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Master Thesis Master Thesis im Rahmen des Universitätslehrganges „Geographical Information Science & Systems“ (UNIGIS MSc) am Interfakultären Fachbereich für GeoInformatik (Z_GIS) der Paris Lodron-Universität Salzburg zum Thema “An approach to model the thermal demand of buildings “ A case study using two districts of Graz vorgelegt von Mag. Stefan Mayer U1546, UNIGIS MSc Jahrgang 2011 Zur Erlangung des Grades „Master of Science (Geographical Information Science & Systems) – MSc(GIS)” Gutachter: Ao. Univ. Prof. Dr. Josef Strobl Wien, 6.7.2014 © U1546 – Stefan Mayer UniGIS Msc, 2011 II © U1546 – Stefan Mayer Acknowledgements The author wishes to thank several people. First and foremost, I would like to express the most sincere gratitude to my girls Pauline and Simone, for their love, kindness and support they have given me during the past years of academic training. They had to tolerate my intense efforts for UNIGIS beside my daily business. Sometimes I was not even able to care for them in a proper way. “… Better times will follow !” I would like to express special thanks to my colleagues from the UniGIS Msc 2011 course, for discussions and fun during the last three years. Furthermore, I would also like to thank Sebastian and Georg from the Austrian Institute of Technology (AIT) for their support with this paper and the AIT for giving me the chance to use this subject for my thesis. A very special thanks is dedicated to the entire UniGIS Team for their support during the studies and to Dr. Gudrun Wallentin and Prof. Joseph Strobl for the supervision of this thesis. UniGIS Msc, 2011 III © U1546 – Stefan Mayer Science Pledge Hereby I, Stefan Mayer, declare that this master thesis was written without the help of a third party and without the use of sources other than the ones cited in this paper. In addition, I certify that all thoughts in this paper that are not my own writing, including images, figures and tables, are appropriately referenced. Vienna, 30.6.2014 (Place, Date) (Stefan Mayer) UniGIS Msc, 2011 IV © U1546 – Stefan Mayer Kurzfassung In dieser Arbeit wird die Modellierung des jährlichen Wärme- und Kühlbedarfs für Gebäude am Beispiel zweier Grazer Bezirke gezeigt. Das Hauptziel ist die Erfassung der Bedarfsstruktur in verschiedenen Stadtteilen sowie eine mögliche Lokalisierung der Bedarfsschwerpunkte. Die Bestimmung des Wärme- und Kühlbedarfs von Gebäuden erfolgt im Wesentlichen über die Berechnung der individuellen Energiebilanz einzelner Gebäude. Für die praktische Umsetzung der entsprechenden Bedarfsberechnung wird die Programmiersprache Python verwendet. Thermale Gewinne und Verluste können einzeln und in Kombination aus beiden berechnet werden. Diese Master Thesis zeigt detailliert, welche Einflüsse bei der Bestimmung des Wärme- und Kühlbedarfs von Gebäuden zu berücksichtigen sind. Somit werden einerseits qualitative und quantitative Aussagen über die Gebäudequalität und die Bedarfsstruktur getroffen, andererseits wird auch das Zusammenspiel von Gebäudegeometrie, -alter und -typ aufgezeigt. Weiters wird der wesentliche Einfluss klimatischer Bedingungen hervorgehoben. Die präsentierte Methode könnte mit einem verbesserten Gebäudemodell oder einer höheren zeitlichen Auflösung bei der Berechnungsmethode optimiert werden. Mit der Berücksichtigung des Warmwasserbedarfs sowie von Heiz-, Lüftungs- und Kühlsystem kann auch der Endenergiebedarf berechnet werden. UniGIS Msc, 2011 V © U1546 – Stefan Mayer Abstract The current paper deals with an approach to model the annual heating and cooling demand of buildings, using two districts of the city of Graz as case study. Hence, the main objective is to gather the demand patterns within different parts of the city and to localise demand hotspots. A determination of the heating and cooling demand of buildings is carried out via the calculation of the heat balance of individual buildings. The practical implementation consists of the generation of a building model and the proper demand calculation, which is performed via the Python programming language. Thermal gains and losses of buildings are calculated separately. This master thesis shows in detail which kind of effects have to be considered when determining the heating and cooling demand of buildings. While qualitative and quantitative statements can be made about the building quality and the demand patterns, the interactions of building geometry, age and type are also revealed. Moreover, the significant influence of climatic conditions is highlighted. The approach chosen for this paper could be enhanced by considering an advanced building model or a higher level of temporal resolution. By considering the warm water heating demand and the integration of the HVAC-system into the model, the final thermal energy demand can be calculated. UniGIS Msc, 2011 VI © U1546 – Stefan Mayer Content Acknowledgements .................................................................................................................. III Science Pledge ........................................................................................................................ IV Kurzfassung ............................................................................................................................. V Abstract .................................................................................................................................. VI Content .................................................................................................................................. VII List of Figures ...........................................................................................................................X List of Tables ......................................................................................................................... XIII 1. INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................. 1 1.1. Motivation ................................................................................................................. 1 1.2. Objectives – Research Questions ................................................................................ 2 1.3. Solution Approach ..................................................................................................... 3 1.4. Expected Results ........................................................................................................ 3 1.5. Demarcation .............................................................................................................. 4 1.6. Target Audience ........................................................................................................ 4 1.7. Structure .................................................................................................................... 4 2. LITERATURE REVIEW .................................................................................................. 6 2.1. Energy Coefficients ................................................................................................... 6 2.2. Energy Consumption in Austria ................................................................................. 7 2.2.1. Gross and Final Energy Consumption ........................................................................ 7 2.2.2. Energy Consumption by Sector .................................................................................. 8 2.2.3. Energy Consumption by Structural Usage .................................................................. 9 2.3. European Energy Efficiency Framework for Buildings ............................................. 11 2.3.1. Energy Efficiency Plan 2011 .................................................................................... 11 2.3.2. Directive on the Energy Performance of Buildings ( EU, 2010 ).................................. 12 2.3.3. Implementation of the EPBD in Austria ................................................................... 12 2.4. GIS-based Energy Demand Mapping ....................................................................... 13 2.4.1. 2D Model Concept – Various Approaches ................................................................ 13 2.4.2. Minimum Requirements ........................................................................................... 16 2.4.3. Additional Data Sources .......................................................................................... 16 2.4.4. 3D City Model ......................................................................................................... 18 2.4.5. The Usage of INSPIRE conformal Data Source ........................................................ 19 2.5. Conclusion ............................................................................................................... 20 3. SOLUTION APPROACH ............................................................................................... 22 3.1. Theoretical Methodology ......................................................................................... 22 3.1.1. Introduction ............................................................................................................. 22 3.1.2. Methods ................................................................................................................... 22 3.1.2.1. Building Model ................................................................................................ 23 UniGIS Msc, 2011 VII © U1546 – Stefan Mayer 3.1.2.2. Archetype Method ...........................................................................................
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