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OFFICERS for 1927 Other Volumes Are Still Available for Distribution and Will Be Sent on Exchange So Long As the Editions Last

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OFFICERS for 1927 Other Volumes Are Still Available for Distribution and Will Be Sent on Exchange So Long As the Editions Last MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF SCIENCE, ARTS AND PAPERS OF THE MICHIGAN ACADEMY OF LETTERS SCIENCE ARTS AND LETTERS EDITORS VOLUME VIII EUGENE S. MCCARTNEY UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN CONTAINING PAPERS SUBMITTED AT THE ANNUAL MEETING IN 1927 PETER OKKELBERG UNIVERSITY OF MICHIGAN he annual volume of Papers of the Michigan T Academy of Science, Arts and Letters is issued under the joint direction of the Council of the Academy THE MACMILLAN COMPANY and of the Executive Board of the Graduate School of LONDON: MACMILLAN & COMPANY, Limited the University of Michigan. The editor for the Academy 1928 is Peter Okkelberg; for the University, Eugene S. All rights reserved McCartney. Copyright, 1927, BY EUGENE S. MCCARTNEY, EDITOR Previous publications of The Michigan Academy of Set up and printed, Science now known as The Michigan Academy of February, 1928 Science, Arts and Letters, were issued under the title, PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA. Annual Report of the Michigan Academy of Science. Twenty-two volumes were published, of which those numbered 1, 21 and 22 are out of print. Copies of the OFFICERS FOR 1927 other volumes are still available for distribution and will be sent on exchange so long as the editions last. President Applications for copies should be addressed to the L. A. CHASE Librarian of the University of Michigan. Northern State Normal School Annual Reports embracing the proceedings of the Vice-President Academy will however, continue to be published. HARRISON R. HUNT Applications for copies should be addressed to the Michigan State College Librarian of the University of Michigan. Section Chairmen The prices of previous volumes of the Papers and of other University of Michigan publications are listed at the ANTHROPOLOGY, Carl E. Guthe, University of Michigan end of this volume. BOTANY, Mary A. Goddard, Michigan State Normal College, Ypsilanti Volumes may be ordered by addressing the Librarian of ECONOMICS AND SOCIOLOGY, Z. C. Dickinson, University the University of Michigan. of Michigan GEOGRAPHY, L. R. Shoenmann, Michigan Land THE MACMILLAN COMPANY NEW YORK BOSTON CHICAGO Economic Survey, Lansing ATLANTA SAN FRANCISCO GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY, W. A. Ver Wiebe, University of Michigan MACMILLAN & CO., LIMITED LONDON BOMBAY CALCUTTA HISTORY AND POLITICAL SCIENCE, W. A. Slosson, MELBOURNE University of Michigan LANGUAGE AND LITERATURE, C. E. Whitmore, University of THE MACMILLAN CO. OF CANADA, LTD. TORONTO Michigan MATHEMATICS, A. L. Nelson, College of the City of Detroit PSYCHOLOGY, John F. Shepard, University of Michigan SANITARY AND MEDICAL SCIENCE, M. H. Soule, University of Michigan ZOÖLOGY, Charles W. Creaser, College of the City of Detroit Secretary Lee R. Dice, University of Michigan Treasurer Robert B. Hall, University of Michigan Librarian W. W. Bishop, University of Michigan Selections from Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters -- Vol. 8 – Page 1 of 38 Editor FIGURES IN THE TEXT Peter Okkelberg, University of Michigan vii XVI. Map showing natural districts of Chippewa County, DATE OF PUBLICATION Michigan.........................................................................10 OF VOLUME VII XVII. Map showing intent in ownership of land, Chippewa April 7, 1927 County, Michigan ...........................................................10 XVIII. Chart showing intent in land ownership in natural districts of Chippewa County..........................................11 CONTENTS XIX. Map showing distribution of habitation, Chippewa ANTHROPOLOGY County............................................................................12 XX. Map showing location of the prairies of Michigan with MATERIALS OF THE INDIAN LAPIDARY IN THE SAGINAW reference to the central prairie region of the United DISTRICT, MICHIGAN. Fred Dustin...................................... 2 States.............................................................................16 A METHOD OF CERAMIC DESCRIPTION. Carl E. Guthe ........ 7 XXI. Map showing distribution of prairies in Michigan ...........16 GEOGRAPHY XXII. Comparison of profiles of prairie and forest soils, Michigan.........................................................................17 THE DRY PRAIRIES OF MICHIGAN. Jethro Otto Veatch ..... 15 XXIII. A line-drawing of the fragment shown in Plate XXX, GEOLOGY AND MINERALOGY Fig. 1. .............................................................................22 SOME ASPECTS OF MARL DEPOSITS IN OCEANA COUNTY. XXIV. Structural map of parts of Wayne, Pulaski and Russell Stanard G. Bergquist....................................................... 19 counties, Kentucky, showing, in red, contours on the top of the Chattanooga shale ...............................................29 THE PROGRESS OF REPLACEMENT AND THE FORMATION OF CONCRETIONS. Charles W. Cook .................................... 22 XXV. Stratigraphic sections to illustrate Silurian rocks in Chippewa County and to show correspondence with the THE CARBONIFEROUS FAUNA OF GRAND LEDGE. William A. Silurian of Ontario ..........................................................32 Kelly................................................................................. 25 XXVI. Stratigraphic sections across Drummond Island to GEOLOGIC STRUCTURE OF A SMALL AREA IN WAYNE, illustrate character of middle Silurian and persistence of PULASKI AND RUSSELL COUNTIES, KENTUCKY. Donald C. Fiborn.............................................................................35 MacLachlan..................................................................... 26 XXVII. Areal Geology of Chippewa County, Michigan...........37 STRATIGRAPHY OF CHIPPEWA COUNTY, MICHIGAN. Walter A. Ver Wiebe ................................................................... 31 MATERIALS OF THE INDIAN LAPIDARY IN THE SAGINAW ILLUSTRATIONS DISTRICT, MICHIGAN PLATES FRED DUSTIN XX-XXVI. Photographs taken in an economic survey of N THE Report of the Smithsonian Institution for 1877, Chippewa County, Michigan...........................................13 IDr. Charles Rau has a paper on "The Stock-in-Trade of an Aboriginal Lapidary,” in which he says: "There is little XXVII. Prairie near Athens, Michigan. ...................................18 doubt that there were persons who devoted their time XXVIII. Lowland areas of marl deposits in Oceana County, chiefly to the manufacture of stone arrow-heads and Michigan .........................................................................21 other stone artifacts, and that certain individuals who XXIX. Figs. 1-2. Upland areas of marl deposits in the same were either by natural inclination or practice particularly county.............................................................................21 qualified for a distinct kind of manual labor, devoted themselves principally or entirely to that labor.” Fig. 3. A Cassandra bog................................................21 Early explorers, missionaries and traders have noted XXX. Photographs of a fragment of rock, illustrating the that certain Indians followed particular occupations, so progress of replacements and the formation of concretions, ...................................................................24 that there were arrow-makers, wampum-makers, canoe- builders and other specialists. XXXI. Fig. 1. Typical exposure of Chattanooga shale, showing laminated character of the formation. ...............30 The writer of this paper has personally collected over seven thousand Indian "relics" in Saginaw County, and Fig. 2. Jointing in Chattanooga shale. ...........................30 has seen thousands of others in the possession of a XXXII. Fig. 1. Weathered surface of Beaver Creek "sand" score of other collectors. Even a casual observer cannot member of New Providence shale, showing characteristic see many of these articles without being struck by the irregular masses of chert of this member. ......................30 beauty of material and cleverness of workmanship. Red, Fig. 2. Lower part of New Providence shale and capping yellow, brown and blue jasper, jetty-black lydian-stone or bed of Beaver Creek "sand." ..........................................30 basanite, gray, red, brown and white agate, white Selections from Papers of the Michigan Academy of Science, Arts and Letters -- Vol. 8 – Page 2 of 38 quartzite, beautiful opaline chalcedony sometimes with sphalerite, making a quite pretty clouded agate plainly drusy surfaces of crystal-clear quartz, bluish chalcedony showing its metallic content. There are also druse from Flint Ridge, Ohio, translucent smoky chalcedony cavities lined with blende crystals or dolomite spar or somewhat like English flint, but far more beautiful, clear brownspar. Above this clayey limestone lie beds of vein quartz, and occasionally a black obsidian arrow- shale and sand-rock along with a layer of hard limestone point from the far West: all these beautiful materials containing numerous chert concretions, thus furnishing a along with others are represented in our chipped limited amount of material for the arrow-maker. This artifacts. limestone formation again outcrops at Bay Port and was a source of unlimited supply, for the denuded rock was We find pipes made from the red pipe-stone of broken down and dissolved, leaving the hard nodules Minnesota, animal figures fabricated from beautiful intact; also at Stony Island and Big Charity Island. In banded slate, and an occasional celt or axe pecked from fact, the supply was sufficient for a far more numerous a boulder filled with hornblende crystals or
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