Ball 79 Ballantine

' ' of his own, in his Brief Assertion (1660) concentric bodies, but the elliptic outline of of the annular character of the Saturniaii the wide-open ring is represented as broken appendages against the objections of Eus- by a depression at each extremity of the tachio Divini. Ball joined the meetings of minor axis. Sir Robert Moray's suggestion to * the Oxonian Society'' at Gresham College in Huygens seems (very obscurely) to convey ' ' 1659, co-operated in founding the Royal his opinion that these hollownesses were in was Society the following year, and named, ; due to the intersection of a pair of crossed in the charter of 15 July 1662, its first trea- . rings. Their true explanation is unquestion- surer. On his resignation of this office, ably that Ball, though he employed a 38-foot ' 30 Nov. 1663, he promised, and subsequently telescope with a double eyeglass, and never paid to the funds of the society, a donation ! saw the planet more distinct,' was deceived of 100/. (WELD, Hist. Royal Soc. i. 171). by an optical illusion. The impossible deli-

Soon after 15 June 1665, when he was present ! neations of the same object by other ob- at a meeting of the Royal Society (BiRCH, servers of that period (see plate facing p. 634 Soc. i. he to Hist. Royal 439), appears have of Huygens's Op. Varia, iii.) render Ball's left London, and resumed his astronomical error less surprising. Indeed, it was antici- pursuits at his father's residence, Mamhead pated at Naples in 1633 by F.. Fontana House, Devonshire, about ten miles south of : (Novce Observations, p. 130; see Observatory, Exeter. Here, at six P.M. 13 Oct. 1665, he No. 79, p. 341). in with his Peter tells us ed. v. that made, conjunction brother, \ Pepys (Bright's 375) Ball, M.D., F.R.S., an observation which has Ball accompanied him and Lord Brouncker a certain He to Lincoln's Inn to visit the new of acquired spurious celebrity. | Bishop described it in the following sentence of a Chester (Wilkins) 18 Oct. 1668, and he was letter to Sir Robert which was ac- one of a committee for the accounts Moray, j auditing a the words were of the in November companied by drawing ; Royal Society following. inserted in No. 9 of the ' He succeeded to the estates on his

Philosophical j family ' Transactions (i. 153) : father's death in 1680, and erected a monu- ' This appear'd to me the present figure of ment to him in the little church of Mamhead. j

Saturn, somewhat otherwise than I expected, I He died in 1690, and was buried in the it would have been but Round of the Middle 22 thinking decreasing ; Temple Oct. of j I found it full as ever, and a little hollow that year (Temple Register; cf. Letters of above and below. Whereupon,' the report Administration P. C. C., by decree, 14 Jan. ' continues, the person to whom notice was 1692). He married Mary Posthuma | Hussey, sent this hath of who survived hereof, examining shape, by j Lincolnshire, him, and had letters desired the worthy author of the by her a son, William. The last of the Balls " " j Systeme of this Planet [Huygens] that he of Mamhead died 13 Nov. 1749. would now attentively consider the present j [Prince's Worthies of Devon (1701), 111-3; of his anses or to see whether figure ring, | Polwhele's Hist, of Devonshire ii. (1797), 155-7 ;

the to him as in this I appearance be figure, Watt's Bibl. Brit, i. Prof. J. C. Adams 67 ; and whether he there meets consequently (Month. Not. Royal Astr. Soc. Jan. 1883, pp. 92-7) with nothing that may make him think that attempts to prove that Ball's observation was it is not one body of a circular figure that misrepresented, both in the plate (cancelled, as embraces his diske, but t wo.' he suggests, on that account) and in the letter- Owing to some unexplained circumstance, press of Phil. Trans. See, on the other side, Vivian in Month. Not. March and the plate containing the figure referred to was 1883, Lynn, in 1 June and 1 Oct. 1883. Prof. omitted or removed from the great majority of Observatory, ' Bakhuysen of Leyden gives, Observatory, 2 copies of the Philosophical Transactions,' and July 1883, the passage from Moray's letter to Huygens the letterpress standing alone might naturally referred to in Phil. Trans, i. 153. Huygens's be interpreted to signify that the brothers Ball reply has not been brought to light.] had ten Cassini's dis- yet anticipated by years A. M. C. covery of the principal division in Saturn's This merit was in fact attributed to ring. BALLANDEN. [See BELLENDEN.] them by Admiral (then Captain) Smyth in 1844 (A Cycle of Celestial Objects, p. 51), BALLANTINE, JAMES (1808-1877), and his lead was followed by most writers on artist and man of letters, born at Edinburgh astronomical subjects down to October 1882, in 1808, was entirely a self-made man. when Mr. W. T. Lynn pointed out, in the His first occupation was that of a house- ' Observatory,' the source of the misconcep- painter. He learned drawing under Sir tion. In the few extant impressions of the William Allen at the Trustees' Gallery in woodcut from Ball's drawing not the slightest Edinburgh, and was one of the first to re- indication is given of separation into two vive the art of glass-painting. In 1845 he Ballantyne Ballantyne

' ' show- ' and bad weather to the close published a treatise on Stained Glass, through good of Archi- of Scott's life. ing its applicability to every style Induced the of tecture/ and was appointed by the royal by strong representations commissioners on the fine arts to execute the Scott, Ballantyne, about the close of 1802, House of Lords. removed to ' accommoda- stained-glass windows for the Edinburgh, finding He was the author of several popular works : tion for two presses and a proof one in the 1. 'The Gaberlunzie's Wallet/ 1843. 2. 'The precincts of Holyrood House.' Scott, besides ' Miller of Deanhaugh/ 1845. 3. An Essay advancing a loan of 500/., exerted himself on Ornamental Art/ 1847. 4. 'Poems/ 1856. to procure for him both legal and literary ' with 1865. and such was the soon 5. One Hundred Songs, Music/ printing ; reputation 6. 'The Life of David Koberts, K.A.' 1866. acquired by his press for beauty and correct- There is also a volume of verses published ness of execution that in 1805 the capital by Ballantine in Jamaica, whither in later at his command was too small to fulfil the life he seems to have retired for the benefit contracts that were offered him, and he ap- ' < of his health. The Gaberlunzie's Wallet plied to Scott for a second loan, who there- and some of his songs are still popular in upon became a third sharer in the business. Scotland. He died in Edinburgh in Decem- In 1808 the firm of John Ballantyne & Co., ber 1877. He was the head of the firm of booksellers, was also started, Scott having Messrs. Ballantine, glass stainers, Edinburgh. one half share, and James and John Ballan- each. 22 Dec. 29 Dec. tyne one fourth John Ballantyne [q.v.] [Athenseum, 1877 ; Academy, of the undertook the management of the book- 1877 ; Cooper's Men Time, 1875.] E. E. selling and publishing business, the printing business continuing under the superintend- ence of the elder brother but the actual BALLANTYNE, JAMES (1772-1833), ; of concerns al- the printer of Sir Walter Scott's works, was head both was Scott, who, the son of a general merchant in Kelso, though in establishing them he was actuated where he was born in 1772. His friendship by a friendly interest in the Ballantynes, with Scott began in 1783 at the grammar wished both to find a convenient method of school of Kelso. After mastering his lessons, engaging in a commercial undertaking with- ' Scott used to whisper to Ballantyne, Come, out risk to his status in society, and also as slink over beside me, Jamie, and I'll tell you an author to avoid the irksome intervention a and in the interval of school hours of a between him and the story ;' publisher reading it was also their custom to walk together by public. The publishing business was gradu- the banks of the Tweed, engaged in the same ally discontinued, but the printing business occupation. Before entering the office of a was in itself a brilliant success. The high solicitor in Kelso, Ballantyne passed the perfection to which Ballantyne had brought winter of 1785-6 at Edinburgh University. the art of printing, and his connection with His apprenticeship concluded, he again went Scott, secured such enormous employment to Edinburgh to attend the class of Scots for his press that a large pecuniary profit law, and on this occasion renewed his ac- was almost an inevitable necessity. But with Scott at the Teviotdale though not deficient in natural shrewd- Siaintanceub, of which both were members. In 1795 ness, he was careless in his money transac- he commenced practice as a solicitor in tions, and it was the artistic and literary Kelso, but as his business was not immedi- aspect of his business that chiefly engaged ately successful he undertook in the follow- his interest. Much of his time was occupied ing year the printing and editing of an anti- in the correction and revision of the proofs democratic weekly newspaper, the 'Kelso of Scott's works, the writing of critical and Mail.' A casual conversation with Scott, in theatrical notices, and the editing of the * 1799, led to his printing, under the title of Weekly Journal/ of which, along with his ' Apologies for Tales of Terror/ a few copies brother, he became proprietor in 1817. Scott's of some ballads which Scott had written for hurried method of composition rendered care- ' Lewis's Miscellany, Tales of Wonder.' So ful inspection of his proofs absolutely neces- pleased was Scott with the beauty of the sary, but the amendments of Ballantyne had type, that he declared that Ballantyne should reference, in addition to the minor points of be the printer of the collection of old Border grammar, to the higher matters of taste and ballads, with which he had been occupied style. Though himself a loose and bom- for several years. They were published under bastic writer, he had a keen eye for detect- ' the title of Minstrelsy of the Scottish Border/ , ing solecisms, inaccuracies, or minute imper- the first two volumes in in and and his Jan. 1802 ; fections appearing | phrases expressions, and the connection thus inaugurated between ! hints in regard to the general treatment of a author and printer remained uninterrupted were often of great value. If Scott j subject Ballantyne 81 Ballantyne seldom accepted his amendments in the form Humbug handled by the author of the Life of Sir Walter 1839 to Mr. suggested, he nearly always admitted the Scott, ; Eeply Lockhart's entitled ' The force of his objections, and in deference to pamphlet, Ballantyne Humbug handled,' Archibald Constable and his them frequently made important alterations. 1839; T. F. H. Indeed, it is to the criticism of Ballantyne Literary Correspondents, 1873.] that we owe some of Scott's most vivid epi- BALLANTYNE, JAMES ROBERT thets and most graphic descriptive touches. (d. 1864), orientalist, after being connected (For examples, see LOCKHART'S Life of Scott, with the Scottish Naval and Military Aca- chap, xxxv.) Love of ease and a propensity demy, was sent out to India in 1845, on the to indulgence at table were the principal recommendation of Professor H. H. Wilson, | faults of Ballantyne. On account of the to the reorganisation of the | superintend go- grave pomposity of his manner Scott used vernment Sanskrit college at Benares. The * to name him Aldiborontiphoscophornio,' intimate relations he here established with his more mercurial brother being dubbed native teachers and students, and the high ' Rigdumfunnidos.' In 1816, Ballantyne mar- opinion he formed of the philosophical sys- ried Miss Hogarth, sister of George Hogarth, tems of India, led him to undertake a com- * the author of the History of Music.' He prehensive series of works with the design lived in a roomy but old-fashioned house of rendering the valuable elements in Hindu in St. John Street, Canongate, not far from thought more accessible and familiar to Euro- his printing establishment. There, on the pean students than they had hitherto been. eve of a new novel by the Great Unknown, This was the aim of his translations of the ' ' he was accustomed to give a gorgeous Sanskrit aphorisms of the Sankhya and many feast to his more intimate friends, when, of those of the Nyaya school, with tracts after Scott and the more staid personages bearing upon these and also upon the Ve- ' had withdrawn, and the claret and olives danta system. The converse process the had made way for broiled bones and a mighty communication of European ideas to the ' bowl of punch,' the proof sheets were at Brahmins is exhibited in his Synopsis of ' length produced, and James, with many a Science, in Sanskrit and English, reconciled prefatory hem, read aloud what he con- with the truth to be found in the Nyaya sidered as the most striking dialogue they Philosophy,' and most of his works are filled contained.' with the design of establishing more intel- The responsibility of Ballantyne for the ligent relations between Indian and Euro- pecuniary difficulties of Sir Walter Scott pean thought. Dr. Ballantyne had an original has been strongly insisted on by Lockhart, bent of mind, and his method of dealing with but this was not the opinion of Scott him- philosophical systems was often suggestive. ' ' self, who wrote : I have been far from suf- The list of his works is as follows : 1. A fering from James Ballantyne. I owe it to Grammar of the Hindustani Language,' Edin- him to say that his difficulties as well as his burgh, 1838, with a second edition. 2. ' Ele- advantages are owing to me.' Doubtless the ments of Hindi and Braj Bhakha Grammar,' printing-press, with more careful superin- London and Edinburgh, 1839. 3. 'A Gram- tendence, would have yielded a larger profit, mar of the Mahratta Language,' Edinburgh, < but the embarrassments of Scott originated lithographed, 1839. 4. Principles of Per- in his connection with the publishing firm, sian Caligraphy, illustrated by lithographic and were due chiefly to schemes propounded plates of the Naskh-Ta'lik character,' Lon- ' by himself and undertaken frequently in don and Edinburgh, 1839. 5. Hindustani opposition to the advice of Ballantyne. In Selections in the Naskhi and Devanagari 1826 the firm of James & Co. 1840 2nd Ballantyne character,' Edinburgh, ; edition, l became involved in the bankruptcy of Con- 1845. 6. Hindustani Letters, lithographed stable & Co., publishers. After his bank- in the Nuskh-Tu'leek and Shikustu-Amez ruptcy Ballantyne was employed at a mode- character, with translations,' London and ' rate salary by the creditors' trustees in the Edinburgh, 1840. 7. The Practical Oriental * ' editing of the Weekly Journal and the Interpreter, or Hints on the art of Translating- literary management of the printing-house, readily from English into Hindustani and so that his literary relations with Scott's Persian,' London and Edinburgh, 1843. works remained unaltered. He died 17 Jan. 8. ' Catechism of Persian Grammar,' Lon- 1833, about four months after the death of don and Edinburgh, 1843. 9. Pocket Guide Scott. to Hindoostani Conversation,' London and of Scott Eefutation of the Edinburgh. (The preceding books were [Lockhart's Life ; Misstatements and Calumnies contained in Mr. before Dr. Ballantyne went to Published10. ' of Lockhart's Life of Sir Walter Scott respecting ndia.) Catechism Sanskrit Gram- the The 2nd London and Messrs. Ballantyne, 1835 ; Ballantyne mar,' edition, Edinburgh, YOL. III. G Ballantyne Ballantyne

1845. 11. ' The Laghu Kaiunudi, a Sanskrit part of the business being resigned to him. 1st 1849 he into Grammar, by Varadaraja/ edition, ; Gradually got money difficulties, and, * 2nd, 1867, posthumous. 12. First Lessons having disposed of his goods to pay his debts, in Sanskrit Grammar, together with an In- went to Edinburgh in January 1806, to be- troduction to the Hitopadesa/ 1st edition, come clerk in his brother's printing establish- 1850; 2nd, 1862. 13. 'A Discourse on ment at a salary of 200/. a year. When Translation, with reference to the Educa- Scott in 1808, on the ostensible ground of a tional Despatch of the lion. Court of Di- misunderstanding with Messrs. Constable & the firm of Ballan- rectors, 19 July 1854,' Mirzapore, 1855. Hunter, established John 14. ' A Synopsis of Science in Sanskrit and tyne & Co., John Ballantyne was appointed one- English, reconciled with the Truths to be manager at a salary of 300/. a year and found in the Nyaya Philosophy/ Mirzapore, fourth of the profits. The private memo- 1856. 15. 'The Mahabhashya (Patanjali's randum-book of Ballantyne records that al- Great Commentary on Panini's famous gram- ready in 1809 the firm was getting into diffi- with 1856. culties and the next three their mar), Commentaries,' Mirzapore, ; during years ' 16. Christianity contrasted with Hindu general speculations continued so uniformly ' Philosophy, in Sanskrit and English (a work unsuccessful, that in May 1813 Scott opened to which was awarded the moiety of a prize negotiations with Constable for pecuniary of 300Z. offered by a member of the Bengal assistance in return for certain stock and Civil Service, and decided by judges ap- copyright, including a share in some of Scott's pointed by the Archbishop of Canterbury own poems, and on a pledge of winding up and the Bishops of London and Oxford), the concerns of the firm as soon as possible. ' ' London, 1859. Although Waverley was published by Con- Dr. Ballantyne also edited and partly stable in 1814, Scott, owing either, as stated wrote a series of educational books for the by Lockhart, to the misrepresentations of use of the Sanskrit college. Some of these John Ballantyne regarding Constable, or to ' appeared under the title of Reprints for the the urgent necessity for more ready money Pandits,' and included treatises on chemistry, than Constable was willing to advance, made physical science, logic, and art, and an ex- arrangements in 1815 for the publication of ' ' planatory version, in Sanskrit and English, Guy Mannering by Longman, and in the ' ' ' ' of Bacon's Novum Organon (1852), which following year of the Tales of my Landlord ' reached a second edition in 1860. The by Murray. Lockhart states that Ballantyne, ' Bible for the Pandits was the title of a in negotiating with Constable in 1817 re- ' translation of the first three chapters of garding a second series of Tales of my Land- Genesis into Sanskrit, with a commentary lord,' so wrought on his jealousy by hinting (1860). at the possibility of dividing the series with ' In 1861 Dr. Ballantyne resigned his posi- Murray, that he agreed on the instant to do at the tion Benares college, where for six- all that John shrank from asking, and at one teen years he had been an indefatigable and sweep cleared the Augean stable in Hanover judicious principal and a liberal professor of Street of unsaleable rubbish to the amount moral and on his return to of ' but from a in the ' Life philosophy, Eng- 5,270/. ; passage land was librarian it appointed to the India of Archibald Constable' (iii. 98) would Office. His health, however, had long been appear that this was not effected till a later and he died failing, on 16 Feb. 1864. The period. John Ballantyne, whom Scott con- Benares college owed much to his wise and tinued to employ in all the negotiations re- broad-minded direction, and native students garding the publication of his works, had in have profited greatly by his zealous labours 1813, on the advice of Constable, started as on their behalf. an auctioneer chiefly of books and works of 12 March 1864 art, an occupation well suited to his pecu- [Athenaeum, ; Ballantyne's liar As he had also made a Works, especially advertisement to the Synopsis idiosyncrasies. of Science.] S. L.-P. stipulation with Constable that he was to have a third share in the of the Wa- JOIIX profits BALLANTYNE, (1774-1821), verley novels, he suffered no pecuniary loss brother of James Ballan- publisher, younger by the dissolution of the old publishing firm. tyne, printer of SirW. Scott's works was [q.v.l, In addition to this, Scott, in 1820, gratuitously born at Kelso in l 1774. After spending a offered his services as editor of a Novelist's short time in the house of banking Messrs. Library,' to be published for his sole benefit. Carrie, London, he in to returned, 1795, Kelso, His easily won gains were devoted to the and became partner in his father's business as gratification of somewhat expensive tastes. merchant. general On his marriage in 1797 At his villa on the Firth of which he the Forth, partnership was one l ' dissolved, principal had named Harmony Hall,' and had in- Ballantyne Ballard

vested with an air of daintj^ voluptuous the occasion by a generous patron to some he elaborate Parisian finery/ gave frequent missionary purpose. Ballantyne suffered the at which was sure dinners, among guests from indigestion brought on by excessive ' to be found whatever actor or singer of application, and died 5 Nov. 1830. eminence visited Edinburgh.' He frequented [McKerrow's Church of the Secession, foxhunts and and even at. his pp. race-meetings, Recollections ' 913-16; by T.Longmuir, Aberdeen, auction hammer in j appeared uniformly, hand, ! 1872; McCosh's Scottish Philosophy, pp. 388- in the half-dress of some club.' His sporting 392.] Imprudent pursuit of pleasure told gradually on his constitution, and after several years BALLANTYNE, THOMAS (1806- of shattered health he died at his brother's 1871), journalist, was a native of Paisley, house in Edinburgh 16 June 1821. Ballan- where he was born in 1806. Becoming editor ' of the ' tyne is the author of a novel The Widow's Bolton Free Press,' he at an early ' Lodgings which, though stated by Lock- period of his life took an active part in ad- hart to be 'wretched trash,' reached a second vocating social and political reforms. While edition. In his will he bequeathed to Sir editor of the 'Manchester Guardian' he Walter Scott a of but after became associated with Messrs. legacy 2,000/. ; intimately Cobden Ms death it was found that his aifairs were and Bright in their agitation against the corn liopelessly bankrupt. In the antics and ec- laws, and in 1841 he published the centricities of Ballantyne Scott discovered 'Corn Law Repealer's Handbook.' Along an inexhaustible fund of with Mr. he was one of amusement ; but he Bright the four ' also cherished towards him a deep and sincere original proprietors of the Manchester Ex- his attachment. Standing beside his newly closed aminer,' name appearing as the printer grave in Canongate churchyard, he whispered and publisher. After the fusion of the ' Ex- ' ' ' to Lockhart, I feel as if there would be less aminer with the Times,' he became editor ' sunshine for me from this day forth.' of the Liverpool Journal,' and later of the Life of Scott Refutation he removed to [Lockhart's ; of the 'Mercury.' Subsequently ' Misstatements and Calumnies contained in Mr. London to edit the Leader,' and he was for a Lockhart's Life of Sir Walter Scott respecting time associated with Dr. Mackay in the the Messrs. 1835 The editorial of ' Ballantyne, ; Ballantyne department the Illustrated Lon- handled the author of the of ' Humbug by Life don News.' He also started the Statesman,' Sir Walter Scott, 1839; Reply to Mr. Lockhart's which he edited till its when he became ' close, entitled The * pamphlet, Ballantyne Humbug editor of the Old St. James's Chronicle.'

handled,' 1839 ; Archibald Constable and his Notwithstanding his journalistic duties, he T. F. Literary Correspondents, 1873 ] H. found time to contribute a number of papers on social and BALLANTYNE, JOHN (1778-1830), political topics to various re-

views and : divine, was born in the parish of Kinghorn magazines in addition to which 8 1778 entered the of Edin- he 1. selected from the May ; university published: 'Passages of burgh in 1795, and joined the Burgher branch Writings Thomas Carlyle, with a Bio- ' of the Secession church, though his parents graphical Memoir,' 1855 and 1870. 2. Pro- for belonged to the establishment. He was or- phecy 1855, selected from Carlyle's Latter- dained minister of a congregation at Stone- day Pamphlets,' 1855. 3. 'Ideas, Opinions, ' haven, Kincardineshire, in 1805. In 1824 and Facts,' 1865. 4. Essays in Mosaic,' 1870. ' his lie published A Comparison of Established Regarding proficiency in this species of and Dissenting Churches, by a Dissenter.' In compilation, Carlyle himself testifies as fol- ' 1830 this pamphlet, which had failed to lows : I have long recognised in Mr. Ballan- a real e xcite notice, was republished with additions tyne talent for excerpting significant ' ' from during the voluntary church controversy passages books, magazines, newspapers contain of the period. Ballantyne's partisanship in (that any such), and for presenting them in lucid the controversy is said to have injured the arrangement, and in their most ' reception of his Examination of the Human interesting and readable form.' Ballantvne died at Mind,' the first part of which appeared in London 30 Aug. 1871. 1828 two further were ; parts intended, but Lancashire [Sutton's Authors, p. 7 ; Glasgow never The failure, Mail, 9 1871 appeared. however, may Daily Sept. ; Paisley Weekly Herald, be accounted for without the influence of 11 Sept. 1871.] T. F. H. party spirit. It is the work of a thoughtful BALLANTYNE, WILLIAM (16l6- but not very original student of Reid and Du- 1661), catholic divine. gald Stewart, with some criticism of Thomas [See BALLEXDEN.] Brown. It is recorded that Ballantyne ma- BALLARD, EDWARD GEORGE to for out of his naged pay publication own (1791-1860), miscellaneous writer, was the savings, handing over a sum bestowed on son of Edward Ballard, an alderman of