Background Document to Support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut

BACKGROUND DOCUMENT TO SUPPORT THE CLIMATE CHANGE AND CLEAN ENERGY REGIONAL WORKSHOPS IN NUNAVIK AND NUNATSIAVUT

PARTICIPANT BOOKLET Working Document AUTHORS

Robert Siron, Ouranos Caroline Larrivée, Ouranos

COLLABORATORS AND REVIEWERS

Report submitted to the Government of Canada Valérie Bourduas Crouhen (Ouranos) and coordinated by Ouranos in collaboration Beatriz Osorio (Ouranos) with Environment and Climate Change Canada, Stéphanie Bleau (Ouranos) Health Canada, Indigenous and Northern Affairs Alexandre-Guy Côté (ECCC) Canada and Makivik Corporation. Marc-Antoine Giroux (ECCC)

The authors would also like to extend special thanks to Cheenar Shah from James Ford’s Climate Change Adaptation Research Group at McGill University for her help in identifying some resources mentioned in this document. CONSORTIUM ON REGIONAL CLIMATOLOGY AND ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE We also thank the Kativik Regional Government 550 Sherbrooke W. 19th floor, West Tower and the Kativik Environmental Advisory Committee Montréal, Québec H3Q 1B9 for their support in preparing this document.

EDITING

Pro-Actif

TRANSLATION (FRENCH)

Lise Malo

Suggested citation: Siron, R. and Larrivée, C., (2016). Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut. Working document submitted to the Government of Canada. Montreal: Ouranos. 26 p. YUKON

NORTHWEST TERRITORIES

Inukjuak

Kawawachikamach TABLE OF CONTENTS

INTRODUCTION 3

PART 1. Climate change impacts for Nunavik, Nunatsiavut and Naskapi communities. An overview of the major findings based on research, science and traditional knowledge 5

PART 2. Main initiatives on climate change in Nunavik, Nunatsiavut and Naskapi territories related to adaptation and resilience, GHG emissions mitigation, infrastructure and innovation and clean technology 7

Government of Canada programs and policies 8

Provincial government programs and policies 10

Regional government initiatives 14

Other initiatives of interest 15

CONCLUSION 19

APPENDIX 21

Glossary 21

References 23

Background document to support the Climate Change and 2 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet INTRODUCTION

In December 2015, at the Conference of the Parties to the Because of the life cycle of greenhouse gases (10 to over United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change 100 years) and the rate of emissions, it is crucial to not only (COP21) in Paris, Canada, alongside 194 other participating reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) but also to adapt countries, agreed to take steps to support the transition to a to inevitable changes3. global low-carbon economy that would help limit the global temperature increase to less than 2 degrees Celsius above Northern populations are affected by climate change because pre-industrial levels. they are dependent on the ecosystems that provide goods and service for the health, culture and well-being of Inuit and Naskapi On March 3rd, 2016, Canada’s First Ministers released a declaration Nations. The integrity and resilience of ecosystems are however on clean growth and climate change, which stated that «…building negatively affected by climate change. In addition, these northern on commitments and actions already taken by provinces and regions are facing increasing pressure and cumulative impacts territories and the momentum from COP21 in Paris, we are from modernization, industrialization and a more open access to moving toward a pan-Canadian framework for clean growth and remote areas. climate change that will meet or exceed Canada’s international emissions targets, and will transition our country to a stronger, This working document provides a synthesis of knowledge and more resilient, low-carbon economy – while also improving our main research findings on the impacts of climate change for quality of life.»1 Nunavik, Nunatsiavut and Naskapi territories, and provides an overview of the existing strategies and initiatives to address The Government of Canada is therefore working with provinces, climate change-related issues. territories and regions to develop actions towards reducing greenhouse gas emissions, increasing energy efficiency, and Definitions of the concepts in this document can be found in the adapting to climate change impacts. glossary of terms used (Appendix 1).

The Arctic is the region in the world where climate change is and will be the most pronounced. Evidence from different sources already shows very substantial warming since the past 60 years and it is recognized that Arctic regions will warm more rapidly compared to the global average2.

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 3 Figure : Recent observations and projections (Horizon 2080) of the average winter temperature (2m). Climate model projections are driven with a scenario of high-level GHG concentrations (i.e. following the IPCC Representative Concentration Pathway - RCP8.5). (Figure from Travis Logan, Ouranos). More information and data available in Ouranos (2015). PART 1. CLIMATE CHANGE IMPACTS FOR NUNAVIK, NUNATSIAVUT AND NASKAPI COMMUNITIES. AN OVERVIEW OF THE MAJOR FINDINGS BASED ON RESEARCH, SCIENCE AND TRADITIONAL KNOWLEDGE

An increase in average annual temperatures at the global scale This warming has and will have direct consequences13 such as: will translate into much higher temperature increases in northern ›› Ecosystems and wildlife: Climate change is affecting wildlife regions such as the Eastern Arctic (Nunavik and Nunatsiavut) habitats, species life cycles and harvesting practices. Climate with impacts already being observed. Nunavik and Nunatsiavut change was also observed to be producing effects on fish, are experiencing rapid warming4. (e.g. Arctic charr), seal, eider duck, as well as species-at-risk, ›› Average annual temperature could increase by up to 5.8°C in such as freshwater harbor seal, peregrine falcon and beluga14. the North of Quebec by mid-century. In addition, berry production is predicted to decline under increased shrub cover15. →→ In Winter, this increase could be even higher, reaching up to 9°C for the same time period. The temperature →→ Species migration patterns (e.g. migrating caribou) will will continue to increase and at the end of this century, shift due to climate change, but predictions of these climate models project that the increase could reach changes are still uncertain16. around 15°C in Winter in northern Quebec5 (see figure on →→ These are important gaps in knowledge since they affect previous page). food resources. ›› An increase in the maximum annual amount of precipitation is expected for northern Québec and Labrador.

→→ A significant increase in all indicators of abundant and extreme precipitation is expected and will be more substantial in the North than in the South6.

›› Average flows are also expected to increase by about 12 % in northern Quebec by mid-century.

→→ Flow increases will occur in Spring and Fall.7 Impacts of climate change and related ›› Sea ice cover is diminishing in its extent, thickness duration factors on the migrating caribou and stability8. Large caribou herd populations are declining17. Results from →→ By 2050, the ice-free period will be about two months several studies18 suggest that: longer for the Hudson Bay. ›› An early spring or delayed onset of winter are observed to →→ The Arctic Ocean will be largely ice-free in September have an impact on the departure and arrival dates of the before 2050 according to the high emission scenario9 herds in both Spring and Fall season. →→ Seasonal changes observed in the ice regimes modify the ›› Conversely, when winter arrives late, the absence of coastal and fjord landscapes10. snow may facilitate the animals’ movements during Fall ›› The coasts of the Hudson Strait and Hudson Bay will likely migration. Heavy snow can also cause the Fall migration be more impacted by severe storms, surges and extreme to end earlier. water levels as the sea-ice cover protecting the coast will ›› Expected climate changes could affect the migratory be reduced11. caribou populations of Quebec and Labrador, ›› Year-round reductions in Arctic sea ice are projected and this especially by delaying the arrival of the females on the contributes to accelerate warming12. calving grounds.19

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 5 ›› Health and well-being: Food insecurity, water and food-borne diseases and contaminant pathways are critical challenges.

→→ Rapid climate change is affecting the quality of country foods and the ability to access it.

→→ A high number of Inuit families with children are already food insecure20

→→ Increased solar radiation due to climate change and the potential for skin related health problems is also an issue in Nunatsiavut21 Arctic charr and increasing →→ Reduced access to land and resources are also leading water temperature to mental health impacts through several interconnected pathways (anxiety, depression, stress)22. Arctic charr is an important food resource at risk23. Fishway facilities on the Nepihjee River, near Kuujjuaq, served ›› Infrastructure and transportation: to build upon an existing monitoring database to gather →→ In Nunavik, higher temperatures and precipitation improved information about the effects of temperature contribute to the thawing of permafrost upon which variations on the growth of local fish and to advise the buildings, roads and airstrips are built on26. organizations involved in managing the species24. The combined results of temperature-growth studies suggest →→ There is less focus or concern about melting permafrost on that the water temperature increase could have serious infrastructure and ice roads in Nunatsiavut than elsewhere adverse consequences for the growth of the Arctic charr in the North, but changing weather patterns due to climate in the Canadian subarctic region depending on lake habitat change have made snow, sea, and ice more difficult to and the local marine productivity response to temperature predict. Similar gaps exist in predicting weather and increases. These consequences, namely reduced growth, making the information available to communities. would lead to a decrease in the harvestable biomass of →→ Changing ice conditions along with changes in storm tracks Arctic charr and cause negative impacts for public health and storm surges affect coastal infrastructure27. (i.e. reduced availability for consumption) and resource management. ›› Culture and Education: The erosion of intergenerational knowledge transfer, land-based skills, and other cultural Recent research and modelling work25 has shown traditions are clear barriers to adaptive capacity. Younger that climate change could lead to an increase in water generations have less experience on the land and may find temperatures in northern lakes, especially in the upper 10 the challenges of climate change even more difficult to cope meters of water column. Results from the study indicate with. that critical habitat for lake trout will be reduced in the upper ›› Business and Economy: Climate change brings both complex part of the water column. In shallower lakes (<15 m) (such challenges and opportunities for industrial activity and various as Stewart Lake in the Kuujjuaq area), this thermal limit for economic sectors. lake trout will likely be exceeded for some twenty days in late summer, leaving no refuge for the species in the entire →→ Extreme events may cause risks to public and private water column. investments (service interruptions, etc.).

→→ In Nunavik, living costs continue to be exacerbated by changes in climate conditions.

›› Hunting, subsistence harvesting and resource management: A project led by the Naskapi Nation concludes that the main The loss of sea ice along with changing winter conditions affect impacts of climate change are observed on land-based activities: access to land and wildlife which are themselves affected hunting, trapping and fishing, food security, health, and culture by climate change. Climate change impacts on wildlife have and learning. The community identified adaptation actions for a consequences for resource management plans to ensure Naskapi Climate Change Adaptation Action Plan that applies appropriate conditions to maintain species at levels that can across four sectors: animals; hunting and travelling on the land; also ensure food security for northern populations. health and well-being; culture and learning.28

Background document to support the Climate Change and 6 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet PART 2. MAIN INITIATIVES ON CLIMATE CHANGE IN NUNAVIK, NUNATSIAVUT AND NASKAPI TERRITORIES RELATED TO ADAPTATION AND RESILIENCE, GHG EMISSIONS MITIGATION, INFRASTRUCTURE AND INNOVATION AND CLEAN TECHNOLOGY

Faced with important challenges, several actions have already In addition to the Pan-Canadian Framework for Clean Growth been implemented or initiated by all levels of government, non- and Climate Change currently being developed, there are governmental organizations, and the research community. programs and policies that provide important guidelines to This section provides a brief overview of existing efforts and broadly address climate change issues through strategies investments but may not reflect all actions being carried out and action plans implemented at the national, regional and that contribute to adaptation and resilience, reduced GHG community levels in Nunavik, Nunatsiavut and Naskapi Nation emissions, or the implementation of clean technologies. territory. Collectively, they cover some themes of interest for the Pan-Canadian Framework, by addressing climate change adaptation and resilience AR , GHG emissions mitigation GHG ,

infrastructures INFRA and innovation and clean technology ICT .

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 7 Government of Canada programs and policies

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29 First Ministers from Federal, provincial and territorial governments INAC clean energy program have committed to putting Canada on a credible path to meet or INAC received funding through Budget 2016 to work exceed its national target of reducing GHG emissions by 30 % collaboratively with Northern communities, governments, below 2005 levels by 2030. This will require transitioning to a low- and organizations to support planning and construction of carbon economy by adopting a range of measures adapted to the renewable energy and efficiency projects that reduce diesel specific circumstances of each province and territory. Federal, fuel use for community heating and electricity. The program provincial and territorial governments are therefore developing a will also work with regional stakeholders to develop a high-level Pan-Canadian Framework on Clean Growth and Climate Change plan that identifies the current energy context of each region to implement these commitments, for adoption at a First Ministers with priorities for moving to action and next steps. Meeting in fall 2016.

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Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (INAC) Health Canada’s Climate Change and Health Climate change programming (formerly Climate Adaptation Program (CCHAP) Change Adaptation Program, CCAP)29 Between 2008 and 2016, Health Canada’s Climate Change INAC received funding through Budget 2016 to work and Health Adaptation Program (CCHAP) provided over $9M collaboratively with northern partners to develop a Northern to support 95 community-driven adaptation projects covering Adaptation Strategy and support climate change adaptation different themes of interest to northern communities including: in northern Canada. This initiative will facilitate information Food security and access to traditional food (country food); sharing and enhance coordination of adaptation efforts access to traditional land; and physical and mental health impacts between different levels of stakeholders and will also contribute of climate change. Projects engaged communities directly, to tools for decision-makers who need the information to make identifying and documenting health impacts of climate change. sound adaptation decisions. The Northern Adaptation Strategy will be a formal, high-level plan that identifies priorities for The renewed CCHAP (2017-2022) will take a new approach action on adaptation and is endorsed by federal, territorial and to program delivery in the North that builds on past results and Indigenous partners. consolidated knowledge gained from the previous CCHAP. Through a collaborative approach, It will establish regionally based projects that reflect key priorities identified by communities and consolidated knowledge gained from the previous CCHAP, as well as providing for enhanced opportunities for collaboration among partners.

Background document to support the Climate Change and 8 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet AR INFRA AR INFRA ICT

Natural Resources Canada’s Climate Northern Transportation Adaptation Initiative. Change Geoscience Program30 Transport Canada31

The program covers three projects that support northern regions: This Initiative is designed to help better understand climate impacts and facilitate better and more integrated transportation ›› The Land-based Infrastructure project focusses on regions planning and adaptation measures. The program supports with existing road and airport infrastructure and is undertaking territorial governments and not-for-profit private sector research terrestrial terrain characterization, mapping and assessment and development activities to maximize limited northern of climate change susceptibility; resources that seek to: ›› The Coastal Infrastructure project conducts northern ›› Design, develop, and adopt innovative technologies, tools, and coastline characterization, mapping and assessment best practices; with focus on regions with existing and potential coastal infrastructure; and ›› Know and understand more about the impacts of climate change on the northern transportation system; ›› The Essential Climate Variables project is monitoring and assessing key components of the climate system, including ›› Help make existing and future northern transportation glacier mass balance, permafrost, and snow cover. infrastructure and operations more resilient and adaptable to climate change; and

›› Encourage the development of northern expertise.

Inuit Priorities for Canada’s Climate Strategy. A Canadian Inuit Vision for Our Common Future in Our Homelands. (ITK Report, 2016) At the national level, the Vancouver Declaration on Clean Growth and Climate Change issued in March, 2016 recognizes that Indigenous Peoples have an important role to play in ensuring a sustainable and prosperous future for Canada. Inuit Tapiriit Kanatami (ITK) shares this view and they contend that, in the future, Inuit must be included as equal partners in the federal, provincial and territorial (FPT) tables that are shaping Canada’s evolving climate strategy and its implementation. ITK was pleased to provide a report detailing their climate policy recommendations to the Federal-Provincial-Territorial Ministerial Tables that were finalizing the development of Canada’s climate strategy this fall. ITK report provides First Ministers and Canadian stakeholders with an overview of the diverse and growing needs Canadian Inuit face as they adapt to climate change in Inuit Nunangat, the Inuit homeland), from education to employment, quality housing, and adequate and nutritious food. The report emphasizes that poverty in turn weighs on mental well-being, limiting the ability of individuals to fully participate in society and reduces the capacity to adapt to stressors such as climate change.

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 9 Provincial government programs and policies

QUÉBEC

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2013-2020 Climate Change Action Plan32 2013-2020 Government Strategy for Climate Change Adaptation33 In 2012, the Québec Government adopted its most recent Climate change action plan covering the 2013-2020 period, with funding In addition to its Climate Change Action Plan 2013-2020, the provided by the Green Fund. The Plan includes 30 priorities Government of Quebec launched its Strategy on adaptation and more than 150 actions led by 12 departments and other to climate change 2013-2020, a companion document which organizations. Up to now, more than 15 programs and a variety of focuses on four fundamental issues facing the sectors of Quebec initiatives have been launched to address the following challenges: society that are the most vulnerable to climate change and where ›› Reduce fossil fuel consumption and improve the energy there are needs to adapt to ensure: efficiency of buildings, industrial processes and vehicle fleets; ›› Population and community well-being;

›› Provide greater support for the development of mass and ›› Continuity of economic activities; active transit; ›› Safety and durability of buildings and infrastructures; and, ›› Accelerate the electrification of transport and the creation of new companies in this field; ›› Maintenance of essential ecological services from the natural environment. ›› Broaden the use of renewable energy sources in all activity sectors; Because of the cross-cutting nature of these issues, with close ›› Encourage research and development in the field of clean and complex connections between the human, socioeconomic technology; and and natural systems underlying all of them, the Strategy identifies four strategic directions which apply to all issues, in addition to the ›› Have a proactive approach with respect to climate change four sector-specific directions. adaptation. They are: Priorities and actions of particular relevance to Nunavik include supporting communities in the reduction of GHG through ›› Integrate climate change adaptation into the public renewable energies, enhanced energy efficiency, and maritime administration; and air transport efficiency, and developing climatological ›› Develop knowledge and know-how; monitoring networks. ›› Build awareness and provide training;

›› Modify land use and manage risks to reduce vulnerabilities.

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Plan Nord 34

The Québec Government developed a plan to promote the potential for mining, energy, tourism, and social and cultural development in Québec north of the 49th degree of latitude.

Background document to support the Climate Change and 10 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet GHG INFRA ICT

Hydro-Québec: renewable energy and energy efficiency

Hydro-Québec is also working with the region to explore the potential for renewable energy and energy efficiency projects in Nunavik:

In 2013, Hydro-Québec Distribution (HQD) assessed the possibility of hybrid wind-diesel generation in Nunavik (Kangiqsualujjuaq) with preliminary results deemed satisfactory35.

The possibility of district heating was evaluated in two Northern villages. While the study results indicate that it is not financially viable for the regional as a whole, some proposed projects plan to use the heat for greenhouses, heat some larger buildings and make ice in summer time for the local arena using a thermochiller technology.

The community of Inukjuak completed some pre-feasibility and feasibility studies for a potential hydro project and is currently looking to secure funding.

Combined heat and power biomass projects have been proposed in Nunavik, especially in the southernmost sectors of the Hudson Bay areas where pellets could be delivered by barge.

Wind mills were also proposed and the wind conditions are generally appropriate. Hydro-Québec is examining the potential to implement high penetration wind energy projects in Nunavik based on the results of two pilot projects, in Akulivik and Kangiqsualujjuaq.36

Makivik Corporation, in collaboration with the Hydro-Québec Research Institute, intends to conduct a feasibility study to assess hydro-kinetic resource capabilities in Nunavik (i.e. the potential for underwater turbine technology)37.

No long term renewable energy projects have been successfully implemented and maintained in Nunavik except for the privately owned windmills at Raglan Mine. The proper incentives may not currently be in place to develop renewable energy projects in Nunavik.

Energy demand was particularly high in Nunavik in 2014. HQD investigations revealed that the condition of dwellings was not a significant factor but the use of electricity for secondary heating was. To help reduce demand, HQD is planning an awareness and education program for 2015-2016.

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 11 NEWFOUNDLAND AND LABRADOR

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There are a number of government initiatives and consultations Charting Our Course: 2011 Climate Change Action on climate change issues in progress in Nunatsiavut: Plan. Government of Newfoundland and Labrador40

The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador is committed to This plan outlines the province’s mitigation and adaptation actions developing a climate change strategy. All Newfoundlanders and in northern Labrador to date and its plans for actions moving Labradorians are being asked to participate in consultations38 forward including: undertaken by the Office of Climate Change and Energy Efficiency to inform the development of a new provincial climate change Adaptation: strategy to «build a province that has a prosperous, low-carbon › economy and strong communities». Citizen input was requested › Developing flood risk maps; by September 16, 2016. ›› Enhancing monitoring of coastal erosion to better understand the impacts of sea level rise and storm surges on the coastline; Turn-back-the-tide website 39: ›› Improving information and data on local precipitation and temperature trends; and In parallel, the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador also provides a range of documents intended for households, ›› Continuing to raise awareness about climate impacts in businesses or communities, that may serve as guidelines for communities and integrating adaptation considerations into addressing some climate change related issues of concerns, planning and decision-making. such as building energy efficient homes; greenhouse gas management for small businesses; climate change projections Mitigation: for the Province; understanding the risk and developing best practices for sustainable communities; assessing climate ›› Reducing GHG emissions associated with the government’s change vulnerability in your community; or managing municipal own operations (buildings, transportation, waste infrastructure in a changing climate. management); ›› Promoting energy efficiency (residential, small and medium- sized business, municipal sector);

›› Applying existing air pollution control regulations to greenhouse gas emissions (industrial sector); and

›› Developing a public awareness campaign on climate change and energy efficiency.

Background document to support the Climate Change and 12 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet GHG ICT AR GHG INFRA ICT

Moving Forward: Energy Preliminary Assessment of Alternative Energy Efficiency Action Plan 201141 Potential in Coastal Labrador 42

The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador proposed a plan This initiative is a joint venture between Newfoundland and to move forward on energy efficiency in the province with actions Labrador Hydro and the Government of Newfoundland and that include: Labrador. In 2009, Government of Newfoundland and Labrador funded Labrador Hydro to investigate the potential for alternative ›› Leading by example (buildings, vehicles, awareness energy sources, including solar, wind and small scale hydroelectric campaigns); facilities in seven isolated communities that mainly rely on diesel ›› Support and advice for businesses and homeowners; generation as primary source of energy.

›› Collaborating with other jurisdictions for updating energy The study showed that wind is more prevalent in winter months codes; and provides a nice fit with winter peaking systems. ›› Efficient and effective delivery of Information and programs; and, For hydro-generation, a number of studied sites were recommended for further consideration. Some of the hydro- ›› Exploring opportunities to improve energy efficiency and generation sites identified are capable of completely displacing strengthen regulation in transportation. diesel generation in certain locations; however, solutions with storage capability would likely be required to replace diesel generation in certain locations.

According to this 2009 assessment, Labrador has a moderate solar resource and the deployment of solar installations remains very expensive. Since 2009, the cost of solar energy decrease significantly and the technology became a more attractive option. Some solar projects are currently being implemented in Nunatsiavut.

More specifically, results show that Nain and Hopedale have good wind resources and economically viable hydro sites. Makkovik has excellent hydro resources that can provide extremely cheap electricity compared to diesel and based on the data available at that time there are excellent wind resources as well.

This study confirmed that Labrador possesses alternative energy resources that, under the right economic conditions, could be developed to reduce the usage of diesel generation in many communities.

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 13 Regional government initiatives

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Parnasimautik. Consultation Report. On the SakKijânginnatuk Nunalik: Understanding Consultations Carried out with Nunavik Inuit opportunities and challenges for sustainable in 201343 communities in Nunatsiavut, Learning from the coast. Executive Summary. Nain Research Centre, Inuit identity has been severely challenged in the last century. Government of Nunatsiavut47 The perspective of important resource exploitation, the reality of climate change and the emergence of new technologies are The Government of Nunatsiavut held workshops (in January just adding to the worries of many Inuit.44 Adaptation to climate and June 2012) to understand current community priorities, change was one of the eight planning priorities articulated in the challenges and opportunities through a series of focus groups consultations that resulted in Plan Nunavik. from each community.

›› What was valued by communities? Preserving the natural The consultations and report served to prepare Plan Nunavik environment; Preserving local infrastructure; Community 2010 : Past, Present and Future. Kativik Regional Government and events and recreation programs; Country food; Local industry; Makivik Corporation45, a long-term development plan for Nunavik. Health services and service providers.

›› Existing challenges and emerging development themes AR INFRA identified were: Geographic setting; landscape and Building capacity and raising awareness on environment; housing availability; housing design and climate change among local governments and construction; water security; and wastewater management. land use planners in Nunavik46 ›› These consultations led to A Call for action to address: Funding opportunities; Youth out-migration; Waste A short survey with representatives from each community management; Economic development; Community revealed two main areas of concern for the Inuit communities: planning; Community transportation; Building lots; Housing access to land and its resources, and impacts of climate change design; Contractors; Food security; Health services; on the community infrastructure. To respond to the second issue, Harbours and docks; Transmission of land skills; Road link the project developed, in collaboration with the communities, to Goose Bay; Water security; Environmental monitoring; tools to help improve municipal management practices that and Government services. help to reduce the rate of permafrost thaw (for example, better snow-clearing and stormwater drainage in communities). GHG ICT

AR As a response to energy issues, the Nunatsiavut government is developing a sustainable Energy Security Strategy for Nunatsiavut Government-led initiative aimed at Nunatsiavut49. The Nunatsiavut Secretariat has mandated an finding ways to adapt to climate change in northern energy consultant to assist with assessing current and future Labrador 48 energy needs, assessing energy security and assisting with the development of a long-term energy plan which will include The Government of Newfoundland and Labrador is financially innovative ways to achieve energy security, including green supporting a Nunatsiavut Government-led initiative aimed at energy. The Environment Division continues its work with the five finding ways to adapt to climate change in northern Labrador. Inuit Community Governments on the Sustainable Communities Initiative, which is also exploring energy security issues50.

Background document to support the Climate Change and 14 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet Other initiatives of interest

Efforts to acquire new knowledge and build capacity in northern science (observations, modelling, remote system for data AR INFRA collection, etc.) and people (community-based monitoring, traditional knowledge, co-design and co-management, etc.) ArcticNet-IRIS Report. From science to policy remain critical to cope with the important challenges associated in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut: Nunavik and with climate change. This will help better understand the impacts Nunatsiavut: From Science to Policy. An Integrated of climate change and cumulative impacts over time and their Regional Impact Study (IRIS) of Climate Change environmental, cultural and socioeconomic consequences. All and Modernization51. this knowledge is then used to provide solid impact assessments in the North, which in turn lead to knowledge-based decisions This report presents a synthesis of the state of knowledge resulting for natural resource management, land-use planning and from a large body of research conducted over more than a adaptation to climate change in the Arctic. decade in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut. The main recommendations identified in this cornerstone study include: Several research projects have been – and continue to be – ›› Improvements are needed in weather forecasting and carried out to provide new information and develop tools for environmental prediction at regional and local scales. addressing these issues. They include for example: ›› Enhancing hunter support and community freezer programs, formalizing the support for country food sharing networks, AR INFRA and finding ways to increase the availability of country foods circulating in communities via commercial sale and distribution. Understanding and Responding to the Effects of Climate Change and Modernization in ›› Initiatives such as ice monitoring, trail marking and access to Nunatsiavut. ArcticNet Annual Research survival equipment (such as spot tracking devices) must be Compendium (2012-13)52 encouraged. ›› Traditional and land skills knowledge transfer between The primary goal of the ArcticNet’s Nunatsiavut Nuluak research generations must be encouraged. program is to address Inuit concerns about the impacts of climate change and modernization on the health of marine ›› Caribou habitat, calving areas and migration routes must be ecosystems and communities in and adjacent to Nunatsiavut, conserved. 53 the Inuit Land Claims region of northern Labrador . The program ›› Sport hunting, if it affects the health of the caribou herds or comprises three research projects on : Inuit subsistence harvesting, should be curtailed or banned.

›› Northern fjord systems; ›› A cross-boundary partnership and coordination entity should ›› Lake Melville: Avativut, Kanuittailinnivut (Our Environment, be established for caribou management. Our Health); and ›› The sustainability of the Arctic charr harvest must continue to ›› Voisey’s Bay Mine 10-year Review. be assessed. Habitat enhancement and restocking for Arctic charr should be considered and community-based monitoring of Arctic charr populations should be implemented.

›› Important berry harvesting areas close to communities should be protected.

›› Improved land-use planning and appropriate engineering practices should be applied to take into account local environmental conditions including permafrost and climate change effects for construction projects.

›› A better understanding of Nunavik and Nunatsiavut river and coastal systems is crucial.

›› Parks, protected areas and land sheltered from development should continue to be identified for the conservation of valued ecosystems.

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 15 AR AR

Aboriginal food security in northern Canada: An Climate-sensitive health priorities assessment of the state of knowledge. Report from in Nunatsiavut, Canada55 the Expert Panel on the State of Knowledge of Food Security in Northern Canada.54 This exploratory study used participatory methods to identify, characterize, and rank climate-sensitive health priorities in The Council of Canadian Academies (CCA) was tasked by Health Nunatsiavut. Inter-relationships between environmental and Canada to form an expert panel made up of a multidisciplinary social determinants of Inuit health were taken into account to team of Aboriginal and non-Aboriginal scholars to generate describe climate-sensitive health pathways. an evidence-based report on northern food security and its implications for Aboriginal health. The climate-sensitive health priorities for the region included food security, water security, mental health and wellbeing, new A major finding of the report is the importance of lived, northern hazards and safety concerns, and health services and delivery. experience and traditional knowledge in defining and addressing The results highlight several climate-sensitive health priorities that the issues surrounding northern food security (see figure below). are specific to the Nunatsiavut region, and suggest approaching Although the report emphasizes academic expertise of published, health research and adaptation planning from an EcoHealth peer-reviewed literature, the direct experience and knowledge perspective. of northern peoples are exceedingly important sources of evidence needed to address the issues. Therefore, the lack of a AR INFRA ICT comprehensive review of northern food security derived from the first-hand experience and knowledge of northern peoples is a Learning from others: Recommendations for best major knowledge gap identified by the Panel. practices in the built environment to change climate and environment in Nunatsiavut – Executive summary and key findings56

This initiative addresses issues that are central to community wellbeing and sustainability in the context of a changing climate and has prioritized the following areas: Infrastructure, housing and community development; Valued places and spaces; Energy security; Food security; Transportation and emergency services; and Safe communities.

AR INFRA ICT

ARQULUK A northern engineering research program57

The program seeks to develop technical solutions to problems regarding transportation infrastructure built on unstable permafrost. Research themes and projects of the program deal with:

Figure: Conceptual framework for analyzing and understanding ›› The improvement of current knowledge on permafrost food security and food sovereignty in northern Canada. The degradation and its effect on transportation infrastructure; wheel represents the complex interplay between factors that affect the food security of northern Aboriginal peoples. (In this ›› The identification and characterization of thaw sensitive soils; framework, climate change is part of the Environmental change ›› The development of stabilization and maintenance techniques factor). Source: CCA (2014) for existing and future transportation infrastructure built on unstable permafrost.

Background document to support the Climate Change and 16 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet AR INFRA

Using local knowledge and remote sensing to study the behavior of sea ice and freshwater ice near marine infrastructure in Nunavik60

The results from this project made it possible to develop a new database on ice conditions and maintenance and construction standards for marine infrastructure in Nunavik.

The AVATIVUT project: Science in Nunavik61

The goal of this project is to make science and technology practical and meaningful for Inuit youth by involving them in data AR INFRA collection for long-term environmental monitoring and better understanding of northern ecosystems in Nunavik. Producing predictive maps of permafrost characteristics to guide the development of the The program involves the active participation of 1,300 high school built environment in Nunavik communities. Centre students. A network of observation stations distributed throughout d’études nordiques, the 14 northern villages in Nunavik was set up to monitor several 58 U. Laval et Ouranos parameters and data is collected according to standard protocols developed by scientists. They include monitoring temperature, Four communities (Puvirnituq, Akulivik, Kangirsuk and Tasiujaq) ice cover and the productivity of berries. Students can archive were selected for this study based on factors such as the and consult the data through the Avativut portal. The project also depth of the active layer (the upper soil layer that thaws every helps to promote intergenerational dialogue. year), the ice content of the permafrost, topography, ongoing geomorphic processes and other existing disturbances. Maps of potential development sites for these communities were produced by combining various information that included the severe constraints observed in the area, permafrost conditions, topography and risk indices (see Figure).

The maps produced in this project were used to help select suitable sites for the construction of residential buildings. Similar maps have since been produced for the other communities in Nunavik on permafrost.

AR INFRA

Impacts of climate change on storminess and storm surges in the Hudson Bay and James Bay region59

Results from this project help engineers and designers assess the risks associated with extreme water levels for existing and future infrastructure by providing more reliable statistics for very high and very low water levels. It also contributes to heighten awareness in Cree and Inuit communities on the impact of climate change on water levels and storminess so they can adapt their infrastructure and improve emergency response plans to decrease their vulnerabilities.

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 17 AR AR ICT

Traditional Knowledge: A Blueprint for Change – IK-ADAPT. Inuit Traditional Knowledge for North West River, Labrador62 (2010-12) Adaptation to the Health Effects of Climate Change research project (2012-2015)63 The Traditional Knowledge: A Blueprint for Change Project was conceived and directed by Sivunivut Inuit Community Corporation IK-ADAPT is a trans-disciplinary project that combines scientific (Sivunivut), working in partnership with the Labrador. The overall research and traditional knowledge to inform policy and goal of the project was to train Inuit residents of North West River, programming needed to assist Inuit communities adapt to the Labrador to collect and map the ecological knowledge of other health effects of climate change at the local level. Two IK-ADAPT Inuit in the community and record their observations of on-going projects are conducted in Nunatsiavut: landscape transformations in the Lake Melville-Grand Lake region. Overall the project successfully attained its two main objectives: A project examines food security, land safety, and Inuit knowledge, within the context of a changing climate in Nain, Training community members in research methods, surveying, Nunatsiavut. Through an evaluation of the Nain Community data management, and project planning and by Freezer project, this research will work to support knowledge transmission to Inuit youth about safe land travel, hunting, and Creating a GIS database that can be used by Sivunivut food preparation while creating Inuit-led multi-media knowledge- immediately to produce media (e.g. posters, maps, website, etc.) sharing strategies. for community members regarding characteristics such as safe and unsafe ice conditions, travel routes, and sensitive habitats. A project works with the community of Rigolet, Nunatsiavut and regional government representatives to develop new methodologies that incorporate community narratives and Inuit knowledge in the engineering design process, with a focus on enhancing water treatment technologies. Locally-appropriate water treatment designs will be co-developed with community members and stakeholders.

Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions Association.Regional Adaptation Collaborative (RAC)67 The Regional Adaptation Collaborative (RAC) Program is designed to help Canadians adapt to the impacts of climate change through collaborations between the federal government, the provinces and territories and other stakeholders.

The Governments of New Brunswick, Nova Scotia, Prince Edward Island, and Newfoundland and Labrador partnered to deliver the Atlantic portion of this program. The Atlantic Regional Adaptation Collaborative, administered through the Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions Association (ACASA), worked to develop tools and resources that can help decision makers, including the Inuit from Nunatsiavut, address the following issues: Coastal erosion; coastal and inland flooding; infrastructure design; and groundwater management.

Background document to support the Climate Change and 18 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet Northern Greenhouses: An Alternative Local Food Provisioning Strategy for Nunavik68 The objective of this work, using a Community-Based Participatory Research (CBPR) approach, was to participate in and document the development of a greenhouse pilot project in the village of Kuujjuaq and, through this process, develop a framework for an alternative type of northern food security initiative.

Three key conceptual themes emerged from discussions with community members, leaders and stakeholders:

1) Food security: the greenhouse project must directly address the difficulties associated with obtaining fresh produce in the North;

2) Sustainable development and ecological design: the project must be economically, environmentally, and socially viable over the long term; and

3) social/community development and capacity: the project must address the social challenges that are present in Inuit communities, especially those that affect youth.

Overall, the pilot-project conducted in Kuujjuaq in 2009-2010 proved that northern greenhouses have the potential to become key elements in a new type of northern food strategy in Nunavik that would contribute in a sustainable manner to the building up of the community capacity and socioeconomic resiliency of northern villages. In addition to providing fresh produce, the project worked with local stores to produce compost with food waste and provided employment opportunities for people with mental health problems.

This led to the notion of greenhouse development being included in the Quebec government’s Plan Nord strategy (made public in 2011), as well as in “Parnasimautik” (Plan Nunavik).

CONCLUSION

This document was developed to prepare participants for It provides a summary of climate change impacts for Nunavik, discussions to be held during the Climate Change and Clean Nunatsiavut and Naskapi territories and populations. It also Energy workshop to be held in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut and serve provides an overview of several efforts already implemented as a reference document. or initiated by stakeholders at all levels of government, non- governmental organizations and the research community to begin to cope with climate change-related issues.

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 19 1 Communiqué of Canada’s First Ministers (March 3, 2016). Retrieved from http:// 38 Government of Newfoundland and Labrador pm.gc.ca/eng/news/2016/03/03/communique-canadas-first-ministers (http://www.exec.gov.nl.ca/exec/ccee/consultations.html) 2 IPCC (2014a) 39 Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (http://www.turnbackthetide.ca/ tools-and-resources/publications.shtm) 3 IPCC (2014a) 40 Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (2011a) 4 Allard & Lemay (2012) 41 Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (2011b) 5 Ouranos (2015) 42 Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro (2009) 6 Ouranos (2015) 43 Makivik Corporation, Kativik Regional Government, Nunavik Regional Board 7 Ouranos (2015) of Health and Social Services, Kativik School Board, Nunavik Landholding 8 National Snow and IceData Center, Boulder, CO. Corporations Association, Avataq Cultural Institute and Saputiit Youth Association Retrieved from http://nsidc.org/ (2014) 9 IPCC (2014a); Ouranos (2015) 44 Makivik Corporation, Kativik Regional Government, Nunavik Regional Board 10 Allard & Lemay (2012); Clerc et al. (2012) of Health and Social Services, Kativik School Board, Nunavik Landholding Corporations Association, Avataq Cultural Institute and Saputiit Youth Association 11 Savard et al (2014) et Ouranos (2015) (2014) 12 IPCC (2014a) 45 Kativik Regional Governement and Maivik Corporation(2010) 13 Allard & Lemay (2012); Ouranos (2015); Makivik Corporation, Kativik Regional 46 Barrett & Gagnon (2013) Government, Nunavik Regional Board of Health and Social Services, Kativik 47 School Board, Nunavik Landholding Corporations Association, Avataq Cultural Goldhar et al. (2012) Institute and Saputiit Youth Association (2014); Downing and Cuerrier (2011); 48 Government of Newfoundland and Labrador (2011a) Ouranos-QCBS (2012) 49 Research Center Kaujisapvinga (2015) 14 Makivik Corporation, Kativik Regional Government, Nunavik Regional Board 50 Goldhar et al. (2012) of Health and Social Services, Kativik School Board, Nunavik Landholding Corporations Association, Avataq Cultural Institute and Saputiit Youth 51 Allard &Lemay (2012) Association (2014) 52 Bell & Sheldon (2012) 15 Allard & Lemay (2012) 53 Bell & Sheldon (2012) 16 Dussault et Coté (2013); Le Corre et al (2013) 54 Council of Canadian Academies (CCA) (2014) 17 Allard & Lemay (2012) 55 Harper et al. (2015) 18 Dussault & Côté (2013), Le Corre et al. (2013; 2014); Mameamskum (2013) 56 Goldhar, C., Bell T. & Sheldon, T. (2013) 19 Le Corre et al. (2014) 57 Malenfant-Lepage, J. (2013) 20 Allard & Lemay (2012); Council of 58 L’Hérault et al. (2013) Canadian Academies (CCA) (2014) 59 Savard et al. (2014) 21 Harper et al. (2015) 60 Clerc et al. (2011) 22 Bourque et al. (2014) 61 Centre d’études nordiques (2016) 23 Allard & Lemay (2012) 62 Sivunivut Inuit Community Corporation (2012) 24 Doidge & Power (2013) 63 IK-Adapt (s.d.) 25 Bélanger et al. (2013) 66 IK-Adapt (s.d.) 26 Allard & Lemay (2012) 67 Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions Association (2015) 27 Clerc et al. (2012); Savard et al. (2014) 68 Avard (2015) 28 Mameamskum (2013) 69 IPCC (2014b) 29 Government of Canada (2016); Indigenous and Northern Affairs Canada (2016) 70 IPCC (2014a) 30 Natural Resources Canada (2015) 71 Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992) 31 Transport Canada (2015) 72 Natural Resources Canada (NRCan) (2016) 32 Gouvernement du Québec (2012a) 73 British Geological Survey (2016) 33 Gouvernement du Québec (2012b) 74 Council of Canadian Academies (CCA) (2014) 34 Gouvernement du Québec. Retrieved from http://plannord.gouv.qc.ca/en/ 75 International Institute for Sustainable Development (IISD) (n.d.) 35 Deslauriers & Fontaine (2008) 76 InternationalI Council for Science (ICSU) (2002) 36 Deslauriers & Fontaine (2008) 77 Downing A. and Cuerrier A. (2011) 37 Retrieved from https://www.aadnc-aandc.gc.ca/ eng/1453214709509/1453214872890

Background document to support the Climate Change and 20 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet APPENDIX

GLOSSARY Climate: Climate in a narrow sense is usually defined as the ‘average weather’, or more rigorously, as the statistical description Note: Definitions are mainly based on the glossary in terms of the mean and variability of relevant quantities over a accompanying the latest IPCC report69. period of time ranging from months to thousands or millions of Additional sources are otherwise stated. years. These quantities are most often surface variables such as temperature, precipitation, and wind. Climate in a wider sense is the state, including a statistical description, of the climate system. In its latest assessment report the IPCC70 stated that: The classical period of time is 30 years, as defined by the World ›› Climate change will amplify existing risks and create new risks Meteorological Organization (WMO). for natural and human systems. Risks are unevenly distributed and are generally greater for disadvantaged people and Climate change: Climate change refers to any change in climate communities in countries at all levels of development. over time, whether due to natural variability or as a result of human activity. This usage differs from that in the United Nations ›› Effective decision-making to limit climate change and its effects Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC), which can be informed by a wide range of analytical approaches defines ‘climate change’ as: ‘a change of climate which is attributed for evaluating expected risks and benefits, recognizing the directly or indirectly to human activity that alters the composition importance of governance, ethical dimensions, equity, value of the global atmosphere and which is in addition to natural climate judgments, economic assessments and diverse perceptions variability observed over comparable time periods’. and responses to risk and uncertainty.

›› Adaptation can reduce the risks of climate change impacts, Climate variability: Climate variability refers to variations in the but there are limits to its effectiveness, especially with greater mean state and other statistics (such as standard deviations, magnitudes and rates of climate change. Taking a longer- statistics of extremes, etc.) of the climate on all temporal term perspective, in the context of sustainable development, and spatial scales beyond that of individual weather events. increases the likelihood that more immediate adaptation Variability may be due to natural internal processes within actions will also enhance future options and preparedness. the climate system (internal variability), or to variations in natural or anthropogenic external forcing (external variability). See (The words identified in bold are defined here below) also climate change.

Adaptation (to climate change): Adjustment in natural or human Effects (of climate change): see impact (of climate change). systems in response to actual or expected climatic stimuli or their effects, which moderates harm or exploits beneficial Energy Efficiency: Energy efficiency means using less energy opportunities. Various types of adaptation can be distinguished, to provide the same level of energy. It is therefore one method including anticipatory, autonomous and planned adaptation to reduce human greenhouse gas emissions. For example if a house is insulated, less energy is used in heating and cooling to Biodiversity: The United Nations Convention on Biological achieve a satisfactory temperature. Another example is installing Diversity)71 defines the biological diversity (or biodiversity) as fluorescent lights or skylights, instead of incandescent lights, the variability among living organisms from all sources including to attain the same level of illumination. Efficient energy use is terrestrial, marine and other aquatic ecosystems and the ecological achieved primarily by means of a more efficient technology or complexes of which they are part; this includes diversity within process. Making homes, vehicles, and businesses more energy species (genetic diversity), between species and of ecosystems. efficient is seen as a largely untapped solution to addressing global warming, energy security, and fossil fuel depletion.73 Clean technology: Clean technology can be considered to belong to two main categories. The first is any product, process or service Extreme weather event: An event that is rare within its statistical designed with the primary purpose of contributing to remediating reference distribution at a particular place. Definitions of ‘rare’ or preventing any type of environmental damage. The second vary, but an extreme weather event would normally be as rare category is related to a product, process or service that is less as or rarer than the 10th or 90th percentile. By definition, the polluting or more resource-efficient than equivalent normal characteristics of what is called ‘extreme weather’ may vary from products that furnish a similar utility. Their primary use, however, place to place. Examples of extreme events include heavy rains, is not one of environmental protection. The clean technology intense storms and storm surges. industry is an emerging area of economic activity in Canada72.

Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 21 Food security / Food insecurity: As proposed by the FAO Risk: The likelihood of an event occurring (probability of Committee on World Food Security in 2013, the most current occurrence) and its impact or consequence where the outcome definition of food security has been expanded to emphasize the is uncertain. importance of nutrition. Food and nutrition security exist “when all people at all times have physical, social and economic access to Sustainable Development: Sustainable development (SD) has food, which is safe and consumed in sufficient quantity and quality been defined in many ways, but the most frequently quoted to meet their dietary needs and food preferences, and is supported definition is from «Our Common Future», also known as the by an environment of adequate sanitation, health services and Brundtland Report published by the Word Commission on care, allowing for a healthy and active life.” Food insecurity is the Environment and Development in 1987: “Sustainable development converse. It is an outcome of inadequate or uncertain access to is development that meets the needs of the present without an acceptable amount and quality of healthy food. It refers to the compromising the ability of future generations to meet their own immediate inability to secure an adequate diet, as well as the risk needs. It contains within it two key concepts: the concept of needs, of being unable to do so in the future.74 in particular the essential needs of the world’s poor, to which overriding priority should be given; and the idea of limitations Greenhouse gases (GHG): Greenhouse gases are those gaseous imposed by the state of technology and social organization on the constituents of the atmosphere, both natural and anthropogenic, environment’s ability to meet present and future needs.75 that absorb and emit radiation at specific wavelengths within the spectrum of infrared radiation emitted by the Earth’s surface, the Traditional Knowledge: Traditional knowledge has been defined atmosphere, and clouds. This property causes the greenhouse as “a cumulative body of knowledge, know-how, practices and effect. Water vapour (H2O), carbon dioxide (CO2), nitrous oxide representations maintained and developed by peoples with

(N2O), methane (CH4) and ozone (O3) are the primary greenhouse extended histories of interaction with the natural environment. gases in the Earth’s atmosphere. These sophisticated sets of understandings, interpretations and meanings are part and parcel of a cultural complex that Impact (of climate change): The effects of climate change on encompasses language, naming and classification systems, natural and human systems. Depending on the consideration of resource use practices, ritual, spirituality and worldview76 adaptation, one can distinguish between potential impacts and residual impacts. It is both a way of life and a systematic way of thinking applied to phenomena across biological, physical, cultural, and spiritual Maladaptation: Any changes in natural or human systems systems important to maintaining culture, livelihoods, and well- that inadvertently increase vulnerability to climatic stimuli; an being. In the context of climate change, TK has much to offer in adaptation that does not succeed in reducing vulnerability but terms of resiliency and adaptation to changes77. As said by these increases it instead. authors «it offers different perspectives, bringing refreshing views of the world. Science is good however, science and TK are better». Mitigation: Technological change or substitution that reduces greenhouse gas sources and emissions and that enhance sinks Uncertainty: An expression of the degree to which a value (e.g. the (soil, plants, oceans, etc.) of greenhouse gases (GHG). future state of the climate system) is unknown. Uncertainty can result from lack of information or from disagreement about what is known or even knowable. It can have many types of sources, Permafrost: Perennially frozen ground that occurs where the from quantifiable errors in data to ambiguously defined concepts temperature remains below 0°C for several years. or terminology, or uncertain projections of human behaviour. Resilience / Resiliency: The ability of a social or ecological system Vulnerability: Vulnerability is the degree to which a system is to absorb disturbances while retaining the same basic structure susceptible to, and unable to cope with, adverse effects of climate and ways of functioning, the capacity for self-organisation, and the change, including climate variability and extremes. Vulnerability is capacity to adapt to stress and change. a function of the character, magnitude, and rate of climate change and variation to which a system is exposed, its sensitivity, and its adaptive capacity.

Background document to support the Climate Change and 22 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet REFERENCES Clerc, C., Poulin, J., Gauthier, Y., Bernier, M., Bleau, S., Gignac, C., Bédard, J-S. & Duhamel-Beaudry, É. (2012) Étude du comportement des glaces de mer et d’eau douce du Nunavik au voisinage des Allard, M. & Lemay, M. (Ed.). (2012). Nunavik and Nunatsiavut: From infrstructures maritimes - Apport des connaissances locales et de la Science to Policy. An Integrated Regional Impact Study (IRIS) of télédétection (Rapport final). Climate Change and Modernization. Quebec, Canada: ArcticNet Inc. 301 p. Convention on Biological Diversity (CBD) (1992). Text of the United Nations Convention on Biological Diversity, Art. 2 : Use of Terms. Atlantic Climate Adaptation Solutions Association. (2015). Regional Retrieved from https://www.cbd.int/convention/articles/default. Adaptation Collaborative (RAC). Retrieved from https:// shtml?a=cbd-02 atlanticadaptation.ca/en/program

Council of Canadian Academies (CCA) (2014). Aboriginal Food Security Avard, E. (2015). Northern Greenhouses : An Alternative Local in Northern Canada: An Assessment of the State of Knowledge. Food Provisioning Strategy for Nunavik (doctoral thesis). Laval, Expert Panel on the State of Knowledge of Food Security in Northern Quebec: Université Laval. Retrieved from www.theses.ulaval. Canada. Ottawa, Canada: Council of Canadian Academies. Retrieved ca/2015/31637/31637.pdf from http://www.scienceadvice.ca/uploads/eng/assessments %20 and %20publications %20and %20news %20releases/food %20 Barrett, M. & Gagnon, M. (2013). Building capacity and raising security/foodsecurity_fullreporten.pdf awareness on climate change among local governments and land use planners in Nunavik (Final report submitted to Ouranos and Deslauriers, J.-C., & Fontaine, J. (2008). Plan d’approvisionnement Natural Resources Canada). Montreal, Canada: Ouranos. 12 p. 2008-2017 d’Hydro-Québec Distribution. Quebec, Canada. Retrieved Retrieved from https://www.ouranos.ca/publication-scientifique/ from http://www.regie-energie.qc.ca/audiences/3648-07/ RapportBarrettetGagnon2013_FR.pdf MemoiresInterv3648/C-9-9-SE-AQLPA-02doc01_3ePartiePreuve_3 648_25mar08.pdf Bélanger, C., Huard, D., Gratton, Y., Jeong, D. I., St-Hilaire, A., Auclair, J. C., & Laurion, I. (2013). The Impacts of Climate Change on Salmonid Doidge, D. W., & Power, M. (2013). Measuring the effects of temperature Habitat in the Northern Lakes of Quebec (Final report submitted to variation on arctic charr growth: implication for the management of the Ouranos). Montreal, Canada: Ouranos. 65 p. species in Northern Québec [Fact sheet]. Montreal, Canada: Ouranos. Retrieved from https://www.ouranos.ca/publication-scientifique/ Bell, T. & Sheldon, T. (2015). Understanding and Responding to the FichePower2013_EN.pdf Effects of Climate Change on Alberta’s Biodiversity. ArcticNet Annual Research Compendium (2012-13). Retrieved from www. Downing A. & Cuerrier A. (2011). A synthesis of the impacts of climate biodiversityandclimate.abmi.ca change on the First Nations and Inuit of Canada. Indian Journal of Traditional Knowledge 10 (1): 57-70 Berteaux, D. (2015). Climate change and the tundra of Nunavik: Exposure, sensitivity and vulnerability [Fact sheet]. Montreal, Canada: Ouranos. Dussault, C., & Côté, S. D. (2013). Influence of climate change on use of Retrieved from https://www.ouranos.ca/publication-scientifique/ space by the migratory caribou of Quebec and Labrador [Fact sheet]. FicheBerteaux_ENG.pdf Montreal, Canada: Ouranos. Retrieved from https://www.ouranos. ca/publication-scientifique/FicheDussault2014_ENG.pdf Bourque, F. and Cunsolo Willox, A. (2014): Climate change: the next challenge for public mental health?; International Review of Psychiatry, Goldhar, C., Bell, T., Sheldon, T., Andersen, T., Piercy, W., Gear, D., Wolfrey, v. 26,p. 415–422. C., Jacque, H., Furgal, C., Knight, J., Kouril, D., Riedlsperger, R., & Allice, I. (2012). SakKijânginnatuk Nunalik: Understanding opportunities and British Geological Survey (2016). What is energy efficiency? Retrieved challenges for sustainable communities in Nunatsiavut, Learning from http://www.bgs.ac.uk/discoveringGeology/climateChange/ from the coast (Executive Summary). Nain, Canada: Nunatsiavut CCS/whatIsEnergyEfficiency.html Government. Retrieved from http://nainresearchcentre.com/ wp-content/uploads/2013/04/SakKija %CC %82nginnatuk- Centre d’études nordiques (2016) The Avativut Project. Retrieved from Nunalik_Learning-from-the-coast-executive-summary_low-res.pdf http://www.cen.ulaval.ca/avativut/en_accueil.aspx

Goldhar, C ., Bell, T . & Sheldon, T . (Ed) (2013): Learning from others: Clerc, C., Gagnon, M., Breton-Honeyman, K., Tremblay, M., Bleau, S., Recommendations for best practices in adaptation of the built Gauthier, Y., Aloupa, S., Kasudluak, A., Furgal, C., Bernier, M. & Barrett, environment to changing climate and environment in Nunatsiavut. M. (2011). Changements climatiques et infrastructures marines au Nain, Canada: Nunatsiavut Government. 303 p. Retrieved from Nunavik - Connaissances locales et point de vue des communautés http://nainresearchcentre.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/ des Quaqtaq, Umiujaq et Kuujjuaq (Rapport de recherche No. SakKija %CC %82nginnatuk-Nunalik_Learning-from-Others-report- R-1273f). Retrieved from http://espace.inrs.ca/540/1/R001273f.pdf low-res.pdf

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Background document to support the Climate Change and 24 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet Mameamskum, J. (2013). Assessment of Climate Change Impacts on the Caribou, the Land, and the Naskapi Nation, and Identification of Priority Adaptation Strategies (Final scientific report submitted to Ouranos). Montréal, Canada: Ouranos. 37 p.

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Background document to support the Climate Change and Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet 25 NOTES

Background document to support the Climate Change and 26 Clean Energy Regional Workshops in Nunavik and Nunatsiavut - Participant booklet