterly discourse, unrivalled in Christian ora- From this place Paul set sail for Caesarea, on his tory, which sets forth the doctrine of the great God way to Jerusalem. He landed for a short time at our Saviour, in place of the unknown God, whom Ephesus, in company with Aquila and Priscilla; but they ignorantly worshipped. hastened on his way to keep the Passover, or Pente- It is a singular and instructive fact, that the mi- cost, at Jerusalem, leaving to the church at Ephesus nistry of the apostle appears to have been attended the promises of a speedy return. After a short with little profit at this seat of Grecian refinement visit, for the fourth time, to Jerusalem since his and nor does he ever to have Paul returned to in learning ; appear again conversion, Antioch, apparently visited Athens. The rich, voluptuous, and mer- the spring or summer of A. D. 54. Afteran absence of cantile population of Corinth ofiered him far more about three years, during which time he must have 233 THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL. 234 travelled by sea and land not less tlian two thousand with a colonnade of one hundred and twenty-seven five hundred or three thousand miles, and encoun- columns of Parian marble, sixty feet in height. The tered innumerable perils, hardships, and trials, in several columns of this colonnade were each the planting many churches. gift of as many monarchs. This was burned the At this centre of Gentile Christianity, the har- same night that Alexander the Great was born, Oct. mony and fellowship of the brethren was sadly 13-14, B. c. 356, by Herostratus, who could think of marred by the prejudice of Judaizing teachers from no means so efi"ectual to give him an immortal fame Jerusalem, who had the address to lead away Peter, among men. By this sacrilegious act he gained for the first apostle of the Gentiles, together with Bar- all time the distinction of an immortal infamy. The nabas, the companion of Paul in his first missionary temple was rebuilt with equal magnificence, and be- tour to these very Gentile nations. Comp. Gal. ii. came one of the seven wonders of the world. The 11 Acts xv. 35. These dissensions rise of Diana was connected with arts sq. ; gave worship magic to a party of false brethren in all the churches, who and oriental superstitions respecting the efiicacy of failed not to oppose and persecute the apostle in all charms and amulets. These Paul confronted by his subsequent labours. miracles closely allied to these amulets, healing diseases by handkerchiefs laid upon them, so that the name of the Lord Jesus was magnified. THIRD MISSIONARY TOUR. A. D. 54-58. The city was built upon heights overlooking the After a. short time wasted at Antioch in these harbour and the surrounding plains, to which it gra- unhappy altercations, Paul resumes his missionary dually extended. The harbour itself is now a pesti- labours with Timothy, having left Silas apparently lential morass, and the city is in utter ruins, but some at Jerusalem. Pursuing the general course of his traces of its ancient magnificence remain. The theatre last tour through Cilicia, Lycaonia, Galatia, and where the maddened multitude assembled on the Phrygia, doubtless visiting these churches, he came occasion of the uproar caused by Demetrius the to Ephesus. This route would lead him again to his craftsman. Acts xix. 21-41, still remains in ruins own early home in. Cilicia, and Timothy to the sufficiently distinct to indicate its ancient magnifi- scenes of his childhood in Lycaonia. cence and vast extent. It was built on the slope of

a lofty hill, and could afford convenient seats for thirty thousand persons. What a scene of confused and EPHESUS. " fanatical uproar, when the whole multitude, with This city now became, for near three years, from one accord, rushed into the theatre, and all about the A. D. 54 to 57, the scene of the apostle's labours space of two hours cried out, Great is Diana of and the centre of his missionary operations, during the Ephesians I" which time he wrote his Epistle to the Galatians During his residence at Ephesus, Paul appears to and the first to the Corinthians, and probably that have made a visit to the church at Corinth to cor- to Titus and the first to Timothy. Aquila, Pris- rect the licentiousness into which the converts there cilla, Apollos, Tychicus, Timothy, and others, were had fallen in conformity with the custom of the city. also Christian teachers of these privileged Christians This journey is not recorded, and probably occupied at Ephesus. After the martyrdom of Paul, Ephesus but a short time. Having now preached not at Ephe- engaged for some time the pastoral care of John, sus alone, but almost throughout all Asia, he next the venerable and sole survivor of the disciples of visited the churches of Macedonia, A. D. 57 or 58. Christ, who, in his exile in Patmos, addressed to Proceeding northward along the coast, apparently this the of the in Paul church warning Spirit, connection by sea, to Troas, one hundred and fifty miles, with others of the seven churches of Asia. At tarried, week after week, in anxious expectation of Ephesus he is also supposed to have written both the return of Titus, whom he had sent to Corinth

bis Gospel and his Epistles. with the epistle to that church. Sailing from Troas, The was situated in on the western at and to city Ionia, he landed Neapolis ; probably proceeded in coast of Asia ]MiQor, upon the south bank of the Philippi to refresh his troubled spirits, commu- Cayster, sixty miles north from the isle of Patmos. nion with this affectionate, faithful church. Here Titus on his return It was a very ancient centre of commerce and city he had the happiness to welcome to learn that his letter to this de- of great wealth, wholly given up to idolatry. The from Corinth, and well received and attended great goddess Diana was its tutelary divinity. Her generate church had been temple, four hundred and twenty-five feet in length with the desired effect. and two hunlred and twenty in width, was adorned From Macedonia he wrote his second Epistle to 16 235 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 236

from ]Ma- Troas to Assos on foot but the desire for solitude the Corinthians, and soon after proceeded ; xii. 13 doubtless one reason others. The dis- cedonia to visit them the third time. 2 Cor. ; was among for xiii. 1. comfort of a crowded ship is unfavourable devo- the churches of Thessalo- tion and and meditation are for After visiting Philippi, ; prayer necessary into the life even of an nica, and Beroea, he appears to have penetrated maintaining religious apostle. he had the interior as far as Illyricum on the west of Mace- That Saviour, to whose service was devoted, the and crossed donia. Rom. XV. 19. From Illyricum, he proceeded often prayed in solitude on mountain, to Corinth, where he tarried some three months, dur- the brook Kidron to kneel under the olives of Geth- ing which time he wrote his Epistle to the Galatians, semane. And strength and peace were surely sought as to recover them, if possible, from the apathy and and obtained by the apostle from the Redeemer, apostasy into which they had suddenly and surpris- he pursued his lonely road, on Monday morning, in the ingly fallen. the verdure and fragrance of spring, among While at Corinth, where he tarried three months, oak woods and the streams of Mount Ida. to the apostle also wrote to the church at Rome by the Mitylene, where the ship's company appear hands of Phebe, a deaconess of the church at Cen- have landed for the night, was on the east side of chrea, a widow of consideration and wealth, about to Lesbos, about thirty miles from Assos. sail to Rome on private business. From Mitylene they sailed a distance of forty or to on his the ever memora- From Corinth, he purposed sail, return, fifty miles by Chios, modern Scio, to in of a ble for the atrocious of the inhabitants Jerusalem ; but, consequence conspiracy butchery by the of the Jews against his life, he returned up the Turks in 1822, and thence, an equal distance, coast, through Beroea and Thessalonica, to Philippi, unto Samos, an island lying near the coast of Ionia, from whence he set sail for Troas. below Ephesus. Trogyllium was on a promontory of the mainland across the narrow strait at this place, about one mile RETURNING VOYAGE, A. D. 58. SPRING. wide, that separates it from Samos. Trogyllium was After administering the Lord's supper at Troas, on the ridge of Mycale, the scene of the victory which he now visited for the third time, and restor- of the Greeks over the Persians. Miletus was still ing to life a young man who had been killed by fall- farther south, twenty-eight miles from Ephesus. ing from an upper story in his sleep during the Fearing to trust himself at Ephesus, lest he preaching of Paul, Acts xx. 7-12, the apostle pro- should be detained too long by the afiectionate im- ceeded on foot to Assos, opposite the island of Les- portunity of his friends, and unwilling to leave bos, about twenty miles south from Troas, where them without an affectionate salutation, he made an he was joined by his party, who came by sea to this appointment with the elders of Ephesus to meet the port, now a miserable village built high upon him at Miletus, a very ancient city, seventeen iniles rocks. He sent the ship around Cape Lectum to below Trogyllium, at that time old and decaying, now " Assos— for thus had he arranged, intending him- in ruins. The broad bay, where her shipping once

self to go afoot." He hastened, therefore, through lay, is now a pestilential morass. Here, with the the them the southern gate,— past hot springs, and through most affectionate counsels and prayers, he bade the oak woods then in full foliage—which cover adieu, fully impressed with the conviction that they all that shore with greenness and shade, and across would see his face no more. the wild watercourses on the western side of Ida. From Miletus, a straight course of forty miles Such is the scenery which now surrounds the travel- south, brought the apostle along the coast of Caria ler on his way from Troas to Assos. The great dif- to Coos, the seat of the famous medical school of Est- ference then was, that there was a good Roman culapius. At the distance of fifty miles south-east, road, which made St. Paul's solitary journey both he made the celebrated harbour of Rhodes, famous more safe and more rapid than it could have been for the colossal statue of bronze which had stood now. We have seldom had occasion to think of the astride the entrance, and between whose feet vessels apostle in the hours of his solitude. But such hours were wont to come into port under full sail. At must have been sought and cherished by one whose this time, it was prostrate, having been overthrown whole strength was drawn from communion with by an earthquake. The city has been renowned, God, and especially at a time when, as on this pre- from remotest to latest history, for her commerce sent journey, he was deeply conscious of his weak- and her ship-building. " celebrated than ness, and filled with foreboding fears. There may No view on the Levant is more have been other reasons why he travelled from that from Rhodes toward the opposite shore of Asia 237 THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL. 238

Minor. The last ranges of Mount Taurua come The manufacture of glass is erroneously said to have down in forms to the sea and a been discovered here. magnificent ; long line of snowy summits is seen along the Lycian After tarrying here one day with Christian • coast, while the blue sea between is an unruffled ex- brethren, Paul proceeded by land down the coast by panse of water under a blue and brilliant sky."* Mount Carmel, thirty or thirty-five miles, to Cajsa- Across the of this dark-blue the he and his in glad waters sea,— rea, where party were entertained the apostle's course now lay north-east to Patara the bouse of Philip the evangelist, one of the seven port of the ancient city of Xanthus, on the coast deacons, who, twenty-two years before, had ex- of Lycia, once celebrated for its walls, its theatre, pounded the Scriptures to the Ethiopian eunuch; and an oracle of Apollo that almost rivalled that of and whose family now consisted of four daughters, " Delphos. Vast and imposing ruins of the theatre who did prophesy." This was Paul's third visit still remain, and above it a singular pit with a square to Caesarea. Compare Acts ix. 30, xviii. 22. Here, column, which is supposed to have been the secret prophetically admonished of the bonds and imprison- shrine of the oracle, whence proceeded those enig- ment that awaited him at Jerusalem, his com- matical, lying responses, which were received as the panions and the disciples of Caisarea earnestly be- voice of the god. The harbour is now an inland sought him, with many tears, not to go up to Jeru- and the shore salem to Avhich he " mean marsh, generating poisonous malaria, ; firmly replied, What ye " a desert of moving sand." to weep and break my heart ? for I am ready not to At Patara the party, for reasons that do not ap- be bound only, but also to die at Jerusalem for the pear, took another ship and sailed the same day for name of the Lord Jesus." Perceiving that none of Tyre, 400 miles distant, on the coast of Phoenicia, in these things would move him, his Christian friends Syria. Here Paul tarried seven days, during which desisted from further entreaty, saying, with submis- " time he "broke bread" with the disciples, who sive sadness, The will of the Lord be done !" at affectionately urged him to desist from going up to Thus ended Jerusalem the apostle's third mis- Jerusalem, but finding him unalterably fixed in his sionary tour, in the spring of A. D. 58, in which he purpose, the brethren, with their wives and children, had been occupied four years, almost three of which at attended him out of the city to the place of embar- he had spent Ephesus. cation, where they kneeled down upon the shore and With this tour he ended his ministry in the East. prayed; and then, taking a final and affectionate How extensive the travels, how vast the results of leave of them, Paul and his party set sail down the missionary labours of this great apostle in the

the coast for Ptolemais, the ancient Accho, Akre, or East ! Within a few years he had traversed the

Acre, and the disciples returned in sadness to the city. countries of Arabia, Palestine, Syria, and most of Acre is almost thirty miles below Tyre, and eight the provinces of Asia Minor, Macedonia, Achaia, north of Mount Carmel. This town, the key of and Corinth, together with the island of Cyprus, Syria, is more strongly fortified than any other in preaching everywhere the gospel of the grace of the country. The appearance of its defences is still God, testifying both to Jew and Gentile, repentance formidable, notwithstanding all the vicissitudes of and faith in Christ, and establishing churches, over war which it has survived. It stands on an angular all of which he had watched with more than pa- promontory jutting into the sea. The walls are in rental tenderness. double and those on the land side are The next after his arrival at many places ; day Jerusalem, Paul, protected by strong out-works of mounds with fac- with his companions, visited James the brother of ings of stone. our Lord, at whose house the presbyters of the Age after age Acre has flourished and fallen into church were assembled. They listened with great decay, with the alternations of peace and war. It interest to his account of the effects of the gospel was the stronghold of the crusaders; and was be- among the Gentiles. But James called his atten- sieged by Bonaparte. In 1832 it sustained a siege tion to the fact, that a great number of Jews who of six months against Ibrahim Pacha, during which believed on Jesus as the Messiah, and were yet thirty-five thousand shells were thrown into it. zealous and strict observers of the Mosaic law, were in it was bombarded the him for those who Again, 1840, by English prejudiced against ; Judaizers, to Paul's fleet, and was reduced by the explosion of the pow- everywhere sought injure ministry, had der magazine, by which two thousand soldiers were circulated in Jerusalem the charge against him, hurried into eternity without a moment's warning. that, not content with releasing the believing Gen- tiles from the observance of the Mosaic law, he had » Conybeare and Howson's Life of St. Paul. required of the Jews who lived among them not 239 TEXT BOOK AXD ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 240

to circumcise their children, and not to observe the road was undoubtedly, at that time, the principal

law. line of travel and transportation between the city This charge, so brought forward, was certainly and the coast of the Mediterranean. false for Paul combated the outward observance of of the and his • ; The forebodings apostle's friends, Judaism only so far as the justification and sanctifi- anticipation of bonds and imprisonment, were soon cation of men were made to depend upon it. realized. His arrest and miraculous deliverance from As by this accusation the conduct of Paul would the mob and conspirators are detailed from Acts be presented in a false light, and since he was far xxi. 18 to chap xxiv. from being such an enemy to Judaism as his adver- After lingering two years in confinement at Cassa- saries wished him to appear, he declared himself to rea, he was permitted to proceed on his way to be ready, according to the proposal of the assembly, Rome, to prosecute his appeal before the governor. to refute that charge by an overt act, by taking part in the Jewish rites in a manner which was highly VOYAGE TO ROME. A. D. GO OR 61. esteemed by pious Jews, He joined himself to four members of the church, who had undertaken a In going to Rome, the usual way was to embark Nazarite's vow for seven days. He submitted to for some port in Asia Minor, and there take passage and intimated to the that the same restraints, priests for Italy, because it was not easy to find a ship that he would be answerable for the of the offer- sail from direct for the expense might Caesarea Rome ; ings that were to be presented on the accomplish- centurion accordingly, who had St. Paul in charge, ment of the purification. But though he might in the autumn of 60 or 61 sailed in a ship then in have satisfied by this means the minds of the better port from Adramyttium, a seaport of Mysia, on the disposed among the Jewish Christians, the inveterate eastern shore of the ^gean Sea, opposite to Lesbos, the not at all conciliated. zealots among Jews were at that time a flourishing city. Directing their On the contrary, they were only more incensed, that course northward along the coast, they passed by the man who, as they said, had everywhere taught Tyre and touched at Sidon, seventy-eight miles the Grentiles to blaspheme the people of God, the from Cassarea; from Sidon the ship still stood to Law, and the Temple, had ventured to take a part the north, because the strong westerly winds that in the Jewish ritual. They had seen a Gentile prevail at this season prevented a more direct course in Christian, Trophimus, company with him, and to the westward. Sailing under Cyprus on the left, hence the fanatics concluded that he had taken a and having the sea of Cilicia and Pamphylia on the Gentile with him into the temple and defiled it. A right, she would be favoured by land-breezes from violent tumult instantly arose, and Paul was rescued the coast of Asia Minor, as well as by a current from the enraged multitude only by means of the that sets strongly to the westward along this coast. Roman tribune, who hastened to the spot with a By these means she had a prosperous run to Myra, band of soldiers from the Arx the in this an ancient of considerable Antonm, quar- Lycia ; was port, to the ters of the Roman garrison, adjacent temple importance, two or three miles from the coast, com- the north. The incidents of this visit on remaining manded by an acropolis, which was ascended by a are detailed in Acts xxiii. flight of steps cut out of the solid rock. Here the centurion and his prisoner embarked on board a of Alexandria for but the same ANTIPATRIS. ship Italy, baflJing winds from the west now greatly impeded " Antipatris, to which he was conducted by a strong their progress, so that they were many days" be- escort on his way to Csesarea, was a town built by fore they came over against the port of Cnidus, on Herod the Great on the plain of Sharon, some dis- the south-west extremity of Asia Minor, in the pro- tance from the coast, eighteen miles north from vince of Caria, at the distance of not more than Lydda, twenty-six south by east from Csesarea, and 150 miles from Myra. But the wind not suffering about thirty-eight north by west from Jerusalem. them to enter this port, it only remained for them It is now a Muslim, village, built entirely of mud, to change their course and sail south toward the on a slight circular eminence, without any old ruins, island of Crete. or the least relic of antiquity. Passing by Salmone, the eastern promontory of The ruins of an ancient Roman road still conduct this island, they were enabled to coast along the the curious traveller securely along the route over south shore of Crete to Fair Havens, a roadstead which the apostle was subsequently conducted by a which afforded them anchorage, near the unknown Roman escort from Jerusalem to Antipatris. This port of Lasea. From this point they were exposed 241 THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL. 242 to the north-west wiuJs, by reason of a bold turn of ming, some on boards and broken pieces of the ship, the coast to the north. The winter was now near at escape safe to land." hand, and the season of safe navigation passed. The The place of the shipwreck proved to be a bay on prevailing winds and the thick and stormy weather the north-east side of Melite, Malta, now known as made the navigation of these seas, in winter, without St. Paul's Bay, an inlet about two miles deep and chart or compass, extremely hazardous. Paul's one mile broad. The distance from Clauda is 476 earnest advice, therefore, was to winter there, but miles, which, according to the computation of nauti- '' because the harbour was not commodious to winter cal men, is just about the distance which a ship his advice was a would drift in the time and her in," overruled; and, improving specified ; course, gentle south wind that blew, they set sail, hoping west by north, is just that which she would make, to make Phenice, a harbour on the coast, farther the wind E. N. E. west, not well identified, which, according to the The island of Malta lies in the Mediterranean, ^^ historian, opened, looked" to the south-west and about sixty miles south from Cape Passaro, in Sicily. north-west. It is supposed to have been not more It-is sixty miles in circumference, twenty in length, and in the is a than forty miles from Fair Havens. twelve breadth. Near it, on west, They had, however, but just set sail before they smaller island, called Gozzo, about thirty miles in were struck by a violent north-east wind, enroclydon, circumference. Malta has no mountains or high which drove them to seek shelter under the south hills, and makes no figure from the sea. It is natu- shore of Clauda, now the island of Gozzo, about rally a barren rock, but has been made in parts twenty miles south-west by west from Fair Havens, abundantly fertile by the industry and toil of man. where, Math great difiiculty, they were enabled to After lingering here three months during the win- take in and to secure their hoat, Acts xxvii. 16, a ter, A. D. 60-61, and working many miracles, they precaution which they had omitted at the outset be- sailed to Syracuse, a large, wealthy, and beautiful city cause the weather was then mild, and they expected on the east coast of Sicily, about eighty miles from to be at sea but a few hours. Here they under- Malta. It is said to have contained a million of inha- girded the ship; and, fearing lest they should be bitants, and still has a population of two hundred and driven into the quicksands of the coast of Africa, forty thousand. The cathedral of the city, it is said, in they headed into the wind and lay to, seamen's was a temple of Minerva, twenty-five hundred years phrase, carrying as much sail as might be needful ago. to steady the ship, and let her drift at the mercy of Ehegium, where they next landed, is in the ex- the elements. Verse 15. Being exceedingly tossed treme south of Italy, opposite Messina, on the north- with the tempest, the next day they lightened the east point of Sicily. Between these places is the ship, and the third day they were obliged to relieve strait of the fabulous Scylla and Charybdis. A it still more by throwing overboard the furniture of favourable south wind the next day carried them the ship, such as beds, chests, tables, and the like. through this famous strait to Puteoli, on the Bay The terrible tempest lying on them many days, of Naples, eight miles north-west from the city of as they wei-e driven up and down in an unknown Naples, and one hundred and eighty north from sea, while neither sun nor stars appeared, just as the Fihegium. Puteoli, now Pozzuoli, a miserable, de- whole company are abandoning themselves to utter caying town, was at this time the principal port despair in view of inevitable death, Paul, on the south of Rome. It received nearly all the trade of fourteenth day, stands up in the midst of them and Alexandria, and a great part of that of Spain. encourages them to take some sustenance, assuring Dating from a remote antiquity—probably from the them that he had been warned by an angel of God third century of Rome—it rose under the Roman that they must be shipwrecked on some island, but republic and empire to a luxury and magnificence that in answer to his had God, prayers, given him second only to that of the imperial city. Its mild that all them sailed with him. About midnight the climate, its picturesque situation, its abundant same day they found themselves drifting near to some fruits, its mineral and salt baths, its marine pro- coast and overboard it the favourite resort of the ; then, casting anchor, throwing ducts, rendered wealthy their lading to ease the ship and save her from citizens of Rome, and it probably vied with Hercu- driving upon the breakers, they anxiously waited laneum and Pompeii in the magnificence of luxury for the morning, when they succeeded in running and the elegance of vice. Here the great men of the ship aground, where she went to pieces, and the Rome had their villas; here Cicero and Virgil had " whole ship's company, 276 souls, some by swim- their schools; here Caligula and Nero had their 243 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 244

and of all these the in of must have been the centurion who had con- palaces ; ruins, piles brick, by to made a welded together with imperishable cement, may yet ducted Paul to Rome, appears have be traced along the shore where Paul landed after favourable impression respecting him. He was ac- his shipwreck at Malta. The very spot can be iden- cordingly treated with more indulgence than tlio other allowed to have a tified, for at that time there existed a long mole, or prisoners. He was private free intercourse of his pier, which broke the force of the waves and afforded dwelling, to enjoy the friends, vessels a safe landing. Here the ship in which and to correspond with those that were absent. as to Paul came must have made fast, and the ruins of Only a single soldier attended him guard, this pier may yet be seen. The mole on which the whom, according to the military custom of holding on apostle landed at Puteoli still stretches its ruins into one under arrest, he was fastened by a chain the the blue waters of the bay. The remains of the arm. his Italian villas, whose marble porticos he then beheld Three days after his arrival he began benevo- in the sunset—his first of Italian lent with the Jews first and for glittering specimen labours, ; continued, luxury—still are seen along the shore. The Lu- two full years, while detained as a prisoner, to " crine lake, filled with oyster-beds for the luxurious receive all who came to him, preaching the king- tables of Rome, the baths of Baiae, the Stygian lake dom of God, and teaching those things which con- Avernus, and Sibylline Cumae, famous in classic cern the Lord Jesus Christ, with all confidence, no 31. song, were also near. man forbidding him." Acts xxviii. 17, From Puteoli to Rome, 150 miles, the journey of During his confinement at Rome, from A. D. 61 the continued his labours for the con- the apostle was along the Appian Way, on the great to 63, apostle in the care of the churches. line of communication with the metropolis, through version of men and these he assisted his fel- classic ground, consecrated by the genius of Virgil, In labours was by Luke, of Horace, and of Cicero. At Formiae he passed the low-traveller and biographer; by Timothy, his be- retreat of the orator the turmoil loved son in the faith and his former favourite great from ; by Tychicus, of the political world, where he fell by the hand of companion. assassins. It is particularly interesting to notice that Mark, At Appii Foriim, forty miles from Rome, at from whom he had unhappily separated twelve the head of the canal which drained the Pontine years before, is here also the faithful assistant and marshes, the apostle was met by a delegation of fellow-labourer of Paul. Christians from Rome and at the Three The fruits of Paul's were from ; Taverns, ministry gathered — ten miles farther, he was welcomed by a second every condition—from the humblest to the highest^ group of brethren, who had come out to accompany from Caesar's household to bondman and slave. One him to the city. The affectionate salutations of of his most interesting converts was a fugitive slave, these Christian friends greatly refreshed the wearied who, escaping from Philemon, Paul's fellow-labourer " spirits of the prisoner, so that when Paul saw the in the church of the Colossians, had wandered away hrethren he thanked God and took courage." to this common receptacle of vagabonds and adven- Appii Forum, the terminus of the canal across turers. The return of this Christian slave to his the Pontine marshes, was a low, sickly place, a master gave occasion for the Epistle to Philemon, station for the mules and muleteers who were em- to commend him to his master's kindness. At the on the canal. ployed Horace has given a vivid same time he also wrote his Epistles to the Colos- description of this vile place, filled with these canal- sians and to the Ephesians. and villanous knaves.* men, The scene of this holy During Paul's captivity at Rome, the church at the a man, aged apostle, despised captive in the midst Philippi sent Epaphroditus with contributions, as this and of motley vulgar crowd, worn down with a token of their fond affection and noble liberality, and hardships fatigue, dejected and disgusted with which he had occasion frequently and gratefully their coarse vice and vile speech, suddenly saluted to acknowledge. The return of this "brother and by Christian friends, and rising into a transport of companion in labour," A. D. 62, was the occasion of joy, giving thanks to God and taking fresh courage— his writing his Epistle to the Philippians. this scene, fit for a painter's pencil dipped in the Here Luke's history of the labours of Paul ab- colours of heaven, presents one of the most touching ruptly terminates, but he is believed, after his trial passages in the eventful life of the great apostle. and acquittal, to have again passed through Mace- The report of Festus and Agrippa, confirmed as it donia to Philippi and Ephesus; to have ministered again for some time to this church, to have visited * Differtum nautis, cauponibus atque malignis.—Sat. i. 5. 4. the churches in Asia, Smyrna, Sardis, Hierapolis, 245 THE LABOURS OF ST. PAUL. 246

and Philem. xxii. ii. and and refreshed and a few Colosse, Laodicea, ; Philip, 24; danger, by Onesiphorus then to have fulfilled his cherished desire of preach- faithful friends, among whom was Claudia, the ing the gospel in Spain, where he spent two years, daughter of a British king. 2 Tim. i. 16; iv. 21. from A. D. 64 to 66, and once more to have returned, A terrible persecution was now raging under Nero, on a hasty visit, to the churches of Asia Minor. that brutal monster that disgraced the throne of After at he went Caesar and in calm and certain leaving Timothy Ephesus, again ; Paul, expectation over to Macedonia, from whence he set sail for of his death, writes from his cell his final letter to Crete, where he left Titus to complete his lack of Timothy, in the vain hope that he might come to service with these churches. him before his martyrdom. From Macedonia, before going to Crete, he wrote A hasty form of trial soon ended in the sentence his First Epistle to Timothy, A. D. 67, to encourage of death by decapitation, and the aged apostle, de- and aid him in his struggle with the heretical teach- siring to depart and be with Christ, was led forth, ers at Ephesus. from the southern gate, to execution, upon the road From Crete he seems yet again to have visited to Ostia, the port of Rome, to suffer like his Lord, " Ephesus, and from that place to have written his without the city."

Epistle to Titus, in the autumn of A. D. 67, and How eventful his life ! in labours most abun- from thence to have gone down to Miletus, 2 Tim. dant, in prisons frequent, in deaths oft; four times iv. 20, whence he sailed for Corinth, purposing to scourged with forty stripes save one, thrice beaten spend the winter of A. D. 67-8 at Nicopolis, in Epi- with rods, once stoned, thrice shipwrecked, a day rus. Tit. iii. 12. In this we have and a in the in oft in summary adopted night deep, journeyings ; peril3 the conclusions of Conybeare and Howson, without of waters, in perils of robbers, in perils by his own assuming to decide upon the correctness of their countrymen, in perils by the heathen, in perils in

reasoning. the city, in perils in the countiy, in perils in the wilderness, in perils in the sea, in perils among false in weariness and in watch- NICOPOLIS. brethren; painfulness, ings often, in hunger and thirst, in fastings often, " This City of Victory" was built by Augustus, in cold and nakedness,—besides the care of all the to commemorate his victory at the battle of Actium churches that pressed daily upon him. No wonder 100 before Paul's visit It stood the years upon the aged apostle, after such a pilgrimage, worn his land forces before that site occupied by battle. down with such hardships, such ceaseless toil, such " wall a desolate to the for the of heaven. A long lofty spans plain ; exhausting cares, pants repose it it to north of rises, on a distant hill, the shattered scena According to his desire, so is granted him. of a theatre to the the extended is let into his soul. Its tri- ; and, west, though Heaven already down broken line of an aqueduct connects the distant umph is begun. The crown of glory which is just from it with the main mountains, which tends, sub- settling on his head, sheds its divine radiance on

— fii-es he ex- ject of the picture the city itself, on a low and the victor's brow and his eye, while swampy plain." claims, "I am now ready to be offered, and the Here, on this field of battle and of victory, our time of my departure is at hand. I have fought a finished Christian warrior, more "august" than imperial good fight, I have my course, I have kept Cassar, who proudly bore this name, ended his war- the faith. Henceforth there is laid up for me a fare and returned to Rome, not in triumph, to crown of righteousness, which the Lord, the right- secure a corruptible crown, but in bonds, to await an eous Judge, shall give unto me."

incorruptible. He had fought the good fight, and The friends of Paul, like the disciples of John, " his triumph was complete. took up his corpse and laid it in a tomb," one of When arrested at Nicopolis by the Roman autho- those subterranean labyrinths, at once the sepulchres he forsaken Demas " for love of this the the sanctuaries of the which rities, was by of dead and living ; present world," and by Crescens, the one retiring to in these troublous times sheltered so many of the Thessalonica, the other to Galatia; and Titus, we saints of God, and enshrined their sacred dust. may charitably hope for better reasons, withdrew Eusebius informs us that the name of Paul remained up the coast to Dalmatia. in one of these cemeteries even to his day. A lofty Luke remained faithful, and accompanied his sepulchral pyramid, by the Ostian road, is still master through the perils of wintry seas to encoun- standing, unshattered by the waste of so many ages^ ter fiercer terrors at Rome as "a malefactor." as it stood then calmly overlooking the scene of his

ii. 9. if to in all a lone 2 Tim. Paul was sought out, with difficulty martyrdom, as reared be, time, 247 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 2iS monument of this atrocious crime. The ground is stranger, whose ransomed spirit, in deep communion now used as the burial-place of English Protestants. with that of the great apostle, now tastes the full Thf' clods that drank the blood of the sainted mar- bliss of heaven, where the wicked cease from troub- tyr may now enwrap the body of some Christian ling and the weary are at rest.

CHAPTER III.

PATMOS AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES.

The "isle that is called Patmos," where John by such multitudes of sea-fowl which the gentle was in exile for the word of God and for the testi- movements of our vessel disturbed, that we were mony of Jesus Christ, is a small island in the JEgean ready to conclude none but a solitary hermit at Sea, eighteen or twenty miles south-south-west from most could be a tenant of the place. But when we to anchor in the could dis- Samos, and forty or fifty west by south from Miletus. came principal haven, we It is a rocky, barren island, exceedingly irregular, cern, by the light of the moon, a considerable num- deeply indented by bays and gulfs, which afford ber of the magazines and hahlialia, or storage and several good harbours, of which one on the north grocery shops, that abound in the towns, and espe- side is chiefly frequented by shipping and occupied cially at the scalas, or landing-places in the Levant. by a few shops and houses. The principal town is Farther distant also were dwelling-houses, and the built on the summit and the steep sloping sides of neatly whitewashed chapels, which impart so pic- a high hill which overlooks the harbour, the ascent turesque an appearance to many of the Greek islands. of which is by steep, narrow, and difficult streets. "When the morning dawned, the monastery of The hermitage and grotto of St. John is halfway St. John was to be seen rising, like a castle, on the the midst down the hill on a jutting rock, where, according to summit of one of the highest hills, from " tradition, John, in the spirit, on the Lord's day," of a walled town of 400 or 500 houses. Halfway saw the visions of God which completed the mighty up the mountain were several buildings in a ruinous roll of prophecy, that for a thousand years had been state, around and covering what the tradition of the unfolding, and closed and sealed up the communica- island affirms to be the very spot where the favoured tions to visions of God man. disciple 'was in the spirit,' and in the of

The monastery of St. John, a strong old castle of earth beheld the glories of heaven. Without either the eleventh century, crowns the top of the moun- crediting or totally rejecting the truth of such tradi- tain on which the town is built. The terrace of the tionary testimony, it was sufficient for us that we castle presents a fine view of the island, with its were doubtless in the same harbour which he en- rugged hills, its silent, sequestered glens, rocky pro- tered, and were looking out upon the same general montories, and deep retiring bays, piercing on every scene on which his eyes rested, when gazing in the side its rock-bound shores. The entire population direction of his persecuted flock, now left without a of this island is 3000 or 4000. shepherd. " The following extract is from the diary of the Venerable old man ! what a sweet and holy in- Mr. Rev. Brewer, American missionary to the Le- terest is attached to his history. His youthful days vant, who visited Patmos in 1831 : — had been spent on the banks of the Jordan, and " We had earnestly desired to be in the ' isle around the secluded lake of Gennesaret. There, in called on the Patmos Lord's day.' With all the humble employment of a fisherman, he continued our efforts, however, to expedite the voyage, and with James, his brother, until at the Saviour's call offers of a reward to our indolent Greek it boatmen, they arose, left all, and followed him to 'become " was not until near midnight that our little bark fishers of men.' slowly made her way from the east around its rocky promontories and a shoal. The hour and projecting THE SEVEN CHURCHES. circumstances all were favourable for deepening the one impressions would wish to cherish on visiting On the map No. VII. may be noticed three large so hallowed a spot. As we drew near the shore the islands, Lesbos, Chios, and Samos, lying off the extreme stillness of the scene was broken in upon western coast of Asia Minor, over against the pro- 249 PATMOS AND THE SEVEN CIIUrtCIIES. 250

" a the it is a viaces of Lydia and Caria, at the distance of about To stranger from Western World these islands source of entertainment to watch these forty miles from each other. Opposite great patient are seen four rivers emptying into the sea. First in and friendly animals, as they obey their master's order from south to north is the Meander, then the peculiar call to kneel down for the discharge of their the burden of or the Cayster, the Hermus, the Caicus. Of these double merchandise, fruit, coals, Meander and the Hermus are the most considerable, like. When about to rest for the night, they are in a circle with all their heads being about 200 miles in length. Miletus, already grouped together mentioned, was at the mouth of the Meander. facing outward. In one of the open squares near the at five Laodicea is in the interior, on a branch of the barracks may be sometimes seen, evening, Meander, less than 100 miles from Miletus. Hiera- hundred or more. These, with the drivers' tents their the of and polis is ten or fifteen miles north-east from Loadicea, pitched by side, kindling fires, pre- and Colosse fifteen or twenty east by south from it. paration of their evening meal, form a truly Oriental Ephesus is on the Cayster, near forty miles north of scene." near another is a Miletus, and Smyrna forty miles farther north, The extract subjoined, from hand, in the attention the Hermus. Sardis is fifty miles from Smyrna, pleasing exemplification of benevolent the interior on the Hermus, and Philadelphia thirty with which the Turks provide for the supply of man, the miles farther east, on a southern branch of Her- beast, and bird with water : — " mus, and Thyatira about the same distance north As there is no object of so much consumption of the Hermus. as is from Sardis on another branch in life, so precious to a Turk water, so there Pargamos again is sixty miles north-north-east from none he takes so much care to provide, not only for Smyrna. himself, but for all other animals. Before his door he always places a vessel filled with water for the EPHESUS. of the streets he excavates stones into shallow dogs ; Ephesus, the first of the apocalyptic churches, has cups to catch rain for the little birds, and wherever a been already noticed. Her ruin is now complete, a stream runs, or a rill trickles, he builds fountain and in her overthrow we recognise the fall of the for his fellow-creatures, to arrest and catch the fra- the fluid should first angel, the extinction of the first candlestick grant current, that not a drop of be of the Revelations. Rev. ii. 1-5. wasted. These small fountains are numerous, and inscribed with some sentence from the Koran, incul- and benevolence. The be- SMYRNA. cating practical charity neficent man at whose expense this is done never Smyrna, the second of these churches, forty miles allows his own name to make part of the inscription. a or that sets Turk has no ostentation in his his fa- north of Ephesus, is on bay gulf A charity ; a fine ' and throw it into the inland thirty-five or forty miles, which forms vourite proverb is, Do good, the do not see WILL.'" harbour and safe anchorage for the port of Smyrna. sea, and if fish it, ALLAH By reason of these commercial advantages, Smyrna Smyrna was the scene of the apostolic labours of of is still one of the principal cities of Western Asia. the venerable Polycarp, the disciple St. John; his blood. It has a population of 120,000 or 150,000 inhabit- and here he sealed his ministry with " the there was a ants, Greeks, Jews, Armenians, and Franks, who As he was brought to tribuaal, that was sustain an extensive and lucrative foreign commerce. great disturbance on hearing Polycarp the asked The city is protected by the acropolis of Mount taken. When he came near, proconsul and him to Pagus, which rises by a bold ascent to an imposing him whether he was Polycarp, urged of the and is surmounted 'Reverence old height, directly north city, deny the faith, saying, thy age,' their by a frowning castle, now considerably dilapidated. with many other exhortations of like nature, as ' the fortune of Caesar :' The harbour is much frequented by foreign shipping, custom is, saying, Swear by ' the atheists.' Then British, French, Austrian, Russian, American, both Repent, and say, Away with the merchantmen and ships of war, which are greatly Polycarp, looking with severe countenance upon annoyed by a violent sea-breeze that rolls in a heavy whole company of ungodly Gentiles who were in the the forth his hand to and surf through day. lists, stretching them, groan- ' with Smyrna maintains an active trade with the in- ing, and looking up to heaven, said, Away terior by means of caravans of camels, which are the atheists!' But the proconsul continuing to I release often encamped in great numbers in the suburbs of urge him, and saying, 'Swear, and will ^Four- the city. Rev. Mr. Brewer gives the following de- thee, reproach Christ,' Polycarp answered,

: served and he hath scription of such an encampment — score and six years have I him, 17 251 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 252 never wronged me at aU ; how, then, can I hlaspheme embraces the entire summit of the hill, and includes my King and my Saviour?' And when the pro- a space of about eight acres. Facing the south-east ' consul, nevertheless, still insisted and said, Swear is a wall of hewn stone, a hundred feet deep, built ' If art by the genius of Caesar,' he answered, thou into the rock, which helps to form a spacious area, so confident as to expect that I should swear by where, anciently, stood a temple visible everywhere what thou callest the genius of Caesar, hear me from the plain of the Caieus, and even from the sea freely professing unto thee, I am a Christian!' beyond. On the north and west sides, the descent " ' The proconsul then said, I have the wild beasts is almost perpendicular into a deep, narrow valley. to those I will cast unless thou this runs a with a ready ; thee, repent.' Through rivulet, great aqueduct ' He answered, Call for them then, for we Christians of lofty arches at one extremity, and at the other a are fixed in our minds not to change from good to massive pile, filling the whole valley, and forming ' evil.' The proconsul added, Seeing thou despisest with it a naumachia, or place for the exhibition of the wild beasts, I will cause thee to be devoured by sea-fights. When the stream occupied only its na- fire, unless thou shalt repent.' Polycarp answered, tural bed, and the interior was dry, it was probably ' Thou threatenest me with fire which burns for an used for chariot races and gymnastic exercises. Still and in a little time is for thou lower down is a work of hour, extinguished ; apparently Koman origin, knowest not the fire of the future judgment, and of being a hollow cylinder of brick, at lest thirty feet that eternal punishment which is reserved for the in diameter, for the passage of the rivulet, and, as ungodly.' some think, answering at one period the purpose of " When the pile was ready, Polycarp, laying aside common sewers, certainly much resembling those of his upper garments, and loosing his girdle, endea- Rome. " voured also to loose his sandals, which aforetime At the eastern extremity of the hill are remains he was not wont to do, forasmuch as always every of a theatre, whose entrances still are standing. Its one of the faithful that was about him contended area, however, is filled with houses and small gar- who should soonest do it for him. Immediately, dens against the sloping sides, where the semicircular they put upon him the instruments which were pre- seats rose one above another." for the but when nailed two centuries and a half before the Chris- pared pile ; they would have About

' him to the stake, he said, Leave me thus, for He tian era, Pergamos became the residence of the cele- of who hath given me strength to endure the fire, will brated kings of the family Attalus, and a seat of also enable me, without your securing me by nails, literature and the arts. King Eumenes, the second " beautified in- to remain unmovable in the pile.' of the name, greatly the town, and The place of the martyrdom of Polycarp is be- creased the library of Pergamos so considerably that lieved to have been the theatre, of which some ruins the number of volumes amounted to two hundred the not be- remain, above the town, under the steepest part of thousand. As papyrus shrub had yet Castle Hill. gun to be exported from Egypt, sheep and goats' A church of seven members has been organized skins, cleaned and prepared for the purpose, were within the present year by the American missionaries used as manuscripts; and, as the art of preparing at Smyrna. them was brought to perfection at Pergamos, they, from that circumstance, obtained the name of Per- PERGAMOS. ganiena or parchment. Parchment, however, seems Pergamos is sixty-four miles north of Smyrna. to have been in use at an earlier period with the It is situated about thirty miles from the sea, on the Persians and lonians; but it may have been im- north bank of the Caieus, at the base and on the proved and brought into more general use at Per- declivity of three high and steep mountains, which gamos. The library remained in Pergamos after flank the city on three sides. The middle summit is the kingdom of the Attali had lost its independence, the highest, and is crowned by an ancient and deso- until Antony removed it to Egypt, and presented it late castle. The town has a population of ten or to Queen Cleopatra. twelve thousand. When or by whom the church at Pergamos was " is The to been The ascent to the castle is quite circuitous, over founded not known.— city seems have a broad, ancient, paved road. Halfway up the hill exceedingly corrupt the very seat of Satan, accord- is an outwork, consisting of a wall of considerable ing to the Apocalyptic epistle. The fate of the has length, with frequent towers. A little above this is church at Pergamos is now unknown. The city a platform intended for a battery, and built entirely still a population of about 15,000, chiefly Turks. of marble fragments cemented in mortar. The castle No missionary efforts have been encouraged here for 253 PATMOS AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES. 254 the restoration of the gospel of Christ. No Antipas last of her kings, and the richest of monarchs. remains a faithful witness for Christ. The church Cyrus, B. c. 548, with an army of 196,000, con- of St. John is in ruins; and the fanes of Jupiter, of quered this voluptuous prince with an army of Diana, of Esculapius, and of Venus, are prostrate 420,000, and gathered the richest spoils that victory in the dust. The minarets of nine or ten mosques ever won from a vanquished foe. The treasure show that the god of Mohammed almost alone which Croesus delivered up to Cyrus has been com- dwelleth here, where Satan's seat is. puted at the enormous sum of 631,820,000 dollars. " I know thy works, that thou hast a name that thou livest and art dead." As was thus said of the THYATIRA. degenerate church of Sardis, so of the city itself.

This city, the fourth of the seven churches, is be- A few miserable huts occupy its place. The black tents of the Turcomans are scattered tween fifty and sixty miles north-east from Smyrna, wandering or south-east from in the the the whistle of the camel-driver and forty fifty Pergamos, through valley ; midst of an extensive plain, eighteen miles in breadth, now resounds in the palace of Croesus, and the song around the head-waters of the northern branch of the of the lonely thrush is heard from the walls of the Hermus, and contains a population of 6000 or 7000 old Christian church. Schubert found there only inhabitants. In a distant view it appears embosomed two Christian millers, in 1836, who spoke nothing in cypruses, poplar, and other trees, through which but Turkish. A countless number of sepulchral domes and minarets of mosques and dwelling-houses hillocks beyond the Hermus, where sleep the dead appear. An amphitheatre of hills rises at the dis- of three thousand years, heighten the desolateness tance of a few miles behind, from which abundant of the spot which the multitudes lying there once streams of water descend to fertilize the gardens and made busy by their living presence and pursuits. impart a delightful coolness during the summer The summit of the Tmolus is bare, rocky, and months. The inhabitants are still celebrated, as in snow-clad; a little lower its heights are covered of former times, for their skill in the art of dyeing. with wood, and at the base there are high ridges one of these They sustain an active trade with Smyrna in wool earth, and rocks with deep ravines. On and scarlet cloth. Lydia, a seller of purple, con- eminences, the sides of which are almost perpen- the of verted by the apostle Paul at Philippi, Acts xvi. 14, dicular, stood the ancient castle of governors 15, 40, was a native of this place. Lydia. A concealed, narrow, and steep passage is the The Christian traveller who visits this place in conducts to the walls, near to which probably before the town. search of the ancient city, is requited only with dis- place where the Persians appeared " of the appointment and vain regrets. He finds nothing Little now remains of the walls Acropolis. that he can identify with the Apocalyptic church. Earthquakes, the elements, and time, are fast de- a The "works, and charity, and service, and faith, stroying its crown of glory. Its western side, and patience," of this faithful church have no longer frightful pass of many hundred feet, exhibits pro- any memorial on earth but the commendation con- bably a very different appearance from what it did tained in the epistle to the angel of the church in when besieged by the Persians. Cyrus, we are told, Thyatira. had offered a reward to the person who should first Some efforts have been made by the American mount the wall. One of his soldiers had seen a missionaries to plant anew the gospel in Thyatira, Lydian descend for his helmet, which had rolled " who say, We trust it has taken root in Thyatira, down back of the citadel. He tried to ascend there, and if it can be properly watered, we hope for good where not even a sentinel was placed, and succeed- the fruit." ing, the Persians became masters of place." The following graphic description of the scenery SARDIS. of the place by moonlight is given by a recent tra-

The ruins of this celebrated city are found on veller : — the left bank of the Hermus, and at the foot of "Beside me were the cliffs of the Acropolis, Mount Tmolus, about thirty miles south-east from which, centuries before, the hardy Median scaled, and a whose Thyatira, little more than fifty south-east from while leading on the conquering Persians, I re- Smyrna. The valley of the Hermus and its tribu- tents had covered the very spot on which was the of what had tary, the Pactolus, around the lofty Tmolus, pre- clining. Before me were vestiges sents a site of the of the Croesus within its incomparable beauty for a city, be- been palace gorgeous ; the of neath which Sardis lies entombed, the splendid and walls were once congregated wisest mankind, Solon. It that the opulent capital of the kings of Lydia, of Croesus, the Thales, Cleobulus, and was here 255 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 256 wretched father mourned alone the a in the of God and he shall mangled corpse pillar temple my ; go " of his beloved Atys; it was here that the same no more out.' humiliated monarch wept at the feet of the Persian LAODICEA. boy, who wrung from him his kingdom. Far in the distance were the gigantic tumuli of the Lydian Laodicea lay south by east from Philadelphia, and and and about miles south-east from and 100 monarchs, Candaules, Halyatt^s, Gryges ; 100 Smyrna, around them were spread those very plains, once east from Ephesus, on the Meander, in the south-west trodden by the countless hosts of Xerxes when hur- part of Phrygia, and near Colosse and Hierapolis. rying on to find a sepulchre at Marathon. The ruins of the ancient town are situated on the ''There were more varied and more vivid remem- flat summit of the lowest elevation of the mountain, brances associated with the sight of Sardis than which terminates steeply toward the valley of the could possibly be attached to any other spot of earth, Lycus. Many sepulchral monuments and imposing at the but all were mingled with a feeling of disgust ruins attest the ancient grandeur of the place. It littleness of human all—all had is celebrated for a hot with remarkable glory ; passed away. spring petri- There were before me the fanes of a dead religion, fying qualities. Here was a Christian church under the tombs of forgotten monarchs, and the palm-tree the care of Epaphras, Col. iv. 12, 13, and here, ac- that waved in the of while the to the cruci- banquet-hall kings ; cording Eusebius, apostle Philip was feeling of desolation was doubly heightened by the fied. At a later period famous councils were held calm sweet sky above me, which, in its unfading here, whose decrees still remain, but no pen has brightness, shone as purely now as when it beamed recorded the history of this last of the Apocalyptic upon the golden dreams of Croesus." churches. It was once a large city, as the ruins yet extant sufficiently attest. Some of the remains of the are a vast two immense PHILADELPHIA. city aqueduct, theatres, one of which might have contained 20,000 or 30,000

Philadelphia was about thirty miles south-east spectators, an odeon and a circus, which were con- from Sardis, and eighty from Smyrna. From Ephe- structed under the patronage successively of Titus, " sus the distance is about seventy miles. It still Yespasian, and Trajan. It is in a hollow, of an exists as a Turkish town, covering a considerable oblong form, with an area of more than three hun- the extent of ground, running up slopes of an irregu- dred and forty paces in length, and has twenty or lar hill with four flat summits, and containing a popu- more ranges of seats remaining entire. Its entrance lation of 12,000 or 14,000 inhabitants. was from the east, but at the west end is a vaulted " The as from these is ex- country, viewed hills, passage of one hundred and forty feet long, designed tremely magnificent—^gardens and vineyards lying for horses and chariots. " at the back and sides of the town, and before it one This coupling together the names of Vespasian, the of most extensive and beautiful plains of Asia. Titus, and Trajan, on such an edifice, leads a recent

' The town itself, although spacious, is miserably Christian traveller to remark, "What painful recol-

built and kept, the dwellings being remarkably mean, lections are connected with this period ! Twelve and the streets exceedingly filthy. Across the sum- years were employed in building this place of savage mits of the hill behind the town, and the small val- exhibitions, and in the first of these years, the tem- leys between them, runs the town-wall, strengthened ple of Jerusalem, which had been forty-eight years by circular and square towers, and forming also an in building, was razed to its foundations, and of the and extensive long quadrangle in the plain below. Holy City not one stone was left upon another which " There are few ruins but in one ; part there arc was not thrown down. That abomination of desola- still found four strong marble pillars, which sup- tion was accomplished by him to whom this amphi- the dome of a ported church. The dome itself has theatre was dedicated, and may have been in honour fallen down, but its remains may be observed, and of his triumph over the once favoured people of God. it is seen that the arch was of brick. On the sides Perhaps in this very amphitheatre the followers of a of the pillars are inscriptions, and some architectural crucified Redeemer were a few years afterward ex- in ornaments the form of the figures of saints. One posed to the fury of wild beasts, by the order of " solitary pillar of high antiquity has been often no- the same Trajan.' as beholders of the " The ticed, reminding remarkable whole rising ground on which the city stood words in the to the Phila- is one vast Ajpocalyptic message tumulus of ruins, abandoned entirely to ' church : that the delphia Him overcometh will I make owl and the fox. This city was so situated as 257 PATMOS AND THE SEVEN CHURCHES. 258 to become the battle-ground of contending parties in fifteen from Colosse, stood Hierapolis, the Sacred Asia Minor, first under the Romans, and then under Cit^, of which mention is but once made in the New the Turks. It has doubtless suffered also from earth- Testament. Col. iv. 12, 13. Its name, its position, quakes. For centuries, we know not how many, it and its importance, ail are derived from its hot has been a perfect mass of ruins The name mineral springs. These waters hold in solution an of Christianity is forgotten, and the only sounds that immense quantity of the carbonate of lime, which disturb the silence of its desertion, are the tones of the waters deposit in the form of incrustations on the Muezzin, whose voice from the distant village every thing with which they come in contact, which proclaims the ascendency of Mohammed. Laodicea give to the place an appearance singularly unique is even more than for the latter and characteristic. solitary Ephesus ; " has the prospect of the rolling sea, or of a whitening The springs extend over a considerable surface, to enliven its while the former sits in and are of different of warmth. sail, decay ; degrees We found, widowed loneliness; its walls are grass-grown, its on trying the principal, that in some places they temples desolate, its very name has perished. We were quite as hot as one could comfortably bear. preferred hastening on to a further delay in that The quantity of water which flows from them all is melancholy spot, where every thing whispered deso- sufficient to form a considerable stream. What are lation, and where the very wind that swept impetu- all their chemical properties, and for what particular ously through the valley, sounded like the fiendish diseases they are most beneficial, is not well known. laugh of Time exulting over the destruction of man "Next to the white cliffs and mineral waters and his proudest monuments." of Hierapolis, one of the most striking objects is the field of Sarcophagi, covering, perhaps, the space of half a mile. These are to be seen both with COLOSSE AND HIERAPOLIS. and without their lids. Some, too, are sculptured,

These two cities, having been in the immediate and others have inscriptions. A few occur in the vicinity of Laodicea, and associated together by the form of a small building with pillars. Many of apostle Paul, Col. ii. 1; iv. 13, 15, 16, may be no- them, no doubt, were constructed for those who came ticed in this connection. is from to the Colosse about fifteen abroad, see if, perchance, flickering lamp

' miles east from Laodicea, on the Lycus, not far of life might for a little longer hold out to burn.' from its confluence with the Meander. The huge Along with these houses of the dead, it is pleasant range of Mount Cadmus rises immediately behind also to find the remains of two or three Christian close to there in the and to feel that the the village, which is, mountain, churches, assured from myriads an immense chasm, nearly perpendicular, which once here entombed, a few at least shall awake to affords an outlet for a wild mountain torrent. The everlasting life. " ruins of an old castle stand on the summit of the But the principal ruins are the theatre and the rock which forms the left side of this chasm. There gymnasium. The former, on the eastern side of the traces of are some ruins and fragments of stone in hill, is in an admirable state of preservation; its the neighbourhood, but barely sufficient to attest the marble seats, thirteen vaulted entrances, and the existence of an ancient site. The severed heights of proscenium being perfect. Its diameter is about rise the left feet. Mount Cadmus on hand, lofty and per- three hundred and fifty Fragments of sculp- crowned with forests in in rather than lie pendicular, ; some parts ture, Roman Grecian style, round clothed with pines, in others bare of soil, with im- about. The seats are three feet broad, and a foot mense caverns and chasms. The mountain torrent and a half high, and had hollow vessels of copper which breaks through the chasm of the Cadmus underneath to reverberate the sound, so that 40,000 finds its way in a few miles to the Lycus. There persons might hear the performers. Chandler found are also several other wide and deep watercourses, in one part of the theatre, a hundred years since, a worn by the floods of Cadmus, which must at times short inscription, in which Apollo, the leader, is be terrific, though their beds are dry in summer. prayed to be propitious; and in another compartment, * The Lycus, near Colosse, sinks into the ground, an encomium in verse, as follows : Hail, golden from which it at the distance of more the to be before emerges again city, Hierapolis ; spot preferred any than a mile. Soon after the date of in revered for the rills of the Paul's Epistle wide Asia, nymphs ; to the Colossians, this city, with Laodicea and Hiera- adorned with splendour.' " it interest to detail polis, were destroyed by an earthquake, but they Time would fail, nor would were again rebuilt. the numerous ruins which cover an extent of four or Ten or fifteen miles from Laodicea, and about five miles. Removed from the coa&t, they could jiot

(l7iri7SRSlTiriYv >*, 259 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 260 be plundered by sea; and wlien tlie healing effects of Mohammed is invoked in the mosques of Thyatira of the waters no derived aid from and and the of ia longer any pagan Pergamos ; populousness Smyrna a superstition, there were no local causes to raise up supported by the foreign trade of Franks and Ar- modern town which should make a demand on its menians. " materials for building." Philadelphia alone has been preserved by pro- Gibbon has sketched, with his characteristic force, phecy or courage. At a distance from the sea, for- " the condition of the seven churches. Of Ephesus gotten by the emperors, encompassed on all sides by the desolation is and the of the citizens defended their complete ; temple Diana, Turks, her valiant religion or the church of Mary, will equally elude the search and freedom above fourscore years, and, at length, of the curious traveller. capitulated with the proudest of the Ottomans. '^The circus, and the three stately theatres of Among the Greek colonies and churches of Asia, Laodicea, are now peopled with wolves and foxes. Philadelphia is still erect—a column in a scene of

Sardis is reduced to a miserable village. The God ruins."

CONCLUSION.

The preparation of this compend was undertaken the Bible, express a purer wish for himself and the in the hope of commending to the reader the study reader of this work than that each may be drawn to of the history and geography of the Bible as one a closer study of the Book of God. of its most instructive and endearing literary attrac- Anoint mine tions. By these means especially may the young be eyes, holy Dove I won to a more interested and profitable perusal of That I may prize the of and his learn what Word God, by grace may This book of love. power divine it has to enrich the mind, to refine the Unstop mine ear. taste, to rejoice the heart, and to convert the soul. Made deaf by sin. To each earnest student of the like the Bible, who, That I may hear merchantman seeking for goodly pearls, searches for Thy voice within. them on this exhaustless strand, it offers the sure Break my hard heart, promise of true riches, while it makes him a wiser, Jesus, my Lord : man. Nor can the author of this holier, happier In th' inmost part humble effort to illustrate one of the attractions of Hide thy sweet word. CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE.

The following Table embodies the results of the investigations of Mr. Browne in his Ordo Saeclorum. From the Babylonish Captivity the Table is continued from Winer's Realwbrterbuch, and other sources.

I. CREATION TO 1656 THE ANTEDILUVIAN PERIOD ; FROM THE THE FLQOD. YEARS.

B. C. 4102-1. The first year of the Mundane Era, and of the life of Adam. Whether the years of Adam are reckoned from his creation, or from the expulsion from Paradise, is loft undecided. Cain and Abel. 13L Birth of Scth. " Birth of Enos. Then began men to call upon the name of the Lord." Birth of Cainan. Birth of Mahalalcel. Birth of Jared. Birth of Enoch. Birth of Methuselah. Birth of Lamech.

Death of Adam, 930 years. Translation of Enoch, 365 years. Death of Seth, 912 years. [Bisection of the period from Adam to the Promise.] Birth of Noah.

Death of Enos, 905 years. Death of Cainan, 910 years. Death of Mahalaleel, 895 years. Death of Jared, 962 years. The ark begins to be prepared, (120 years.) Noah's eldest son is born, (500 years.) Shorn is born.

Lamech dies, 777 years. Methuselah dies, in his 969th year. The Flood, in the 600th year of Noah, 99th of Shem.

The death of Abel must be supposed to have not long preceded the birth of Seth, since Eve regarded Seth as the substi- " tute for Abel, whom Cain slew." In that case there will be " no difficulty in explaining Cain's exclamation, every one who findcth me shall slay me." In 120 years after the Creation, the earth may have had a considerable population. 263 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 264

A. M. 265 CimONOLOGICAL TABLE. 266

offers up Isaac, xxii. The time is not specified : B. c. 1836. Between this year and 1825, Jacob is settled at B. c. 1956. the next event is the death of Sarah, 127 years, Hebron. (Abraham 137 years,) xxiii. 1825. Joseph's dreams, xxxvii. He is sold into Egypt. 1954. Isaac marries Rebekah, xxv. 20. Abraham mar- Judah separates from his brethren, and marries ries Keturah. Shuah, xxxviii. Birth of Er, Onan, and Shelah, 1934. Esau and Jacob born, xxv. Isaac removes to Ge- 1825-1822. Jacob removes from Hebron to

in : rar consequence of a famine denies his wife, Shechem : the slaughter of the Shechemites by xxvi. Simeon and Levi, xxxiv. Jacob departs from 1918. Abraham dies, 175 years, xxv. 7. Shechem, and is commanded to remove to Bethel, 1894. Esau, 40 years, marries, xxvi. 34. XXXV. 1.

1870. Ishmael dies, 137 years, xxv. 17. ^6ou<1815. Departure from Bethel to Ephrath : Rachel dies in 1856. Isaac, 137 years, blesses Jacob and Esau, 77 years. giving birth to Benjamin, ver. 16-20. Jacob re- flees to xxviii. to to Jacob Padan-Aram, xxvii. Esau moves Edar ; thence Hebron. to Ishmael 1814. has been time in xxxix. goes [to his family] and marries his Joseph some prison, ; daughter, xxviii. 6. interprets the dreams of the butler and

1849. Jacob, having served 7 years, marries Leah and baker, xl., (two years before Pharaoh's dream, Rachel, xxix. 20-30. Leah bears Reuben, Si- xli. 1.) meon, Levi, and Judah. Bilhah bears Dan and 1813. Isaac dies, 180 years xxxv. 28. to 1812. Pharaoh's Naphtali, Rachel. Zilpah bears Gad and dream; Joseph advanced ; seven years Asher, to Leah. Leah bears Issachar, Zebulon, of plenty begin, xli. and Dinah. Ab. 1807. "Judah took a wife for Er his first-born," xxxviii. 1842. Rachel bears Joseph, xxx. 25. Jacob serves 6 6. Death of Er and Onan. Joseph's two sons for his cattle 20 years ; years in all, xxxi. 41. born. 1836. The departure from Padan-Aram, xxxi. Jacob 97 1805. Seven years of famine begin. years, wrestles with the angel, xxxii. Interview 1804. First descent of the Patriarchs into Egypt, xlii. with Esau, xxxiii. Comes to Succoth, and there 1803. Second visit; Joseph discovers himself; Jacob builds a house, ver. 17. Hence to Shalem, a city and his household descend into Egypt, xlii.- " of Shechem, When he came from Padan-Aram, xlv.

and pitched his tent before the citj', and he 1786. Jacob dies, 147 years, xlvii. 28. bought a parcel of a field where he had spread 1732. Joseph dies, 110 years, 1. 26.

his tent, of the children of Ilamor . . . and he 1666. Moses born. erected there an altar." xxxiii. 17-20. 1626. Moses, 40 years, flees to Midian, Acts vii. 30.

IV. THE PERIOD OF THE WANDERING, FROM THE EXODE TO THE PASSAGE OVER JORDAN. 40 YEARS.

V. THE PERIOD OF THE THEOCRACY, FROM JOSHUA TO SAMUEL. 450 YEARS.

B. C. 1546. 10 Nisan, 13-14 April, passage of the Jordan; the subjugation of the land is complete, with circumcision at Gilgal, passover 14 Nisan, 17-18 the exception of the parts noted, xiii. 2-6. of 7 at April, siege Jericho, days ; war with Ai ; B. c. 1539. The convoc.ition Shiloh ; the Tabernacle erected; convocation on Mount Ebal, perhaps at Pente- the land divided among the seven tribes, the cost. Peace with Gibeon; confederacy of the boundaries of Judah and Joseph having been five kings of the south; their defeat; after first defined, xviii. xix. The cities of refuge which, in one campaign, Makkedah, Libnah, and of the Levites are assigned; the ti-ans-Jor- Lachish, Eglon, Hebron, Debir, are taken and danic tribes dismissed, xx.-xxii.

destroyed : thus the south is conquered. Ab. 1516. Joshua, 110 years old, holds a convocation of the 1545. Jabin of Hazor and the other kings of the north whole nation, [at Shiloh, xxiii.] in which he in his the as- are defeated a battle at Merom. The north is delivers parting charge ; convocation to conquered. This war lasted a long time. sembles again at Shechem, and renews the cove- 1540. In 1540, after the return to Gilgal, the separate nant. Joshua dies. wars begin, viz. those in which the tribes were The Angel of the Lord rebukes the people at to take possession and exterminate the remain- Bochim, Judg. ii. 1-5. der of the Canaanites, especially the Anakim. A period The people served the Lord all the days of the " They consulted the Lord, saying, Who shall of elders who outlived Joshua, who had seen all the go up for us first against the Canaanites, to fight about great works of the Lord that he did for Israi-I, against them ? And the Lord said, Judah shall 30 years. ii. 7. "All that generation died, and there arose after which go up first." Judg. i. 1, 2. Caleb claims Hebron, another generation them, knew not Josh. xiv. 13. The battle in Bezek, Judg. i. the Lord, nor yet the works which he had done is 8 for ib. 10. "The children of Israel did 4—7. Jerusalem taken and burnt, ver. ; thence Israel," the army, commanded by Caleb, goes to the evil," &c. iii. 7. servitude Chushan highlands ; Hebron and Dobir are taken, ib. 9 ff. 1486. The first ; Rishathaim of Josh. XV. 14 ff. —Meanwhile Joshua is extermi- Mesopotamia, 8 years, ib. 8. nating the Anakim and other Canaanites from 1478. The first judge; Othniel, son of Kenaz, ver. 9, the highlands of Israel, Josh. xi. 23 S, Thus The land had rest 40 years, ver. 11. 18 267 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 268

of B. B. c. 1438. The second servitude ; Eglon Moab, 18 years, c. 1136. The sixth servitude, Philistines, 40 years, ver. 14. xii. 1. 16. 80 20 xv. 20. 1420. The second judge j Ehud,Ter. Rest, years ; The twelfth judge, Samson, years, during which time, after the death of Ehud, the The birth of Samson was announced during a was of Philistine xiii. 5 that THIRD judge Shamgar. time oppression, ; is, 1340. The third servitude, Jabin of Canaan, 20 years, while the Philistines were oppressing the south iv. 3. and west, and the Ammonites the east, x. 7. At 1320. The fourth judge, Barak, 40 years, v. 21. the beginning of the sixth servitude, he might 1280. The fourth servitude, the Midianites, 7 years, be between 20 and 30 years old. vi. 1. 1117. Autumn. The ark is taken, Eli dies. Somewhat is taken the ark is in 1273. The fifth judge, Gideon, 40 years, viii. 28. earlier, Samson ; captivity

1233. Abimelech reigns 3 years, ix. 22. 7 months : restored in the days of wheat-har- 1 vi. 13 the time of 1230. The sixth judge. Tola, 23 years, x. 1. vest, Sam. 1, ; (hence cap- 1207. The seventh judge, Jair, 22 years, ver. 3. ture is defined.) The return of the ark must ^ 1185. The fifth servitude, Philistines and Ammonites, have preceded Samson's death and the great 18 years, ver. 7. overthrow of the lords of the Philistines. Per- 1167. The eighth judge, Jephthah, 6 years, xiL 7. haps the great sacrifice to Dagon, in Gaza, be- 1161. The ninth judge, Ibzan, 7 years, ver. 9. sides its connection with the rejoicing on account [1157. Eli, high-priest, 40 years.] of the capture of Samson, Judg. xvi. 23, may 1154. The tenth judge, Elon, 10 years, ver. 11. have been intended as a celebration of the deli- 1144. The eleventh judge, Abdon, 8 years, ver. 14. verance from the plagues, 1 Sam. v. vi.

VL THE INTERMEDIATE PERIOD, FROM SAMUEL TO DAVID AS KING. 40 YEARS.

B. C. 1096. Probably at Passover, (or Pentecost,) the priest Abimelech at Nob; the Miz- the day of the deliverance at same day to Achish at Gath, xx. xxi. : peh. Samuel begins to judge Is- thence to the cave at AduUam, where

rael. he gathers a company, ixii. 1, 2; 1091- Ishbosheth born older. ; Jonathan, pursued by Saul, who slays Abime- 1086-1079. David born in one of these lech the years. and priests ; Abiathar escapes 1070-1063. In one of these years, Saul, previously to David; David defeats the Philis- anointed and elected, then rejected, tines at Keilah, (about harvest:) after his over is, victory the Ammo- flees to Ziph : thence to Engedi,

nites, (xi.,) solemnly re-elected. The xxiii. : spares Saul's life, who takes time was about Pentecost, xii. 17. an oath of him and departs, xxiv. 3d of Saul. War against the Philistines, xiii.-xv. Samuel dies. David with Nabal, at the

4th ? Saul sent against Amalek : is proved, time of sheep-shearing. Saul, again and, being found wanting, is rejected. pursuing David, is a second time David is anointed by Samuel at Bethle- B. c. 1058, Winter. spared by him, and departs, xxvi. hem; is sent for to be minstrel to 29. David flees to Achish at Gath, (16 Saul, xvi. months before the death of Saul.) (After David's return home) the Philis- 1057. David at Ziklag all this year. Before 1066-1059 tines come out to war at Shochoh; 1056, Spring. The Philistines make war. Saul at En- David slays Goliath, xvii. dor; is defeated on the following day,

David at Saul's court, hated by Saul : he and slays himself. David reigns over comes to Samuel, xviii. xix., finally Judah in Hebron, 7 years 6 mouths, quits the court of Saul, and goes to 2 Sam. ii. 11.

VIII. THE PERIOD OF THE MONARCHY, FROM DAVID TO THE BABYLONISH CAPTIVITY. 450 YEARS.

B c. 1051. Abner makes Ishbosheth, Saul's son, 1027 B.C.; i. e. in one of the last ten years of David'* over Israel he king ; reigns two years, reign. ih. 10, then is assassinated, iv. 6. After the rebellion, the history notes a period of about four Autumn. David anointed of all the three of the xxi. 9 and 20 1049, king tribes, years ; years famine, ; months days in Hebron takes Jerusalem smites of the the xxiv. 8. ; ; numbering of people,

the Philistines, v. j brings the ark B. c. 1036-1032. In one of these years Solomon is born. from Kirjath-jearim, vi. 1 Chron. xiii. After 1027. Absalom's rebellion. David's victories, viii. The famine, three years. The time of Absalom's rebellion must lie at least 9 years The numbering of the people. after the birth of Solomon. After Amnon's sin, Absalom waited David's preparation for the Temple, xiii. 23 three after 1 Chron. xxii. two years before he took vengeance, ; years this he spent in voluntary exile, ih. 38, and, after his return, 1018-7. Adonijah's rebellion. Solomon 18 four years passed while he was stealing away the hearts of the anointed and proclaimed king. people. Hence the time of the rebellion lies after 1036-9 = 1016 Autumn. David dies. 269 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 270

lasted 14 is dedicated ; the feast days , 1013, 1 Nisan, 4th year of Solomon begins. " t. e. the feast of Tabernacles build in the month in all ; 2 Zif, (20 April.) Solomon began to was followed the feast of Dedica- Zif, which is the 2d month," 2 Kings by 7 more, 2 Kings viii. 2, 65, Ti. 1, "in the 2d day of the 2d tion, days 66 hence the was finished, month," 2 Chron. iii. 2. ; Temple t. e. and dedicated on the 1006, 1 Nisan. 11th year of Solomon begins. completed which is the Tabernacles. "At the feast in the month Ethanim, 1st of the month Bui, 38. 14th Oct. which is the 7th month/' the Temple 8th month, vi.

B.C. JB.R. Jndah. Israel. 978 Last year of Solomon. 1 Jeroboam. 977 1 1 Rehoboam 976 2 2 2-3 973 5 5 5-6 961 17 17 17-18 960 18 1 Abijam 18-19 959 19 2 19_20 958 20 1 Asa 20-21 957 21 2 21-1 Nadab. 956 22 3 1-2 N. 1 Baasha.

955 23 4 1-2 Baasha. 944 34 15 12-13

934 44 25 22-23 933 45 26 23-24 B. = 1 Elah.

932 271 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICxVL GEOGRAPHY. 272

B. C. JE. R. from Elijah the prophet, 2 Chron. xxi. Philistines and Ethiopian Arabs take Jerusalem, and take caiitive Joram's wives and sons, except Jehoahaz = Ahaziah. 885 93 8 J. = 1 Ahaziah 12 J. -1 Jehu. Joram of Judah dies of a horrible disease, ib,

Jehu rebels agsiinst Joram, son of Ahab, and kills him. Ahaziah, being on a visit to Joram, at Jezreel, is slain by Jehu. On the death of Ahaziah, Athaliah destroyed all the seed royal, except Joash, 884 94 Usurpation, 6 years. 1-2 Jehu. who was secreted by his aunt Jehosheba. Athalia's usurpation lasted 6 years. Hazael oppresses Israel, x. 32. 878 100 1 Joash 7-8 Joash began to reign 7 Jehu, 2 Kings xii. 1. 867 121 22 28 J.-l Jehoahaz. Jehu reigned 28 years, 2 Kings x. 36. Succeeded by Jehoahaz in the 23d of Joash, 2 Kings xiii. 1. 856 122 23 1-2 Jehoahaz. Joash repairs the Temple, xii. 4-16. Hazael and his son still oppress Israel, 2 Kings xiii. Syrians take Gath, and are diverted from Jerusalem by a present of the Temple-treasures, xii. 17. Joash of xii. 2 after does well all the days Jehoiada, ; but, the death of Jehoiada, he falls into apostasy, 2 Chron. xxiv. 15, in 39 2 xiii. 840 138 39 Joash 17 Je.-l Joash. Joash (of Israel) succ. Joash, Kings 10. Martyrdom of 839 139 40 1-2 Joash, Zechariah, son of Jehoida, 2 Chron. xxiv. 20. 838 140 ib. at the end of the (41 J.) 1 Amaziah 2-3 Syrians take and spoil Jerusalem, 23, year, (j. e., after the death of Zechariah.) Joash, left diseased on his bed, is slain by conspirators, ib. 25, 2 Kings xii. 19, 21. Amaziah succ. 2 Joash, xiv. 1. Israel, brought to extremity by Syrian oppression in the reign of Jehoahaz, begins to recover. Elisha, dying, promises Joash three victories over Syria. The miraculous resuscitation at Elisha's grave, 2 Kings xiii. Amaziah hires mercenaries from Israel for a war upon Edom, but dismisses them on a reproof from a pro- the Iraelites are 2 Chron. xxv. Amaziah is success- phet ,* incensed, ful against Edom, He challenges Joash, is conquered, and Jerusa- 825 153 14 15 lem is spoiled, ib. and 2 Kings xiv. 824 154 15 16 J.-l Jeroboam. Joash d. Jeroboam succ. 15 Joash, 2 Kings xiii. 23. 810 168 29 14-15 Jeroboam. Amaziah outlives Joash 15 years, 2 Kings xiv. 17, reigned 29 years, ver. 1. 809 169 1 Azariah=Uzziah 15-16 UzziAH. The revival of prosperity in Israel and Judah. Jeroboam recovers the whole territory of the ten tribes, according to the prediction of Jonah, 2 Kings xiv. 25, and Uzziah the whole territory of Judah, 2 Chron. xxvi. 1-15, \Joel prophesies in Judah, Hosea and Amos in

Israel.] 783 195 27 41 Interregnum, or Anarchy, eleven years to 772 B.C. 772 206 38 Zechariah. Zechariah b. 38 Uzziah, reigned 6 months, the last of the house of

771 207 39 Shallum, 1 Menahem. Jehu, slain by Shallum, 2 Kings xv. 8, who began 39 Uzziah, reigned 1 month, and was slain by Menahem, ib. 13-17. Pul, king of Assyria, invades Israel, ib. 19. In Judah, Uzziah, invading the priest's oflSce, is smitten with leprosy, 2 Chron. xxvii. 16. Isaiah begins to prophesy in the last year of Uzziah. 760 218 60 Uzziah 10 M.-l Pekahiah. Pekahiah began 50 Uzziah, reigned 2 years, slain by Pekah. ;2 Kings 759 219 61 1-2 Pekahiah. XV. 23-26. 758 220 62 2 P.-l Pekah. Pekah b. 52 Uzziah, reigned 20 years, ib. 27. 767 221 1 Jotham 1-2 Pekah, JoTHAM b. 2 Pekah, ib. 32. {Micah prophesies concerning Samaria 742 236 16 16-17 and Jerusalem.] 741 237 1 Ahaz 17-18 Ahaz b. 17 Pekah, 2 Kings xvi. 1. Rezin king of Syria and Pekah of Israel form a confederacy against him, and invade Judah with intent it did not to a 2 to besiege Jerusalem ; come, however, siege, Kings xvi, 5. Isa. vii. 1-9. ex- 740 238 18-19 After this joint-campaign, Rezin recovered Elath to Syria and 739 239 19-20 pelled the Jews, 2 Kings xvi. 6, and in that or a subsequent expedition "smote Ahaz and carried a great multitude of captives to " Damascus," 2 Chron. xxviii. 5. Pekah likewise smote him with a great slaughter, for he slew in Judah 120,000 in one day, which were all valiant men." .... "And the children of Israel carried away captive 200,000 women, sons and daughters :" upon the re- monstrance of the prophet Oded, the captives were honourably restored, ib. 6-15. Edom and the Philistines invade Judah at the same time, ib. 17-19, 273 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 274

B.C. 275 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGEAPIIY. 276

B.C. M.S. the great Reformation and solemn 2 Kings xxiii. 31. Necho "put

10 ff. 609 369 1 Jehoiaklm. him in bonds at Riblah in the land Passover, 2 Kings xxii. ;

ff. of that he should not bo zxiii. 21 J 2 Chron. xxxiv. xxxv. Hamath, 1-18. king in Jerusalem," 2 Kings xxiii. 33. 610 368 31 Josiah. Josiah, as an ally of the king of Jehoahaz was taken into 2 Assyria, joins battle with Pharaoh- Egypt, (2 Kings and Chron. and Necho and is slain in the plain Jer. u. s.,) and Pharaoh gave the of Megiddo, 2 Kings xxiii. 29; throne to Eliakim, changing his name to Jehoiakim. 2 Chron. xxxv. 20, (at Hadadrim- 1 Jehoahaz. mon, Zech. xii. 11.) Jehoahaz 606 372 i Jehoiakim. Nebuchadnezzar conquers Judea. of the (Shallum, Jer. xxii. 10, 11) suc- Beginning seventy years' ceeding, reigns only 3 months, captivity.

VIII. THE PERIOD OF THE CAPTIVITY AND OF THE RESTORATION, FROM THE CONQUEST OF JUDEA TO THE CONCLUSION OF THE CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT. 206 YEARS.

B.C. EVENTS IN SACRED mSTOET. STNCHRONISMS. B.C. EVENTS IN SACKED HISTORY. STNCHRONISMS.

606 Jerusalem taken by the 634 The building of the temple is interdicted a 522. a as Chaldeans ; the temple by royal Smerdis, Magian, Jehoiachin decree. cends the Persian throne. plundered ; and many Jews carried Cambyses.* captive, (among them 521. Smerdis is murdered. Ezekiel.) Darius Hystaspes, chosen Zodekiak king. Psammuthis II. reigns in 520 The building of the temple king. 695 Ezekiel appears as a pro- Egypt. proceeds. The prophets phet in Babylonia. Ilaggai and Zechariab. Daniel in the Chaldean 616 The temple completed and court. dedicated. 510. Tarquinius Superbus 690 The inclination of Zedekiah Vaphres or Hophra (after banished. Borne a re- to seek aid from Egypt, 590) reigns in Egypt. public. occasions an invasion by Solon in Athens. Xerxes, king of Persia. the Chaldeans. Jerusa- 492 seq. Wars of the Per- lem besieged. Labours of sians and EuropeanGreeks. the prophet Jeremiah. 485, Esther, Mordecai. 688 Jerusalem taken and de- 480. Xerxes and Leonidas stroyed. Zedekiah put to at Thermopylae. death. The greater part Themistocles. of the Jews carried to Ba- 465. Xerxes murdered. Ar- bylon. tabanus. Artaxerxes Lon- Gedaliah appointed govern- In 586 or 585, Nebuchad- gimanus. or of Judea by the Baby- nezzar begins the siege 460 seq. Age of Pericles at lonians, is murdered after of Tyre. The ruler in 458 A second company of Jews, Athens. two months. Many Jews Tyro is Ethbaal. under Ezra, arrive in Pa- flee into Egypt. Jere- lestine. 451. Laws of XIL Tables miah accompanies them. in Rome. 684 Last deportation of the Jews 445 Nehemiah, royal viceroy in Sybaris, in Italy, peopled to Babylon. Palestine. Confirms and by a Greek colony. 636 The exiled Jews receive per- Cyrus ascends the Medo- arranges the civil and re- Herodotus. mission from Cyrus to re- Babylonian throne. ligious affairs. turn to Palestine. The Pisistratus. Pythagoras. Nehemiah comes the second first company, Jews and Croesus in Lydia. time to Palestine (not be- 424-3. Xerxes II., Sogdi- Levites, return. Zerub- fore 414?) and reforms anus, and Darius Notlms, babel. Jeshua. 534. Tarquinius Superbus abuses. successively kings of Per- 634 Building of the temple be- becomes king at Rome. The prophet Malachi. sia, gins. 529. Cyrus.* Cambyses, A Jewish priest, who had Alcibiades. Socrates. The Samaritans, excluded king of Persia. married "a strange wo- Xenophon. Plato. from taking part in build- 525. Egypt and the neigh- man," banished. 404. End of Peloponne^ian ing the temple, malign at bouring countries con- 400 End of the canon of the war. thePersian court theJews. quered by the Persians. Old Testament.

IX. THE PERIOD OF JEWISH HISTORY FROM THE CONCLUSION OF THE CANON OF THE OLD TESTAMENT TO THE CHRISTIAN ERA. 400 YEARS.

B.C. U77 CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 278

EVENTS TS JEWISH HIBTORT. STNCHROinHMS. B.C. EVSKTS m JEWISH HISTORT. STWCHHONISMS.

Antiochus the in war 218. is .S31. Persians again de- 218 Great, Ptolemy Philopator feated by Alexander, near with Egypt, seizes the attacked by Antiochus. of Palestine. Punic war Guagamela. greater part Second begins. 330. Alexander enters Per- 2ir Palestine again underEgyp- 217. Egyptians utterly de- of the tian rule. Third Book of feat near Ra- Onias, of the sia Proper. End Antiochus, high-priest Maccabees. Jews. Persian monarchy. Da- phia. 16. Hannibal victori- rius killed in flight. Simon IL high-priest. 217, 323. Alexander.* The con- ous in Italy. flicts of his generals be- 216. Romans defeated near Canna). gin with each other. Lao- medon viceroy of Syria. 214. Syracuse besieged by The democratic element in the Romans. Archimedes. Rome seeks to place itself 204. Ptolemy V.Epiphanes. on an equality with the Antiochus allies himself aristocratic. with Philip of MacedoD Eu- Ptolemy I. Lagns, viceroy of 318 seq. War between against Egypt. Romans enter Africa under Egypt, occupies Jerusa- menes and Antigonus, for lem and Palestine. Many the supremacy in Asia. P. Corn. Scipio. killed. An- 202 Antiochus takes Pa- 202. Jews voluntarily go to 315. Eumenes again Phoenicia, Coele-Syria, and and Egypt. Jews also migrate tigonus retains the supre- lestine, transplants Palestine, occupied Jews from the to Lybia and Cyrene. macy, and expels Scleu- many Babylo- by Syrians. nia to Asia Minor. Hannibal defeated cus, viceroy (after 321) of near Zama. Antigonus seizes on Phoe- Babylonia. 199 nicia and Palestine, but 312. Seleucus again takes Egyptians again conquer Palestine. 201. End of the Second thereby brings on a war Babylonia and Media. Punic war. with Ptolemy. Beginning of the era of the Seleucidae. 198 Antiochus takes Palestine 198. Antiochus defeats the 306. Antigonus assumes the once more, but promises Syrians near Paneas. title of king. The other to return it to Ptolemy viceroys follow his ex- Epiphanes, as a marriage ample. dowry to his daughter, 302. Antigonus attacked by whom Ptolemy marries. this mar- Seleucus, Ptolemy Lagus, 193 In consequence of Lysimachus, and Cassan- riage, Palestine reverts 192. Antiochus wars with der. to Egypt. the Romans, but, Ptolemy Lagus, now king, 301. Battle near Ipsus. 190, is defeated by them retakes Palestine. Simon Antigonus loses the battle near Magnesia, and is, his in the 12th to consent the Just, high-priest. and life, 189, compelled year of his rule over Asia. to a disgraceful peace. Syria falls to Seleucus, The .^tolian League dis- (Nicator,) and Phoenicia armed by the Romans. and Coele-Syria to Ptole- 187. Antiochus the Great my. killed. Seleucus IV. Phi- Jews remove into Sjrria, and 300. Antioch founded; soon lopator king. obtain the rights of citi- also many other cities in 180. Ptolemy Philometor of in zenship, especially at An- the provinces Syria. 176 Palestine subjected to Syria. still a child. The Jews tioch. 284. Ptolemy Lagus.* Pto- Son of Simon II. high- great honour in Egypt, lemy II. Philadelphus priest. Heliodorus at- Jos. Ap. 2. 5. king. tempts to plunder the 284 seq. .^tolian league temple. of in Greece ; alongside 175 Jason, brother of Onias, 175. Seleucus murdered. which, soon after, is the purchases for himself the Antiochus IV. Epiphanes Achsean league. high-priest's office, and king, possesses Coele-Sy- 281. Seleucus murdered. becomes head of the ria and Phoenicia. " Antiochus I. Sotcr, king. Greek" party among the 281 seq. War of the Romans Jews.

with Pyrrhus ; the former 172 The high-priest's office for the first time carry transferred to Menolans, Translation of the LXX. their arms to countries (Onias,) who, later, plun- Eleazar high-priest. beyond the sea. ders the treasures in tfi^ 171. Antiochus IV. begins a Wars between Egypt and 264-41. First Punic war. temple. campaign against Egypt. Syria afflict Palestine Romans create a naval Antiochus Epiphanes, in- 170. Ptolemy Philometor also. Antigonus Socho force. formed of the rebellious taken prisoner by the Sy- the writer. conduct of the Jews, rians. Ptolemy Physcon plunders the temple, and assumes the government. 262. Antiochus II. Deus. causes great slaughter 169. Roman poet Ennius.* Arsaces, viceroy in Par- among the Jews. 168. Ptol. Phil, liberated, thia, revolts and founds a reigns in connection witli Onias II., surnamed the Parthian kingdom, 256. Ptol. Physcon. Just, high-priest, (Josh. Berosus, the Babylonian Perseus, king of Macedon, historian. au- 167 under to Ant 12, 4 1.) Manotho, A Syrian army Apol- submits the Romans ; thor of the Egyptian Dy- lonius seize Jerusalem Macedonia a republic, but nasties, about 260. and inflict great cruelties acknowledged by the Ro- 247. Ptolemy IIL Euer- on the Jews. Worship mans as free. getes, king of Egypt. of Jehovah abolished. A Romans interdict Antiochus 245. Seleucus Callinichus' statue of Jupiter Olympus from all hostile acts to- unfortunate war with the set up in the temple. In- ward Egypt. Parlhians. surrection of a part of the 240 seq. Beginnings of Ro- Jews under Mattathias. man literature. 166 Mattathias.* His son Ju- 166 seq. Terence in Rome. 226. Seleucus Ceraunus. das a successful leader of 221. Antiochus the Great. the Jewish patri

EVENTS IN JETTISn HISTORT . SYNCHRONISMS. EVEKTS IN JEWISH HISTORY. STXCimONISMS.

Jerusalem taken by the 135 Simon, with the knowledge Jews. Temple purified. of Antiochus, killed. John First offering on the 25th 163 seq. Ptolemy Physcon Ilyrcanus becomes high- 131. Antiochus Sidetes of Chisleu. e.xpels Ptolemy Philome- priest and leader of the goes to war against the Judas head of the country, tor, but is himself ba- Jews. Jos. Ant. 13. 8 seq. Persians. and even undertakes ope- nished by the Romans to 129 Hyrcanus attacks the Idu- rations against the neigh- Lybia and Cyrenaica. means. bouring tribes. Philometor alone, again 127 He sends ambassadors to king of Egypt. Rome to renew his alli- The Jews besiege the for- 163. Antiochus Epiph. dies; ance with the Roman tress in Jerusalem. A is succeeded by Antiochus power. Sj'rian army enters the V. Eupator. 110 He takes Samaria after a land. Antiochus makes 162. Eupator compelled to year's siege. peace with Judas. meet an irruption into Sy- 109 Ilyrcanus dies after a reign ria by Philip, his former of 26 years. Alcimus, head of the Greek guardian. 106 Under his government the 106. Judas, otherwise called party, is confirmed as Onias, a Jewish priest, ob- three principal Jewish Aristobulus or Philel- high-priest by Demetrius, tains permission for the sects, the Pharisees, the len, succeeds John Hyr- and is introduced by a Sy- Jews to build a temple at Sadducees, and the Es- canus, and associates his rian army. Judas is de- Leontopolis. A Jewish senes, are supposed to brother Antigonus with feated by the Sj'rians and central divine worship is have first appeared, but him in the government. slain. Jonathan takes his there established, accord- their exact epochas are 91. The social war begins place as leader. ing to Eusebius, b. c. 161. not known. and continues 3 years, Alcimus suddenly dies. Dcm. Soter causes the death 102 Alexander Jannasus, king until finished by Sylla. Jews live some years in of Eupator, and ascends of the Jews, makes an alli- 89. The Mithridatic war peace with the Syrians, the Syrian throne. ance with Cleopatra, and begins and continues 26 Jonathan, going over to 152. A rival king, Alexan- takes some places in Pa- years. Alexander's party, is der, (Balas,) appears in lestine. named high-priest by Syria. 97 The Jews revolt against him. 151. Alexander conquers him, but he subdues them. Demetrius, and becomes He wages several wars king. abroad with success. His 88. The civil wars of Ma- 150. Ptolemy Philom. gives subjects war against him rius and Sylla begin and his daughter as queen to during 6 years, and in- continue 6 years. Alexander of Syria. vite to their assistance 86. Sylla conquers Athens, 149. Third Punic war be- Demetrius Encenes, king and sends its valuable gins. of Syria. libraries to Rome. 148. Macedonia becomes a Alexander Jannseus takes Roman province. the cities of Dion, Gerasa, Jonathan, as an ally of 147. Demetrius II. Nicator, Gaulon, Seleucia, &c. 82. The death of Sylla. Alexander, takes the field son of Demet. just men- Alexander Jannajus dies, ajcainst Demetrius. tioned, seeks the Syrian aged 49 years. crown, and makes war on Alexandra, his queen, suc- Alexander. ceeds him. 146. Carthage taken and Alexandra dies. Hyrcanus, destroyed by the Romans. her eldest son, and bro- 66. Mithridates conquered Corinth destroyed by L. ther of Aristobulus, is by Pompey in a night Mummius,and Achaia be- acknowledged king. battle. Crete is subdued comes a Roman province. Reigns peaceably 2 years. by Metellus after a war Jonathan goes over to De- Polybius, the historian. Battle between Hj-rcanus of 2 years. metrius, and is confirmed Ptolemy Philometor invades and Aristobulus. 65. The reign of the Se- as him to to in high-priest by ; Syria, ostensibly aid Pompey comes Damas- leucidoo ends Syria on but the Syrians still hold Alexander, but declares cus, and orders Aristobu- the conquest of the coun- the fortress at Jerusalem. immediately for Deme- lus and Hyrcanus to ap- try by Pompey. Jonathan sends troops to trius. Alexander flees to pear before him. Hears Demetrius against the Arabia, and is there mur- the cause of the two bro- Antiochian party who had dered. thers, and decides in fa- revolted, but soon de- 145. Ptol. Physcon, king of vour of Hyrcanus, who clares for Antiochus. Egypt to 116. is made high-priest and 145. Antiochus VI. is set ethnarch, but is deprived up by Tryphon as rival of the regal dignity. king to Demetrius, and in 63 Aristobulus withdraws into 63. Catiline's conspiracy 144 gets possession of the Jerusalem, and maintains detected by Cicero. throne. the city against Pompey, The first triumvirate, in the Jonathan taken prisoner by 143. Tryphon causes An- who besieges it. The city persons of Julius Caesar, Tryphon. Simon, leader tiochus to be murdered, and temple taken. Aris- Pompey, and Crassus. of the Maccabees Jona- and himself this time flourished ,• the tobulus taken About ascends prisoner ; than soon after murdered. throne. Judea reduced to its an- Terentius Varro, Cicero, Simon joins Demetrius, and Demetrius and Tryphon cient limits, and obliged Catullus, Sallust, Ac. proclaims the people free reign in Syria, having to pay tribute to the Ro- End of the kingdom of from tribute. First year made a division of the mans. Syria. of Jewish freedom. Peace country. Augustus, afterward empe- and returning prosperity 140. Demetrius is taken ror, is born. to the Jews. prisoner in a war with the 58. Cicero banished from Fortress at Jerusalem falls Parthians. Rome, and recalled next into Simon's hands. 55 Pompey takes Jerusalem. year. Simon becomes hereditary Judea becomes a Roman 55. Cfesar passes the Rhine, prince of the Jews. province. The Jewish defeats the Germans, and Simon allies himself with 138. Antiochus VIT. Si- nation loses its inde- invades Britain. Ptole- is of Antiochus Sidetes, but detes contends for the Sy- pendence and the faniilj' my Auletes, king soon attacked by him. A rian throne. Tryphon is of Asmoneans (the illus- Egypt, by money induces into Syrian army under Cen- killed in flight. trious, a title borne by Gabinius to come defeated the the its to restore him to dobseus, by Maccabees) royal Egypt j Jews. dignity. his throne. AVhiie Ga- CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. 282

EVENTS IN JEWISH HISTOKT. SYNCHROinSMS. B.C. EVENTS IN JEWISH HISTORT. STNCnUONISMS.

binius is in Egypt, Alex- He takes Joppa, and then 39. Pacorus, general of Par- ander, son of Aristobulus, goes to Massada. thia, defeated by Venti- wastes Judea. Gabinius Takes Jerusalem after a dius, 14 years after the defeats him at the foot of year's siege. Antigonus disgrace of Crassus, and Antipater governor of Ju- Mount Tabor. surrenders himself to So- on the same day. dea 54. Crassus succeeds Gabi- sius, and is beheaded at 36. Pompey the younger nius in the government Antioch by the order of defeated in Sicily by Oc- of Syria. Crassus, passes Antony. End of the tavius. into Syria and finding reign of the Asmoneans. 32. Octavius and Antony the province quiet, makes Ananel made high-priest. prepare for war. war against the Par- By the influence of Alex- 31. The battle of Actium, thians. andra his mother, Aristo- 2d September. The era 53. He comes to Jerusalem bulus is made high-priest. of the Roman emperors and takes great riches 34 Aristobulus is drowned in a properly begins here. out of the Temple. He year by order of Herod. First year of the sole so- marches against the Par- Ananel is again high-priest. vereignty of Augustus in Antipater, by order of Hyr- thians—is defeated and 31 Hyrcanus is put to death by the Roman empire. canus, joins Mithridates, killed by Orodes. Herod. who was going into 52. Cassius brings the re- 30 Herod goes to Rome to 30. Alexandria taken, and Egypt with succours for mains of the Roman make his court to Augus- Egypt reduced to a Ro- Caesar, and assists him in army over the Euphrates, tus; obtains the confirma- man province. reducing the Egyptians. takes Tirhakah, and tion of the kingdom of 27. Octavianus becomes Cassar, having finished the brings from thence over Judea. emperor of Rome, with war in Egypt, comes into 30,000 Jewish captives. 28 Herod puts to death his the title of Csesar Augus- Asia; confirms Hyrcanus 50. Civil war between Caj- wife Mariamne, daughter tus. in the high-priesthood. sar and Pompey. of Alexandra, 25. The Egyptians adopt Antigonus, son of Aristobu- 49. Julius Caesar, making the Julian year. About lus, remonstrates to Cae- himself master of Rome, this time flourished Vir- Bar but Caesar is ; preju- sets Aristobulus at liber- gil, Maecenas, Horace, diced against him by An- ty and sends him with Livy, TibuUus, Ovid,

X. THE FIRST PERIOD OF THE CHRISTIAN CHURCH, TO THE END OF THE SACRED CANON. A.D. EVENTS IN CHRISTIAN mSTORT. SYNCHRONISMS. A.D. EVENTS IN CHRISTIAN HISTORY. SYNCHRONISMS.

The nativity of our Lord He takes the high-priest- and Saviour Jesus Christ, 2. Antipater put to death hood from Joazar and the 4th year before A, D., by order of Herod. gives it to Eleazar. and the 4102d year after Herod dies 6 days after 6. Ovid banished to Tomos. the Creation. Antipater. Archelaus is banished to An angel appears to the Archelaus appointed king Vienna, in Gaul. shepherds. Circumcision of Judea by the will of 10. The enrolment or tax- of Jesus, and his presenta- Herod. ation made by Cyrenius tion at the temple. in Syria. This was his Adoration of the Magi; second enrolment. flight into Egypt. He- 3. Archelaus goes to Rome 12 Jesus goes to the Passover. 12. Marcus Ainbivius, go- rod's massacre of the to procure of Augustus vernor of Judea. Augus- infant children; the re- the confirmation of He- tus dies at Nola, and is turn. rod's will in his favour. succeeded by Tiberius. 19 283 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 284

A. D. «VE»TS W CHRISTUN HISTORY. 8TNCHR0SI8M8. A.D. EVENTS IN CEnilSTIAN HISTORY. STNCHRONISMS.

marries 30. Herod Antipas 33 festival of Dedication ; these are slaves his brother retires Herodias, beyond Jordan ; 40,000,000 are tributa- he of Lazarus coun- ries Philip's wife, being raising ; and freed-men; only yet alive. sel of Caiaphas against 20,000,000 enjoy the full Jesus retires from Jeru- citizens. ; rights of John the declares Jordan is Baptist salem ; beyond vehemently against this followed by multitudes; of he is in our Lord Baptism Jesns; tempta- marriage ; put teaches, jonr- Jewish Sects. to John's after a few toward Jerusa- tion ; preface prison, and, neying of beheaded in the lem is warned — Gospel ; testimony months, ; against Pharisees The most nume- to castle Machserus. Herod blesses little chil- John the Baptist Je- ; rous, instituted b. o. 135. disci- dren rich man sus. Jesus gains ; young ; Tenets: 1. The existence at Cana The of con- a third time foretells his of and ples ; marriage reign Augustus angels spirits ; and ter- resurrection of Galilee. tinued 57 years, death and ; 2. Pre-existence and At the Passover in Judea minated A. D. 14. This James and John of souls ; prefer transmigration ; baptizing; further testi- was the culminating pe- their ambitious request; 3. Eternal happiness of the riod of Koman visit to Zaccheus ar- — mony of John Bap- greatness ; the Jews sanctimonious tist. Jesus departs into and grandeur. Tiberius rives at Bethany 6 days formalists, hypocrites and succeeded and before the Galilee after John's im- him, reign- Passover; pub- fiery zealots. ed 22 and 6 months. lic into Jerusalem prisonment; teaches pub- years entry ; in at His includes the of the licly Galilee ; again reign cleansing temple; Cana, he heals the son of public ministry and cru- lamentation over Jerusa- Sadducees—Originated a- ill at cifixion of our Lord Je- lem foretells destruction a nobleman lying ; bout 250 years b. c, near at sus Christ of and Captmaum Nazareth ; temple persecu- the time of the transla- is there rejected, and fixes tion of disciples; signs tion of the Septuagint.

his abode at of Christ's to de- : infidels 1. Capernaum ; coming Tenets ; Nei- Jerusalem and call of Simon Peter, and stroy put ther angels nor spirits, and James and Countries to Rome, an end to the Jewish Andrew, subject and no resurrection ; with his state and Provi- John ; disciples dispensation ; 2. No over-ruling goes from Capernaum In Europe. Italy, Gaul, transition to Christ's final dence; 3. Traditions of Galilee call at the of the throughout ; Spain, Britain, Rhoetia, coming day no authority; but scenes of of Matthew. Vindelicia, Noricum, judgment ; letter of the law must be of the rulers Poolof Bethcsda; healing Pannonia, Illyria,Greece, judgment ; strictly observed. Rela- at Be- the infirm man; our Lord's Macedonia, Thrace, Moe- conspire ; supper tively very few in num- discourse Dacia. of Ju- influential. subsequent ; sia, and thany ; treachery ber, but very

Jesus arrives at the sea das ; Passover meal ; Je- is followed sus washes feet of disci- of Tiberias ; Ix Asia. Asia Minor, Sy- multitudes with- Lord's Ho- the by ; ria, Phoenicia, Palestine, ples ; supper ; Scribes and lawyers,

draws to the mountain ; the northern and eastern ly Spirit promised ; ago- same. Learned men, the in Je- chooses Twelve ; mul- coast of the Black Sea, ny Gethsemane; transcribers and ex- titudes follow him ser- sus and made the law. • ; Armenia, Mesopotamia, betrayed pounders of mon on the mount; John and Assyria. prisoner before Caiaphas; the Baptist in prison Jesus before Caiaphas and sends to Jesus In the the Sanhedrim the San- — fac- disciples ; Africa. Egypt and ; Herodians A political with the Twelve makes whole northern coast; its hedrim le.ad Jesus to tion attached to the inte- circuit of Galilee distant territories Pilate Jesus before He- second ; were ; rests of the family of Ue- directs to cross the lake rod Pilate seeks to re- ; Scandia, India, Ethiopia, ; rod the Great, in their still- — it- lease him the Jews de- incidents; tempest and Galatia Rome ; adherence to Rome and demoniacs of Gada- self the mand Barabbas Pilate ed ; being common ; the observance of hea- ra; again at Nazareth; centre of the whole. delivers up Jesus to then customs. cir- death crucifixion the again rejected; third ; ; cuit in Galilee the Thir- Jews mock at Jesus on ; irmy—400,000 men.

and of : the cross he commends — Twelve instructed ty legions 12,500 men ; Samaritans A mixed race,

sent forth holds his mother to John ; ; Herod eleven on the Danube, descendants of colonists Jesus to be the five darkness Christ John on the Rhine, three prevails ; sent to occupy the land on the cross vail of Baptist, whom he had just in Britain, one in Spain, expires ; after the overthrow before beheaded the on the of the rent and of ; eight Euphrates, temple the kingdom Israel, Twelve return Jesus re- one in in burial of ; Egypt, and one graves opened ; ; B. c. 721, and Jews. tires with across the watch at the of him Africa. 20,000 praetorian sepulchre ; Blended the idolatries lake five thousand are in of the resurrec- ; guards Italy. morning the nations to which they fed walks the wa- tion visit of the women the reli- ; upon ; belonged with four thousand fed. to the vision built ter; TV^ary—50,000 men. Two sepulchre ; gion of the Jews ; Lord foretells his fleets at of our Lord is Oar Ravenna and angels ; a temple on Gerizim; gra- own death, resurrection, Naples : stations at Fre- seen by Mary Magdalene dually adopted the wor- trials of his follow- at the the and jus, in the Black Sea, sepulchre ; report ship of Jehovah and ers in the British of the watch our Lord of Moses as ; transfiguration ; our Channel, ; five books Lord's subsequent dis- Rhine, and Danube. is seen of Peter; then their sacred books, but course with the three dis- by two disciples on way ever maintained an im- foretells his Government— to Emmaus Jesus of the ciples ; again A monarchy ; ap- placable hatred death and resurrection with in midst of disci- ; republican forms. pears Jews. into disciples contend who The dignities of consul, ples ; apostles go Galilee Jesus shows should be greatest; Je- tribune, imperator, and ; to himself to seven of them sus exhorts humility ; pontifex maximus are at the sea of Tiberias seventy instructed and united in his person. ; sent out; Jesus goes up The senate continues the meets apostles and above to festival of Taberna- great council of state, five hundred brethren on cles final from besides which there is a mountain in Galilee ; departure a ; festival is seen then Galilee ; Jesus at privy council of the Cae- by James, all the the of Tabernacles ; public by apostles ; teaching; further public Ascension. of our The of the The of the teaching Lord ; population Ro- Dispensation disciples taught how to man republic at the ac- Spirit begins. the return cession of is and the Lord's pray ; seventy ; Augustus Baptism administered ac- Jesus in Jerusalem at 120,000,000 ; half of supper CimOXOLOGICAL TABLE. 286

EVESTB IN CrrelSTIAN HISTORT. STSCHROVISMS. KVBNTS IN OHniRTIAN IlISTOItY. STNCmiONISMS.

cording to the appuint- 37. Pilate ordered into nia, Bersea, Athens, an-t, bly been appointed from nius to place his statue in Gospel of Matthew. deposed. Joseph, sur- the beginning. The mar- the temple of Jerusalem. Gospel of Luke between named Cabei, is put in of con- tyrdom Stephen ; The Jews obtain some 56 and 58. his place. sequent dispersion of the delay from Potronius. 63. Albinus, successor of to di- St. disciples ; gospel preach- Agrippa endeavours (Spring.) Paul writes Felix, arrives in Judea. ed in Phoenicia, Antioch, vert the emperor from 1 Corinthians. 64. Agrippa takes the high- Cyprus, and Cyrene. this design, and at length (Summer.) Leaves Ephe- priesthood from Jesus, First apostolical journey of obtains, .as a great favour, sus for Macedonia, (Au- son of Gamaliel, and St. Peter. that this statue should tumn,) where he writes gives it to Matthias, son St. Paul's conversion, (sup- not be set up. 2 Corinthians, and thence of Theophilus. Nero sets the of Gal. fire to posing erri rpia Philo, the Jew, goes with a (Winter) to Corinth, the city of Ron:e : i. 8,) judaically reckoned. deputation from the Jews where he writes Gala- throws the blame on tlie At Damascus. at Alexandria to Caligu- tians. Christians, several v{ Paul's from Damas- la obtains an 58 are to flight ; audience (Spring.) He writes Ro- whom put death. cus to Jerusalem, and of the emperor at the ha- mans, and leaves Corinth, 66. Cestius Gallus, gover- to thence Tarsus. zard of his life. going by Philippi and nor of Syri.a, comes to these St. 41. The Jews Miletus to Je- Jerusalem During years, quit Babylon (Summer) ; enumerates Paul preaches in Syria and retire to Seleucia. rusalem, (Pentecost,) the Jews at the Passover. and Tar- Caius dies is Cilicia, making Caligula ; Clau- where he arrested and Disturbances at Caesarea sus his head-quarters, and dius succeeds him. — sent to Caesarea. and at Jerusalem. probably undergoes most Agrippa persuades him to 59 At Cwsarea. Florus puts several Jews to of the sufferings men- accept the empire oifered (Autumn.) Sent to Rome death. tioned at 2 Cor. xi. 24-26, him by the army. Clau- by Festus, about August. The Jews rise and kill the viz. two of the Roman dius adds Judea and Sa- (Winter.) Shipwrecked at Roman garrison at Jeru- and the five Jewish scour- maria to Agrippa's do- Malta. salem. A massacre of gings and three ship- minions. Agrippa re- 61 (Spring.) He arrives at the Jews of Csesarea ai;d wrecks. turns into Judea, takes Rome. Palestine. All the .J';'\vs the high-priesthood from Epistle of James about 61. of Scythopolis slain in Theophilus, son of Ana- First Epistle of Peter before one night. of Church Antioch founded nus, and gives it to Si- 62. Cestius, governor of Syria, by Barnabas and other mon Cantharus. Soon Embassy from Jerusalem to comes into Judea. ile apostles, who fled from after he takes this dig- Rome to petition about besieges the temple of persecution at Jerusalem. nity from Cantharus and the wall. Jerusalem; retires; is de- bestows it upon Matthias. 62 At Rome. feated by the Jews. Paul is from Tar- brought 43. Agrippa deprives the (Spring.) St Paul writes The Christians of Jerusa- sus to Antioch, Acts xi. high-priest Matthias of Philemon,Colossians, and lem, seeing a war about 25, and there a stays year the priesthood and gives Ephesians. to break out, retire to before the famine. it to Elioneus, son of Ci- (Autumn.) Writes Philip- Pella, in the kingdom of with Paul, B.arnabas, at At- theus. pians. Agrippa beyond Jordan. tioch. the .Tames, brother 44. Agrippa II. (Acts xxv.) (Spring.) He is acquitted Vespasian appointed )y of ,Tohn, beheaded, at the made king of Chaleis. and goes to Macedonia Nero for the Jewish war. command of Agrippa. 45. Cuspius Fadus sent into (Philip, ii. 24) and Asia Josephus made governor Potor cast into prison. Judea as governor. Minor. Philem. xxii. of Galilee. Paul visits Jerusalem with 46. Cuspius Fadus recalled. 64 He goes to .Spain. Vespasian sends his son Ti- Barnabas to relieve the The of Ju- Acts of the tus to Alexandria comes government Apostles pro- ; famine. dea given to Tiberius bably written at Rome, himself to Antioch .ind At Antioch. Alexander. A. D. 63 or 64. forms a numerous army. At Antioch. 48. Herod, of 67. enters " king Chaleis, Gessius Flovus made procu- Vespasian Judct; His First Missionary Jour- takes the pontificate from rator of Judea. subdues Galilee. ney" from Antioch to son of Camides in Cy- Joseph, ; Epistle of Jude before 65. Josephus besieged Jota- Antioch in prus, Pisidia, gives it to Ananias, son Paul in Spain. pata. leonium, Lystra, Derbe, of Nebedeus. taken Second Epistle of Peter. Jotapata ; Josephus and back the through Herod, king of Chaleis, (Summer.) St. Paul goes surrenders to Vespa- same to Antioch. dies. places from Spain to Asia Minor. sian. Ventidius Cumanus made 1 Tim. i. 3. Tiberias and Tarichca, of governor Judea in place The Jewish war begins. which had revolted of Tiberius Alexander. Epistle to Hebrews. against Agrippa, reduced Cumanus made procurator to obedience by Vespa- of Judea about this time. 67 (Summer.) Paul writes sian. 49. Troubles in Judea un- 1 Timothy from Mace- Divisions in Jerusalem. der the government of donia. The Zealots seize the tem- Cumanus. ple and commit violences St. Paul and Barnabas at- 50. Caractacus in Jerusalem. " captured by tend the council of Je- the Romans in Britain. They depose Theophilus rusalem." 51. The Jews expelled. from being high-priest, Paul's " Second Missionary Rome in the reign of and put Phannias in his from Antioch to Journey" Claudius. place. Cilicia, Lycaonia, and Felix sent governor into The Zealots send for the Galatia. Judea instead of Cuma- Idumseans to succour Je- Troas, Philippi, Thessalo- nus. rusalem. 287 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 288

A. D. EVENTS IN CHRISTIAN BISTORT. ST^•CHB0!^SMS. EVENTS IN CHRISTIAN HISTORY. STNCHEONISMS.

Writes Titus The Idumaeans retire from son of conceal (Autumn.) evangelists ; prophets ; Gioras, from Ephesus. Jerusalem. presbyters, elders or themselves in the com- (Winter.) At Nicopolis. 68. Nero, the emperor, bishops, ministers of in- mon sewers. (Spring.) In prison at dies; Galba succeeds him. dividual churches; dea- 74. Titus demolishes the Rome. Writes 2 Timo- Vespasian takes all the cons who were teachers temple to its very founda- thy. places of strength in Ju- and almoners of the tion. Executed.— dea about Jerusalem. deaconesses also demolishes the (Summer.) church ; ; He city, or son of ra- all in- the of (May June.) Simon, Gioras, widows ; churches reserving towers St. Peter put to death at vages Judea and the south dependent of each other. Hippicos, Phazael, and Rome, according to tlie of Idumaea. The members elected Mariamne. common but doubtful tra- 69. Galba dies; Otho de- their own officers, admi- Titus returns to Rome with dition of the Romish clared nistered their his father emperor. discipline, Vespasian ; church. There is no re- Otho dies; Vitellius pro- and consulted upon all they triumph over Judea. liable evidence that he claimed emperor. matters of importance. 79. Death of Vespasian and died at Rome. Vespasian declared empe- The distinction between succession of Titus. Her- and Third ror his is ac- First, Second, by army ; presbyters and bishops, culaneum and Pompeii Epistles of John. knowledged all over the was, as yet, unknown. destroyed by an eruption East. of Vesuvius, November 1. Assemblies for worship up- Josephus set at liberty. on the model of the sy- John of Giscala heads the 81 Church founded in Edessa 81. Death of Titus, and suc- of Zealots. the nagogue ; breaking on Euphrates about cession of Domitian. bread of ; prayer, psalmody, Eleazar, son Simon, this time. a third preaching; common forms a party ; Persecution under Domi- fund for the relief of the makes himself master of tian, commonly called Age of Martial, Valerius poor, but not a strict the inner temple, or court the second persecution. Flaccus, Epictetus, Quin- of of the community goods ; priests. tilian, Agricola,

END OF CHRONOLOGICAL TABLE. INDEX.

HAPS. Abana River, op Damascus 141 IV. Ea Abarim, Mountains of. Num. xxi. 11, xxvii. 12; [V.Eb 49 xxxiii. 44, 47 ; Deut xxxii. ; Jer. xxii. 20 62, 82 Abdon, a Levitical city belonging to the tribe of Asher Josh. xxi. 30; IChron. vi. 74. [Dc Abel in Syria. rV. Ea Abel-beth-Maachah, (Naphtali.) Sam. xx. 14; 1 [V.Dc Kings XV. 20 120, 135 IV. Db Abel-Keramim Judg. xi. 33. Abel-Maim, (Naphtali.) 2 Chron. xvi. 4. Abel-Meholah. Judg. vii. 22; 1 Kings iv. 12, xix. 16 130 rv.Dd Abel-Mizraim, near Jericho Gen. 1. 11. Abel-Sittim Num. xxxiii. 49. Abez, (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 20. Abilene Luke iii, 1. 177 V.Eb Abimael, Arabian tribe. Gen. x. 28; 1 Chron. i. 22 II. Co Abishai 110 Abraham 25, 27, 28 Abrona Num. xxxiii. 34. Absalom, rebellion of. 119 Accad 24 II. Db Accho, (Ptolemais,) (Asher.) Judg. i. 31. 70, 237 III. Ec Aceldama Acts i. 19. 203 [IV. Cc Achaia. Kom. xv. 26, xvi. 5; 2 Cor. i. 1; 2 Thess. i. 7 232 Achlab Judg. i. 31. Aehmetha-Ecbatana Ezra vi. 2. of. Josh. vii. xxiv. Aohor, valley 26, 15, 7 ; Isa. Ixv. 10; Hos.ii. 16 84 Achsaph, (Asher.) Josh. xi. 1, xii. 20, xix. 25. 89 [V.Cc Achzib, 1) city in Asher. ..Josh. xix. 29; Judg. i. 31. IV. Cb — 2) City in Judah Josh. xv. 44; Micah i. 4. Acra 122 [VI.Bc Acre 70, 167, 237 IV.Eb Adada, (Judah.) Josh xv. 22. Adam, city near the Jordan Josh. iii. 16. 8.3, 133 Adama, city in the valley of Siddim. Gen. x. 19, xiv. 2; Hos. xi. 8 V. Cg — City in Naphtali Josh. xix. 36. Adami, (Naphtali.) Josh. xix. 33. Adar = Num. xxxiv. 4 Hazar-Adar, (Judah.) ; Josh. XV. 3. Adarin V. Aden, Gulf of. Adithaim, (Judah.) Josh xv. 36. Admah, i.e. Adamah Deut. xxix. 23. 31 Admedera Adoraim, (Judah.) 2 Chron. xi. 9. 134 Adraha Adramyttium Adriatic Sea Acts xxvii. 27. 1 1 AduUam, Cave of, 1) Sam. xxiit ; 2 Sam. xxiii. 13; 1 Chron. xi. 15. — in Josh. xii. xvi. 35 2 2) City Judah. 15, ; Chron. xi. 7; Josh. xi. 30; Micah 1.15. 89, 112, 134 Adummim Josh. xv. 7, xviii. 17. JKuon John iii. 23. jP.ra Agagites Esther iii. 1. Agar-Sinai Gal. iv. 25. Agrigentum tribe. Ahalibamah, Arabian Gen. xxxvi. 41 ; 1 Chron. i. 62. Ahara River Ezra viii. 15, xxi. 31. . liithophel 120 Ai, 1) City in Benjamin. Gen. xi. 8, xiii. 3; Josh.vii. viii. xii. ii. vii. 2, 1, 9; Ezra 28 ; Neh. 32. 84, 147 289 291 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 292

ii. 23 in xiii. 25 1 Chron. vi. 60, xi. 28, xii. 3 ; Ezra ; Aroer, 2) Gad. Num. xxxii. 34; Josh. ; Noh. vii. 27; Isa. x. 20; Jer. i. 1 147 V. Cf 2 Sam. xxiv. 5; Isa. xvii. 2 67, 116 IV. De — ii. iii. iv. 48 Ancient Foundations 124 3) on the Arnon. Deut. 36, 12, ; xii. xiii. xi. 33 2 Ancient Jerusalem L Josh. 2, 16 ; Judg. 26, ; Anem, a Levitical city belonging to the tribe of Kings X. 33; Jer. xlviii. 19 67 IV. Df == 1 vi. x. 24 Issachar, En-Gannim. Chron. 73. Arphaxad, descendants of Shem. Gen. 22, ; 19 Aner, Levitical city, (Manasseh.) 1 Chron. vi. 70. xi. 10 IL Db Anim, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 50. 91 Arphad, in Syria. 2 Kings xviii. 34, xix, 13; Isa. [V. Pa Antediluvians, Chronology of 12 [V. Eab X. 9, xxxvi. 18, xxxvii. 13; Jer. xlix. 23. 19,146 IV. Fb Anti-Lebanon, Mountains IV. Da Arra V. Ff 1 iv. 10. Antioch, 1) in Syria. Acta vi. 6, xi. 19, 26, xiii. 1, Aruboth, (Judah.) Kings xiv. 26, XV. 22, xviii. 22; Gal. ii. 11 218 [V. Ff Arumah == Ruma Judg. ix. 41. 101 — in Pisidia Acts xiii. xiv. 21. 222 VIL Eb Arvad, Aradus Gen. x. 18 Ezek. xxvii. 8. 128 IL Cb 2) 14, 19, ; 19, xxiii. 110 Antipatris Acts 31. 239 V. Be Asahel Apamea VIL Eb Asan, Kor Asan, Levitical city in Simeon. Josh. V. Ff XV. xix. 3 2 Sam. xxx. 30 1 Chron, Apamene 42, ; ; a in Ezra iv. 32 vi. 57. Apharsatbchites, people Persia, perhaps. ; Josh. xiii. 3 i. iv. 9, vi. 6. Ascalon. See Askelon. ; Judg. 18, in Issachar. Josh. xii. 1 Sam. iv. Dd xiv. 19 1 Sam. vi. Jer. xxv. xlvii. Ao Aphek, city 18; [V. ; 17; 20, [IV. i. ii. 103 1, xxix. 1 89, 105 IIL Ec 5; Amos 8; Zeph. 4, 7 IIL Dd Josh. xiii. xix. 30 Azotus. Josh. xi. xiii. xv. 47 1 — = Aphik, (Asher.) 4, ; [IV. Dc Ashdod, 22, 3, ; v. vi. 17 2 Chron. xxvi. 6 Neh. Judg. i. 31. Sam. 1, ; ; — in I xx. 2 xiii. 17. iv. xiii. 33 Isa. xx. 1 Jer. xxv. 20 Perea Kings 26; Kings 7, ; ; ; Aphekah, (Jndah.) Josh, xv, 53. V. Cc. Amos i. 8, 39; Zeph. ii. 4, v. 68, ix. 15; [FV. Be Apherima, perhaps = Ilapharaim. X. 78; Acts viii. 40 106 IIL Dd Aphni == Opbni Josh, xviii. 24. V. Cf Asher Gen. xxx. 13; Josh. xix. 24-31. 95,131 IV. Cb Apollonia Acts xvii. 1 229 VIL Ca — City in Manasseh Josh. xvii. 7, Appii Forum Acts xxviii. 15 243 VIL Aa Ashtaroth, Asbtaroth-Karnaim, Levitical city in Manasseh. Gen. xiv. 5 Deut. i. Josh. Apulia VIL Ba ; 4; Ar V. Dfi ix. 10, xii. 4; 1 Chron. vi. 71, xi. 44; Isa. [V.Ed Ar in Moab = Rabbath-Moab. Num. xxi. 15, 28; xiii. 12 30 IIL Fc

Isa. XV. 1 ; Deut. ii. 9 Ashur 19 ILDb of Judah. Josh. xv. 52 2 Sam. Arabian tribe. Gen. xxv. 3 2 Arab, in mountains ; Ashurites, ; Sam. xxiii. 35 V. Cg ii.9. of Jordan. Deut. i. ii. Asia of. Acts ii. vi. 9 2 Cor. Arabah, 1) the plain 1, 8; Minor, province 9, ; xii. 1 2 iv. 2 xxv. 4 i. 1 i.l 227 Josh. ; Sam. 7 ; Kings ; 18; Peter VII. Fb 1. 12 103 Isa. xxxiii. 9 ; Jer. 53, 57 Askelon. See Ascalon V. Bf — == Josh, xviii. Gen. x. 3 Jer. Ii. 27. 15 2) Beth-Arabah, (Benjamin.) Askenaz, (Japheth.) ; ILBb xxiii. 31 1 Chron. xi. 32. Ezra ii. Neh. xii. 29. 18 ; 2 Sam. ; Asmaveth 24; 1. 1 x. 1 2 Chron. in Arabia. See Sheba No. Kings ; Asna, name of two cities Judah. Josh, xv. ix. 1, xvii. 11, xxi. 16, xxvi. 7; Job i. 15; 33, 43, 15 ii. 19 Isa. xiii. xxi. Josh, xix, 34, Ps. Ixxii. ; Neh. ; 20, Asnoth-Thabor, (Naphtali.) Jer. iii. xxv. 24 Ezek. xxvii. Asser 13; 2; ; 21, IV. Cd iii. 13 Acts ii. 11 Asson Acts xxvii, 13, xxxviii. 13 ; Joel ; ; [II. Dc GaL i. 17 129 IIL Efa Assos 236 VIL Db Arabia, Desert of. 45 Assyria. Gen. ii. 14; Num. xxiv. 24; 2 Kings xix, xxi. Josh. xii. xvi. xvii. xviii. xxii. 29 Arad, (Judah.) Num. 1; 14; Judg. 19, 29, 7, 3, 23, 13, ; 59 1 Chron. v. 6 2 Chron. xviii. xxxii. i. 16 IV. Fg ; 16, 1, Ps. Ixxxiii. Isa. Aradus VIL Fc xxxiii. 11 ; Ezraiv. ii.; 9; Josh. v. 3, Ef vii. 18 xi. xix. xx. xxiii. xxxi. Araloth, near Gilgal [V. ; 11, 23, 3, 13, Aram. See Syria 20 IL Cb 8, xxxvi. 1, Iii. 4; Jer. ii. 36; Eziak. xxiii. x. 8 1 Chron. xix. 6, Hos. v. vii. ix. x. 6 147 Aram-Beth-Rehob. 2 Sam. 6, ; [IV. Ea 12; 13, 11, 3, 24, ILDb A.ram-Damapcus. See Syria. Asuja, pool near Jerusalem Neh. iii. 16. Aram-Maachah. See Maachah. Athach, (Judah.) 1 Sam. xxx. 30. 116 Aram-Maharaim. See Mesopotamia. Atad Gen. 1, 10. 42 Aram-Padan, Mesopotamia. See Padan. Ateka 44,45 Aram-Zoba. See Zoba. Atharim Num. xxi. 1, Ararat, Land and Mountain. Gen. viii. 4; 2 Kings Atharoth, (Gad.) Num. xxxii. 3, 34, xix. Isa. xxxvii. 38 Jer.Ii. 27 ILDb — = Josh, xvi, 37; ; 13,14 Atharoth-Adar, (Ephraim.) 5, 7, Araxes River 10 ILDb xviii, 13, Arbathites, inhabitants of Araba No. 2. 2 Sam. Atharoth-Beth-Joab, (Judah.) 1 Chron. ii. 54, 31 1 Chron. xi. 32. Num. xxxii, 35, Ab xxiii. ; [IV. Dc Atharoth-Zophim, (Gad.) [IL Arbel, Arbela = Both-Arbil VL Cc Athens 230 VIL Cb Arbites, inhabitants of Arabia 2 Sam. xxiii. 35. [V.Ed Athribis IIL Ao Archelais V. Ce Attalia Acts xiv. 25. 225 VIL Eb Archi, inhabitants of an unknown part of Pales- Attica 231 tine. i.... Josh. xvi. 2; 2Sam. XV. 32; xvi. 16. Ava 2 Kings xvii. 24. Archipelago VIL Db Aven, 1) =0n Ezek, xxx, 17. Areopagus Acts vii. 19. 231 [V. Dg — 2) See Beth-Aven, No. 1. Areopolis 65 VIL Fc — 3) Field of Aven Amos i. 1. Arethusa V. Fg Avim, 1) the inhabitants of Ava. 2 Kings xvii. 31. Arga IV. Dd — 2) Philistian tribe Argob, region in Bashan. Deut. iii.4; 1 Kings iv.l. 131 IIL Fc — 3) City in Benjamin Josh, xviii. 23. station in xxxvi. 35 1 Chron. Argos ILBb Avith, Edom. Gen. ; Arimathea. Matt, xxvii. 57; Mark xv. 42; Luke i. 46. xix. 38. in or near Zach. xiv. 5. xxiii. 51 ; John Azal, Jerusalem A rkites, Assyrian people near Lebanon. Gen. x. 17. 19 IIL Fa Azekah, (Judah.) Josh. x. 10, xv. 35; 1 Sam. xvii. e. of Ararat 128 1 2 Chron. xi. Neh. xi. Jer. xxxiv. 7, 134 IV, Ef Armenia, i. the Land VIL Fb ; 9; 30; Armenians IL Db Azem, Ezem, (Simeon.) Josh. xv. 29, xix, 3; Ar-Moab 65 IIL Ed 1 Chron. iv. 29. Arnon, country and brook in Moab. Num. xxi. [IV. Df Azmon, (Judah.) Num. xxxiy. 4; Josh. xv. 4. 13, 24; Deut. ii. 24, iii. 8, xii. 16, iv. 28; Azotus. See Ashdod. xii. xiii. 9 xi. 22 2 Ed Azzah. See Gaza 1 Chron. vii. 28. 121 Josh. 1, ; Judg. 13, ; [IIL X. 33 Isa. xvi. 2 Jer. xlviii. 20. 65 IV. Df = Kings ; ; 61, Baal, 1) city Baalath-Beer-Bamath, (Simeon.) in 1 28 1 Chron. 1 Chron. iv. 33. Aroer, 1) town Judah. Sam. xxx. ; [V. Cg xi. 44 116 IV. Cf — 2) High places of Nam, xxii, 41. 203 INDEX. 294

MAPS. Baalah, 1) city in Judah, = Baal-Judah == Kir- SeeBezek Judg. i. iv. VL Bd jath-Baal = Kirjath-Jearim. Josh. xv. 9j Besor ISam.xx. 2, 9, x. 21. 116 IV. Bf xix. 3; 2 Sam. vi. 2; 1 Chron. xiii. 6 117 Betah, city in Syria = Tibehath 2 Sam. viii. 8. — 2) mountain in Judah Josh. xv. 11. Beten, (Asser.) Josh. xix. 25. [VL Ce Josh. xix. 44 1 ix. 18 Bethabara = Bethania John i. 28. 179 V. Df Baalath, (Dan.) j Kings ; 2 Chron. viii. 6. Beth-Anath, (Naphtali.) Josh. xix. 38; Judg. i. 33. Baalath-Beer-Ramath. See Baal 1. (Simeon.) Beth-Anoth, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 69. Josh. xix. 8. [V. Eb Bethany. Matt. xxvi. 6; Mark xi. 11, xiv. 3; [VL Be 60 xii. xii. 1. V. Cf Baalbee 88,135 VII. Fc Luke xix. 29, xxiv. ; John 1, 197 Baal-Gad Isa. xi. 17, xii. 7, xiii. 5. IV. Db Bethar, captured under Hadrian, A. D. 135 V. Be Baal-IIamon Sol. Songs viii. 11. Beth-Araba = Araba, No. 2, (Benjamin.) Josh. Baal-Hazor, (Ephraim,) = Hagor. 2 Sam. xiii. XV. 6, 61, xviii. 22. 23; Neh. xi. 33 119 Beth-Arbel == Arbeel Hos. x. 14. Baal-Hermon, mountain. Mount Hermon. Judg. Beth-Asmaveth, near Jerusalem Neh. vii. 28. iii. 3; 1 Chron. v. 23 19 Beth-Aven, 1) (Benjamin.) Josh. vii. 2; 1 Sam. Baal-Moon, Beth-Meon, (Reuben.) Num. xxxii. xiii. 5, xiv. 23; Hos. iv. 15, 58, x. 5; Amos Josh. xiii. 17 1 Chron. v. 8 Ezek. Df V. 5 29 37 ; ; ; [V. XXV. 9 IV. De — 2) Wilderness of Josh, xviii. 12. Baal-Perazim 2 Sam. v. 20; 1 Chron. xiv. 11. Beth-Baal-Meon, Baal-Meon, (Reuben.) Josh. Baal-Shalisha, in Ephraim 2 Kings iv. 42, xiii. 17. Baal-Tamar Judg. xx. 23. Beth-Bara, Bethabara Judg. vii. 24. 179 Baal-Zephon, in Egypt. Ex. xiv.2; Num.xxxiii. 7. 45 III. Be Beth-Birei, (Simeon.) 1 Chron. iv. 31. Babel, Babylon, Babylonia. See Sheshach Shinar. Beth-Dagon, 1) (Judah.) Josh. xv. 41. IV. Bo Gen. X. 10, xi. 9; 2 Kings xvii. 24, xx. 12, — 2) (Asher.) Josh. xix. 27. V. Be xlviii. 22. xxiv. 1, 12 ; 1 Chron. ix. 1 ; 2 Chron. xxxii. Beth-Diblathaim =Diblathaim Jer. 31, xxxiii. 11, xxxvi. 6; Ezra i. 11, iv. 9. Beth-Eden, near Damascus Amos i. 5. 1 Isa. xiii. xxxix. 2 x. 14. Ixxxiv. 4, cxxxvii. ; 1, 1, Beth-Eked, shearing-house Kings 2, xlviii. 14; Jer. xx. 4, xxi. 2, xxv. 11, xxvii. Beth-El, 1) =Luz, (Benjamin.) Gen. xi. 8, xiii. 1. Iii. 11 Ezek. xii. 13 Dan. xxxv. Josh. vii. 6, xxviii. 11, 1, ; ; 3^28, 19, xxxi. 13, 1; 2, iv. 1 v. 12 viii. xii. xxviii. i. i. 1; Micah 10 ; Peter 21, 22, 156 II. Db 9, 9, 16, 22; Judg. 22, Babylonian Empire 155 4, 6, XX. 31, xxi. 19; 1 Sam. vii. 16, x. 3, Baccatajali, town in northern Syria V. Ef XXX. 27; 1 Kings xii. 29; xiii. 1, xvi. 34; Baelath III. Fb 2 Kings ii. 2, x. 29, xvii. 28, xxiii. 15; 1 2 Sam iii. xvi. xvii, Chron. xii. 28 2 Chron. xiii. 19 Ezra ii. Bahurim, (Benjamin.) 16, 5, ; ; xix. 1 ii. 8 2 Sam. xxiii, Neh. vii. xi. 31 Hos. xii. 5 Amos 18, 16; Kings ; 28 ; 32, ; ; [Fe 31; 1 Chron. xi. 33 116,120 V. Of iii. 14, V. 5, vii. 10 29 lY-Ce^ Balaam the prophet Josh. xix. 3. 63 — 2) Mountains of.. .Josh. xvi. 1; 1 Sam. xii. 2. [V. Cf Bamoth, Bamoth-Baal, (Reuben.) Gen. xxi. 19, Bcth-Etnek, (Asher.) Jo.sh. xix. 27. Isa. xiii. 65 John v. 2 185 I. xxii. 41 ; 17 Bethesda, pool Banias. See Caesarea 193 VI. Cb Beth-Gader = Gederah. Josh xv. 36 1 Chron. Philippi 71, ; Barada, the ancient Pharpar 129 ii. 51. Bared, in the desert of Shur Gen. xvi. 4. Beth-Ezel, a town in Judah Micah i. 11. i. iii. iii. Jer. vi. 1. V. Cf Bashan. Num. xxi. 33, 4, 1 ; Josh. ix. 10, Beth-Haccerem Neh. 14; xii. 4, xiii. 11-30, xvii. 1, xx. 8, xxii. 7; Beth-Haglah, Beth-Hoglah, (Benjamin.) Josh. iv. 19 2 x. 33 1 Chron. XV. xviii. 21 V. Df 1 Kings 13, ; Kings ; 6, 19, 91,181 11 Ps. vi. cxxxvi. 20 Isa. ii. or 1 iv. 9 130 V. ; 8, 16, ; 13, Beth-Hanan, (Judah Dan.) Kings xxii. 1. 19 Ezek. xxvii. xxxii. 36 xxxiii. 9; Jer. 20, ; [III. Fc Beth-IIaram, I?eth-Haran, (Gad.) Num. ; 6; Nah. i. 4; Zech. xii. 2 77,128 IV. EFc Josh. xiii. 27 64, 130 IV. De Batansea V. Fe Beth-Hoglah. See Beth-Haglah. Bath-Rabbim, Valley Sol. Songs vii. 4. Beth-Horon, the Upper, Levitical city in Ephraim. Josh. xvi. xxi. 22 1 Chron. vii. 24 2 Battle of the Kings 5, ; ; in xxxvi. 1 viii. 5 1 xiii. 18 1 Chron. Bazrah, Bozrah, Moab. Gon. 33; Chron. ; Sam. ; Isa. Ixiii. 1 109 IV. Be Chron. i. 44; xxxiv. 6, ; Jer. vi. 68; 2 Chron. xxv. 13 84, xlviii. 24, xlix. 21; Amos i. 12 IV. Fd — 2) the Lower, (Ephraim.) Josh. x. 10, xvi. 3, Josh. xv. 1 iv. 16. xviii. 13 1 ix. 17 1 Chron. vii. 24 Bealoth, (Judah.).... 24; Kings ; Kings ; ; ix. 21. viii. 6 1 Sam. xiii. 18 1 Chron. V. Cf Boer, 1) (Benjamin.) Judg. 2 Chron. ; ; — in Num. xxi. vi. 68 2 Chron. xxv. 13 VLBe 2) = Beer-Elim Moab, city. ; 16; Isa. XV. 8 65,66 Beth-Jeshimoth, (Reuben.) Num. xxxiii. 49; Josh. [V. Df Beer-Lahai-Roi Gen. xxiv. 62, xxv. 11. 56 xii. 3, xiii. 30; Ezek. xxv. 9 64 IV. De Beeroth, (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. 25; 2 Sam. iv. Beth-Car, (Judah.) 1 Sam. vii. 11. xxiii. 37 1 Chron. xi. 39 Ezra ii. 25 Fe Beth-Lebaoth = Josh. xix. 6. 2, ; ; ; [IV. Lebaoth, (Simeon.) vii. 29 x. 6 Josh ix. 17... 116 Gen. xxxv. Neh. ; Deut ; 84, V. Cf Bethlehem, 1) Judah, Ephratah. 19, in Simeon. Gen. xxi. xlviii. xii. xvii. xix. 1 Beer-Sheba, a town 14, 31, 7 ; Judg. 10, 7, ; xxii. 19, xxvi. 33, xxviii. 10, xlvi. 1; Josh. Ruth i. 1, 19; 1 Sam. xvi. 4, xvii. 15, xx. 2 xx. 1 1 Sam. iii. viii. 6 2 Sam. ii. xxiii. 14 1 Chron. xi. 16 xix. ; Judg. ; 20, 2; ; 32, ; ; iii. xvii. xxiv. 15 1 2 xi. Neh. vii. Jer. i. 2 Sam. 10, 11, 2, ; Kings Chron. 6; 26; 17; xix. 2 xii. xxiii. V. 1 Matt. ii. 16 Luke ii. V. Cf iv. 25, 13; Kings 1, 9; Micah ; 1, 5, 8, ; iv. xxi. 2 2 Chron. xix. 4 John vii. 42 IV. Ce 1 Chron. 28, ; ; 4; 102,110 xi. v. — Josh. xix. 15. 110 VI Be xxiv. 1, XXX. 5 ; Neh. 27, 30 ; Amos III. Dd 2) in Zcbulon 6, viii. 14 32, 91 V. Bg Beth-Maachah = Abel-Maachah, (Naphtali.) 2 = IV. Bf Sam. XX. 14 2 xv. 29. Beesh-Terah, perhaps Ashtaroth, (Manasseh.) ; Kings Josh. xix. 5 1 Chron. Josh. xxi. 27. Beth-Marcaboth, (Simeon.) ; Bela-Zoar Gen. xiv. 2, xix. 20. iv. 31. Bene-Berak, (Dan.) Josh. xix. 45. Beth-Meon = Baal-Meon, (Reuben.) Jer. xlviii. 23. Bene-jaakan Num. xxxiii. 31. Beth-Millo. See Millo No. 1. [V. Df Benhadad, invasion of 137 Beth-Nimrah, (Gad.) Num. xxxii. 36; Josh.xiii.27. 64 IV. Do Ben-IIinnom, valley. See Hinnom. Beth-Pazzez, (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 21. Benjamin, tribe Josh, xviii. 11. 94, 131 IV. Ce Beth-Palet, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 27; Neh. xi. 26. Benjamites, land of 1 Sam. ix. 4. Beth-Peor, Baal-Peor, (Reuben.) Deut. iii. 29; Beon Num. xxxii. 4. xxxiv. 6; Josh. xiii. 20 V. Df xix. Berachah, valley of blessing 2 Chron. xx. 26. 139 Bethphage. Matt. xxi. 1; Mark xi. 1; Luke 29. Berenice, on the coast of Africa VII. Be Beth-Rehob. See Rehob No. 1, (Asher.) Judg. Beroea Acts xvii. 10, xx. 4. 230 Vir.Ca xviii. 28; 2 Sam. x. 6 119 in ria. 2 Sam. viii. 8 Ezek. xlvii. Julias. Matt. xi. Mark vi. viii. Do Berothai, city Sj ; [IV. Da Bethsaida, 21; 45, [IV. i. xii. V. Dd : ix. x. 13 John 15, 16 III. Eb 22 Luke 10, ; 44, 190 Cc Berytus, the modern Beirut, Beyroot VII. Fc 21. 72, 182, [VL 29d TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 296

Eeth-Shean, Scythopolis, (Manasseh.) Josh. xvii. Carion, in northern Syria V. Fg 11, 16; Judg. i. 27; 1 Sam. x.xxi. 10; 2 Carmel, cape V. Bd Sam. xxi. 12; 1 Kings iv. 12; 1 Chron. Carmel, Mount. Josh. xix. 26; 1 Kings xviii. 19; [VL An vii. 29 83 V. Cd 2 Kings ii. 25; iv. 25, xix. 23; 1 Chron. Levitical in Judah. Josh. xi. 37 Sol. vii. 5 Isa. xxxiii. Beth-Shemesh, 1) city ; Songs ; 9, xxi. 1 Sam. vi. 1 iv. xxxv. Jer. iv. 26 1. 19 i. ix. V.Cd XV. 10; 16; 9; Kings 2; ; ; Amos 2, Cg 9; 2 Kings xiv. 11; 1 Chron. vi. 69; 2 [V.Bf 3; Nah. i. 4 136 VL Be xxv. xxviii. 18 106 in Josh. xv. 55 1 Chron. 21, 10.3, IV. Be Carmel, city Judah. ; Sam. xv. [IV. Cc — 2) (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 22. 12, xxv. 2; 2vSam. xxiii. 35 91 IV. Cf — Josh. xix. 32 1. 33. on the coast of 3) (Naphtali.) ; Judg. [III. Ae Camus, Syria V.Eg — 4) Heliopolis in Egypt Jer. xliii. 13. 38 VII. Ec Carrhae, in Mesopotamia VIL Fb Beth-Shittim 64 Casiphia Ezra viii. 17. Beth-Sittah V. Cd Casium, cape, east of the Nile TIL Ed Beth-Tappuah, (Judah.) Josh xv. 53. V.Bf Casius, Mount, in Syria V. Ef Josh. xix. 4 1 Chron. iv. 30. the same as Casluhim IIL Bethul, (Simeon.) ; Casluch, Ce Josh. xv. 58 1 Chron. ii. 45 Casluhim Gen. x. 1 Chron. i. 12. 18 IL Beth-Zur, (Judah.) ; ; [V. Cf 14; Bb 2Chron. xi. 7; Neh. iii. 16 116,134 IV. Ce Caspian Sea ILDa Betonim, (Gad.) Josh. xiii. 26. V. De Cathela, in the mountains of Syria V. Ef Basek. 1 Sam. xi. 8 i. 4. 108 mountains « VTI. Bezek, Besek, ; Judg. 100, VI. Bd Caucasus, Oa Bezer, Boser, city of refuge, (Reuben.) Deut. iv. Cedars of Lebanon 129 [IL Da XX. xxi. 1 Chron. vi. 78. 96 Cenehrea Acts xviii. xvi. 27. 232 43 ; Josh. 8, 36; IV. De 18; Rom. 1,

Bezetha, one of the heights of Jerusalem 122 L Central Armenia , IL Bikah, valley, valley of the Leontes IV. Da Cephalonia, on the coast of Epirus VII. Cb

Bileam = Ibleam, Levitical city in Manasseh. Cerasus, on the coast of the Black Sea , VII. Fa 1 Chron. vi. 70. Cesarea 211, 240 VIL Eb Eilhah = Baalah, (Simeon.) 1 Chron. iv. 29. Cesarea Palaestina. Acts ix. 30, x. 1, xii. 19, xviii. [V. Bd Bi/.jothjah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 28. 22, xxi. 8, 16, xxii. 23, xxv. 1 211 VIL Ee Bithron 2 Sam. ii. 29. 116 IV. Dd — Philippi. Matt. xvi. 13; Mark viii. 27. 71, 88, 193 V. Dc Acts xvi. 7 IPeteri. 1. near Bithynia ; 227 VIL Ea Chalcedon, Constantinople VIL Da Black Sea ILBa Chalcidice, province in Syria V. Ff Bochim Judg. ii. 1, 5. 100 Chalcis, in Greece and Syria VIL Cb Bohan, boundary stone, (Reuben.) Josh. xv. 6, Chaldea, Chaldeans, Chasdim. In the widest sense, V.Fg Ff xi. 28 2 xviii. 17. Mesopotamia. Gen. ; Kings xxiv. Assan = Kor-Asan. 1 Sam. xxx. 30. xxv. Isa. xiii. 19 xlvii. 1 xlviii. Bor-Asan = [V.Fe 2, 4, 24; ; ; Bostra, the same as Bozrah VIL Fc 14; Jer. xxxi. 4, xxiv. 5, xxvii. 5, 1. 1, Ii. Botrys V. Da 24; Ezek. i. 3, xii. 13 19 IL CDb Bozez, rock near Miohmash 1 Sfim. xiv. 4. 109 Chebar, river in Assyria. Ezek. i. 1, iii. 15, x. 15. Bozkath, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 39; 2 Kings xxii. 1. Chephar-haammonai Josh, xviii. 24. Bazrah. Isa. xxxv. 6 Amos i. Josh. ix. xviii. Bozrah. See 6, ; 11, [IIL Ee Chephirah, (Benjamin.) 17, 26; Jer. xli.x. 13 101 Ezra ii. 25 Neh. vii. 29. 12; 21, 66, V. Ee ; Bubastus, Pibeshoth Ezek. xxx. 17. [IV. Fd Cherith, Cherethites. 1 Kings xvii. 3, 7; 1 Sam. Burghoz, town on the Leontes VI. Cb xxx. 14; Ezek. xxv. 14; Zeph. ii. 5 136 Buz, in Arabia Jer. xxv. 23; Job xxxii. 2. 21 [V.Da Cheroth.....* 136 Byblus, on the coast of Phoenicia VIL Pc Chesalon, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 10. Chesil, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 30. Cabbon, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 40. Chesulloth, (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 18. V. Cd Cabul, (Asher.) Josh. xix. 27; 1 Kings ix. 13. Chezib, Chozeba perhaps = Achzib, (Judah.) Gen. Caesarea. See Cesarea Palasstina and Philippi. xxxviii. 5; 1 Chron. iv. 22. Cain Josh. xv. 57. Chidon = Perez-Usa 1 Chron. xni. 9. Calabria VIL Ba Chilmad Ezek. xxvii. 23. Calah. See Halah Gen. x. 11. 25, 153 II. Db Chios Acts XX. 15. VII. Db Calamon V.Da Chisloth-Tabor Josh. xix. 12, 22. Caleb 1 Sam. xxx. 14. Chittim. See Kittim 80,128 Callirrohoe, hot springs 181 Chorashan 116 == 146 Chorazin Matt. xi. 21 x. 13. 1 Calnah, Calno, Calneh ; Luke 72, 184, Calno, Calneh. Gen. x. 10; Isa. x. 9; Amos vi. 2. 146 ILDb Chronological data 41, 170, 171 Calvary, or Golgotha 122, 204 Chub Ezek. xxx. 5. Camon, burial place of Jair Judg. x. 5. Chun, a Phoenician city 1 Chron. xviii. 8. IIL Fa Matt. x. 4 Mark iii. 18 John ii. iv. Cilieia Acts vi. xv. xxvii. 5. 226 VIL Eb Cana. ; ; 1, [V. Cd 9, 23, 41, 46 177, 180 IV. Ce Cimmerians IL Ca Canaan. Gen. x. 6, xi. 31, xiii. 7, xv. 21, xxiv. 3, [VI.Bc Cinnereth, Sea of Gennesarot. Num. xxxiv. 11, xxxi. 18 Ex. iii. 8, xv. xxxii. Num. Deut. iii. 17 Josh. xi. xii. xix. 35 Eo ; 14, 2; ; 2, 3, ; [IIL xiii. 30, xxxiii. 51; Deut. xx.l7; Josh. iii. 10, 1 Kings XV. 20 187 IV. Do xi. xiii. xvii. xxii. xxiv. 11 of David. 2 Sam. v. 9 2 v. 2 ix. 1, 3, .3, 12, 9, ; City ; Chron. ; 1 i. iii. 5 Ezra ix. 1 Neh. Chron. xi. Neh. iii. xii. 37. Judg. 1, 4, 27, 3, ; ; 6; 15, ix. 8; Ps. cv. 11; Isa. xxiii. 11, xix. 18; III. Ead City of Palm-trees. See Jericho 84 xvi. 3 IIos. xii. 8 ii. 5. Cities of the Plain 31 Ezek. ; ; Zeph. 18, 67, 79 IL Cb Canaanites 79, 97 IV. Bbc Cities of Refuge 96 Canatha = Kenath 192 V. Fd Civil war 115 Canneh. See Calneh Ezek. xxvii. 23. 129 Clauda, island Acts xxvii. 16. 241 VIL Cc Capercotia, town in Samaria V.Ce Climate of Palestine 78 Capernaum. Matt. iv. 13, viii. 5, xi. 23, xvi. 24; Cnidus Acts xxvii. 7. 240 Mark i. 21, ii. 1, ix. 33; Luke iv. 23, 31, [VL Ce Cnossus, in the island of Crete VII. Db vii. X. 15 John iv. vi. 24. 190 V. DFb 1, ; 47, 17, 72, 184, V. Dd Coelo-Syria Gen. x. Deut. ii. 23 Jer. xlvii. on the Black Sea 10 VII. Ga Caphtor. 14; ; 4; Colchis, Amos ix. 7. Colonia, Felix Julia V. Cb Crete. ii. 23 Colosso i. 2. Caphtorim, Philistines from Deut. ; [IIL Dd Col. 245, 257 VIL Db Jer. xlvii. 4; Amos ix. 7; Gen. x. 14 18 IL Bb Comana VIL Fb Capitolias 192 V.Ed Commissaries of Solomon 1 Kings iv. 8. 130 Acts ii. 9 1 Pet. i. 1. 210 VIL Fb on the Orontes V. Ea Cappadocia ; Conna, Cappareae, in northern Syria V. Fg Conquest of Canaan 84, 87, 97 Capua VII. Aa Consentia, in Italy VIL Bb Carchemish. Isa. x. 9; Jer. xlvi. 2; 2 Chron. Constantinople VIL Da xxxv. 20 146 II. Cb Coos, island Acts xxi. 1. 236 VIL Db on Carift; province in Asia Minor 249 VIL Db Corcyra, the coast of Epirus VIL Bb *&fi+aK: "W?^^ 297 INDEX. 298

MAPS. MAPS. C irea, town in Samara , V.Co. Doch, fortress near Jericho V. Cf Acts xviii. xix. 1 Rom. xvi. 27 1 Gen. x. 4. 16 II. Ba Cbrinth. 1, ; ; Dodanim, (Rodanim.) Cor. i. 2; 2 Cor. i. 1; 2 Tim. iv. 20 232 VII. Cb Daphne, a grove near Antioch. Creation, date of. 9 Dophkah 60 III. Cg island Acts ii. xxvii. t Titus i. 6. 246 II. Bb Dor = Josh. xi. xii. Crete, 11, ; Naphot-Dor, (Manasseh.) 2, of 68 xvii. 11 i. 1 iv. 11 Crevasse the Jordan 23, ; Judg. 27 ; Kings [III. De Cush, Ediiopia. Gen. x. 6; Num. xii. 1; 2 Kings 1 Chron. vii. 29 87, 90, 13»rIV. Be xix. 9 2 xii. xiv. xxi. 16 below Mount V. BdBf ; Chron. 3, 11, ; Dora, Carmel Ixviii. the VII. Job xxviii. 10 ; Ps. 32, Ixxxvii. 4 ; Dorostorum, town on Danube Da Esth. i. 1 Isa. xi. xviii. xx. xxxvii. in VII. Eb ; 11, ], 3, Dorycleum, Phrygia 9, xliii. 4, xlv. 14; Jer. xiii. 23, xlvi. 9; Dothan, Dothaim. Gen. xxxvii. 17; 2 Kings xxix. xi. 43 vi. 1.3 36 IV. Ezek. 10, xxx. 4; Dan. ; Amos 28, Cd ix. 7 Nah. iii. 9 Hab. iii. 7 ii. Neh. ii. 13. I. ; ; ; Zeph. 12, Dragon-well iii. 10 10, 17 II. Cd Dumah. Gen. xxv. 14; Isa. xxi. 11; Josh. xv. Cuth 2 Kings xvii. 24, 30. 62 II. Cb Cutha 146 Dura Dan. iii. 1. 134 [IV. Bf Cyprus, island. Acts iv. 36, xi. 19, xiii. 4, xv. 39, Dyrrhachium VII. Ba xxi. 3, xxvii. 4 127, 220 II. Bb Matt, xxvii. 32 Mark xv. 21 Luke xxiii. Eastern Desert 77 Cyrene. ; ; 26; Acts ii. 10, xi. 20 210 Ebal, Mount, in mountains of Ephraim. Deut. xi. Cyreniaca, province in Africa VII. Cc 29, xxvii. 4, 13; Josh. viii. 30 84 V. Ce Cyrus, river 10 II. Da Eben-Ezer, pillar 1 Sam. iv. 1, iii. 1, vii. 12. Cyzicus, island near Constantinople VII. Da Eben-Ezel, pillar 1 Sam. xx. 19. Eber, progenitor of the Hebrews., ..Gen. x. 21, 24. 20 [III. De Dabbasheth, (Zebulon.) Josh. xix. 11. Eboda IV. Bg Lovitical in Zebulon. Josh. xix. 12 Ecbatana = Achmetha Ezra vi. 2. 161 II. Db Dabrath, city ; xxi. 28 1 Chron. vi. 72. V. Cc ; Ecdippa Dacia, province in Macedonia VII. Ca Eden, 1) Paradise. Gen.ii. 8, iii. 23, iv. 16 9, 11, 14 Dalmanutha Mark viii. 10. — 2) region in Assyria. 2 Kings xix. 12; Isa. Dalmatia 2 Tim. iv. 10. xxxvii. 12; Ezek. xxvii. 23 129 xiv. xv. 2 2 viii. 6 Josh. xv. 21. Damascus. Gen. 15, ; Sam. ; Eder, Judah 1 Kings xi. 24, xv. 18, xix. 15, xx. 34; 2 Edessa, on the Euphrates VII. Fb V. viii. xiv. xvi. 9 1 Chron. Gen. xxvi. xxxvi. Kings 12, 7, 28, ; Edom, Edomites, Idumea. 25, xviii. 5 2 Chron. xvi. xxiv. xxviii. I. xxiv. xv. ; 2, 23, 16; Num. xx. 14, 18; Josh. 1; 5 Sol. vii. 4 Isa. vii. viii. x. V. xi. 1 Sam. xiv. xxi. ; Songs ; 8, 4, III. Fb Judg. 4, 17; 47, 7; xvii. 1 Jer. xlix. 23 Ezek. xxvii. xxii. viii. 1 ix. xi. 9, ; ; 18, II. Cb 9; 2 Sam. 14; Kings 16, xlvii. i. 3 Zach. ix. 1 Acts ix. xxii. 48 2 iii. viii. 16; Amos ; ; IV. Ea 1, 14, ; Kings 8, 20, xiv. 2 xxii. 6 2 Cor. xi. 32 Gal. i. 17. 140 1 Chron. i. xviii. 2 Chron. xxi. seq., ; ; 118, V. Eb 7; 43, 12; tribe Josh. xix. 48 Ps. Ixxxiii. Ix. cviii. 10 Isa. V. Dan, 1) seq. IV. Be 8 ; 7, 2, 10, ; Cg — = Josh. xix. 47 Ixiii. 1 Jer. ix. xxv. xxvii. xl. III. Ee 2) Laish, (Naphtali.) ; Judg. ; 26, 1, 3, 11, xxviii. xx. 1 Sam. iii. 2 xlix. 7 Dan. xi. 41 Joel iii. 24 Amos i. IV. 7, 27, 29, 1; 20; . ; ; ; Dg Sam. iii. 10, xvii. 11, xxiv. 2, 16; 1 Kings 11; Obad. 1; Mai. i. 4 33,60,118 II. Cc iv. 11, 25, xii. 29, xv. 20; 2 Kings x. 29; Edra, in the Ilauran V. Ed 1 Chron. xxi. 2 2 Chron. xvi. xxx. 6 in V. Ce ; 4, ; Edumea, town Samaria Amos viii. 14; Ezek. xxvii. 19 56, 94, 98 IV. Db Edrei, 1) (Naphtali.) Josh. xix. 37. [VI. Bd Dan-Jaan 2 Sam. xxiv. 6. — 2) in Bashan, (Manasseh.) Num. xxi. 33; [V. Ed Josh. xv. 49. i. iii. 1 xiii. IV. Dannah, (Judah.) Deut. 4, ; Josh. xii. 4, 12, 31... 62 Ec Danube, river VII. Da Eglaim Isa. xv. 8. 66 [III. Fo in Dardania, province Macedonia VII. Ca Eglon, Canaanitish city in Judah. Josh. xvi. 3, [V. Bf Darnis, town in Africa VII. Cc 34, xii. 12, XV. 39 85 IV. Be Daroma, near Gaza V.Bg Egypt, Mizraim, Cham. Gen. x. 6, xi. 10, xxi. 21, David 120 1. 105, 112, 117, xxvi. 2, xxxvii. 25, xxxix. 1, xlvi. 34, 11 ; David's I. i. xiv. 25 Josh. xxiv. 5 vi. sepulchre Ex. 14, ; ; Judg. Dead Sea 73 8 1 Sara, xxvii. 2 Sam. vii. 6 1 IV. Def ; 8; ; Kings Debir = Kirjath-Sannah = Kirjath-Sepher, Le- iii. 1, iv. 21, vi. 1, xi. 18, 40, xiv. 26; 2 in vitical city Judah. Josh. x. 38, xi. 21, Kings vii. 6, xvii. 4, 36, xviii. 21, xxiii. 29; xiii. XV. xxi. 15 i. 11 xii. xxvi. xxxv. 30 ix. 26, 7, 15, 49, ; Judg. ; 2 Chron. 3, 8, ; Ezra 1 Chron. vi. 58 100 1 Ps. Ixxviii. cv. cvi. cxxxvi. 10 87, 89, [VI. Cc ; 43, 2,3, 7, ; Decapolis, confederate cities Matt. iv. 26. 192 V.DFd Isa. vii. 18, xi. 11, xix. 1, xx. 3, xxx. 1, xliii. ti-ibe near the Persian Gulf. x. ii. Dedan, 1) Gen. 7 ; 3, xlv. 14; Jer. 36, ix. 26, xxv. 19, xxvi. Ezek. xxvii. xx.xviii. 13 128 xii. 2 15, 20, II. Ec 21, xx.xvii. 5, xxxix. 1, 17, xlvi. ; ^ tribe in Idumea. Gen. xxv. Isa. xxi. xxix. 2 xi. 43 Josh. 2) 3; 13; Ezek. xvi. 26, ; Dan. ; Jer. xxv. 23, xlix. 8. vii. 11; Joel iii. 24; Amos ix. 7; Nah. iii. Dcdicat'>n. feast of. ii. ii. VII. 197 9; Zach. X. 10; Matt. 13, 20 ; Acts Eo Deir, Sinaitic Mountain III. Cb 10, vii. 15; Heb. xi. 27 37 II. BCc Deleda, in Syria V. FaFg Ekron, Akkaron, (Judah and Dan.) Josh. xiii. 3, Delusro 13 XV. xix. 43 i. 18 1 v. 11, 45, ; Judg. ; Sam. Derbe Acts xiv. 6, 20, xvi. 1, xx. 4 223 V. Fg 10, vi. 17, vii. 14, xvii. 52; 2 Kings i. 2; V. Bf Desert of the Jordan Jer. xxv. i. 8 ii. IV. 77 VII. Eb 20 ; Amos ; Zeph. 4 ; Zach. Be Dibl.ath-Almon, Diblathaira, see Almon-Dib. ix. 5 106 III. Dd = Neh. xi. 26 Josh. Gen. x. xiv. 1 VI. Dibon, l) Dimona, (Judah.) ; Elam, Elamites, (Persia.) 22, ; Ezra Ae XV. 22 66 iv. 9 Isa. xi. xxi. 2 Jer. xlix. ; 11, ; xxv. 25, — 2) = Num. xxi. xxxii. viii. 2 Dibon-Gad, (Gad.) 30, 34 ; Ezek. xxxii. 24 ; Dan. ; Acts xxxiii. 46 Josh. xiii. Isa. xv. 2 ii. II. 34, ; 9, 17 ; ; 9 19, 30 Db Jer. xlviii. 18, 22 64 V. Df Elanitic Gulf 67 III. Dg Diklah, tribe of Joktan II. Cc Elassar, in Assyria perhaps = Thelassar. Ex. Dilean, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 38. ,xiv. 1 30 Ditnon. See Dibon No. 1 66 Deut. ii. 8 2 viii. 1 Elath, Eloth. ; Sam. 14; Kings Levitieal in Zebulon Josh. xxi. 35. ix. 26 2 xiv. xvi. 2 Chron. Dimna, city ; Kings 22, 6; Dina, Assyrian tribe Ezra iv. 9. xviii. 17, xxvi. 2 60, 131 Dinhaba Gen. xxxvi. 32; 1 Chron. i. 43. Elealeh (Reuben.) Num. xxxii. 3, 37; Isa. xv. 4, See 9 Jer. xlviii. 34 Diospolis. Lydda V. Bf xvi. ; 64 Distribution of territory 90, 94 Eleph, (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. 28. in Dium, town Peraea '. V. Ed Eleutheropolis, Episcopal city in Judah V. Bf Division of the earth 21 2. 1 Elim, country. See Beer No. Ex. xv. 27, xvi. ; in the desert i. 1. Dizahab, Deut. Num. xxxiii. 9 ; Isa. xv. 8 47 III. Cf 20 299 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 300

MAPS. ,.,..,. 139 Ii. 63 2 xxiii. xxiv. 7 1 Chron. Klisha, the prophet 2, ; Kings 29, ; Elisha, son of Javan. Gen. x. 4; Ezek. xxvii. 7. 16 IL Bb V. 9, xviii. 3; 2 Chron. xxxv. 20 10, 166 EUsha, isles of. 128 Ezel 1 Sam. XX. 19. 136 xxxiii. 35 Deut. Elijah the Tishbite Ezion-Geber, (Berenice.) Num. ; i. 1. ii. 28 1 ix. xxii. 49 : 2 Chron. Elkosh Nah, ; Kings 26, Elon. 1) (Dan.) Josh. xix. 43; 1 Kings iv. 9. 130 Viii. 17, XX. 36 60, 131 — 2) perhaps = Mealon, (Naphtali.) Josh. Ezra ICO xix. 33. Exodus of the Israelites 43, 59 Eltekeh, Levitical city in Dan. Josh. six. 44, Extermination of the Israelites 97 xxi. 33. Eltekon, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 59. Fair Havens Acts xxvii. 8. 240 Eltolad = Tolad, (Simeon.) Josh. xv. 30, xix. 4. Fiery serpents. Einek-Keziz, city in Benjamin Josh, xviii. 21. Flood, Noah 12 Emek-Rephaim. See Rephaim. n^Fg Formia3 243 Emesa, in Upper Syria, north of Balbec VII. Fc Fuller's grave, in ancient Jerusalem Emim Gen. xiv. 5; Deut. ii. 10. 30 IIL Fd Eramaus, in Galilee Luke xxiv. 13. 207 V. Bf Gaash, mountain. Josh xxiv. 30; Judg. ii. 9: 2 Enakim IIL Ed Sam. xxiii. 30. 97 Enan = Hozar-Enan Num. i. 15, xxxiv. 9, Ga.ash, brooks of...... 1 Chron. xi. 32. Josh. xvii. 11 1 Sam. xxviii hill 97 Eudor, (Manasseh.). ; [V. Cd Gaash, 7; Ps.lxxxiii.il 95,115 IV. Cc Gaba = Geba, (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. 24; Judg. En-Eglaim Ezek. xlvii. 10. [VLBc XX. 33; 1 Sam. xiv. 6; Ezra ii. 26; Neh. En-Gannim, 1) = Anim, Levitical city in Issa- vii. 30, xi. 31 char. Josh. xix. 21, xxi. 29. Gabala, on the east of Syria — 2) (Judah.) Josh. xv. 34. Gabatha, near Mount Carmel Engedi = Hazezon-Thamar, (Judah.) Josh. xv. Gabbatha John xix. 13. 1 xxiv. 2 2 Chron. xx. 2 Sol. tribe Josh. xiii. 24-28. 92 62 ; Sam. ; ; Gad, 1) Songs i. 14; Ezek. xlvii. 10 113,139 IV. Cf — 2) brook = Jabbok 2 Sam. xxiv. 5. En-Hadaa, (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 21. Gadara 189, 192 En-Hazor, (Naphtali.) Josh. xix. 37. Gadarenes Mark v. 1; Luke viii. 26. En-Mishpat, near Kadesh, perhaps = Meribah. Gadda i. xvi. xviii. 2 Tim. Gen. xiv. 7. Galatia. 1 Pet. 1 ; Acts 6, 23 ; Enoch, city of 9, 11 iv. 10 227 Enon, where John baptized IV. Cc Galileans 167 xi. 1 ix. En-Rimmon Neh. 29. Galilee. Josh. xiii. 2, xx. 7, xxi. 32 ; Kings See 120 11 2 xv. 29 1 Chron. vi. 61 Matt, En-Rogel. Rogel ; Kings ; ; xix. En-Shemesh, fountain, (Benjamin.) Josh. xv. 7, ii. 22, iii. 1.3, iv. 12, xvi. 22, 1, xxi. 11, xviii. 17. xxvi. 32, xxvii. 55, xxviii. 10; Mark i. 9, Isa. xvii. 7. iii. vi. ix. 30 Luke i. iii. En-Tappuah 14, 7, 21, ; 26, 1, tribe of Midianites. Gen. xxv. 1 Chron. xvii. xxiii. i. iv. vii. 1 Ephah, 4; 11, 6; John 4, 3, 1, ; i. Isa. Ix. 6. 33 ; Act? xiii. 31 77, 179 Ephes-dammim, Dammim, (Judah.) 1 Sam. xvii. Galilee, Sea of, Sea of Gennesaret, Sea of Cinne- 1 xi. 13. iv. 13. viii. xiii. xiv. 1 ; Chron. roth. Matt. 18, 18, 1, Ephesus. Acts xviii. 21, 24, xix. 1, xx. 17; 1 Cor. 25, XV. 19; Mark i. 16, ii. 13, iii. 7, iv. 1, xvi. 8 1 Tim. i. 3 2 i. iv. V. vii. viii. Josh. vi. XV. 32, ; ; Tim. 18, 21, 21; Luke 23; 1, 12; John i. 11, ii. 1 233,249 VIL Db xxi. 1 72, 187 Ephraim, 1) tribe of. Josh. xvi. 6-10; 2 Sam. Gallim, (Benjamin.)...! Sam. xxv. 44; Isa. x. 30. 147 vii. 6 95 IV. Cd Gareb, hill Jer. xxxi. 39. — mountains of. Josh. xvii. xix. 50 Gamala 2) 15, ; Judg. ii. 9, iii. 16, vii. 24, x. 1, xvii. 8, xviii. 2, Gammadims 1 1 i. ix. xiv. 22 1 xix. ; Sam. 1, 4, ; Kings Gate of Jerusalem, Ancient iv. 8 2 v. 52 2 Chron. xix. 4 Jer. — Bethlehem ; Kings ; ; [IV. Fe 1. 19 VL Be — Brick — 3) wood of. 2 Sam. xviii. 6. 120 [V. CEf — Damascus — 2 Sam. xiii. 23 John xi. 54. 197 — Eastern 4) = Ephrem ; — 5) = kingdom of Israel. Isa. ix. 8, xvii. 3, — Ephraim's xxviii. 3; Hos. iv. 17, v. 3, ix. 3, xii. 1 V. Ce — Fish Ephratah, Ephrath = Bethlehem-Ephratah. Gen. — Garden xlviii. 7 Ruth iv. 11 Ps. cxxxii. — XXXV. 16, ; ; Golden 6; Micah v. 1 IV. Ft — Herod's Ephrem. See Ephraim No. 4. — Horse Ephron, 1) mountains of Josh. xv. 9. — of the Fountain — 2) (Benjamin.) 2 Chron. xiii. 9. — of the Valley Epiphania, supposed to be Hamath VII. Fb — Sheep Epirus VIL Cb — St. Stephen's Erech, in Shinah Gen. x. 10. 24 II. Db — Water Esdraelon, plain of. See Jezreel No. 2. (Issa- — Zion's xi. xiii. 3 1 v. vi. char.) 70, 114, 130 V. Cd Gath, Geth. Josh. 22, ; Sam. 8, fountain Gen. xxvi. 20. vii. xvii. xxi. xxvii. 2 2 Sam. Esek, 17 ; 14, 4, 10, ; xiii. xxxii. 9 Deut. i. 24. 1 ii. 2 Eshcol, brook. Num. 24, ; 32 IV. Be XV. 18, xxi. 20; Kings 39; Kings Josh. xv. 52. xii. 1 Chron. vii. xviii. 1 2 Chron. Eshean, (Judah.) 17 ; 21, ; Josh. xv. xix. 41 xiii. xi. xxvi. 6 Ps. Ii.- 1 vi. 2 Eshtaol, (Dan.) 33, ; Judg. 8, ; ; Amos ; xviii. 11 1 Chron. ii. 53 25, xvi. 31, 2, ; Micah i. 10 106, 134 Eshtemoah, Levitical city in Judah. Josh. xv. 50, Gath-IIepher, (Zebulon.) Josh. xix. 13; 2 Kings xxi. 14; 1 Sam. xxx. 28; 1 Chron. vi. 57, [V.Cg xiv. 25. iv. 17 91, 116 IV. Cf Gath-Rimmon, 1) Levitical city in Dan. Josh. 1 Chron. iv. 32 2 Chron. xix. 1 vi. 69. Etam, Ethan, 1) (Judah.) ; 45, xxi. 24 ; Chron. xi. 6 43, 133 IV. Ce — 2) Levitical city in Manasseh. ..Josh. xxi. 26. _ 2) rock Judg. xv. 8. 103 Gaulonitis, Golan xiii. 20 Num. xxxiii. 3. Gasa. Gen. x. 19 Deut. ii. 23 Josh. x. — station Ex. ; 3) ; 6, Gaza, ; 41, 45 xi. xiii. xv. i. vi. Etham, desert of 44, IIL Bf 22, 3, 47 ; Judg. 18, 4, Josh. xv. xix. 7. xvi. 1 1 Sam. vi. 17 1 iv. 2 Ether, (Simeon.) 42, ; ; Kings 24; 10 xviii. 8 Jer. xxv. xlvii. 1 Amos Ethiopians II. Ce Kings ; 20, ; Eubcea, island of Greece VIL Cb i. 6; Zeph. ii. 4; Zech. ix. 5; Acts viii. Euphrates. Josh. i. 4; 2 Sam. viii. 3; Gen. ii. 14, 26 104, 121 XV. 18; Deut. i. 7, xi. 24; Jer. xiii. 4, xlvL Gaser = Geser, Levitical citj' in Ephraim. Josh. 301 INDEX. 302

X. 1. 29 2 Sam. x. 25 1 Neh. xii. Hos. iv. ix. .xii. 33 ; Judg. ; ; Kings 29; 15, 15, 11; 'l iv. v. 5 Micah vi. 5 Deut. xi. Cf ix. 15, 16; Chron. xiv. 16, xx. 4 117 V. Ee Amos 4, ; ; [V. Gebel Fureia, Sinaitic mountain IIL Ba 30; Josh. xii. 23 83 IV. Bd xv. Geba, Qeba-Benjamin, Lovitieal city in Benjamin. Giloh, in the mountains of Judah. Josh. 61; [V.CeBe xviii. xxi. xx. 10 2 2 Sam. XV. xxiii. 34 119 Bf Josh, 24, 17 ; Judg. ; 12; [V. V. 25 1 xv. 22 2 xxiii. 2 Chron. xxviii. 18. IV. Be Sam. ; Kings ; Kings Gimzo, (Judah.) 8 1 Chron. vi. viii. 6 2 Chron. xvi. 6 Ce modern town of Jenin V. Ce ; 60, ; ; [V. Ginaea, Isa. X.29; Zech. xiv. 10 109,117,147 IV. Cd Girgashites, Gergesenes. Gen. x. 16, xv. 21; Josh. 8 80 IIL Gebal, 1) = Giblim 1 Kings v. 18. 128 IV. Da iii. 10, xxiv. U; Neh. ix. 19, E« — 2) = Byblus Ezek. xxvii. V. Da Giscala, in the mountains of Galilee V. Cc Gebalene, province of Idumea V. Dg Githa-Hepher = Gath-Hepher. [V. Ce Gebim, (Judah.) Isa. x. 31. 147 Gittaim, (Benjamin.) Neh. xi. 33. 117 IV. Cd Geder, perhaps == Gedera, (Judah.) Josh. xii. 13. 89 Gizonites 1 Chron. xi. 34. Gedera, perhaps = Gederoth = Beth-Gader. (Ju- Goath Jer. xxxi. 39. dah.) Josh. XV. 36; 1 Chron. xii. 4. Gob 2 Sam. xxi. 19. 120 Gaderothaim, perhaps = the former. Josh. xt. Gog 16 ILDa 30 41 ; 2 Chron. xxviii. 18. Goim 1 iv. xii. 7. Ce Levitical in Manasseh. Deut. iv. 43 Do Gedor Josh. xv. 68 ; Chron. 39 ; IV. Golan, city ; [V. 1 vi. 96 Gehenna = Ilinnom. Josh. XX. 8, xxi. 27 ; Chron. 71 IV. De Gennesaret, 1) land Matt. xiv. 34. 72, 190 Golgotha. Matt, xxvii. 33; Mark xv. 22; Luke — 2) Sea Luke v. 1. 72, 187 VL Cc xxiiL 33; John xix. 17 122, 204 112 Gorar, 1) city in Philistia. Gen. xvi. 9, xx. 1, [V.Bg Goliath x. Ezek. xxxviii. 6. 15 xxvi. 1, 7; 2 Chron. xiv. 14 33, 134 IV. Bf Gomer, sonof Japheth. Gen. 2; IL Ca — 2) valley of. Gen. xxvi. 17 [V. Ee Gomorrah. Gen. x. 19, xiii. 10, xiv. 2, xviii. 20, Gerasa 192 VIL Fc xix. 24; Isa. i. 9, xiii. 19; Jer. xxiii. 14, Matt. viii. 28 Cd xlix. 1. 40 ii. Matt. x. Gergesenes = Girgashites [VL 18, ; Zeph. 9; 15; Geroda, town north of Damascus V. Fb Mark vi. 11; 2 Pet. ii. 6 31 V. Cf Gorizim, mountain. Judg. ix. 7; Dout. xi. 29, Gophna. See Aphni V. Cf xxvii. 12; Josh. viii. 33 84 Goshen, 1) in Egypt. Gen. xiv. 19, xlvi. 28, xlvii. 1. 8 ix. xiii. 1 Chron. vii. 21. 41 Gorrha, town in Trachonitis V. Fc 47, ; Ex. 26, 17 ; IILABo 88 Geshur, region in Syria. 2 Sam. iii. 3, xiii. 37, [III. Eb — 2) (Judah.) Josh. x. 41, xi. 16, xv. 51. 87, XV. 8 119 IV.DEb Gozan, region in Assyria. 2 Kings xvii. 6, xviii. tribe near = Geshur. xix. 12 1 Chron. v. 26 Isa. xxxvii. 12. ILDb Goshuri, 1) Hermon, perhaps 11, ; ; iii. xii. xiii. 1 isles 128 Deut. 14 ; Josh. 5, 13 ; Chron. IV.DEb Grecian ii. 23 119 Greece Dan. viii. 21, xi. 2; Acts xx. 2. IL Bb — tribe in southern Palestine. Josh. xiii. 2 1 ABf in the desert Deut. x. 7. ; IV. Gudgodah, Sam. xvii. 8 Gur, near Ibleam 2 Kings ix. 27. 140 Gethaim = Githaim, (Benjamin.) 2 Sam. iv. 3. Gur-Baal, in Arabia 2 Chron. xxvi. 7. 145 Gether, unknown district Gen. x. 33. 21 Gethsemane....Matt. xxvi. 36; Mark xiv. 32. 125, 202 Habor = Thabor, Thebar, river in Assyria. 2 Kings Go.'.er = Gazar = Gazara, Levitical city in xvii. 6, xvii. 11; 1 Chron. v. 26 145 Ephraim. Josh. x. 33; xii. 12, xvi. 3; xxi. Hachilah 1 Sam. xxiii. 19; xxvi. 1. 113, 114 21 i. 29 1 ix. 15 1 Ce Zech. xii. 11. IV. Co ; Judg. ; Kings ; Chron. IV. Hadad-Rimmon, (Maximianopolis.) vii. Josh. xv. vi. 67 ; 28 Hadashah, (Judah.) 37. Ghor volcanic agencies, in 58 Hadid, Adida, (Benjamin.) Neh. vii. 37, xL 34; Giah 2 Sam. ii. 24. 116 Ezra ii. 33. Gibbar == Gibeon Ezra ii. 20. Iladoram, Arabian tribe Gen. x. 27. n. Dd Gibbethon, Levitical city in Dan. Josh. ix. 44, [IV. Ef Hadrach, an unknown land Zech. ix. 1. xxi. 23 1 xv. xvi. xv. V. Cf Hadst. See Tahtim-Hodshi. ; Kings 27, Gibeah, 1) (Judah.) Josh. xv. 57. Hseraus, mountains, north of Thrace VIL CD — 2) = Gibeah-Benjamin = Gibeah of Saul, Hagarenes, Ilagarites, Arabian tribe. 1 Chron. v. (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. 28; Judg. xix. 12, 10, xi. 28, xxvii. 21; Ps. Ixxxiii. 7 ILDb 4 1 vii. x. xi. xiii. 163 XX. ; Sam. 1, 26, 4, 2, Haggai xxii. 1 2 xxxiii. 7. 15, xiv, 16, XV. 34, 6, xxvi. ; Sam. Hahiroth. See Pi-Hahiroth Num. vi. xxi. xxxiii. 29 1 Chron. xi. Ff 2 xvii. xviii, 3, 6, ; 31, [IV. Halah, Assyrian province. Kings 6, xii. 2 2 Chron. xiii. 2 Neh. xii. 29 Isa. V. Cf 1 Chron. V. 26 145 ; ; ; 11; [IV. Fg X. 29; Hos. v. 8, ix. 9, x. 9 109, 117, 147 [VL Be Halhul, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 58 V. Cf — 3) (Ephraim.) Josh. xxiv. 33. Hali, (Asher.) Josh. xix. 25 [IL Cb Gibeon, Levitical city in Benjamin. Josh. ix. 3, 17. Halys, river 10 VIL Ea xi. xxi. 2 ii. Ixxviii. cv. X. 4, 19, xviii. 25, 17; Sam. 12, Ham. See Egypt. Ps. 51, 23, cvi. 22 ; xxi. 2 1 iii. ix. 2 1 Gen. ix. 18 24, ; Kings 4, ; Chron. 17 ILBCce viii. 29, xii. 4, xiv. 16; 2 Chron. i. 3; Neh. [V. Cf Hamath, 1) Hemath, Hemath-Zoba, (Ephiphania,) iii. xxviii. in xiii. 7 ; Isa. 21 ; Jer. xxviii. 1, xii. IV.CeFf city and country Syria. Num. 22, 8 xiii. 5 iii. 3 2 12..... 84, 101 IV. Da xxxiv. ; Josh. ; Judg. ; Sam. Giblites = Gebal No. 1 Josh. xiii. 5. viii. 1 vii. 65 2 xiv. 9; Kings ; Kings 25, xvii. xviii. xix. xxiii. 33 1 Chron. Gidom, (Benjamin.) Judg. xx. 45. 24, 34, 13, ; Gibon, 1) river = Nile Gen. ii. 13. 10 xiii. 5; 2 Chron. viii. 3; Isa. x. 8, xi. 11; — 2) fountain near Jerusalem = Giloah. 1 Kings xxxvi. 18, xxxvii. 13; Jer. x.xxix. 5, xlix. i. 33 2 Chron. xxxii. xxxiii. 14. Ce Iii. 9 Ezek. xlvii. xlviii. 1 Amos ; 30, [V. 23, ; 16, 20, ; [V. Fg Gilboa, mountains of, (Issachar.) 1 Sam. xxviii. IV. Cc vi. 2; Zech. i.x. 2 19,69,118 II. Cb xxxi. 1 2 Sam. i. 6 1 Chron. x. 1. 114 Bd — Levitical in == Hamoth-Dor. 4, ; ; 77, 70, [VL 2) city Naphtali xxxi. xxxvii. 25 xix. 35. Gilead, 1) land. Gen. 47, ; Num. Josh. xxxii. 1 Deut. ii. 36 Josh. xii. xiii. 19 ; ; 2, 10, Hamathite 17, [IV. Do- xvii. XX. xxii. 9 x. xx. 1 on the coast of the of Galilee V. 1, 5, 8, ; Judg. 8, ; Hammath, Sea Dd 1 Sam. xxxi. 11; 2 Sam. ii. 9, xvii. 26; 1 Hammon, 1) (Naphtali.) 1 Chron. vi. 76. ii. iv. xvii. 1 2 x. — Jo.sh. xix. 28. Kings 7, 19, ; Kings 33, 2) (Asher.) XV. 19; Ps. Ix. 9, cviii. 8; Jer. xlvi. 11, 1. [IV.Dcd Hamoth-Dor, Levitical city in Naphtali = Ha- 19; Ezek. xlvii. 18; Hos. xii. 12; Amos i. IIL Ec math No. 2. Josh. xxi. 32. 3, 13; Zech. x. 10 35, 128 [V. De Hanathon. See Nathon, (Zebulon.) Josh ix. 14. — mountains. Gen. xxxi. iv. in Isa. xxx. 4. 2) 21 ; Sol. Songs IV. Dd Hanes, Egypt. See Tapahnes IIL Af 1; vi. 4; Obad. 19 [V. De Hapharaim, (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 19. — 3) city Judg. xii. 7; Hos. vi. 8. Hara, region in Syria 1 Chron. v. 26. Gilgal, near Jericho and the Jordan. Josh. iv. 19, Haradah, encampment Num. xxxiii. 34. V. ix. X. xiv. xv. 7 ii. iii. Gen. xi. xii. 5, xxvii. xxviii. 9, 6, 6, 6, ; Judg. 1, Haran. 31, 43, 10, 19 1 vii. x. xi. xiii. xxix. 4 2 xix. 12 Ezek. xxvii. 23 ; Sam. 16, 8, 14, 4, xv. ; Kings ; ; 33; 2 Sam. xix. 15, 40; 2 Kings iv. 38; Acts vii. 2; Isa. xxxvii. 12 27, 129, UC II. Cb 303 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OP BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 30/

M\PS. Col. iv. 11 267 Harar, Ilaradites. 2 Sam. xxiii. 11, 33; 1 Chron. Ilierapolis 244, VII. DV 1 Chron. vi. 68. xi. 27, 34. Hilen, perhaps = Holon, (Judah.) Josh. xv. xviii. Harem, Horem, (Naphtali.) Josh. xix. 38. Hinnom, Ben-Hinnom, valley. 8, xxii. 5. 112 2 xxiii. 2 Chron. xxviii. Haretli, (Judah.) 1 Sam. 16; Kings 10; 3; xi. Jer. vii. xix. xxxii. 35. Har-Jearim. See Jearim. Neh. 30 ; 32, 2, Uarma V. Cg Hippicus, tower of. L Harmony of the Gospels 169, 172 Hippos, south-west of the Sea of Galilee V.Dd Harod, fountain Judg. vii. 1. 101 [V. Do Hiroth = Hahiroth Ex. xiv. 2. in. Bw xxvi. Harosheth Judg. iv. 3, 13. 101 IV. Cb Hittites. Gen. xv. 20, xxiii. 7, 34, xxxvi. 2,

V. Do xlix. 29 Ex. iii. xxxiii. 2 ; Num. xiii. 20 Hasbeiya ; 8, ; Deut. vii. xx. 17 Josh. i. iii. ix. xi. Hashmona, station Num. xxxiii. 29. 1, ; 4, 10, 1, xxiv. 11 i. iii. 1 Sam. xxvi. Hatita V. Ee 3, ; Judg. 26, 6; V. Ecd 6 2 Sam. xi. xxiii. 39 1 ix. Hauran, Auranitis, and Trachonitis ; 3, ; Kings 20, X. xi. XV. 5 2 vii. 6 1 Haveran Ezek. xlvii. 18. 29, 1, ; Kings ; Chron. 2 i. Havilah, Hevilah, 1) land of gold Gen. ii. 11. 10 II. Dc xi. 41; Chron. 17; Ezra ix. 1; Neh, x. 1 Chron. i. 9. 17 II. Cd ix. Ezek. xvi. 3 80 — 2) son of Cush Gen. 7 ; 8; 2 Ex. iii. xxxiii. — Arabian district. xxv. 18 1 Sam. Hivites. Gen. xxxiv. 2, xxxvi. ; 3) Gen.x.29, ; 8, XV. 7 II. Dd 2; Deut. xx. 17; Josh. iii. 10, ix. 1, xi. 3, xxxii. 41 xxiv. iii. 2 Sam. xxiv. 1 Havoth-Jair, (Manasseh.) Num. ; Deut 11; Judg. 3; 7; iii. 14; Judg. x. 4; 1 Chron. ii. 23 102 Kings ix. 20, v. 18 19, SO Hazael 152 Hobah, near Damascus Gen. xiv. 15. Hazar-Adar. See Adar. Holon, Levitical city in Judah. Josh. xv. 51, Hazar-Enan = Enan Ezek. xlvii. 17, xlviii. 1. xxi. 15. Hazar-Gaddah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 27. Hor. Num. xx. 22, xxxiii. 32, Isa. xvi. 1; Num. Hazar, in Simeon V. Bf xxxiv. 7 69 x. 26. II. Dd Horeb. Ex. iii. xxxiii. 6 Num. xx. 22 Deut. Hazarmaveth, Arabian people Gen. 1, ; ; Hazar-Susah, (Simeon.) Josh. xv. 28, xix. 3; 1 i. 2, 6, iv. 10, V. 2, xviii. 16; 1 Kings viii. iv. xi. 27. xix. 2 Chron. v. 10 Ps. cvi. 19.... 50 Chron. 28 ; Neh. 9, 8; ; 48, Hazar-Shusa, (Simeon.) Josh, xix. 5; 1 Chron, Hor-Hagidgad Num. xxxiii. 32. iv. 31. Horites Gen. xiv. 6, xxxvi. 20; Deut. ii. 12. Hazar-Hatticon Ezek. xlvii. 16. Hormah, Harmah == Zephath. Num. xxi. 3, xiv. ii. 45 i. i. xii. Hazerim Deut. 23. ; Judg. 17 ; Deut. 44; Josh. 14, xi. xiii. xxxiii. Deut. i, 1, 64 XV. xix. 1 Sam. xxx. 1 Hazeroth. Num. 35, 1, 17 ; in. Dg 20, 4; 30; Chron. == 2 iv. 30 Hazezon-Tamar Engedi. Gen. xiv. 7 ; Chron. 57, 59, 116 XX. 2 30 Horonaim, Horonites, in Moab. Neh. ii. 10, xiii. Hazor, 1) (Benjamin.) Neh. xi. 33. rV. CeF 28; Isa. xv. 5; Jer. xlviii. 5, 34 65 — Josh. xi. xii. xix. 36 Josh. xix. 29. 2) (Naphtali.) 1, 19, ; Hosah, (Asher.) iv. 1 Sam. xii. 1 ix, Eb Josh. xix. 34 1 Chron. vi. 75. Judg. 2, 17 ; 9; Kings [III. Hukkok, (Naphtali.) ; 15; 2 Kings XV. 29 87 IV. Db Hul Gen. x. 23. 21 — 3) Hezron, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 3, 23. Huleh, lake 71, 87 — 4) in Arabia Jer, xlix. 28. Humtah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 54. Hazor- Hadattah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 25, Hebron = Kirjath-Arba. Gen. xiii. 18, xxiii. 2, 19, Ibleam, Iblaam = Bileam, (Manasseh.) Josh. xvii. xxxvii. 14 Num. xiii. 23 Josh. 11 i. 2 ix. 140 XXXV. 27, ; ; ; Judg. 27; Kings 27 X. 3, xi. 21, xii. 10, xiv. 14, xx. 7; Judg. Iconium Acts xiii. 51, xiv. 19, 21, xvi. 2. 223 1 Idolatries i. 10, 20, xvi. 3 ; Sam. xxx. 31 ; 2 Sam. of the Israelites 98 ii. ii. iv. v. iii. 1, 11, 33, 20, 1, 12, 1, xv. 7 ; Idumea Mark 8. ii. 11 1 iii. vi. xi. Idumeans 1 Kings ; Chron. 1, 57, 1, 159 xxix. 7; 2 Chron, xi. 10; Josh. xix. 28. [V. Cf lim, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 29. 171 IV. CeF 1 xv. 20 2 32, 79, 96, Ijon, Hion, (Naphtali.) Kings ; Kings Helam, in or by the Euphrates 2 Sam. x. 17. 119 [III. Dd XV. 29; 2 Chron. xvi. 4 135 Helbah, (Asher.) Judg. i. 31. Hlyricum, Hlyria Rom. xv. 19, 235 Helbon, Thalybon Ezek, xxvii. 18. 129 II. Cb Imma, a modern town east of Antioch Heldua, coast of Syria below Beirut V. Cb India Esth. i. 1. Helena, palace of, ancient Jerusalem I. Ionian Sea Josh. xix. 33. Deut. xxxiv. 3 Heleph, (Naphtali.) Ir-Hatemarim, (Jericho.) ; Judg. i. 16 2 Heliacmon, river 230 ; Chron. xxviii. 15. Heliopolis. See Beth-Shemesh No. 4 38 VII. Ec Ir-Nahash 1 Chron. iv. 12.

Helkath, Levitical city in Asher. Josh. xix. 25 ; Iron Josh. xix. 38. xxi. 31. Ir-Shemesh = Beth-Shemesh, (Dan.) Josh. xix. 41. Helkath-Hazzurim, in Gibeon 2 Sam. ii. 16, Irpeel, (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. 27. Arab. xxxvii. Hellespont VII. Da Ishmaelites, Gen. 25, xxxix. 1 ; viii. Hemath. See Hamath. Judg. 24 ; Ps. Ixxxiii. 7 33 Henah, near the Euphrates. 2 Kings xviii. 34, Isles of Kittim, of Elisha, of the Gentiles 16, 128 xix. 13; Isa. xxxvii. 13 146 II. Db Issachar, tribe Josh. xix. 17-23. 95, 131 Hppha V. Cd Issus, battle scene of Alexander and Darius = Josh. xii. 1 Hepher Gath-Hepher. 17 ; Kings iv. 12 [V. Ef Italia Acts xviii. 2, xxvii. 1. Heraclea, south shore of the Black Sea VII. Ea Ithnam, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 23. Heracleopolis, city in Egypt III. Af Ittah-Razin, (Zebulon.) Josh. xix. 13. Hermon, Senir, Sirion, mountains of. Deut. iii. 8, Ituria Luke iii. 1. Josh. xi. xii. 1 1 Chron. v. 23 Ps. Iva = Ava. 2 xvii. xviii. xix. 3, 17, ; ; Kings 24, 34, 13; cxxxiii. 3 Sol. iv. 8. Ixxxix. 13, ; Songs [VI. Cb Isa. xxxvii. 13. 70, 77, 114, 128, 194 V. Dc Heres, mountain Judg. L 35. [III. Fb Jabbok, river. Gen. xxxii. 22; Num. xxi. 24; of. I, Deut. ii. iii. Josh. xii. 2 Herod, palace 37, 16; ; Judg. Heshbon, Levitical city in Gad. Num. xxi. 26, xi. 1,3, 22 61, 92, 131 xxxii. Deut. i. ii. Josh. ix. xxi. 9 1 xi. 4, 37 ; 4, 24; 10, Jabesh, (Gilead.) Judg. ; Sam. 1, xxxi. xii. xiii. xxi. xi. 26 2 ii. 2, 5, 7, 39; Judg. 19, ; 11; Sam. 4, xxi. 12; 1 Chron. x. 1 vi. 81 Sol. vii. 4 Isa. Df 11 Chron. ; Songs ; xv. [V. 108 4, xvi. 8; Jer. xlviii. 2, 34, xlix 3 62 IV. De .Tabez, (Judah.) 1 Chron. ii. 55. Heshmon, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 27. Jabneh = Jamnia 2 Chron. xxvi. 6. Heth, ancestor of the Hittites. Gen. x. 15, xxiii. 3. 18 Jiibneel Josh. xv. 11, xix. 33. Hethlon, near Damascus. Ezek. xlvii. 15, xlviii. 1. Jabrada, modern town north of Damascus Hezron. See Hazor No. 3. Jacob 42 Hiddekel, Tigris Gen. ii. 14; Dan, x. 4, 9 —'s Well John iv, 6, 1821 505 INDEX. 306

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xviii. xxi. 1 2 viii. ix. I Jacob's Bridge 72 V.Df 12, 45, ; Kings 29, [VI. Bo Jagur, (Judab.) Josh. xv. 21. 15, 30; 2 Chron. xxii. 6; Hos. i. 5... 70, 95, 138 V. Cd Levitical in xxi. 23 Josh. xv. 43. Jahza, city Kcubcn. Num. ; Jiphtnh, (Judah.) ii. O^osh. xiii. xxi. 36 Josh. xix. 27. Dout. 32; 18, ; Judg. Jiphtah-el, valley, (Zebulon.) 14, xi. 20; 1 Chron. vi. 78; Isa. xv. 4; Jer. Job, Book of. 20 xlviii. 21, 34 IV. De Jobab, Arabian tribe Gen. x. 29. II. Ed 102 xxxii. 35 Jair, one of the Judges Jogbehah, Jagbah, (Gad.) Num. ; Judg. Jamniah, Jabneh 2 Chron. xxvi. 6. V. Bf viii. 11. Josh. xvi. 6 2 xv. 29. the 181 Janohah, (Ephraim.) ; Kings John Baptist Janum, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 53. Jonah, the prophet 154 .Japhia, (Zebulon.) Josh. xix. 12. rv. Co Jokmeam, Jakmeam == Kibzaim, Levitical city in Japheth 15 Ephraim 1 Chron. vi. 68. .Japhleti Josh. xvi. 3. Jokneam, Levitical city in Zebulon. Josh. xii. 22, Jarah IL Ed xix. 11, xxi. 34 90, 130 Jarmuli, river IV. Dc Joktan, Jaketan, Arabian tribe Gen. x. 25. 19 II. Dc Josh. x. xii. xv. 35 Neh. xi. 29 Ef Joktheel = Petra. 2 xiv. 7 Josh. Jarmuth. 3, 11, ; ; [IV. Selah, Kings ; Josh. xxi. 29 85 IV. Be XV. 38 142 Jattir, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 48, xxi. 14; 1 Sam. xxx. [V. Cg Joppa. Josh. xix. 46; 2 Chron. ii. 16; Ezra iii. 7; [VII.Ec 27; 1 Chron. vi. 67 91 IV. Cf Jonah i. 3; Acts ix. 36 213 VL Ad x. 2 Isa. Ixvi. 19 Dan. viii. 21 Jordan. Gen. xiii. xxxii. 1. Num. xiii. Javan. Gen. ; ; ; 10, 11, 10; [IV. Bd iii. 11 xxvii. 13 xxii. Josh. xvi. Joel ; Ezra 16, 128 IL BCb 30, 1, xxxiv. 12; 7; Judg. in xxi. vii. viii. x. 9 1 xiii. Jazer, 1) Levitical city Gad. Num. 32, 24, 4, ; Sam. 7, xxxi. xiii. xxi. 2 ii. x. xvii. xix. xxxii. 1, 35 ; Josh. 25, 39 ; 2 Sam. 7 ; Sam. 29, 17, 22, 15, xxiv. 5; 1 Chron. vi. 81 64 V.Df xxiv. 5; 1 Kings ii. 8, xvii. 3; 2 Kings ii. VI. Ccd — Jer. xlviii. 32. 66 V. vi. vii. x. 33 Jer. xlix. 19 V. 2) Sea 6, 10, 2, 15, ; ; Ddf Jearim, Har-Jearim Josh. xv. 10. Ezek. xlvii. 18; Zech. xi. 4; Matt. iii. 5, IV. Dae another name for Jerusalem. xix. xix. 1 i. x. 1 Luke iii. 3 Jebus, Judg. 10; 13, ; Mark 5, ; ; VIL Fc 1 Chron. xi. 4. John iii. 26, X. 40 71,82,178 IIL Ecd xv. iii. xxxiii. of Jebusites. Gen. x. 16, 21 ; Ex. 8, Joshua, death 97 xiii. 30 Deut. xx. Josh. iii. fortress in 2 ; Num. ; 17 ; Jotapata, Galilee V. Cc 10, ix. 1, xi. 3, XV. 63, xviii. 16, 28, xxiv. Jottah 2 Kings xxi. 19. 11 i. iii. ix. 11 2 Sam. v. Jotbatha Num. xxxiii. Deut. x. 7. ; Judg. 21, 5, ; 6, 33; xxiv. 16 1 ix. 20 Ezra ix. 1 Neh. elders of. 1 Sam. xxx. 26-31. 116 ; Kings ; ; [IIL Ed Judah, ix. 8 19, 81 IV. Ff Judah, 1) tribe Josh. xv. 90, 1.3.3, 169 IV. Cf Jednah, a town of the Philistines IV. Be — 2) mountains of. Judg. i. 3; Josh. xv. 48. IV. Ce Jehoshaphat, valley of 125 L — 3) kingdom.... Ps. cxiv. 2; Isa. iii. 8, xix. 17. Jehud, (Dan.) Josh. xix. 45. V. Bf — 4) desert Judg. i. 16. 177 V. Cfg deliverance 138 Judea. Matt. xix. 1 Mark x. Luke i. iii. 1 Jehoshaphat's [IV. Ee ; 1 ; 6, ; [VI. Ae Kabzeol Neh. xi. 25. ui. i. ii. viii. 1. Jekabzecl. See John 22 ; Acts 8, 9, 67, 168, 179 V. BCf Jephthah Judg. xi. 102 Judges, office of. Jerjih, Arabian tribe Gen. x. 26. ILDd Juttah, Levitical city in Judah. Josh. xv. 55, xxi. [V. Cg Jerahmeelites 1 Sam. xxvii. 10, xxx. 29. 16 91, 171 IV. Cf Jericho, City of Palm-trees, Ir-Hatemarim, (Ben- Juliopolis, a city in Bithynia VII. Ea xxii. xxxiii. 48 Deut. Jekabzeel. Josh. xv. 2 Sam. xxiii. jamin.) Num. 1, ; Kabzeel, 31; 1 ii. iv. v. vi. 1 xi. xi. 25. xxxiv. ; Josh. 1, 13, 10, 1, xii, 18; Chron. 22; Neh. 9, xvi. 1, 7, xviii. 12, 21, xx. 8: Judg.i. 16, Kadesh, Kadesh-Barnea, (Judah.) Gen. xiv. 7, iii. 13 2 x. 5 1 xvi. 34 2 xvi. XX. 1 xx. xxvii. xxxii. ; Sam. ; Kings ; 14, ; Num. 1, 14, Kings ii. 4, 18, xxv. 5; 1 Chron. xix. 5; 2 8, xxxiii. 36, xxxiv. 36; Deut. i. 2, xix. 2, xxvii. 15 Neh. iii. 2 Jer. ix. x. xiv. xv. 3 Chron. ; ; xxxix. IIL Ed 14, 23; Josh. 41, 7, ; Judg. Hi. 8 Matt. xx. 29 xi. 16 8 xlvii. viii. 28. 6, ; ; Mark x. 46 ; Luke V. Cf ; Ps. xxix. ; Ezek. 9, 55 III. De X. 30, xviii. 35; Heb. xi. 30 83 rv.ce Kadmonites, Canaanitish people Gen. xv. 19. III. Eb Jeroboam 132 Kakaba, in Perea, north of the Jabbok VI. Cd Jeruel, desert 2 Chron. xx. 16. Kamah 102 [IV. Cb Jerusalem, Jebus, Salem, (Benjamin.) Josh. x. 1, Kanah Josh. xix. 28. V. Cc xii. XV. xviii. i. 2 — xvi. xvii. 9. 10, 63, 28; Judg. 7 ; Sam. River Josh. 8, IV. Bd V. 6, ix. 13, xi. 12, xiv. 23, xvi. 16, xx. 3, Karkaah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 3. [V. Co xxiv. 8 1 ii. iii. viii. xi. viii. 10. 101 ; Kings 11, 1, 11, Karkor Judg. xii. xiv. 25 2 viii. 29, 18, 21, ; Kings 17, Karnaim. See Ashtaroth Karnaim IV. Eo xii. 1, 17, xvi. 5, xviii. 2, xxi. 13, xxii. 14, Kartah, (Zebulon.) Josh. xxi. 34. xxiii. xxiv. xxv. 1 1 Chron. iii. Kartan = Josh. xxi. 32. 30, 10, ; 5, Kirjathaim viii. xi. xxix. 7 2 Chron. xii. xxvi. Josh. xix. 15. 28, 4, ; 2, Kattath, (Zebulon.) 9, xxxiii. 13, xxxvi. 19; Ezra i. 2, iii. 1, Kazin-Ittar-Kazin, (Zebulon.) Josh. xix. 13. viii. Neh. i. ii. xi. 1 Ii. in Arabia. 13 Sol. 2; 2, 11, ; Ps. 20, Kcdar, country Gen. xxv. ; Ixxix. 1 cxxii. 3 Sol. vi. 3 Isa. i. i. 5 Isa. xxi. Ix. Jer. xlix. , ; Songs ; 1, Songs ; 16, 7; vii. 1, X. 12, xxii. 10, xxxvi. 2, xxxvii. 10, 28; Ezek. xxvii. 21 341, 129 IL Co Ixiv. 10; Jer. i. 15, iv. 5, xi. 2, xxxiv. 7, Kedemoth, Levitical city in Reuben. Deut. ii. 26; Iii. i. iv. viii. xxi. 10 xiii. xxi. 1 vi. 4, 7 ; Ezek. 1, 3, ; Dan. Josh. 18, 37; Chron. 79 61 V. Ef i. ix. 25 Joel iii. 22 i. ii. 23. 1, 2, ; 6, ; Amos 2, Kedesh, 1) (Judah.) Josh. xv. 5 Obad. 20 Micah i. iii. Zech. i. — Levitical in xii. ; ; 9, 12; 2) city Naphtali. Josh. 22, viii. 3 Matt. ii. iii. iv. v. xix. XX. xxi. 32 iv. 9 2 12, ; 1, 5, 25, 35, 37, 7, ; Judg. ; Kings [V. Dc xvi. XX. xxi. 10 i. iii. 1 vi. 21, 17, 1, ; Mark 5, XV. 29; Chron. 72 89, 100 IV. Cb 7, 22, X. 32, xi. 11, 15; Luke i. 22, 42, iv. V. Ct Kegilah, the same as Kaitah V. Cf 9, ix. 51, xiii. 22, xxiii. 7, xxiv. 33; John I. Ff Kehlathah, encampment Num. xxxiii. 22. ii. V. 1 Acts i. viii. ix. xi. 1 xxiii. 1 13, ; 4, 1, 26, 2, IV. Ce Keilah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 44 ; Sam. ; XV. xix. xxi. xxii. 1 iii. 2, 21, 15, 17, xxv. ; IIL Ed 1 Chron. iv. 19; Neh. 17 112 V. Cf Rom. XV. 25 1 Cor. xvi. 3 Gal. i. VII. Kenath = Num. xxxii. 42 Fd 19, ; ; 17, Fc Nobah, (Manasseh.) ; [V. ii. 1 30, 121, 124, 179 VLBe 1 Chron. ii. 23 IV. Fo 2 Chron. xiii. 19. i. iv. 1 Jeshanah, (Judah.) Kenites. Gen. xv. 19 ; Judg. 16, 11, 17; Sam. [III. Fo 1 Chron. ii. 56.... Jeshimon 113 XV. 6, xxvii. 10, xxx. 29 ; III. DE Jeshuah, (Judah.) Neh. xi. 26. Kenizzites (Jen. xv. 19; Josh. xiv. 6, 14. Jethlah, (Dan.) Josh. xix. 42. Kerak 65, 101 Arabian tribe. Gen. 1 i. Jotur, xxv. 15 ; Chron. 31. III. Fb Keturah, sons of 34 Jezreel, 1) (Judah.) Josh. xv. 56. IV. Ce Kibroth-Hnttaavah. Gen. xi. 34, xxxiii. 16; Deut. — 2) = Esdraelon, (Issachar.) Josh. xvii. 16, [V. Cd ix. 22 54 xix. 18; Judg. vi. 33; 1 Sam. xxvii. 3, Kibzaim = Jokmeam, Levitical city in Ephraim. xxix. 11; 2 Sam. ii. 9, iv. 4; 1 Kings iv. Josh. xxi. 22. I 307 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. SOS

Kidron, brook, (Judah.) 2 Sam. xv. 23; 1 Kings ii. XV. 13 2 xxiii. 12 2 Chron. 37, ; Kings 6, ; XV. 16, XXX. 14; Jer. xxxi. 40; John xviii. 1. 236 IV. Ff Kinah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 22. Gen. xiv. 2 Sam.xviii.18. King's L»iile, Shaveh. 17; King's Pool 185 L Kings of Judah and Israel 132 in Persia, Isa. xxii. 6 i. Kir, 1) country ; Amos 6, ix. 7....' 145 — 2) = Kir-Harasheth = Kir-Hares. 2 Kings iii. Isa. xv. xvi. 11 Jer. xlviii. 31. 65 25; ], 7, ; Jer. xlviii. 43 Ezek. Df Kirjatbaim, (Reuben.) 1, ; [V. XXV. 9 64 IV. De Kirjath = Kirjath-Jearim, (Benjamin.) Josh. [V. Cf xviii. 28 84, 107, 117 IV. Ef Gen. xiv. 5 Num. xxxii. Kirjatbaim, 1) (Reuben.) ; xiii. 19 Jer. xlviii. 23 Ezek. 7 ; Josh. ; 1, ; XXV. 9. — 2) = Karthan, Levitical city in Napbtali. 1 Chron. vi. 76 rV. De Kirjath-Arim = Kirjath-Jearim Ezra ii. 25. Kirjath-Arba = Hebron, city of refuge and Le- xxiii. 2 Josh. xiv. vitical city. Gen. ; 14, XX. xxi. 11 i. 10 XV. 3, 54, 7, ; Judg. ; Neb. xi. 25 32, 91 Kirjath-Baal = Baalah No. 1 = Kirjath-Jearim, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 60, xviii. 14. Kir-Haraseth. 2 Kings iii. 25; Isa. xvi. 7; Jer. xlviii. 19, xxxi. 36 65 Kir-Husotb Gen. xxii. 39. Kirjatb-Jearim == Baalah = Kirjath-Baal, (Judah.) Josh. ix. 17, xviii. 15; Judg. xviii. 12; 1

vii. : 1 xiii. 5 Sam. vi. 21, 1 Chron. ; 2 Chron. i. 4; Neb. vii. 29; Jer. xxvi. 20 107 [V.Do Kir-Moab Isa. xv. 1. 65 IV. Df Kirjath-Sannab = Kirjath-Sepber....Josh. xv. 49. Kirjath-Sepber = Kirjath-Sannab = Debir, (Ju- dah.) Josh. XV. 15; Judg. i. 11. Kirioth, 1) (Judah.) Josh. xv. 25. — = Kir No. 2 in Moab. Jer. xlviii. 24 Amos 2) ; ii. 2 64 IIL Ed Kishion, Levitical city in Issacbar. Josh. xix. 20, xxi. 18. iv. v. 21 Kisbon, brook, Kedumim. Judg. 7, 13, ; 1 Kings xviii. 40; Ps. Ixxxiii. 10 137 IV. Cc Kithlisb, (Judab.) Josh. xv. 40. [V. Cd Kitron, (Zebulon.) Judg. i. 30. Kittim, Chittim, Cyprus, and in a wider sense, the islands of the Mediterranean Sea. Num. xxvii. 6 xxiv. 24 ; Isa xxiii. 1-12 ; Ezek. ; Dan. xi. 30; Jer. ii. 10 16 IL Kokaba, south of Damascus Konicb 223 Kor.ab, rebellion of 57 Kor-Asan. See Asan. Koroatbe, a deserted village Krethim. See Capbtorim Kur, river Kutba, in Babylonia

Laban Deut. i. 1. xii. xv. 39 Lachisb, (Judah.) Josb. x. 3, 31, 11, ; xiv. xviii. xix. 8 2 Chron, 2 Kings 19, 4, ; 9 Neb. xi. Isa. xi. 9, XXV. 27, xxxii. ; 30 ; 8 xxxiv. xxxvi. 2, xxxvii. ; Jer. 7 ; Micah i. 13 85, 134 Labmam, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 40. Laisb = Leshem = Dan. Judg. xviii. 7, 27, 29, XX. 1; Isa. x. 30 56, 98, 116 Lakum, (Napbtali.) Josb. xix. 33. Land of Promise 68 iv. 1 vi. 21 i. Laodicea. Col. 13, 15 ; Tim. ; Rev. 11, iii. 14 245, 256 Larissa, ancient city in Tbessaly Lasea, Alassa, in Crete Acts xxvii. 8. 240 Lasba Gon. x. 19. Lasbaron Josh. xii. 18. Lebanon, mountains. Deut. i. 7, xi. 24; Josh. xi. 17, xiii. 15; Judg. iii. 3; 1 Kings v. 6, ix. 2 xiv. xix. 23 2 Chron. viii. 19; Kings 9, ; iii. Ps. xxix. xcii. civ. 16 6 ; Ezra 7 ; 5, 13, ; iv. 8 Isa. ii. x. xxix. 17 Sol. Songs ; 13, 34, ; xxxiii. 9, XXXV. 2; Jer. xxii. 20; Ezek. xxvii. 5; Hos. xiv. 7; Zech. xi. 1 70, 128 Lebaotb. See Betb-Lebaoth, (Simeon.) Josh. XV, 32 809 INDEX. 310

PAOE Maresbah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 44; 2 Chron. xi. Mizrephoth-maira Josh. xi. 8, xiii. 6. 87 Num. xxxiii. 28. 8, xiv. 9; Micah i. 1 IV. Eg Mithcah, encampment Josh. xix. Mariarane, tower of, in Jerusalem I. Mithoar, Rimmon-Methoar, (Zebulon.) Maroth, (Judah.) Micah i. 12. 13. Acts xx. 14. 236 VII. Db Mars Hill, in Athens 231 Mitylene Masada, fortress by the Dead Sea V. Cg Mizar, mountain in Lebanon Ps. xiii. 7. Mash, son of Aram Gen. x. 23. 21 11. Cb Mizpah, 1) = Mizpeh, (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. XX. xxi. 1 1 Sam. vii. 5 1 Mashal = Mishcal 1 Chron. vi. 74. 26 ; Judg. 1, ; ; i. XV. 22 2 Chron. xxvi. 6 Neh. iii. Masrekah Gen. xxxvi. 36; 1 Chron. 47. Kings ; ; xvii. Deut. ix. 22. 19 Jer. xl. 6 98 IV. Ce Massah, in the desert.. ..Ex. 7; 7, ; 35, Mattanah Num. xxi. 18. 65 — 2) in Gilead. Judg. x. 17, xi. 11, 34; Hos. Cf Maximianopolis, in the Plain of Esdraelon V. Cd V. 1. [V. Josh. xv. 38. 108 IV.CeFI Mazaca, capital of Cappadocia VII. Eb Mizpeh, 1) (Judah.) Mazor = Mizraim, Egypt. Isa. x. 6, xxxvii. 25; — 2) = Ramath-Mizpeh = Ramath-Gilead, 2 Kings xix. 24. (Gad.) Judg. xi. 29. 102, 108 Mealon. See Elon No. 2. — 3) in Monb 1 Sam. xxii. 3. 108 Meander, river. 222 VII. Db — 4) valley in Lebanon Josh. xi. 3, 8. [IILAef Mearah, the Sidonians Josh. xiii. 4. Mizraim, Mazor. See Egypt 18 IL BCo Medebah, Madebah, (Reuben.) Num. xxi. 30; Mizrephoth-Maim 87 1 xix. Isa, Ce Moabites. Gen. xix. 37 Num. xxii. Josh. xiii. 9, 16; Chron. 7; [VI. Moab, ; 1, 48 Deut. ii. xxxiv. 1 iii. XV. 2 64, 119 V. Ef xxxiii. ; 9, ; Judg. 2 xvii. xviii. 11 Ezra xi. Ruth i. 1 1 Sara. xii. 9, xiv. Medes, Madaians. Kings 6, ; 12, 17; ; viii. 1 i. Isa. xiii. 17 Jer. xxv. xxii. 3 2 Sam. 12 ; xi. vi. 2 ; Esth. 3; ; 47, ; 2, Kings v. ix. Acts ii. 9 210 IT. 1 2 i. iii. xiii. 20, xxiv. 2 25; Dan. 31, 1; Cb ; Kings 1, 4, ; 160 1 Chron. i. 46 2 Chron. xx. 1 Ezra ix. 1 Median and Persian Empire [VII.Fc ; ; ; Ix. Ixxxiii. cviii. 10 Mediterranean Sea II. Bb Neh. xiii. 1 ; Ps. 10, 7, ; Isa. xi. XV. 1 Jer. ix. xxv. 21, xxvii. TIL Ed Megalopolis, capital of Arcadia VII. Cb 14, ; 26, Josh. xii. xvii. 11 xl. xlviii. 1 Ezek. xxv. 8 Dan. xi. Megiddo, (Issachar.) 21, ; Judg. 3, 4, ; ; V.Dg i. V. 19 1 iv. ix. 15 2 41 Amos ii. 1 ii. 9 118 IV. Df 27, ; Kings 12, ; Kings ; ; Zeph. 62, 63, 109, ix. xxiii. 29 1 Chron. vii. 29 2 Chron. Cd mountains of. IV. Df 27, ; ; [V. Moab, XXXV. 22; Zeeh. xii. 11 70, 89, 140 IV. Cc Modern Jerusalem I. vii. 22 1 a of the IV. Ef Meholah. See Abel-Meholah. Judg. ; Modin, city Maccabees Sam. xviii. 19; 1 Kings iv. 12. Moeris, lake in. Af Mehunims 145 Mcesia, the modern Bulgaria VIL Ca Mejarkon, (Dan.) Josh. xix. 46. Mokonah. See Mekonah. Neh. xi. 28. Josh. xv. xix. 2 1 Chron. Mo'korah, (Judah.) Moladah, (Simeon.) 26, ; [V. Cg Molita, Malta Acts xxviii. 1. 242 VII. Ab iv. 28; Neh. xi. 26 IV. Cf Mclitene, a prefecture of Cappadocia VII. Fb Moph, Noph, Memphis Hos. ix. 6. IL Cc Memphis. See Moph and Noph 39 II. Cc Moreh Gen. xii. 6; Deut. xi. 30. [IIL Af Mendes, in the Delta in Egypt III. Ad Moresheth-Gad, Moreshah, (Judah.) Micah i. 14; Jer. xxvi. 18 2 Mace. xii. 35. Menenatha, Minois IV. Af ; xiii. xxii. 2 iii. 1. 122 L Mephaath, Levitical city in Reuben. Josh. 18, [V. Ag Moriah Gen. 14; Chron. 1 vi. Jer. xlviii. 21. Num. xxxiii. Eo xxi. 37 ; Chron. 79 ; Moserah, Moseroth, encampment. [IIL 59 Meribah, 1) = Waters of Strife, near Kadesh. 30; Deut. X. 6 IV. Dg Num. XX. 13, 24, xxvii. 14; Deut. xxxiii. Moses, Fountains of, death of. 47, 82 Ps. cvi. 32 Ezek. xlvii. 19 Mouths of the Nile VIL Ec 8 ; Ixxxi. 8, ; ; xlviii. 23. Mozah, (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. 26. xvii. 5. 240 — 2) in the desert of Sinai Ex. xvii. 7. Myra Acts VIL Eb Meroe 17 II. Cd Mysia Acts xvi. 7. 22" Merom, lake Josh. xi. 5. 71, 87, 98, 131 IV. Db Mefha, in Arabia Gen. x. 30. II. Dd Naarath, (Ephraim.) Josh. xvi. 7. 2 xxvii. xxxii. Josh. xv. Job ii. 11. Meshech. Gen. x. ; Ezek. 13, 36, Naamah, (Judah.) 41; xxxviii. .3 16, 34, 128 II. Da Naaran, (Ephraim.) 1 Chron. vii. 28. Mesopotamia = Aram-Naharaim. Gen. xxiv. 10, Naboth, at Jezreel 138 2 iii. 8 1 Chron. xix. 6 Levitical in Zebulon. Josh. xix. xxviii. ; Judg. ; ; Nahallal, city 15, Ix. ii. iii. 1 Acts ii. xxi. 35 i. 30. Ps. 2 ; Judith 14, ; 9, ; Judg. vii. 2 VII. Fb Nahaliel Num. xxi. 19. 65 Mesobaites 1 Chron. xi. 47. Nahor, in Mesopatamia Gen. xxiv. 10. [VL Be Messina, in Sicily VII. Ab Nain Luke vii. 11. 186 V. Cd Mctheg-Ammah 118 Naioth 1 Sam. xix. 18, xx. 1. Michmash, (Benjamin.) 1 Sam. xiii. 2, 5, xiv. 5, Naphish Gen. xxv. 15; 1 Chron. v. 9.

31 : Ezra ii. 27 Neh. iii. xi. 31 Isa. Cf Dora IV. Be ; 31, ; [V. Naphoth, Dor, X. 25 109, 147 IV. Fe Naphtali, 1) tribe. Josh. xix. 32-39; 1 Kings iv. Miehmethah, (Ephraim.) Josh. xvi. 6, xvii. 7. 15; 2 Kings xv. 29 95 IV. Db Middin, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 61. — 2) mountains of Josh. xx. 7. Midian, Midianites. Gen. xxv. 2, xxxvi. 35, Naphtuhim, Egyptian tribe. Gen. x. 13; 1 Chron. ii. iii. 1 Num. xxii. i. 11 18 IL Cc xxxvii. 28 ; Ex. 15, ; 4, xxxi. 2 v.-viii 1 xi. 18 1 find of VIL Aa ; Judg. ; Kings ; Naples, city bay Chron. i. 46 : Ps. Ixxxiii. 10; Isa. x. 26, [III. Df Nathon, Ilannathon, (Zebulon.) Josh. xix. 14. Ix. 6; Nah. iii. 7; Acts vii. 29 101 II. Co Naxos VIL Db = Josh. Nazareth. Matt. ii. iv. xxi. 11 Mark i. Be Migdal-El, perhaps Magdala, (Naphtali.) 23, 13, ; 9; [VI. xix. 38 193 Luke ii. 4, 39, 51, iv. 16 174 V. Cd Migdal-Gad, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 37. Nazianzen, city of Cappadocia VII. Eb xix. Migdol, city in Egypt. Ex. xiv. 2 ; Num. xxxiii. Neah, (Zebulon.) Josh. 13. 7; Jer. xliv. 1, xlvi. 14; Ezek. xxix. 10. Neapolis, Shechem, Sychar, Nabuliis V. Ce XXX. 6 .39, 45 III. Be Neapolis, in Macedonia Acts xvi. 11. 228, 234 VIL Ca 1 xiv. Isa. x. 28. 147 Gen. xxv. xxviii. 9 Isa, Bd Migron, (Benjamin.) Sam. 2; Nebaioth, (Nebatea.) 13, ; [VL Miletus Acts XX. 15; 2 Tim. iv. 20. 236 VII. Db Ix. 7 IL Cb Millo, 1) = Beth-Millo, at Jerusalem. 2 Sam. v. Neballat Neh. xi. 34. V. Cf 1 ix. xi. 2 xii. Num. Deut. Ee 9 ; Kings 15, 24, 27 ; Kings Nebo, 1) mountain, Pisgah. xxxiii.47; [IV. 20; 1 Chron. xi. 8; 2 Chron. xxxii. 5. 101, 117 xxxii. 49, xxxiv. 41 62,82 — at Sichem ix. 6. — Num. xxxii. 38 1 Chron. 2) house Judg. 2) city, (Reuben.) 3, ; xi. Ezek. xxvii. 17. 12 V. 8 Isa. xv. 2. Minnith Judg. 33; 102, ; Mihheal = Mashal, Levitical city in Asher. Josh. — 3) city, (Judah.) Ezra ii. 29; Neh. vii. 33. xix. 26, xxi. 30; 1 Chron. vi. 74. Neiel. (Asher.) .Tosh. xix. 27. Misgab, iu Moab Jer. xlviii. 1. Nekcb, (Naphtali.) Josh. xix. 33. 311 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 312

P\0J; MAPS, Nephthoah, fountain Josh. xv. 9, xviii. 15. Passover 185, 191 2 xxiii. 28 2 Patara Acts xxi. 1. 237 VII. Netophah, (Judah.) Sam. ; Kings Db

ii. 22 ; vii. xii. 28. Pathros. Isa. xi. 11 Jer. xliv. 1 Ezek. xxix. XXV. 23 ; Ezra Neh. 26, ["V. Ed ; ; 14, Neve, ruins of an ancient city IV. Ec xxx. 14. Josh. xv. 43. Pathrusim. Gen. x. 14 Jer. xlvi, 1-15 Kezib, (Judah.) V. Bf ; comp. ; Nibshan, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 62. Ezek. xxx. 14; Isa. xi. 11 18 II. Cc Kicopolis, in Macedonia Tit. iii. 13, 15. 246 VII. Da Patmos Rev. i. 9. 247 VII. Db Nieopolis, in Judea, Emmaus of the New Test V. Bf PatEse VII. Cb Nimrah. See Beth-Nimrah, (Gad.) Num. xxxii. VI. Be Pau, in Edom Gen. xxxvi. 39; 1 Chron. i. 50. 3 64 Paul, life of St 216 Nimi'im. See Beth-Nimrah. Isa. xv. 6j Jer. Peleg 21 xlviii. 34. Pella 192 V. Dd — Waters of 66 IV. Cc Pelonites .1 Chron. xi. 27, 36. x. 11 2 xix. 36 Pelusium Ezek. xxx. 16. Nineveh, Nuniah. Gen. ; Kings ; 37 Isa. xxxvii. 37; Jonah i. 2, iii. 2, 3; Nah. Peniel, Penuel. Gen. xxxii. 30; Judg. viii. 8, 17; i. 1; Zeph. ii. 13; Matt. xii. 41 24, 64, 147 1 Kings xii. 26 36, 101 in Jer. xlvi. 25 Pentecost 209 No, No-Ammon, (Thebes Egypt.) ; Ezek. XXX. 14; Nah. iii. 8 39 II. Cc Peor, mountain in Moab Num. xxxiii. 28. [VI. Cd Noah, sons of 15 Persca 186 V.Df 1 xxi. xxii. 19 2 Sam. Perazim. See Baal-Perazim. Nob, (Benjamin.) Sam. 1, 9, ; xxi. 16, 18; Neh. xi. 32; Isa. x. 32.... 112, 147 IV. Ff Peroz-Usa 2 Sam. vi. 8; 1 Chron. xiii. 11. Nobah = Kenath, (Manasseh.) Judg. viii. 11. 101 Perga, in Pamphylia Acts xiii. 13, xiv. 25. 220 VII. Eb N.jd, land Gen. iv. 16. 9, 11 Pergamos Rev. i. 11, ii. 12, 261 VII. Db Nodad, Ishmaelitish tribe 1 Chron. v. 19. Perinthus, near Constantinople VII. Da Isa. xix. 13 Jer. xliv. xlvi. Perizzites. Gen. xiii. xv. xxiv. 30 Gen. iii. Noph, Memphis. ; 1, 7, 20, ; XXX. 16 39 8 xxxii. 2 Deut. xx. 17 Josh. iii. ix. 14; Ezek. II. Be ; ; ; 10, Num. xxi. 30. 1 xi. 3 i. iii. 6 1 ix. 20 Nophah ; ; Judg. 4, ; Kings ; in Ezra ix. 1 Neh. ix. 8 Judith v. 18. III. Nubia, a province Egypt II. Ccd ; ; 79 Ec Numidia 18 Persian Gulf. II. Ec Pessinus VII. Eb in Arabia. Gen. x. 28 1 Chron. i. 22. Pethor Num. xxii. 5. Obal, people ; [HI. Ee [IV. Dh Ohoth Num. xxi. 10, xxxiii. 44. IV. Dg Petra = Joktheel. See Selah 142 VII. Fc Ocorura V. Fa Phocno, south of Damascus V. Ec Odessus, in Mcesia, on the Black Sea VII. Da Pharan. See Paran, Wilderness of. Og, of Bashan 62 Pharba;thus, a city of Egypt III. Ae of. 2 xv. 30 Zech. xiv. 4 river Damascus 2 v. 12. 141 IV. Olives, Mount Sam. ; ; Pharpar, near Kings Eb xiv. battle scene Matt. xxi. 1, xxvi. 30 ; Mark 26 ; Luke Pharsalia, VII. Cb viii. 1 Acts i. tower of I. xix. 29, xxii. 39 ; John ; Phasa?lus, 12 120,123,177,200,201 VI.Bel. Phasis, east of the Black Sea VII. Ga Omar, mosque of, in modern Jerusalem I. Phenice, in Cyprus Acts xxvii. 12. 215 VII. Cb Ou, Ileliopolis. See Beth-Shemesh No. 1. Gen. [HI. Ae V. Dc xii. xlvi. Ex. i. 11 Ezek. xxx. 17. 38 i. iii. 7. 265 III. 45, 20; ; H. Cb Philadelphia Rev. 11, 192, Ec Ono, (Benjamin.) 1 Chron. viii. 12; Ezra ii. 33; Philippi, in Macedonia, Acts xvi. 12, xx. 6; 1 Cor. [VII.Fc Neh. vi. 2, vii. 35, xi. 35, near Lydda 213 V. Bf xvi. 24; 2 Cor. xiii. 13; Phil. i. 1, iv. 15; hill near Zion. 2 v. 24 2 Chron. 1 Thess. ii. 2 244 VII Ca Ophel, Kings ; 228, iii. xi. 21. in xxvii. 3, xxxiii. 14 ; Neh. 26, 123, 185 I. Philippopolis, Arabia V. Fd Ophir. Gen. x. 29; 1 Kings ix. 28, x. 11, xxii. 49; Philistines, Philistia, Palestine. Gen. x. 14, xxi. 1 2 Chron. viii. ix. xxvi. 14 Ex. xiii. 17 iii. x. Chron. xxix. 4; 18, 10; 32 ; ; ; Judg. 3, xxviii. Ps. xiv. Isa. xiii. 12.... 7 1 Sam. iv. 1, xii. xvii, xix. xxiii. Job 16; 10; II. Dd ; 9, 1, 8, See and xviii. 24. xxviii. xxix. xxxi. 1 2 Sam. v. Ophni. Aphni Gophna....Josh. 1, 27, 2, 1, ; Josh, xviii. 23 1 Sam. xiii. Micah viii. xxi. 2 viii. xviii. Ophrah. ; 17; [V. Cf 27, 1, 15; Kings 2, 8; i. vi. viii. ix. 5 109 1 Chron. x. 1 2 Chron. xvii. xxi. 10; Judg. 11, 27, 101, IV. Ce ; 11, 16, Oreb, rock Judg. vii. 25; Isa. x. 10. 101 [V. Ea xxvi. 7, xxviii. 18; Ps. Ix. 10, Ixxxiii. 8, Orontes, river in Syria VII. Fb lxxxvii.4; Isa. ii. 6, xi. 14, xiv. 29; Ezek, III. Dd on xvi. 27 Amos ix. 7 Zech. ix. ( 117 IV. Bdf Ornithopolis, the Mediterranean V. Cc ; ; 81, Orthosia, in Phoenicia V. Eg Phoenicia, Phoenicians ...Acts xi. 19, xv. 3, xxi. 2. 18 V. Dab Oxus, river, east of the Caspian Sea II. Ea Phrygia, Phrygians. Acts ii. 10, xvi. 6, xrlii. 23; [VII.Eb 1 Tim. vi. 21 210, 227 II. Bb Pachnamunis, a city of Egypt III. Ad Phul Isa. Ixvl- 19. [III. Ee Padan-Aram Gen. xxxi. 18, xlviii. 7. 20 Phunon, in Idumea Num. xxxiii, 43. IV. Dg in African tribe. Gen. x. 6 Jer. xlvi. 9 PsBstum, Pasidonia, a Greek town Italy VII. Aa Phut, ; ; Exsk. of xxxviii. 5 Nah. iii. 9 15l II. Pagrae, north Antioch V. Ff xxvii. 10, xxx. 5, ; Bb Palaebyblus, in Phoenicia V. Da Pibesheth, Bubastus Ezek. xxx. 17, III. Ae Palestine. See Philistia 67,78 VII. Fc Pieria, mountain V. Ef Palmyra 131 VII. Fc Pi-IIahiroth Ex. xiv. 2, 9; Num. xxxiii. 7. 44, 46 P;iltus V. Eg Pirathon, (Ephraim.) Judg. xii. 15; 2 Sam. xxiii. Pamphylia. Acts ii. 10, xiii. 13, xiv. 24, xv. 38, 30; 1 Chron. xi. 31 103 xxvii. 5 210 VII. Eb Pisgah, mountain. Num. xxi. 10, xxiii. 14; Deut. [III. Ed Paneas, or Banias 71,193 V. Dc iii. 17, xxxiv. 1; Josh. xii. 3, xiii. 20.... 62, 82 IV. De Panormus, on the coast of Sicily VII. Ah Pisidia Acts xiii. 14, xiv. 24. 221 VII. Eb Paphlagonia, in Asia Minor VII. Ea Pison, river Gen. ii. 11. 10 II. Cb Paphos Acts xiii. 6 220 VII. Ec Pithom Ex. i. 11. 43 HI. Ae Para Josh, xviii. 23. Plain of the Coast, ot Sharon 78, 213 Paradise 9 Platanon V, CbPf ParsDtonium, south coast of the Mediterranean.... VII. Dc Pontus Acts xviii. 2; 1 Pet. i. 1. 210 VII. Fa xiv. xxi. 21 Pools of 133 Paran, Pharan, desert. Gen. 6, ; Num. Solomon X. xiii. 3 Dout. i. xxxiii. 2 1 Sam. of Judah and Israel before the 154 12, ; 1, ; [III. Cg Prophets captivity. XXV. 2 1 xi. Nah. iii. 3 53 IV. — the 160 ; Kings 18; Bg during captivity Paras, (Persia.) 2 Chron. xxxvi. 20; Ezra i. 1, iv. [III. De Prusa, in Bithynia VII Da vi. Esth. i. 3 Ezek. xxvii. xxxviii. tower of I. 5, 14 ; ; 10, Psephinos, Acts xxi. 8 ; Dan. v. 28, vi. 9, x. 13. Ptolemais 7. 167, 237 VII. Co Pares, ancient Persia II. Ec Puteoli Acts xxviii. 13. 242 VII. Aa Parthians Acts ii. 9. 210 Pylse, gates of Cilicia 226 Parvaim 2 Kings xxiii. 11; 2 Chron. iii. 6. Pyramids of Egypt III. Af Passage of the Jordan 82 Quails, miracles of. 48, 54 813 INDEX. 814

MAIS. Gen. x. Ezek. xxvii. 22. 129 of xxxiv. 5 Josh. xv. xlvii. Raamah 7; 18, IL Do River Egypt. Num. ; 4, = xv. 60. 1 1 viii. 65 2 xxiv. 7 Isa. 69 Kabbah, 1) Ilarabbah, (Jndah.)...Josh. ; Kings ; Kings ; — = Rabbath-Aminon. Deut. iii. 11 Josh. xxiv. 12. 2) ; xiii. 25; 2 Sam. xi. 1, xii. 26, xvii. 27; 1 Rock Rimmon 99, 198 Chron. xx. 1 Jer. xlix. 2 Ezek. xxi. 20 De Rodanim. See Dodanim 1 Chron. i. 7. ; ; ; [IV, Amos i. 14 67, 119 III. Ed Rogel, well, (Judah.) Josh. x%. 7, xviii. 16; 2Sam. — 3) in Moab. See Ar 65 IV. Df xvii. 17; 1 Kings i. 9, Rabbith, (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 20. [V.Dg Roglim-En-Roglim 2 Sam. xvii. 17, xix. 31, Racbal, (Judah.) 1 Sam. xxx. 29. 116 Rome, Acts ii. 10, xviii. 2, xix. 21, xxviii. 4; Rom. south of the Sea II. i. 7 Gal. vi. 18 vi. Phil. iv. Rages, Caspian Eb ; ; Eph. 24; 23; Rahab, poetical name of Egypt. Ps. Ixxxvii. 4j Col. iv. 18; 2 Tim. i. 17; Phil, xxv VII, Aa li. Ixxxix. 11 ; Isa. xxx. 7, 9. Routes between Jerusalem and Galilee 179 Rakkath, (Naphtali.) Josh. xix. 35. Rumah 2 Kings xxiii. 36, 101 Rakkon, (Dan.) Josh. xix. 46. Ruth, Book of, 104 1 = = Ramah, ) Ramah-Saul, Ramathaim-Zophim. xviii. 25 Iv. xix. 13 1 No. 1. Josh, ; Judg. 5, ; Sam. Saba, See Seba 1. 19, ii. 11, vii. 17, xv. 34, xvi. 13, xxii. 6, Sabtah, Arabian tribe Gen. x. 7. 18 IL xxviii. 1 xv. 21 2 Sabtecah Gen. x. 7. 18 XXV. 1, 3; Kings 17, ; xxiii. 26 2 xvi. 1 ii. Kings ; Chron. ; Ezra Saccha^a 26 Neh. vii. xi. 33 Isa. x. 29 Jer, Salah 20 ; 30, ; ; [V. Cf xxxi. 15, xl. 1; Hos. v. 8 105, 147 IV. CeF Salamis, upon Cyprus Acts xiii. 5. 220 — 2) (Naphtali or Asher.) Josh. xix. 29, 36. Salammias, in Chalcidiee — in Gilead. See Ramoth-Gilead rV. Dd Salchah. Deut. iii. 10 Josh. xii. xiii, 11 1 3) ; 5, ; Ramathaim-Zophim. See Ramah 105, 108 V. Ef Chron. v, 11 3. Ixxvi. 3 vii. 1. Ramath-Mizpeh. See Ramoth No. Salem Gen. xiv. 18; Ps. ; Heb. Ramath-Lehi Judg. xv. 17. Salim, perhaps = Shalbim 1 Sam. ix. 4, Ramcses, city and land = Goshen No. 1. Gen. Salmone Acts xxvii. 7. 240 1 i. xii. xxxiii. 3. xlvii. ; Ex. 10, 37; Num. 43 in. Be Salt, mountain 31 = Baalath-Beer- Salt Sea. Gen. xiv. 3 Num. xxxii. 12 Josh, xv, Ramoth, l)=Ramath (Simeon) ; ; Ramath 1 Sam. xxx. 27. IV, Bf 2, 5, xviii. 19. — = Remeth = Jarmuth No. Levitical of. 2 Sam. viii. 13 2 xiv. 2) 2, city Salt, valley ; Kings 7; in Issachar 1 Chron. vi. 73. 116 1 Chron. xviii. 2 xxv. 11 142 12; Chron. ; 118, — 3) in Gilead = Mizpeh No. 2, city of refuge, Pillar of, 142 Deut. iv. 43 Josh. xiii. 1 (Gad.) ; 26, xx. 8, Samaria, Samaritans, city and province. Kings xxi. 38; 1 Kings iv. 13, xxii. 3; 2 Kings [IV. Dd xiii, 32, xvi. 24, 29, xviii. 2, xx. 1, 34, xxii, viii. 28, ix. 1, 14; 1 Chron. vi. 80.. ..63, 96, 131 VLCd 37 : 2 Kings i, 2, ii. 25, vi. 19, 24, x. 1. 17, Bell. vii. 24. xiii. xiv. xvii. 9 2 Chron. xviii. Raphaneae Joseph. V.Fg 1, 15, ; 2, Raphia, below Gaza, in the desert IIL Dd xxv. 13, xxviii. 15; Ezra iv. 10; Isa. vii. Rasheina, a village on Mount Ilermon VI. Ca 9, X. 9; Jer. xxiii. 13, xii. 5; Ezek. xvi, in on the xxiii. vii. x. 5 iii. Rataria, Moesia, Danube VIL Ca 53, 4; Hos. 1, ; Amos 9; Rebellion of Absalom 119 Obad. 19; Micah i. 6; Luke vii. 11; John Reehabites. 1 iv. ii. 55 i. viii, 3, Rechah, Chron. 12, ; Jer. iv, 4 ; Acts 8, 1, xv. XXXV. 2 102, 135, 145, 168, 210 x. xiii. xxiii. 31 Red Sea. Ex. 19, 18, ; Num. xiv. Samos Acts xx. 15. 236, 248 xxi. xxxiii. 10 Deut. i. 1 25, 14, ; ; Judg. Samosata, on the Euphrates xi. 18 1 ix. 26 Ps. cvi. 11, 228 ; Kings ; 22, cxxxvi. Samothracia Acts xvi. 13; Jer. xlix. 21; Acta vii. 36; Heb. [III. Dh Samson 103 xi. 29 IL Ccd Samuel 105 Rehob = Beth-Rehob, Levitical city in Asher. Sanir, See Seuir 102 xiii. 22 1 Chron. vi. 75 i. 31 Josh. xv. Num. ; ; Judg. ; [V, Cc Sansannah, (Judah.) 31. Josh. xix. 28, 30, xxi. 31 95 IV, Cb Sapher, Sepher, mountains Num. xxxiii. 23. Rehoboam's defenced cities 133 [IV. Bf Saphir Micah i. 11. Rehoboth, in the desert IIL De Saraim, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 36; 1 Sam. xvii. 52; Rehoboth, 1) fountain Gen. xxvi. 22. I Chron. iv, 31, — 2) = Rehoboth-IIanabah, city near the Eu- Sardis Rev, i. 11, iii. 1. — phrates Gen. xxxvi. 37; 1 Chron. i. 48. Sardis 244, 263 3) Assyrian city Gen. x. 11. 25 Sared, brook Num. xxi. 12 ; Deut. ii. 13. 61 Rekem, (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. 27. Sarepta = Zarphath Luke iv. 26. 136, 183 Remeth = Ramoth No. 2 Josh. xix. 21. Sarid, (Zebulon.) Josh. xix. 10. Rephaim, 1) tribe. Gen. xiv. 5, xv. 20; 2 Sam. gatala 225 xxi. 16; Isa. xvii. 5 IIL Fc Saul, death of 114 — 2) valley, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 8, xiii. 16; 2 — the persecutor 216 V. xxiii. 1 Sam. 18, 22, 13 ; Chron. xi. 15, Scardus, mountains xiv. 9; Isa. xvii. 5 117 Scodra, in lUyria xvii. xix. 2 Num. xxxiii. 14. 50 III. north of Jerusalem Rephidim....Ex. 1, ; Dg Scopus, hill, Resen, Assyrian city Gen. x. 12. 25 Scythians Reuben, tribe Num. xxxii. 29, xxxiii. 37. rV. De Scythopolis = Beth-Shean 192 Rezcph 2 Kings xix, 12; Isa. xxxvii. 12. Sea of Galilee. See Gennesaret 72,187 Rhegium , Acts xxviii. 13. 242 VIL Bb Seba, 1) Arabian tribe. Gen. x. 7, x. 29; Isa, Rheimea, a ruined village in the Hauran V. Fd xliii. 3, xviii. 1. xiv. 14; Ps. Ixxii. 10 17 Rhincolura. See River cf Bb — = Sheba. 1 x. 1 Isa. Ix. 6 Jer. Egypt, [II. 2) Kings ; ; Rhodes Acts xxi. 1. 236 vi. xvii. VIL Db 20 ; Ezek. 22 ; Job vi. 19 ; Ps. Ixxii. in of Rhosus, Pieria, north Antioch V. Ef 15 ; Joel iv. 8, Riblah. Num. xxxiv. 11 2 xxiii. xxv. — 2. ; Kings 33, [IIL Fa 3) (Simeon.) Josh. xix. Jer. xxxix. Hi. 26 Ezek. vi. 14. 155 V. in 6, 20; 5, 9, ; Ea Sebastea, Cappadocia Rimmon, 1) (Simeon.) Zech. xiv. 10; Josh. xv. Sebennytus, on the Delta in Egypt xix. 7 1 iv. 32, ; Chron. 32 IV. BfE Secacah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 61. — Levitical in Zebulon. Josh. xix. 13 Be Sechu 1 Sam. xix. 22. 2) city ; [VL 1 Chron. vi. 77 IV, Cc Seir, land and mountain. Gen. xiv. 6, xxxii. 3, — 8 xxiv. 18 3) Rimmon-Parez, encampment. Num. xxxiii. xxxiii. 14, xxxvi. ; Num. ; Deut. 19 i. xii. xxiv. 4 v. V, Cf 2, 44 ; Josh. 5, 7, ; Judg. — rock xx. 45, 198 4 1 Chron. iv. 12 2 Chron. xx. xxv. 4) Judg. 99, ; ; 22, Rimmon-Methoar, See Rimmon No. 2. II Isa. xxi. 8 ; 11 ; Ezek. xxv, ; xxxv, 2 ; Riphath Gen. x. 3. 15 II, Ca Josh, XV, 10 34, 60 Rissah, encampment Num. xxxiii. 21, Seirath Judg. iii. 26. 100 Rithmah Num, xxxiii. 18, Petra. 2 xiv, 7 Isa, xvi. 1. 142 Sela, Joktheel, Kings ; 21 315 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 316

MAPS. Selah-bammah-lekoth 1 Sam. xxiii. 28. Siloah, Siloam. Neh. iii. 15; Isa. viii. 6; Luke Sele, in Egypt, north of Kameses III. Be xiii. 4; John ix. 7 123 I. Seleucia Acts xiii. 4. 219 VII. Eb Simeon's tomb I. Senaah, (Judah.)...Ezra ii. 35; Neh. iii. 3, vii. 38. [V. Dc Simeon, tribe Josh. xix. 1-9. 94 IV. Bf Seneh 1 Sam. xiv. 4. 109 Simyra, on the east of Phoenicia V. Eg Senir 128 Sin, 1) (Pelusium.) Ezek. xxx. 15. 37 IL Cb Sephar Gen. x. 30. II. Ed — 2) desert Ex. xvi. 1; Num. xxxiii. 11. 48 in. Cg Sepharad Obad. 20. Sinai, 1) mountain. Ex. xvi. 1, xix. 18, xxiv. 16, 2 xvii. xviii. xix. 13 xxxiv. 4 Levit. xxv. 1 v. 5 Sepharvaim. Kings 24, 34, ; ; ; Judg. ; Neh. Isa. xxxvi. 19, xxxvii. 13 146 ix. 13; Ps. Ixviii. 9; Acts vii. 30; Gal. iv. [TILDg Sephet, Safet, mountain in Galilee V. Cd 24 48, 50 II. Cc Sepphoris, capital of Galilee under Nero V. Cd — 2) desert Ex. xix. 1; Num. xxxv. 16. 52 Serbal, mountain, 25 miles AV. N. W. of Sinai IL Cg Sinaitic Group 45 ii. Isa. xvi. Sinites Sered Num. xxi. 12; Deut. 13 ; 7. Gen. x. 17; 1 Chron. i. 15. 19 IIL Fa Servitudes under the Judges 100 Sinim, tribe, (perhaps = China.) Isa. xlix. 12. Settlement of the tribes Sinope, south coast of the Black Sea VII. Fa Seven Churches 248 Sion, 1) = Hermon Deut. iv. 48. Shaalabbin, (Dan.) Josh. xix. 42. — 2) (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 19. Shaalbim = i. 35 2 ...1 Sam. xxx. 28. 116 Shaalabbin, (Dan.) Judg. ; Siphmoth, Sephmoth, (Judah.). 32 1 iv. 9 1 Chron. xi. 33. 130 9. Sam. 23, ; Kings ; Siphron , Num. xxxiv. Shahazimah, (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 22. Sirah, well 2 Sam. iii. 26. Shalim 36, 1 Sirion = Shenir = Hermon Deut. iii. 9. Shalisha. See Baal-Shalisha 1 Sam. ix. 4. 1 Sitnah, fountain Gen. xxvi. 21. Shamir, 1) in mountains of Ephraim. Judg. x. 1. 102 Slime pits, near Sodom 31 — 2) (Judah.) Josh. xv. 48. Smyrna Rev. i. 11, ii. 8. 244, 249 VIL Db Josh. xii. 18 1 Chron. v. xxvii. 29 Josh. xv. 1 xvii. Sharon. ; 16, ; Socho, (Judah.) 35, 48; Sam. 1; Sol. ii. 1 Isa. xxxiii. xxxv. Ixv. 1 iv. 2 Chron. xi. xxviii. 18. Songs ; 9, 2, Kings 10; 7, [V.CgBf 10; Acts ix. 35 130,213 V. Be 91, 130, 134 IV. Bf Sharuthen, (Simeon.) Josh. xix. 6. 30 Sodom. Gen. x. 19, xiii. 10, 12, xiv. 2, xviii. 16, Shaveh Gen. xiv. 17. xix. 1, XV. 24; Isa. i. 9, xiii. 9; Jer. xxiii. 134 xlix. 1. xvi. ii. Shebah 129, II. Ec 14, 18, 40; Ezek. 48 ; Zeph. Shebam Num. xxxii. 3. 9 Matt. x. xi. 23 Mark vi. 11 ; 15, ; ; Luke [V. Cg Shebarim Josh. vii. 5. x. 12; 2 Pet. ii. 6 31 IV. Cf Shechem. See Sichem 28, 79, 84, 96, 132, 182 VI. Bd Solomon 121,132. Pools of. 123 Shefa-Amar, in Galilee VI. Be Song of the Wells 61 Sheleph, Arabian tribe. Gen. x. 26; 1 Chron. i. 20. II. Co Sophene, in Armenia VII. Fb Shem 19 II. Dc Sorek, valley Judg. xvi. 4. 104 Shemah. — river V. Bf Sherar 109 Spain Rom. xv. 24, 28. Sheshach, Babylon Jer. xxv. 26, Ii. 41. Springs, upper and nether 91 Shen 1 Sam. vii. 12. Star in the East 172 Shenir = Sirion = Hermon. Deut iii. 9 1 Chron. St near Mount Sinai IIL Be ; Catherine, Sol. iv. 8. xxii. xii. V. 23 ; Songs Succoth, 1) (Gad.) Gen. 17; Ex. 37; ' Josh. xv. 11. Josh. xiii. 1 vii. 46 Ps. Ix. Shicron, (Judah.) 27 ; Kings ; 8, [V. De Shihor-Libnath, river, (Asher.) Josh. xix. 26. cviii. 8 101 IV. Dd Shilhim, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 32. — 2) encampment in the desert. Num. xxxiii, 6. 36 IIL Be Shiloh, (Ephraim.) Josh, xviii. 1, xxi. 2, xxii. 12; Suez, town and bay of. ."..44, 46 xviii. 19 1 i. Sukkiims 2 xii. 3. Judg. 31, xxi. 12, ; Sam. 3, 34, Chron. 46 iii. iv. xiv. 3 1 ii. xi. Sun and moon standstill 21, 12, ; Kings 27, 29, 85 xiv. 2 Ps. Ixxviii. 60 Jer. vii. xxvi. near Mount Carmel V. ; ; 12, [V. Ce Sycaminopolis, Cd 9, xli. 6 92 IV. Cd Syene Ezek. xxix. 10, xxx. 6. 40 IL Cc Shimron, Shimron-Meron, (Zebulon.) Josh. xi. 1, [III. Ec Sychar 182 VLBd xii. xix. 15 See Aram. xxii. xxviii. 6 30, Syrian. Gen. 21, ; Num. x. xi. xiv. Isa. xxiii. iii. x. 6 2 viii. Sbinar, Babylonia. Gen. 10, 2, 1; 7; Judg. 10, ; Sam. 5, i. v. X. 18 1 x. xi. xv. xi. 11; Dan. 2; Zech. 11 30 II. Db 12, ; Kings 29, 25, 18, = Abel-Shittim. Num. xxv. xxxiii. xix. XX. 1, xxii. 1 2 v. vi. Shittim, 1) 1, 15, ; Kings 1, 8, 49 Josh. ii. iii. 1 vi. 5. viii. xii. xxiv. 2: 1 Chron. xviii. ; 1, ; Micah 28, 17, 5; — Joel iii. 23. 2 Chron. i. xxii. 5 Ps. Ix. 2 Isa. vii. Eab 2) valley 17, ; ; W. Shocho 112, 134 1; Ezek. xvi. 57, xxvii. 16; Hos. xii. 23; V. Eb xxxii. i. ix. 7 Matt. iv. 24 Mark vii. V. Shophan, (Gad.) Num. 35. Amos 5, ; ; Ffg 1 xiii. 26 ii. 1 xv. xviii. Shual, (Benjamin.) Sam. 17. ; Luke ; Acts 23, 41, 18... VILFbc Shunem, (Issachar.) Josh. xix. 18; 1 Sam. xxviii. [VI. Be Syracuse Acts xxviii. 12, VII. Bb 4; 1 Kings i. 3; 2 Kings iv. 8 140 V. Cd Syrian Confederacy 119 Shur, desert of. Ex. xv. 22; Num. xxxiii. 8. 45, 53 — 2) city in the desert. Gen. xvi. 7; xx. 1;... 33 Taanach, Levitical city in Manasseh. Josh, xii, 1 Sam. XV. xxvii. 8 xvii. xxi. 25 i. v. 1 Cd 7, 33, 45 III. Ce 21, 11, ; Judg. 27, 19; [V. Shushan. Ezraiv. 9; Neh.i. 1; Esther i. 2; Dan. Kings iv. 12; 1 Chron. vii. 29 89, 95 IV. Cd viii. 2 157 II. Db Taanath-Shiloh Josh. xvi. 6. Sibamah, (Reuben.) Num. xxxii. 37. Tabee = Tob Judg. xi. 3; 2 Sam. x. 6. V. Dd Josh. xiii. 19 Isa. xvi. 9 Jer. xlviii. vii. 22. Sibmah. ; ; Tabbath, Ephraim Judg. in the xi. 3 ix. IIL 22 66 V. Ef Taberah, desert. Num. ; Deut. 22. 54 Dg Sibraim Ezek. xlvii. 16. Tabor, 1) mountain. Josh. xix. 22; Judg. iv. 6, a viii. 18 Ps. Ixxxix. 13 xlvi. 18 Sichem, Shechem-Neapolis, Levitical city in ; ; Jer. ; Hos. Gen. xii. xxvii. 12 Josh. xvii. V. 1 Matt. xvii. 1 ix. 1 ix. Ephraim. 6, ; ; ; Mark ; Luke [IV.Dc xxi. xxiv. 38 IIL Ec 7, XX. 7, 21, 1, 25, 32 ; Judg. III. Ec 70, 77 viii. 31, ix. 1, xxi. 19; 1 Kings xii. 1, 25; V. Ce — 2) = Arisloth-Tabor, Levitical city in Zebulon.

1 Chron. vi. 67, vii. 28 ; 2 Chron. x. 1 ; Ps. IV. Cd 1 Chron. vi. 77 95 vii. 16. 1 ix. 18 2 viii. 4. VII. Fc Ix. 8; cviii. 8; Jer. xli. 5; Acts 28, 36 VI. Bd Tadmor, Palmyra. Kings ; Chron. 131 Sicily, island of VII. Ab Tagaba, twelve miles north-east from Gaza V. Bf Siddim, valley Gen. xiv. 3. 10. Tahath, encampment Num. xxxiii. 26. iii, Jer. xliii. xliv. xlvi. 14 Sidon. See also Zidon. Gen. xlix. 13 ; Ezra Tahpanhes. 7, 1, ; Ezek. 2 xi. xxx. 18 38 IIL Be 7 ; Zech. ix. ; Matt. 21, xv. 21 ; Mark iii. 8, vii. 24; Luke iv. 26, vi. 17, x. 13; [VILFc Tahtim-Hodshi 2 Sam. xxiv. 6. • Acts xii. 19, xxvii. 3 240 VI. Ba Talmai, kingdom of. 119 Ad Sihor, Shihor Josh. xiii. 3; 1 Chron. xiii. 5. Ca Tamiathis, in the Delta of the Nile., IIL [IV. Da Silla 2 Kings xii. 20. Tamyras, river in Phoenicia IV. 317 INDEX. ai8

MAPS. MAPS. 37 III. Ad Tubal. Gen. x. 2 Ezek. xxxviii. xxxix, xxvii. Tanis, Zoan ; 2, 1, 89 Isa. Ixvi. 19 128 II. Ca Tappuah Josh. xvi. 8, xii. 17, xv. 34. 13, xxxii. 26; 16, in. Tarah, encampment Num. xxxiii. 27. Tur = Tor 48 Cg Tarealah, (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. 27. Tyara VIL Fb VII. Ba Zor. 2 Sam. v. xxiv. 7 1 v. Tarentum, in Italy Tyre = 11, ; Kings 1, vii. ix. 11 1 Chron. xiv. xxii. 2 Tarich£ca, west of the Sea of Galilee V. Dd 13, ; 1, 4; Ezra iv. 9. Chron. ii. 3 Ezra iii. 7 Neh. xiii. 16 Ps. TarpelitfcS ; ; ; Ixxxvii. Isa. xxiii. 1 VL Bb Tarshisli, son of Javan. Gen. x. 4; Ps. Ixxii. 10; xiv. l.S, Ixxxiii. 8, 4; ; x. Ezek. Jer. xxv. xxvii. xlvii. 4 Ezek. xxvi. VIL Fc Isa. xxiii. 1, Ixvi. 19 ; Jer. 9 ; 22, 3, ; xxxviii. i. iv. 2. 128 3 Zech. ix. 2 Matt. xi. xv. 21 V. Cc xxvii. 12, 13 ; John 3, 16, [VII.Eb seq. ; ; 21, ; iii. vii. 24 vi. x. 13 IV. Cb Tarsus Acts ix. 11, 30, xi. 25, xxi. 39. 216 11. Cb Mark 8, ; Luke 17, ; Tatta, salt lake in Lycaonia VII. Eb Acts xii. 20, xxi. 3 124, 127, 191 IIL Eb Taurus, mount in Asia Minor II. Cb Tyropoeon 122 I. Tavia, in Galatia VII. Fa Dan. viii. 2. Tekoa, 1) (Judah.) 2 Sam. xiv. 2, xxiii. 26 ; 1 Ulai = Euiaus ii. xi. 2 xi. 6 Cf Josh. xix. 30. Chron. 24, 28 ; Chron. ; Neh. [V. Ummah, (Asher.) Jer. x. x. 6. 20 iii. 5, 27; Jer. vi. 1; Amos i. 1 119 IV.CeFf Uphaz, perhaps = Ophir 9; Dan. 1 i. 123 — 2) desert of. 2 Chron. xx. 20. Upper and Lower Pools Kings 32. L Tel-Abib Ezek. iii. 15. Ur, in Chaldea Gen. xi. 28; Neh. ix. 7. 26 ILCb Telem Josh. xv. 24. Urfah, or Orfah 27 D. Tel-Harisha Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61. Urtas 133 Tel-Melah Ezra ii. 59; Neh. vii. 61. Utica 127 tribe. xxv. vi. 19 Job i. Jer. xxv. 10. 20 Tema, Arabian Gen. 15; Job j Uz, in Idumea 1; 23. Gen. x. 27. 20 IL Dd Isa. xxi. 14 ; Jer. xxv. Uzal Teman, region in Idumea. Gen. xxxvi. 11, 15; Uzzen-Herah 1 Chron. vii. 24, Jer. xlix. 7; Ezek. xxv. 13; Hab. iii. 3. Terraeina, between Rome and Naples VII. Aa Valley of Arabah 67 IV. CDg Teumessus, in Chalcidice V. Ff — Chesemongers = Tyropoeon I. = Tamar Ezek. xlvii. 19 xlviii. 28. V. — Ease 48 Thamar ; Cg Thantia, in Bashan V. Ee — Gihon 121, 123 L Thapsacus. See Thiphsah VII. Cb — Jehoshaphat 121 L Thebais = Upper Egypt. — Kidron L Thebes Judg. ix. 50; 2 Sam. xi. 21. 39 _ Salt 2 Sam. viii. 13. 118, 142 Thebez 16, 101 — the son of Hinnom .. Thebians II. Co — the Tyropoeon 122 Thelaim = Telem, (Judah.) 1 Sam. xv. 4, Via Dolorosa Thelasar, Telassar. 2 Kings xix. 12; Isa.xxxvii.l2, Thelada, in Apamene V. Fg Wady-Es-Sheikh 48 IIL Ba Thelseae V. Fb Wady Rahah 49 IIL Ba Thense, Samaritan town V. Ce Wanderings of David 112 Thessalia 16 VII. Fb Waters of Dimon 66 Acts xvii. xx. xxvii. 2 Phil, — 131 Thessalonica. 1, 4, ; Merom iv. 16 1 Thess. i. 12 2 Thess. i. 1 2 Tim. — ; ; ; Nimrim iv. 10 230 VILCa White Cape, below Tyre IV. Cb Thenprosopan, cape Wilderness 177 Thisbe, (Naphtali.) 1 Kings xvii. 1, xxi. 17. V. Prv — Judah 178 Thmuis, a large city in Egypt. III. Ad — Shur 33 Thracia 16, 229 II. Ba — Sin 48 Three Taverns 243 VII. Aa — Tekoa 139 Thurii, Greek colony in Italy VII. Bb — Ziph 113 Tih, mountain 63 Woods of Ephraim 35, 120 Rev. i. 2 ii. Acts xvi. 14. 253 Cc Thyatira ; 18; [VI. sea. John vi. 23. 191 V. Dd Josh. xix. 33 iv. 11. Tiberias, country and 1, 72, 187, Zaanaim, (Naphtali.) ; Judg. Tibhath 1 Chron. xviii. 8. [VII.Gf Zaanan, perhaps = Zenan Micah i. 11. 10 II. Tigris, river Db Zalmon, mountain Judg. ix. 48; Ps. Ixviii. 15. 40 IChron. i. 61. xxxiii. 41. Timnah, in Edom. Gon. >xxvi. ; Zalmonah, encampment Num. Timnath, (Judah.) Gen. xxxviii. 12; Josh. xv. [V. Bf Zamzummim Deut. ii. 20. 30 10,67, xix. 43 103 IV. Be Zanoah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 34, 36; 1 Chron. iv. [IV. Ef Timnath-Hores Judg. ii. 9. 18; Neh. iii. 13, xi. 30 V. Bf Timnath-Serah Josh. xix. 50, xxiv. 30. 97 IV. Ee Zaphon, (Gad.) Josh. xiii. 27. Tiphsah, Thapsacus 1 Kings iv. 24. 121 VII. Fb Zarah Joseph. Antiq. xiii. 16, 4. IV. Ec — 2) in Palestine 2 Kings xv. 16. Zareah, Zorah, (Judah.) Josh. xv. 33, xix. 41; Thiraz Gen. x. 2. xiii. xvi. xviii. 2 1 Chron. Tiras, 17 II. Ba Judg. 2, 25, 31, ; Josh. xii. 24 1 xiv. xv. ii. iv. 2 IV. Ef Tirzah. ; Kings 17, 21, 34, [V. Ce 63, xvi. 8; 2 Kings xv. 14 90, 133 IV. Cd Zaretan, Zared 1 Kings vii. 46. 83, 133 land = Istob Jud. xi. 3 2 Sam. x. 8. 1 vii. Obad. 20. 183 IIL Eb Tob, ; IV. Dc Zarphath = Sarepta Kings 9; Tochen, (Judah.) 1 Chrou. iv. 32. Zarthan, Zareda. See Zarerath 130 x. 3 1 Chron. i. 6 Ezek. xxvii. in the of Siddim. x. Togarmah. Gen. ; ; Zeboim, 1) valley Gen. 19, xxxviii. 6 22 xi. 8. 14, 15, 128 II. Db xiv. 2 ; Deut. xxix. ; Hos. 31, 65 Tolad-El-Tolad, (Simeon.) 1 Chron. iv. 29. — 2) valley in Benjamin. 1 Sam. xiii. 18; Neh Tombs of the Kings, in Jerusalem I. xi. 34 109 V.Dg Tophel Deut. i. 1. IV. Dg Zebah 101, 118 Tophethin, the valley of Hinnom. 2 Kings xxiii. Zebulon Josh. xix. 10-16. 95 IV. Co 10; Jer. vii. 31, xix. 6 III. Ee Zechariah 163 [III. Fa Tor = Tur 48 III. Cg Zedad Num. xxxiv. 8; Ezek. xlvii. 16. V.Fg of Edar xxxv. 21 Micah iv. 8. Josh, xviii. 28 2 Sam. xxi. Tower Gen. ; Zelah, (Benjamin.) ; Tower of Psephinos I. 14 128 Trachonitis Luke iii. 1. V. Fed Zelzah, (Benjamin.) ..1 Sam. xi. 2. 108 Transfiguration 194 VI. Cb Zemarite, Canaanitish people Gen. x. 18. 19 Trapezus, now Trebizond VII. Fa Zemaraim, (Benjamin.) Josh, xviii. 22; 2 Chron. Travels of our Saviour VI. xiii. 4 134 Triparadisus, on the Orontes , V. Ea Zenan = Zaanan Josh. xv. 37 Tripolis, in Syria, above Beirut VII. Fc Zephath-Hormah Judg. i. 17. 57, 100 Troas Acts xvi. 8, xx. 6; 2 Tim. iv. 13. 228, 234 VII. Db Zephathah, valley in Judah 2 Chron. xiv. 40, III. Ed Trogyllium Acts xx. 16. 236 VII. Db Zer, (Naphtoli.)., Josh. xix. 35 319 TEXT BOOK AND ATLAS OF BIBLICAL GEOGRAPHY. 820

PAOE PAGE 61 Jer. iv. 6 Joel iii. 5 i. vi. 1 Zered, brook ; ; Amos 2, ; Zererath = Zarthan = Josh. Micahiii. Zech. viii. 3 iii. 10... 122 Zereda, (Manasseh.) 12; ; Zeph. iii. 16 vii. 22 1 iv. vii. Josh. xv. 64. ; Judg. ; Kings 12, Zior, (Judah.) xi. 2 Chron. iv. 17 1.33 Josh. XV. 55 1 Sam. xxiii. 46, 26; 83, Ziph, 1) 24, ; 14, 19, [IV. Fg Zereth-Shahar, (Reuben.) Josh. xiii. 19. xxvi. 1; 2 Chron. xi. 8 91, 113, 1.34 V.Cf Ziddim, (Naphtali.) Josh. xix. 35. — 2) Wilderness of. 113 Zidon = Sidon, Zidonites. Gen. x. 15, 19; Deut Ziz, clifif. 2 Chron. xx. 16. 138 iii. 9; Josh. xi. 8, xix. 28; Judg. i. 31, iii. Ziza, a ruined city near Heshbon V. Ef xviii. 28 2 Sam. xxiv. 6 : 1 v. Zoan = Tanis. Gen. xiii. 22 Ps. Ixxviii. 43 Isa. 3, ; Kings 6, ; ; xi. xvi. xvii. 19 2 xxiii. 13 xix. Jer. 1, 31, ; Kings ; 11, XXX. 4; xxx. 14; Ezek. xxx.

1 Chron. xxii. 4 ; Isa. xxiii. 2 ; Jer. xxv. 14 37 III. Ad xxvii. xlvii. 4 Ezek. xxvii. xxviii. in. Eb Zoar = Belah. Gen. xiii. xiv. xix. 22 22, 3, ; 8, 10, 2, ; iii. II. Deut. Isa. 5 xlviii. 22; Joel 8 18,128,191 Cb xxxiv. 3 ; xv. ; Jer. Josh. xv. xix. 5 1 Sam. 34 65 V. Ziklag, (Simeon.) 31, ; 31, eg 2 i. 1 1 1 xiv. 2 viii. xxvii. 6, XXX. 1, 26 ; Sam. ; Chron. Zobah, Aram-Zobah. Sam. 47 ; Sam. iv. xii. Neh. xi. 28 115 V. X. xxiii. 36 1 xi. 23 1 Chron. 30, 1; Bf 3, 6, ; Kings ; • i. 32 Jer. xxv. xviii. xix. Ps. Ix. 2 119 Zimran. Gen. xxv. 2, 1 Chron. j 3, 6; 109, 118, 25. Zoheleth 1 Kings i. 9. Zin, Wilderness of. Num. xiii. 21, xx. 1, xxvii. Zophim, on Mount Pisgah Num. xxiii. 14. IV. Be xxxiii. xxxiv. 3 Josh. xv. 3 53 Zor = Josh. xix. 29 Joel iii. 8 14, 36, ; 1, IV.ABg Tyre. ; ; Amos [IV. Cb v. 1 i. 9 Zion, city of David, mountain. 2 Sara. 7 ; II. Cb viii. 1 2 xix. 31 1 Chron. xi. Zora. See Zarea. Kings ; Kings ; [III. Eb 6 2 v. 2 Ps. ii. xiv. xx. ; Chron. ; 6, 7, 3, Zorah, (Dan,) 98, 103, 134 xlviii. 3, Ivi. 2, li. 10, Ixxiv. 2, Ixxvi. 3, Zuph 1 Sam. ix. 5. 108 xcvii. 8, cii. 17, cxxv. 1, cxxxiii. 3, cxxxvii. Zuzim, tribe Gen. xiv. 6. 30 l; Isa. i. 27, ii. 3, x. 12, xlix. 14, Iii. 1;

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TKREOTTPED BT L. JOHNSON * OU, PHILADELPHIA.