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Characterizing Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes Americanus) Nursery Areas Using Otolith Microstructure and Microchemical Techniques

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Characterizing Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes Americanus) Nursery Areas Using Otolith Microstructure and Microchemical Techniques Characterizing Winter Flounder (Pseudopleuronectes americanus) Nursery Areas Using Otolith Microstructure and Microchemical Techniques BY DAVID BAILEY BA Biology, University of Rhode Island, 2008 THESIS Submitted to the University of New Hampshire in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the Degree of Master of Science in Zoology September, 2013 This thesis has been examined and approved. _______________________________________________________________ Thesis Director, Elizabeth A. Fairchild, Assistant Research Professor, Department of Biological Sciences _______________________________________________________________ W. Huntting Howell, Professor, Department of Biological Sciences _______________________________________________________________ Linda H Kalnejais, Assistant Professor, Department of Earth Sciences ___________________ Date ii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This work would not have been possible without the input and guidance of my committee members. I would like to thank Professors Elizabeth Fairchild, Hunt Howell, and Linda Kalnejais for their help in making my experience at UNH positive and productive. I would also like to thank Jason Bartlett, Richard Dill, Jason McNamee, Vincent Manfredi, Stephen Dwyer, and Chris Chambers for providing samples from additional locations. Ben Walther and Bryan Taplin answered microchemistry questions. Rosemarie Came and Florencia Prado for ICP-MS help. Thank you to everyone involved in collection: Shelley Edmundson, Chris Schillaci, Nate Rennels, Rhys Probin, Carly Buchwald, Vansa Chatikavanij, and Sam Bailey. Thank you to all my friends and family for supporting me. Thank you to my funding sources: NH Sea Grant and the UNH Marine Program. iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ............................................................................................... iii TABLE OF CONTENTS ................................................................................................... iv LIST OF TABLES ............................................................................................................. vi LIST OF FIGURES .......................................................................................................... vii ABSTRACT ........................................................................................................................ x INTRODUCTION .............................................................................................................. 1 Nurseries.......................................................................................................................... 1 Winter Flounder .............................................................................................................. 2 Using Indices to Quantify Nursery Quality..................................................................... 4 Using Connectivity to Quantify Nursery Quality ........................................................... 4 Content ............................................................................................................................ 6 CHAPTER I. GROWTH AND CONDITION OF YOUNG OF THE YEAR WINTER FLOUNDER (PSEUDOPLEURONECTES AMERICANUS) AS INDICATORS OF NURSERY QUALITY ....................................................................................................... 8 Introduction ..................................................................................................................... 8 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 11 Field Sampling ........................................................................................................... 11 Condition Indices ....................................................................................................... 12 Growth Indices .......................................................................................................... 12 Statistical Analysis .................................................................................................... 14 Results ........................................................................................................................... 15 Correlations among the different indices................................................................... 15 Condition Indices ....................................................................................................... 15 Date of Metamorphosis ............................................................................................. 16 Growth Indices .......................................................................................................... 16 Growth Indices Standardized to Average Temperature ............................................ 16 Estuary Ranking ........................................................................................................ 17 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 18 Using indices to determine nursery habitat quality ................................................... 18 iv Environmental conditions affecting habitat quality ................................................... 20 Growth Rate Comparison .......................................................................................... 22 Condition Comparison ............................................................................................... 23 Differences in Settlement Time ................................................................................. 24 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 25 CHAPTER II. ASSESSING VARIATION IN WINTER FLOUNDER (PSEUDOPLEURONECTES AMERICANUS) NURSERY AREAS USING OTOLITH MICROCHEMICAL SIGNATURES ............................................................................... 38 Introduction ................................................................................................................... 38 Materials and Methods .................................................................................................. 42 Field Sampling ........................................................................................................... 42 Otolith Removal ........................................................................................................ 43 Microchemical Sample Preparation ........................................................................... 43 Microchemical Analysis ............................................................................................ 44 Statistical analysis...................................................................................................... 47 Results ........................................................................................................................... 49 Otolith elemental signature grouping ........................................................................ 49 Spatial differences in otolith signatures..................................................................... 51 Classification of juvenile fish to natal habitat ........................................................... 51 Discussion ..................................................................................................................... 52 Natal Classification.................................................................................................... 52 Spatial Differences .................................................................................................... 53 Temporal Differences ................................................................................................ 55 Conclusion ..................................................................................................................... 56 CHAPTER III. CONCLUSIONS ..................................................................................... 66 APPENDIX IACUC ......................................................................................................... 69 LIST OF REFERENCES .................................................................................................. 70 v LIST OF TABLES Table 1. Sample size (n) and mean total length (LT) and mass (M) ± one standard deviation of winter flounder juveniles used for otolith microstructure analysis. ..... 26 Table 2. Determination coefficients (r2) between Fulton's condition index (K; mg mm3), relativized weight (RW), length day-1 (LD; mm day-1), weight day-1 (WD; g day-1), total length (TL; mm), and weight (W; g). ............................................................... 26 Table 3. Temperature data from all sampling locations. .................................................. 27 Table 4. Growth and condition rankings for each location. Ranking based on index score (1-11: best-worst). Overall rating based on the average of the four indices. ............ 27 Table 5 Growth and condition rankings for each location. Ranking based on index score (1-11: best-worst). Overall rating based on the average of the four indices. ............ 28 Table 6. Sample size (n), mean total length (LT) ± standard error, and mean mass (M) ± standard error of winter flounder juveniles used for otolith microchemistry analysis from each sampling location. .................................................................................... 58 Table 7. Typical operating settings of the ICP-MS for otolith
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