Handskriftcirkulerade Smädeskrifter Mot Gustaf III
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ACTA UNIVERSITATIS UPSALIENSIS Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institutionen vid Uppsala universitet 45 Annie Mattsson Komediant och riksförrädare Handskriftcirkulerade smädeskrifter mot Gustaf III Dissertation presented at Uppsala University to be publicly examined in Geijersalen, Thun- bergsvägen 3P, Uppsala, Saturday, May 22, 2010 at 13:15 for the degree of Doctor of Phi- losophy. The examination will be conducted in Swedish. Abstract Mattsson, A. 2010. Komediant och riksförrädare. Handskriftcirkulerade smädeskrifter mot Gustaf III. Acta Universitatis Upsaliensis. Skrifter utgivna av Litteraturvetenskapliga institu- tionen vid Uppsala universitet 45. 411 pp. Uppsala. ISBN 978-91-554-7780-6. The opposition against Gustavus III (1746–1792) had limited access to the printing press, but managed to spread a variety of political pamphlets through clandestine manuscripts. The main purpose of the dissertation is to analyse this communication and thereby enhance our under- standing of the political culture of the period. The manuscript published oppositional works against Gustavus III have hitherto been little explored. With source material consisting of 120 manuscript libels, this study makes use of three interrelated methodological perspectives: media analysis, rhetorical analysis and analy- sis of ideas. The combination of media studies and classical rhetoric is inspired by the works of Peter Burke. Questions of production, distribution and consumption frame the discussions. The libels – published anonymously for fear of persecution – were spread through what Harold Love calls “user publication”. This means that many readers contributed to their distribution and through the act of copying also functioned as co-authors. The majority of the libels originated among the estate of the nobility and their political al- lies. The authors were often accomplished writers, skilfully using a variety of rhetorical strate- gies to interest and entertain their readers. When viewed in an international context, the Swedish material is revealed as relatively conservative. The arguments in the Swedish works were generally founded on established and traditional values and ideas, and treated Monarchy and Lutheran Christianity as given institu- tions which stood unquestioned. In comparison to French libels against royalty, Swedes were also more reluctant to use sexual slander. One explanation for this conservatism is that the authors were aiming for a wide audience, and therefore strove to ground their arguments in common values. Another explanation can be found in the fact that many of the works origi- nated within the noble classes: a privileged group which had much to gain from the preserva- tion of traditional social structures. Keywords: Rhetoric, political culture, Sweden, eighteenth century, Gustav III (king of Swe- den, 1746–1792), underground literature, manuscript studies, libel and slander, Retorik, poli- tisk kultur, Sverige – historia, Gustav III, censur, handskrifter, pamfletter, smädelser Annie Mattsson, Department of Literature, Box 632, Uppsala University, SE-751 26 Uppsala,Sweden © Annie Mattsson 2010 ISSN 0346-7856 ISBN 978-91-554-7780-6 urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122409 (http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:uu:diva-122409) Printed in Sweden by Edita Västra Aros, a climate neutral company, Västerås 2010. Distributor: Uppsala University Library, Box 510, SE-751 20 Uppsala, Sweden www.uu.se, [email protected] Omslagsbild: Alexander Roslin, Gustaf III i kröningskläder, 1777. Nationalmuseum. Bilden är beskuren och manipulerad. Till Björn och bebis Innehållsförteckning Förord............................................................................................................13 1. Inledning ...................................................................................................15 Syfte, material och metod................................................................................16 Smädeskriften: Bakgrund och definition ........................................................18 Mediehistorisk analys......................................................................................21 Retorisk analys.................................................................................................22 Idéanalys ..........................................................................................................24 Avhandlingens textkorpus...............................................................................26 Tidigare forskning ...........................................................................................28 Mediehistorisk forskning.................................................................................31 Retorikhistorisk forskning och forskning kring smädeskrifter....................32 Forskning om 1700-talets idévärld.................................................................34 Disposition.......................................................................................................36 2. Smädeskrifterna i det politiska och mediala landskapet ...........................37 Den politiska utvecklingen från frihetstidens slut till Gustaf III:s död ..........38 Gustaf III blir kung...........................................................................................38 Rojalism och oppositionsbildning 1772–1788 .............................................40 Den turbulenta riksdagen 1789.......................................................................41 De sista åren......................................................................................................44 Makten över medierna.....................................................................................45 Medier och makt 1766–1774..........................................................................46 Jämförelse mellan tryckfrihetsförordningarna 1766 och 1774 ...................48 Den nya tryckfrihetslagstiftningens tillämpning och förändring 1774–1784 ........................................................................................................49 Tryckfriheten går mot sin undergång: 1785–1792.......................................52 Rojalistisk propaganda ....................................................................................54 Den rojalistiska bilden av Gustaf III ..............................................................55 Från tal till kistebrev – Rojalismens medier..................................................56 Handskriftskulturen i Gustaf III:s Sverige......................................................59 Handskriftskulturen i 1700-talets Sverige .....................................................59 Handskriftsmediet och lagstiftningen ............................................................61 Handskrifternas spridning och mediets egenskaper.....................................62 Smädeskrifterna ur ett europeiskt perspektiv..................................................65 Smädeskrifter mot Gustaf III: En översikt......................................................67 Avsändare och författare .................................................................................67 Avskrivare och samlare...................................................................................70 Distribution och läsare.....................................................................................74 Smädeskrifterna ur ett diakront perspektiv....................................................76 Smädeskrifternas utformning..........................................................................77 3. Smekmånaden går mot sitt slut (1778–1779) ...........................................79 En hånad dräktreform 1778.............................................................................79 Riddarspel på Drottningholm 1779.................................................................82 Tornerspel, karuseller och divertissement .....................................................84 Erövrandet av Galtarklippan i Drottningholmsparken.................................86 Parodi av riddarspelet på Drottningholm.......................................................91 Parodins form ...................................................................................................92 Den fåfänge teaterkungen – Parodins bild av Gustaf III..............................95 En feminin kung – Gustaf III och omanlighet i smädeskrifterna................98 Ett vekligt och omoraliskt hov – övriga personer i riddarspelet............... 102 Att smäda kvinnor och män – könsbaserade skillnader i riddarspelets personangrepp ............................................................................................... 105 Riddarspelsparodin som politisk allegori ................................................... 107 Läsarens roll................................................................................................... 108 4. Bilder ur en lanterna magica ...................................................................111 Rariteter, resor och monument – om bildkrönikans struktur........................113 Med skrattet som vapen.................................................................................115 Den girige teaterkonungen – lanternans bild av Gustaf ...............................120 Jäsningar bland folket – lanternans bild av nationen....................................125 Att skriva en bild – ekfrasen i smädeskrifterna.............................................127 Impotens och italienska seder – sexuellt smädande av Gustaf III................131