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Labrador Innu Land Use in Relation to the Proposed Trans Labrador Highway, Cartwright Junction to Happy Valley-Goose Bay

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Labrador Innu Land Use in Relation to the Proposed Trans Labrador Highway, Cartwright Junction to Happy Valley-Goose Bay CIMFP Exhibit P-01322 Page 1 See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.net/publication/265183748 LABRADOR INNU LAND USE IN RELATION TO THE PROPOSED TRANS LABRADOR HIGHWAY, CARTWRIGHT JUNCTION TO HAPPY VALLEY-GOOSE BAY, AND ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY EFFECTS ON INNU LAND USE Article CITATION READS 1 35 2 authors, including: Peter Armitage Wolverine Pharmacometrics Corporation 2 PUBLICATIONS 1 CITATION SEE PROFILE All content following this page was uploaded by Peter Armitage on 11 February 2016. The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file. CIMFP Exhibit P-01322 Page 2 LABRADOR INNU LAND USE IN RELATION TO THE PROPOSED TRANS LABRADOR HIGHWAY, CARTWRIGHT JUNCTION TO HAPPY VALLEY-GOOSE BAY, AND ASSESSMENT OF HIGHWAY EFFECTS ON INNU LAND USE BY PETER ARMITAGE AND MARIANNE STOPP SUBMITTED TO DEPARTMENT OF WORKS, SERVICES AND TRANSPORTATION 5th FLOOR, CONFEDERATION BUILDING (WEST BLOCK) P.O. BOX 8700 ST. JOHN’S, NEWFOUNDLAND A1B 4J6 SUBMITTED BY INNU ENVIRONMENTAL LIMITED PARTNERSHIP P.O. BOX 1020, STATION C HAPPY VALLEY-GOOSE BAY, LABRADOR AOP 1CO Tel: (709) 896-2070 Fax: (709) 896-3277 January 29, 2003 CIMFP Exhibit P-01322 Page 3 Labrador Innu Land Use in Relation to the Proposed Trans Labrador Highway, Cartwright Junction to Happy Valley-Goose Bay, and Assessment of Highway Effects on Innu Land Use Peter Armitage and Marianne Stopp January 29, 2003 EXECUTIVE SUMMARY The Department of Works, Services and Transportation has prepared an Environmental Impact Statement for the third phase of the Trans Labrador highway, which will link the community of Happy Valley-Goose Bay with the Cartwright Junction (87 km south of Cartwright). The preferred route of the proposed highway crosses south-central Labrador through the Eagle River plateau, and bridges a number of rivers in the process, including the Eagle, Kenamu, and Traverspine rivers. The Environmental Impact Statement considers the potential effects of the proposed highway on the physical environment (land and water), biological environment (plants, animals and fish), as well as the human environment (land use, culture, social and economic factors). This information will be used by the Governments of Newfoundland and Labrador and Canada to determine the best ways to eliminate or reduce the negative effects of the highway while maximizing any of its benefits. Canadian government authorities such as the Department of Fisheries and Oceans, Parks Canada, and the Canadian Wildlife Service will use the environmental study to better understand the possible effects of the highway on fish and migratory waterfowl, and plan ways to deal with any negative effects. The project’s relationship to the proposed Akamiuapishku (Mealy Mountains) National Park will also be considered. This report looks at the potential effects of the construction and operation of the preferred route of the proposed Trans Labrador Highway from Cartwright to Happy Valley-Goose Bay on contemporary Labrador Innu land use. Contemporary Innu land use deals with the period in recent Innu history following settlement in the 1960s (i.e., 1969 to the present- day). In documenting contemporary Innu land use in the area of the proposed highway, we relied heavily on information in a number of reports prepared for the Innu Nation since the mid-1970s. Much of the information concerning the locations of camps, travel routes, birth places, grave sites, place names, and hunting, trapping, fishing, and gathering activities was put into a computer database by the Innu Nation. We used this information in conjunction with additional information obtained during interviews in Sheshatshiu in December 2002 to consider the possible effects of the proposed highway on Labrador Innu land use. The results of our research show that the preferred route for the highway crosses a core land use area for the Innu people of Sheshatshiu. This core area is the Eagle River plateau within the study area boundary for the proposed Akamiuapishku (Mealy Mountains) Labrador Innu land use report–- TLH Phase III Final Report. 29 January 2003 i CIMFP Exhibit P-01322 Page 4 National Park. Several Innu families have a long association with this area going back to the pre-settlement period when they used to live for much of the year at a number of lakes located there. These lakes include Enakapeshakamau, Iatuekupau (Park Lake), Kamishikamat, Uinikush, Mashku-nipi, Mishtashini, Uapanatsheu-nipi, Pepauakamau (Crooks Lake), Eshkanat katshipukitinit, and Nekanakau. Before settlement in the 1960s, Innu based at these lakes would travel to Sheshatshiu/North West River, St. Augustine, Musquaro, Rigolet and Cartwright to trade or attend Catholic missions. Although long-distance travel by canoe and snowshoe to trading posts and missions stopped after settlement, the families long associated with the Eagle River plateau have continued to live in the area. While their presence there has been largely facilitated by the Sheshatshiu Innu Band Council’s Outpost Programme, some Innu continue to travel to the area every winter on snowmobile to hunt and fish. In the past 20 years, between 60 and 62 camps have been established in the Eagle River plateau under the Outpost Programme. During this period, a total of 680 Innu people spent at least one season (6 to 12 weeks) at a camp in the area, a sizeable portion of Sheshatshiu’s population which is currently about 1,500 people. Besides considering Innu travel, hunting, trapping, fishing and gathering activities in relation to the proposed road, we also looked at many cultural aspects of Innu presence there. We noted that many Innu value the country, including the Eagle River plateau area, because of its historical and personal associations. Innu people were born and buried in the plateau region. The Innu imagination is well populated with stories about life there, and they have an intimate knowledge of its geography, wildlife and fish populations. Evidence of this experience on the plateau is seen in the numerous Innu place names for lakes and other geographic features there. Certainly, the Eagle River plateau is widely considered among the Innu as a key part of their ancestral territory. Off the plateau, towards Mishta-shipu (Churchill River), Innu land use is less intense. Over the last 20 years, Innu have established camps at Mutnek (Mud Lake) and Mush- nipi, but only the latter would be accessible from the proposed highway. Tshenuamiu- shipu (Kenamu River) continues to support an important Innu salmon fishery downstream. In the pre-settlement period, the river and its tributaries were important travel routes to the Eagle River plateau. The junction of Tshenuamiu-shipu (Kenamu River) and Utshashumeku-shipiss (Salmon River) was an especially important camping and fishing location for the Innu, and may be accessible from the proposed bridge over the Kenamu. In considering the possible effects of the Trans Labrador Highway on Innu land use, we obtained information from Innu and government sources concerning land use along existing roads in Labrador. We also looked at documents from elsewhere in Newfoundland and Labrador and North America dealing with the environmental effects of roads. Almost everywhere, very little research has been done into the effects of roads on wildlife and people once they have been built. However, what research has been done shows convincingly that a major effect of new roads is to increase human access to Labrador Innu land use report–- TLH Phase III Final Report. 29 January 2003 ii CIMFP Exhibit P-01322 Page 5 formerly remote areas. This access can result in the over-harvesting of wildlife and fish species. Based on our analysis of Innu land use in the area of the proposed highway and along existing roads in Labrador, as well as a reading of documents concerning road effects elsewhere, we were able to make realistic and well-informed predictions of the highway’s potential effects on Innu land use. One of the positive effects of increased access to the Eagle River plateau as far as the Innu are concerned, is that their land use in the area could increase. Current trends in Innu land use show expanded use of the existing Labrador road network for harvesting and cabin building, especially in the context of limited support for travel to remote territory under the Sheshatshiu Innu Band Council’s Outpost Programme. This trend is likely to continue, with families that have a long-time association with the Akamiuapishku (Mealy Mountains) area spending more time there. However, expanded Sheshatshiu Innu use of the area will likely occur in the face of greatly increased competition with non-Innu from Labrador and the Island of Newfoundland, and Innu from Quebec. An increased presence of Labrador and Quebec Innu in the Akamiuapishku (Mealy Mountains) region could result in heightened pressure on wildlife and fish populations. Together with non-Innu harvesting, the combined effects of over-harvesting could result in significant reductions in wildlife and fish populations unless conservation measures are implemented. Potential effects would certainly not be limited to the road corridor. The preferred routing for the highway intersects several natural travel corridors which will give hunters and fishers relatively easy access to much of the Eagle River plateau – by snowmobile in the winter and spring, and by boat in the summer and fall. As a result, the geographic extent of possible highway effects could be quite large. Mishtashini, Pepauakamau, Uapanatsheu-nipi, Eshkanat katshipukutiniht, Mashku-nipi and Nekanakau will all be accessible by boaters launching from the north end of Uinikush. During the winter, the road will make these lakes accessible from other points as well. Travel to the north on snowmobile will also be easy. Using natural corridors, Iatuekupau (Park Lake) and Enakapeshakamau will be readily accessible as well as all of the valleys that run east- west across the top of the plateau.
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