Component Studies Socio-Economic Environment

Socio-Economic

Report 3 of 6

Socio-Economic Environmental Baseline Report

January 2009

Environmental Impact Statement for the Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project

SOCIO-ECONOMIC ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE REPORT LCP 535781

Final Report

December 24, 2008

Prepared by Minaskuat Inc. for Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro

Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project

TABLE OF CONTENTS Page No.

1.0 INTRODUCTION ...... 1-1 1.1 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project ...... 1-1 1.2 Rationale/Objectives ...... 1-2 1.3 Study Area ...... 1-2 1.4 Methodology ...... 1-5 1.5 Description of Study Team ...... 1-5

2.0 DEMOGRAPHICS ...... 2-1 3.0 THE ECONOMY ...... 3-1 3.1 Province ...... 3-1 3.1.1 Mining ...... 3-1 3.1.2 Oil and Gas ...... 3-4 3.1.3 Forestry ...... 3-4 3.1.4 Fishery and Aquaculture ...... 3-4 3.1.5 Tourism ...... 3-4 3.1.6 Agriculture ...... 3-5 3.2 Labrador ...... 3-5 3.2.1 Mining/Oil and Gas ...... 3-5 3.2.2 Forestry ...... 3-5 3.2.3 Fisheries and Aquaculture ...... 3-6 3.2.4 Tourism ...... 3-6 3.2.5 Hunting and Trapping ...... 3-6 3.2.6 Agriculture ...... 3-6 3.3 Upper Lake Melville ...... 3-7 3.3.1 Defence ...... 3-7 3.3.2 Tourism ...... 3-8 3.3.3 Forestry ...... 3-8 3.3.4 Mining ...... 3-9 3.3.5 Agriculture ...... 3-9

4.0 EMPLOYMENT AND BUSINESS ...... 4-1 4.1 Province ...... 4-1 4.2 Labrador ...... 4-4 4.3 Upper Lake Melville ...... 4-6

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5.0 PHYSICAL INFRASTRUCTURE ...... 5-1 5.1 Labrador ...... 5-1 5.1.1 Roads ...... 5-1 5.1.2 Ports ...... 5-2 5.1.3 Airports ...... 5-2 5.1.4 Railway ...... 5-2 5.1.5 Snowmobile Trails ...... 5-3 5.2 Upper Lake Melville ...... 5-3 5.2.1 Roads ...... 5-3 5.2.2 Ports ...... 5-3 5.2.3 Airports ...... 5-3 5.2.4 Power and Communications ...... 5-4 5.2.5 Water ...... 5-5 5.2.6 Waste ...... 5-5 5.2.7 Industrial and Commercial Real Estate ...... 5-5 5.2.8 Municipal Planning and Services ...... 5-6 5.2.9 Recreation ...... 5-7 6.0 SOCIAL INFRASTRUCTURE AND SERVICES ...... 6-1 6.1 Policing ...... 6-1 6.2 Fire Protection ...... 6-2 6.3 Emergency Response ...... 6-2 6.4 Education ...... 6-3 6.4.1 Labrador ...... 6-3 6.4.2 Upper Lake Melville ...... 6-5 6.5 Housing and Temporary Accommodations ...... 6-7 6.5.1 Happy Valley-Goose Bay ...... 6-7 6.5.2 North West River ...... 6-8 6.5.3 Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake ...... 6-8 6.5.4 Social Housing ...... 6-8 6.5.5 Temporary Accommodations ...... 6-9 6.6 Income Support and Employment Services ...... 6-9 6.7 Health Services ...... 6-10 6.7.1 Health Administration ...... 6-10 6.7.2 Health Facilities ...... 6-11 6.7.3 Mental Health and Addictions ...... 6-12 6.7.4 Child, Youth and Family Services ...... 6-12 6.7.5 Shelters ...... 6-12

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6.7.6 Public Health ...... 6-12 6.7.7 Community Clinics ...... 6-13 6.7.8 Emergency Services ...... 6-13 6.7.9 Dental Services ...... 6-14 6.7.10 Planned Enhancements ...... 6-14

7.0 REFERENCES...... 7-1 7.1 Personal Communications ...... 7-1 7.2 Literature Cited ...... 7-3 7.3 Internet Sites ...... 7-4

8.0 GLOSSARY AND ACRONYMS ...... 8-1

LIST OF FIGURES Page No.

Figure 1-1 Labrador Location Map – Upper Lake Melville Area ...... 1-3 Figure 1-2 Labrador Economic Zones ...... 1-4 Figure 2-1 Populations by Gender and Age Group, Labrador, 2006 ...... 2-1 Figure 2-2 Populations by Gender and Age Group, Province, 2006 ...... 2-2 Figure 2-3 Populations, Upper Lake Melville and Labrador, 1991 to 2006 ...... 2-3 Figure 2-4 Populations, Labrador Economic Zones, as a Percentage of Labrador’s Population, 2006...... 2-5 Figure 2-5 Populations, Labrador Economic Zones, 1991 to 2006 ...... 2-6 Figure 2-6 Populations by Age Group, Labrador Economic Zones, 2006 ...... 2-6 Figure 4-1 Education Level, Province, 2006 ...... 4-2 Figure 4-2 Employment by Sector, Province, 2006 ...... 4-3 Figure 4-3 Education Level, Labrador, 2006 ...... 4-5 Figure 4-4 Employment by Sector, Labrador, 2006 ...... 4-6 Figure 4-5 Education Level, Upper Lake Melville, 2006 ...... 4-7 Figure 4-6 Employment by Sector, Upper Lake Melville, 2006 ...... 4-8

LIST OF TABLES Page No.

Table 1-1 Study Team – Socio-Economic Baseline Report ...... 1-5 Table 2-1 Population and Population by Gender, 2006, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province ...... 2-3 Table 3-1 Economic Indicators, Newfoundland and Labrador, 1997 to 2010 ...... 3-2

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Table 4-1 Labour Force Characteristics, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province, 2006 ...... 4-1 Table 4-2 Changes in the Use of Employment Insurance, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province, 1992 and 2006 ...... 4-2 Table 4-3 Number of Businesses, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province, 2006 ...... 4-3 Table 4-4 Major Employers and Number of Employees, Upper Lake Melville ...... 4-8 Table 6-1 School Enrolments, School District and Province, 2003 to 2008 ...... 6-3 Table 6-2 Student Populations, Primary and Secondary Schools, 2006 to 2007 ...... 6-5 Table 6-3 Enrollment, by Program, College of the North Atlantic (Happy Valley-Goose Bay campus), 2005/2006 ...... 6-6 Table 6-4 Changes in the Use of Income Support, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province, 1992 and 2006 ...... 6-10

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1.0 Introduction

As part of its expanded energy mandate, Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro (“Hydro”) is proposing to develop the hydroelectric potential of the lower Churchill River, at Gull Island and Muskrat Falls, Labrador. As such, it is important to understand how the Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Development Project (the “Project”) will affect provincial, regional and local economies, and local communities. This report provides a description of the baseline environment in relation to two of the socio-economic Valued Environmental Components (VECs): Economy, Employment and Business; and Communities. In addition, a baseline Community Health Study contains a range of information specific to that topic. Separate baseline studies have also been prepared regarding Land and Resource Use; and Cultural Heritage Resources (Minaskuat Inc. 2008a; 2008b).

1.1 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project

The Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project (the “Project”) will include hydroelectric generating facilities at Gull Island and Muskrat Falls, and interconnecting transmission lines to the existing Labrador grid. The Gull Island facility will consist of a generating station with a capacity of approximately 2,000 MW and include:

• a dam 99 m high and 1,315 m long and • a reservoir 215 km² in area at an assumed full supply level (fsl) of 125 m above sea level (asl) The dam will be a concrete faced rockfill dam. The reservoir will be 230 km long, and the area of inundated land will be 85 km² at fsl. The powerhouse will contain four to six Francis turbines. The Muskrat Falls facility will consist of a generating station that will be approximately 800 MW in capacity and will include:

• a concrete dam with two sections on the north and south abutments of the river and • a 100 km² reservoir at an assumed fsl of 39 m asl The north section dam will be 32 m high and 432 m long, while the south section will be 29 m high and 125 m long. The reservoir will be 60 km long and the area of inundated land will be 41 km² at fsl. The powerhouse will contain four to five propeller or Kaplan turbines, or a combination of both. The interconnecting transmission lines will consist of:

• a 735 kV transmission line between Gull Island and Churchill Falls and • two 230 kV transmission lines between Muskrat Falls and Gull Island The 735 kV transmission line will be 203 km long and the 230 kV transmission lines will be 60 km long. Both lines will likely be lattice-type steel structures. The location of the transmission lines will be north of the Churchill River; the final route is the subject of a route selection study that will be included in the environmental assessment. The lines between Muskrat Falls and Gull Island will be combined on double-circuit structures. The Project design may be refined as Project details become available.

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1.2 Rationale/Objectives

The report provides a wide range of data, as of August 1st, 2008, on current conditions and, where appropriate and available, capacities and trends with respect to these VECs. This information will provide the baseline against which the Project effects, including those of any additional demands, can be assessed.

1.3 Study Area

The term ‘Study Area’ refers to the geographic units considered during the environmental assessment of the Project and in this report. The spatial extent of the study areas varies by VEC and topic. For example, the effects of the Project on the economy are examined at the provincial level and for Labrador as a whole. Much of the assessment of the Communities VEC and elements of the Economy, Employment and Business VEC are, however, focused on the communities in the Upper Lake Melville Area (Happy Valley-Goose Bay, North West River, Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake), as it is these communities which are closest to Project activities and which are expected to experience the main effects of the Project. In this report and in the Environmental Impact Statement (EIS) the Upper Lake Melville Area is referred to as the Assessment Area. It should be noted that the geographic extent of Project effects on other VECs may be quite different and hence the study areas selected may differ from those described here. Baseline information is presented at the Provincial, Labrador and Assessment Area level as appropriate. Further detail for communities within the Assessment Area is provided where appropriate. Not all information is available for the same geographic areas. For example, Census data are available for some communities (for example, Happy Valley-Goose Bay and North West River) within the Assessment Area (Census Division 10, and Subdivision C), but data for Sheshatshui and Mud Lake are aggregated and classified as Census Division 10, Subdivision C, SUN. Other data are only available by Economic Zone and not for individual communities. The set of communities in the Assessment Area comprise Economic Zone 3, Central Labrador Economic Development Board (Figure 1-2). Data availability and related issues for individual VECs are discussed in the body of this report.

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Figure 1-1 Labrador Location Map – Upper Lake Melville Area

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Figure 1-2 Labrador Economic Zones

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1.4 Methodology

The baseline data presented in this report were drawn from a wide range of secondary sources including:

• Statistics Canada and other agencies and departments of the Government of Canada; • the Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency and other agencies and departments of the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador; and • municipal governments and local and regional authorities and boards. In addition, information was collected through personal and telephone interviews with key informants with the above types of groups and agencies at the community, regional and provincial levels. A full list of references and sources is provided in Section 9.0.

1.5 Description of Study Team

The Socio-economic Baseline was conducted by Minaskuat. The Study Team included the component manager, and data collection personnel (Table 1-1). All team members have in-depth knowledge and experience in their fields of expertise and a broad general knowledge of the work conducted by other experts in related fields. Brief biographical statements, highlighting project roles and responsibilities and relevant education and employment experience, are provided below.

Table 1-1 Study Team – Socio-Economic Baseline Report Role Personnel Component Manager Mark Shrimpton Primary Author Hilary Rowe Scientific Authority Mark Shrimpton Senior Reviewer Keith Storey Data Management and Reporting Hilary Rowe, Mary Ann Aylward, Elizabeth Way Mark Shrimpton, M.A., has over 25 years experience assessing, planning and managing the socio- economic impacts of large-scale infrastructure and resource development projects, and played a lead role in preparing infrastructure and labour requirements studies, socio-economic impact assessments, and industrial benefits plans for multi-billion dollar projects in the petroleum (e.g., Hibernia, Terra Nova, White Rose and Hebron), mining (e.g., Voisey’s Bay Mine/Mill), smelting (e.g., Voisey’s Bay) and hydro-electric (e.g., Lower Churchill) industries. This has included work on both Comprehensive Studies and Panel Reviews, and seen him serve as an expert witness for many of the latter. He has also undertaken policy studies of resource development activity, including for the UN International Labour Office, the Australian Mines and Metals Association, and the Minerals Management Service, US Department of the Interior. Mr. Shrimpton is fully familiar with socio-economic and economic development issues in Northern, remote and aboriginal communities, and has undertaken research into the community and regional effects of large-scale projects. In Canada, this has included senior involvement in: the socio-economic assessments of the Voisey’s Bay Mine and Mill, Labrador; the initial environmental evaluation of the relocation of the community of Davis Inlet to Natuashish, Labrador; consultations on the Gateway

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 1-5 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Pipeline Project, Kitimat LNG Project and respecting the moratorium on BC offshore oil and gas activity; work on hydroelectric, power line and aluminum smelter projects in Eastern Iceland; and research into the economic development prospects associated with forthcoming major projects in the Yukon. Mr. Shrimpton is the Manager for the Socio-economic Component. Keith Storey, PhD., has more than 30 years experience as a consultant, researcher and teacher in the areas of impact assessment and management, and regional and community development. He has served as a Technical Expert on socio-economic matters to the Federal Environmental Assessment Review Panel examining impacts of the Fixed Link (Bridge) Crossing to Prince Edward Island, as an advisor to Atomic Energy Canada Ltd. and Ontario Hydro for the Canadian Nuclear Fuel Waste Management Program, and as a consultant to the US Department of the Interior, Minerals Management Service in designing a socio-economic research program for the oil and gas industry activities in the Gulf of Mexico. Dr. Storey has had responsibility for various aspects of the socio-economic assessments of the Hibernia, Terra-Nova and White Rose offshore field projects in Newfoundland. As a leader of the Community Resource Services group, he was also responsible for the socio-economic component of the Voisey’s Bay Nickel Project Environmental Assessment and has provided expertise to a number of mining projects elsewhere in Canada, Australia and South America. Hilary Rowe, B.Sc., is a Project Scientist in St. John’s. She is completing a Master of Environmental Science degree and has a background in recycling and waste management. Ms. Rowe has been involved in data collection for socio-economic baseline reports and in preparation of public consultation documents. She was responsible for compiling socio-economic data and for preparing the baseline report. Mary Ann Aylward is an Aboriginal (Innu) Environmental Technician with Minaskuat Limited Partnership. Ms. Aylward has a background working in environmental sciences and has participated in environmental and geological studies in remote areas of Labrador. She has also been responsible for the coordination of Innu field staff in support of environmental baseline studies. Ms. Aylward assisted in collecting socio-economic data. Elizabeth Way, M.Sc., is a Project Scientist in St. John’s. Since 2002, Ms. Way has assisted in proposal preparation, report writing, literature review, data management, and field programs for several projects, including the Environmental and Socio-Economic Assessment for the proposed Gateway Pipeline in British Columbia. Ms. Way was involved in the collection of socio-economic data for the baseline report.

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2.0 Demographics

An understanding of the demographic structure and its potential for change without the Project provides a basis for determining Project-related changes. This section focuses on the demography of the Upper Lake Melville Area and, where relevant that of Labrador and the Province, to set the context for the assessment of Project effects on the Economy, Employment and Business and Communities VECs. According to the 2006 Census, 505,469 people live in Newfoundland and Labrador. Of these, 48.6 percent are male and 51.4 percent are female. There are 26,364 people residing in 32 communities across Labrador, of which 50.7 percent are male and 49.3 percent are female. In 2006, Labrador’s population made up 5.2 percent of the provincial total (26,364) (Statistics Canada 2006a). In Labrador and the Province in 2006, the largest ten-year age group was between the ages of 40 and 49 (17 and 23 percent respectively). (Figures 2-1 and 2-2). Those in the 60+ age groups represented the smallest portion of the Province’s population (19 percent) as well as the smallest portion of Labrador’s population (10 percent) (Statistics Canada 2006a). In the Province those between the ages of 30 and 59 represent 50 percent of the population and those between 0 and 29 make up 31 percent of the population. In Labrador, the percentage of people in these groupings (30 to 59 and 0 to 9) are more evenly distributed (48 and 41 percent respectively). In Labrador, females slightly outnumber males between the ages of 20 to 49 years. In the Province, females outnumber males in all but the 0 to 9 and 10 to 19 year old age groups. Thirty-five percent of the people living in Labrador have Aboriginal ancestry, self-identifying as Innu, Inuit or Métis (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs (NLDLAA) 2006).

Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 2-1 Populations by Gender and Age Group, Labrador, 2006

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Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 2-2 Populations by Gender and Age Group, Province, 2006 Labrador’s population fell by 13.1 percent, from 30,375 to 26,364, between 1991 and 2006. This decline resulted from out-migration and a decline in the number of births as a result of the out-migration of couples in the child-bearing age groups, and the increasing number of deaths in an aging population. Much of this out-migration was due to the availability of employment opportunities on the Island and in western Canada. This was slightly greater than the overall provincial decline of 11.1 percent (Statistics Canada 2006a). With a population of 9,176, the Assessment Area (Upper Lake Melville) has 34.8 percent of the total population of Labrador (Table 2-1) (Statistics Canada 2006a). In 2006, there were slightly more women (50.6 percent) than men (49.4 percent) living in the Assessment Area. Happy Valley-Goose Bay is its largest community, a transportation hub and the administrative centre for the delivery of health, education, utilities and other government services to central and coastal Labrador. In 2006, 82.5 percent of Assessment Area residents lived in Happy Valley-Goose Bay.

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report December 24, 2008 Page 2-2 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Table 2-1 Population and Population by Gender, 2006, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province Location Total Population Male Female Happy Valley-Goose Bay 7,572 3,740 3,835 North West River 492 240 250 Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake 1,112 560 555 (Census Division 10, Subdivision C) Upper Lake Melville 9,176 4,540 4,640 Labrador 26,364 13,380 12,985 Province 505,469 245,735 259,735 Source: Statistics Canada 2006a *Population numbers for males and females are rounded by Statistics Canada.

As was the case for most of Labrador and the Province, with the notable exception of the St. John’s Census Metropolitan Area, the population of the Assessment Area fell from 10,050 in 1991 to 9,654 in 2001, a decline of 3.9 percent (Figure 2-3). By 2006, the population had decreased a further 5.0 percent to 9,176, with Happy Valley-Goose Bay and North West River experiencing declines of 12.0 percent and 6.8 percent respectively. However, Census Division 10, Subdivision C (Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake) experienced a population increase of 21.9 percent largely as a result of a high birth rate. (It should be noted that Statistics Canada data combine information for Sheshatshiu (approximately 1,050 people) with that for the much smaller community of Mud Lake (approximately 60 people), and few disaggregated data are available. This may mask significant differences between the communities).

Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 2-3 Populations, Upper Lake Melville and Labrador, 1991 to 2006

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report December 24, 2008 Page 2-3 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project In 2006, 2,020 people (22.0 percent) in the Assessment Area were under the age of 15. There were 2,645 people (28.8 percent) between the ages of 15 and 34, 3,875 (42.2 percent) between 35 and 64, and 630 (6.9 percent) people above the age of 65. The Province’s population was substantially older (mean age 41.7 years) than that of the Assessment Area (33.2 years). Approximately 35 percent of people living in Labrador are of Aboriginal descent, and many of them live in the Assessment Area. As noted above, Sheshatshiu is an Innu community, and many Innu, Inuit and Métis live in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, North West River and Mud Lake. The Aboriginal population of the Assessment Area increased from 2,035 to 4,130 between 1991 and 2001 and then decreased to 4,095 in 2006. Most (66.4 percent) Aboriginal people in the Assessment Area reside in Happy Valley- Goose Bay. Of the 1,112 people in Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake in 2006, 1,035 (93.0 percent) were Aboriginal. In North West River, 340 (68.7 percent) of the population were Aboriginal, as were 2,720 (35.9 percent) of those in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Visible minorities (persons who are identified according to the Employment Equity Act as being non-caucasian in race or non-white in colour, with the exception of Aboriginal people) made up only 0.4 percent of the 2006 Assessment Area population, all of them living in Happy Valley-Goose Bay (Statistics Canada 1991; 1996; 2001; 2006a). Excluding any major changes in migration to or from the Province and the effects of any future large projects, projections for the next 15 years see the population of the Assessment Area decreasing slightly (0.5 percent, from 9,176 in 2006 to 9,128 in 2021). The populations of Labrador and the Province are expected to decline by 1.1 percent (26,364 to 26,061) and 4.8 percent (505,469 to 481,224) respectively (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Finance (NLDF) 2006). For the purposes of economic analysis and planning, the Province has 20 economic zones, five of which are in Labrador (see Figure 1-2). In 2006, the economic zones in Labrador with the greatest populations were Zone 2 (Labrador West and Churchill Falls) and Zone 3 (Central Labrador, which comprises Upper Lake Melville) with populations of 9,660 and 9,175, respectively (Figure 2-4). The zone with the smallest population was Zone 5 (Labrador Straits) with 1,825 people (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008).

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Source: Statistics 2006a Figure 2-4 Populations, Labrador Economic Zones, as a Percentage of Labrador’s Population, 2006 Consistent with demographic trends in most of the Province, the populations of all but one of the economic zones in Labrador decreased between 1991 and 2006 (Figure 2-5) (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008). The greatest declines occurred in Zones 2 and 5. Zone 2 fell by 20.8 percent, from 12,200 to 9,660 and Zone 5 decreased from 2,185 to 1,825 (16.5 percent). Zone 1, however, increased by 4.5 percent from 2,985 to 3,120, but it too has declined between 2001 and 2006.

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Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 2-5 Populations, Labrador Economic Zones, 1991 to 2006 The age-structure of the populations of the economic zones is illustrated in Figure 2-6 (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008).

Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 2-6 Populations by Age Group, Labrador Economic Zones, 2006

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3.0 The Economy

This section describes the state of the economy and recent trends in key economic characteristics and projected performance of key sectors of the economics of the Province, Labrador and the Upper Lake Melville Area.

3.1 Province

For many years, Newfoundland and Labrador had the slowest growing economy in Canada. This situation was aggravated in the late 1980s and early 1990s with closures in the groundfish fisheries. The performance of the Newfoundland and Labrador economy today is a dramatic contrast to the situation which prevailed then. This is largely a result of the growth of the offshore oil sector and, more recently, the start of mineral production at Voisey’s Bay. The construction activity associated with projects such as Hibernia, Terra Nova, White Rose and Voisey’s Bay has provided large capital investments in the provincial economy and a considerable source of employment over the past 20 years. The overall performance of the economy is summarized in Table 3-1 for the period 1997 to 2010. Revenue from production from the above projects is now the primary economic driver in the Province and the reason why the economy of Newfoundland and Labrador, as reflected in its Gross Domestic Product (GDP), has been one of the fastest growing in Canada in recent years (Table 3-1) (NLDF 2007a). However, GDP is expected to decline in 2009 and 2010 under the assumption that oil production from Terra Nova, Hibernia and White Rose will decrease as reserves are drawn down (NLDF 2007b). Offshore oil and mining projects are highly capital intensive activities. As a result, the corresponding growth in employment, while significant, has not kept pace with the level of growth in GDP. Moreover, the unemployment rate in Newfoundland and Labrador is still the highest in Canada. That said, unemployment in Newfoundland and Labrador has significant regional characteristics. For instance, in 2007 the St. John’s Census Metropolitan Area (CMA) the 2007 unemployment rate (6.9 percent) was comparable to that in the rest of Canada (6.0 percent), while in rural Newfoundland and Labrador, it is much higher. In Economic Zone 2 (Burin Peninsula and South Coast), for example, the unemployment rate in 2007 was 20.8 percent (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency 2008). This reflects a change in the structure of the provincial economy over the past twenty years, away from rural, labour- intensive, resource-based activities to highly capital-intensive, concentrated, resource-based ones in more urban environments. The following is a description of some of the Province’s major industries: mining, oil and gas, forestry, fishery and aquaculture and tourism.

3.1.1 Mining

The mining industry contributes substantially to the provincial economy. It directly accounted for about 3.2 percent of provincial GDP in 2005 and about 1.6 percent of provincial employment in 2006 (NLDF 2007c). Since 2004 there has been an approximately 470 percent increase in the value of provincial mineral shipments, with 2007 shipments estimated at $3.85 billion, up from $673 million in 2004. The increase in 2007, up 32 percent from $2.9 billion in 2006 is almost entirely due to an increase in the

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 3-1 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project value of shipments from Voisey’s Bay and the opening of Aur Resources copper-zinc mine at Duck Pond. The forecast for shipments is expected to remain strong in 2008 at $3.9 billion. Table 3-1 Economic Indicators, Newfoundland and Labrador, 1997 to 2010

Economic 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008f 2009f 2010f Indicators Population as 522 519.4 518.5 517.3 514 509.7 506.3 NA NA NA of July 1 (000’s) Percent change -1.1 -0.5 -0.2 -0.2 -0.6 -0.8 -0.7 NA NA NA GDP at Market 14,179 16,457 18,186 19,473 21,486 24,897 27,380 28,129 25,129 24,034 Prices ($ millions) Percent change 1.8 16.1 10.5 7.1 10.3 15.9 15.7 3.4 -11.2 -4.4 Personal 11,576 11,927 12,447 12,835 13,316 15,919 14,363 14,098 15,486 16,155 Income ($ millions) Percent change 4.1 3.0 4.4 3.1 3.7 19.5 4.0 3.8 3.9 4.3 Per Capita 22,176 22,981 24,029 24,826 25,907 31,234 NA NA NA NA Personal Income ($) Percent change 5.3 3.6 4.6 3.3 4.4 20.6 NA NA NA NA Transfer 2,497 2,584 2,638 2,685 2,745 2,837 NA NA NA NA Payments ($ millions) Percent change 5.9 3.5 2.1 1.8 2.2 3.4 NA NA NA NA Labour Force, 242.7 248.5 254.1 254.3 252.5 253.1 251.2 252.8 253.9 255.2 Annual Average (000’s) Percent change 2.1 2.4 2.3 0.1 -0.7 0.2 -0.8 0.6 0.4 0.5 Employment, 203.8 207.2 212.3 214.3 214.1 215.7 217.3 219.8 222.3 224.5 Annual Average (000’s) Percent change 2.9 1.7 2.5 0.9 -0.1 0.7 0.7 1.3 1.1 1.0 Unemployment 16.1 16.7 16.5 15.7 15.2 14.8 13.6 13.0 12.4 12.0 Rate, Annual Average (percent) Percent change -3.6 3.7 -1.2 -4.8 -3.2 -2.6 -8.1 -4.4 -4.6 -3.2 Consumer 97.7 100 102.9 104.8 107.6 109.5 111.0 113.4 115.6 117.8 Price Index (2002 = 100) Percent change 1.1 2.4 2.9 1.8 2.7 1.8 1.5 2.1 1.9 1.9 Newsprint 745.8 740.3 780.9 731.7 761.8 594.8 NA NA NA NA Shipments (000’s metric tonnes) Percent change -7.7 -0.7 5.5 -6.3 4.1 -21.9 NA NA NA NA Value of Fish 487.2 505.4 575.6 606.1 461.3 NA NA NA NA NA Landings ($ millions)

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Economic 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 2006 2007 2008f 2009f 2010f Indicators Percent change -14.6 3.7 13.9 5.3 -23.9 -100.0 NA NA NA NA Value of 754.2 795.6 776.4 672.7 1,549.2 2,535.4 3,304.6 NA NA NA Mineral Shipments ($ millions) Percent change -22.6 5.5 -2.4 -13.4 130.3 63.7 30.3 NA NA NA Value of Iron 691.6 728.9 720.4 624.7 1,286.8 1,326.3 1,381.5 NA NA NA Ore Shipments ($ 000) Percent change -23.3 5.4 -1.2 -13.3 106.0 3.1 4.2 NA NA NA Value of 205,649 211,440 215,320 212,045 195,427 175,214 NA NA NA NA Manufacturing Shipments ($ 000) Percent change -1.4 2.8 1.8 -1.5 -7.8 -10.3 NA NA NA NA Oil Production 54.3 104.3 123 114.8 111.3 110.9 137.6 NA NA NA (Millions of Barrels) Percent change 2.8 92.1 17.9 -6.7 -3.0 -0.4 24.1 NA NA NA Public and 3,371.3 3,361.3 3,711.9 4,243.2 4,576.1 4,530.4 4,283 4.320 4,399 4,464 Private Capital Investment ($ millions) Percent change -0.8 -0.3 10.4 14.3 7.8 -1.0 -5.4 0.9 1.8 1.5 Dwelling Starts 1,788 2,419 2,692 2,870 2,498 2,234 2,652 2,583 2,604 2,566 (Number) Percent change 22.5 35.3 11.3 6.6 -13.0 -10.6 18.7 -2.6 0.8 -1.5 Retail Trade 5,201 5,407 5,736 5,756 5,826 6,042 6,579 6,765 6,981 7,232 NAICS ($ millions) Percent change 9.3 4.0 6.1 0.3 1.2 3.7 8.9 2.8 3.2 3.6 New Motor 24,649 25,790 25,428 22,898 24,899 24,188 NA NA NA NA Vehicle Sales (Number) Percent change 3.3 4.6 -1.4 -9.9 8.7 -2.9 NA NA NA NA Source: NLDF 2007b f = forecast value NA = not available

Direct employment in mining is projected at 4,028 person-years in 2008, an increase of 350 over the 2007 estimate. The anticipated increase will be driven by expansion at the Iron Ore Company of Canada (IOC) in Labrador, the opening of the Pine Cove gold mine (near Baie Verte) and the reactivation of the Beaver Brook antimony mine (near Glenwood) (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resource (NLDNR) 2008). Mineral exploration has also increased substantially in Newfoundland and Labrador since 2003 and it is projected that expenditures reached $160 million in 2007 (NLDF 2007a).

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As noted above, production from the offshore oil industry has become an increasingly important contributor to the provincial economy over the last decade (NLDF 2007a). Oil production totalled 134.5 million barrels in 2007, up 21.3 percent from 2006, due to production increases at Terra Nova and White Rose. The total estimated value of production in 2007 was over $10.3 billion, up 26.6 percent over 2006 (NLDF 2008a). In 2008, oil production is expected to decline by approximately 17.0 percent (NLDF 2008a). In recent years, offshore oil revenues have been the largest and fastest growing revenue sources for the Province, comprising 15 percent of the GDP in 2006/2007 (NLDF 2007c). On August 22, 2007, the Province announced that it had reached a Memorandum of Understanding with the Hebron-Ben Nevis proponents to develop that oil field, which is estimated to contain approximately 700 million barrels of oil (NLDF 2007a).

3.1.3 Forestry

In 2007, provincial newsprint shipments totalled 549,900 tonnes, down 7.6 percent over 2006. The value of newsprint shipped out of Newfoundland and Labrador also decreased in 2007 by about 22.0 percent to $350 million. This is due to a decline in demand for newsprint in North America. In an effort to elevate prices and maintain profitability, newsprint producers have closed some of their high-cost mills and idled many of their less efficient paper machines, including one at the Corner Brook Pulp and Paper Mill (NLDF 2007a; 2008b). Additionally, the closure of the Abitibi-Consolidated mill in Stephenville, and the cessation of related timber operations, resulted in the closure of two commercially licensed mills in Labrador with a combined potential capacity of over 23,500 m3 (more than 10 million foot board measure (fbm)) per year (Schlossek et al. 2007). The closure of the mill in Stephenville also eliminated 300 jobs.

3.1.4 Fishery and Aquaculture

The fishing industry, both harvesting and processing, contributed 3.5 percent to the provincial GDP and 7.5 percent to employment in 2005. During 2007, the industry faced many challenges including competition from low-cost producers, tariff barriers, unfavourable exchange rates and high fuel costs. However, the volume of fish landings remained high (333 million tonnes) though it was down 6.5 percent from the previous year. Landed value increased by 8.4 percent over 2006, to 479 million. In 2008, fish landings are expected to increase slightly with higher catches of groundfish and shellfish. Provincial aquaculture production totaled 8,300 in 2007, down from 10,500 tonnes in 2006. This is expected to increase in 2008 with the establishment of a new aquaculture operation on Newfoundland’s south coast and increases in salmonid and mussel production. In 2007, the aquaculture export value was estimated at $40 million, down from 2006 by 23.5 percent (NLDF 2008b).

3.1.5 Tourism

Tourism spending in Newfoundland and Labrador is approximately $800 million annually, with resident travel within the Province accounting for 60 percent of the total. After a period of almost continuous growth since 1998, as of November 2007, the number of non-resident visitors to the Province fell to an estimated 490,100, a decrease of 1.3 percent over 2006 levels. However, the number of non-resident

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 3-4 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project visitors travelling by automobile to the Province in 2007 increased by 4.6 percent over 2006, to 127,500. Cruise ship passenger visits also increased in 2007 by 15.9 percent over 2006. The number of port calls booked for the Province in 2008 (157) has already significantly exceeded those reported for 2007 (102) (NLDF 2008a). Tourism is expected to face some challenges in 2008, including the high Canadian dollar, poor U.S. economic performance, high fuel prices and higher air travel costs (NLDF 2008a).

3.1.6 Agriculture

The major categories of agricultural products in the Province are dairy products, hens and chickens, eggs, and floriculture and nursery products. In 2004, there were 643 registered farms and some 100 food processors operating in Newfoundland and Labrador, the agriculture industry employed 6200 people with total sales of $500 million a year. Farm cash receipts for 2004 were $85.3 million and in 2007 rose to $103 million (NLDNR 2005; NLDNR ND).

3.2 Labrador

The economy of Labrador has traditionally been based on raw material extraction and the service industry. The major industries today are mines and energy, aerospace and defense (discussed in Section 3.3.1), fish harvesting and processing, forest resources and tourism (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Works (NLDTW) 2006).

3.2.1 Mining/Oil and Gas

The mineral resources in Labrador offer great potential for economic development. In 2006, an estimated 31,441 mineral claims were staked in Labrador (AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold 2008). Aurora Energy Resources, a uranium exploration and development company, currently holds the tenth largest primary uranium deposit in the world. Development of the site, which is located south of Postville, was registered with the Canadian Environmental Assessment Agency in 2008 (Aurora 2008). Vale Inco Newfoundland & Labrador Limited (Vale Inco NL) operates the nickel, copper and cobalt mine located in Voisey’s Bay. The company shipped about $2.1 billion in nickel concentrate, as well as lesser amounts of copper and cobalt in 2007 (NLDF 2008b). In western Labrador, the IOC and Wabush Mines have been operating iron ore mines since the 1960s. The volume of iron ore shipped from the Iron Ore Company of Canada IOC and Wabush Mines was 18.3 million tonnes in 2007 (NLDF 2008b). In addition to large-scale projects, smaller mining operations throughout Labrador, as well as continued mineral exploration, have generated considerable economic benefits to the people of Labrador (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs (NLDLAA) 2006). Major gas reserves have been identified off the north coast of Labrador; however, while there are increasing levels of interest in these resources, there are as yet no plans to develop them.

3.2.2 Forestry

Labrador has 18 million ha of forested land and 5.5 million ha of productive forest. The gross merchantable timber volume in Labrador is 180 million m³ (Schlossek et al. 2007). The Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources and Innu Nation have developed forest management

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 3-5 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project plans to ensure these resources are managed sustainably effectively. The provincial government has also commissioned a Labrador Value Added Forestry Study to evaluate the potential for sawmill and value-added wood products development in Labrador, which was released in March 2006. This study identifies potential business plans for secondary processing of wood products with the objective of increasing economic development in the area (NLDLAA 2006). Further information about forestry in Labrador is provided in the Current Land and Resource Use in the Lower Churchill River Area Environmental Baseline Report (EBR).

3.2.3 Fisheries and Aquaculture

There are 10 fish plants in Labrador that process rock cod, Arctic charr, snow crab, turbot, scallops and shrimp, among other species. The fishery continues to be the largest employer for coastal communities despite the shortage of some resources such as snow crab and turbot. This shortage, as well as the aging labour force and the challenge of labour recruitment, are major issues for the fishing industry. Additionally, increases in fuel costs combined with the high cost of transporting materials and products are negatively affecting the harvesting and processing companies involved in the Labrador fishery and creating an uncertain future for the industry (NLDLAA 2006).

3.2.4 Tourism

The tourism industry in Labrador, once limited to a short summer season, involves approximately 46 Labrador outfitter businesses offering fishing and hunting. The industry is evolving into a year-round opportunity with the improvement of transportation links. For instance, Labrador Winter Trails has developed a sophisticated system of high-quality, groomed snowmobile trails that link communities throughout Labrador and provide access to Quebec’s trails. The trails, which comprise 1,500 kms, are used primarily for recreation by 30,000 local and visiting snowmobilers (Central Labrador Economic Development Board (CLEDB) 2006). The different cultural and physical landscapes throughout Labrador, along with its history and natural environment, provide visitors with an exciting and varied tourism experience. This is reflected in a growth in adventure cruise ship activity, with nine ships scheduled to visit Labrador in 2008. Between 2005 and 2006, temporary accommodation occupancy throughout Labrador increased by 3.2 percent and between 2006 and 2007, airport passenger movements at the Wabush and Goose Bay airports increased by 6 percent and 2 percent, respectively (NLDTCR 2007). Wabush airport recorded the highest percentage gain in airport passenger movements in 2007 (up 16 percent) mainly due to a rise in mining related activity (NLDF 2007). Further information about tourism in Labrador is provided in the Current Land and Resource Use in the Lower Churchill River Area Environmental Baseline Report.

3.2.5 Hunting and Trapping

Hunting and trapping are important recreation and subsistence activities for both Aboriginal and non- Aboriginal Persons of Labrador (Minaskuat Inc 2008a). Detailed information on hunting and trapping are provided in the Current Land and Resource Use in the Lower Churchill River Area EBR.

3.2.6 Agriculture

In 2001, the agricultural industry in Labrador had a value of $500,000 and in 2004 the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador issued a Northern Agrifoods Development Strategy to examine the viable

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 3-6 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project economic potential of agrifoods development in Labrador (NLDNR and NLDLAA 2004). This strategy has been allocated $1.5 million under the Agricultural Policy Framework program to encourage the development and commercialization of the agrifoods industry (NLDNR 2007a). Further information about agriculture in Labrador is provided in the Current Land and Resource Use in the Lower Churchill River Area EBR.

3.3 Upper Lake Melville

The economy of central Labrador is heavily based on wage income and has improved since 1999, which marks the completion of Phase I of the Trans Labrador Highway (TLH).The TLH has resulted in new commercial trading patterns, business expansions and tourism opportunities (Town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay 2001)and will be completed in 2011 (NLDF 2007d; AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold 2008). The majority of businesses in the area are in the retail trade sector (33.3 percent) (CLEDB2006). There is very little manufacturing or secondary processing activity in this part of Labrador. Happy Valley-Goose Bay is the largest centre in Labrador and is the administrative hub for the delivery of health, education, utility and other government services to central and coastal Labrador. Offices of many provincial and federal government departments are located and staffed in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Regional agencies are large employers of professionals and trades people (CLEDB 2007).

3.3.1 Defence

The military base in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, 5 Wing Goose Bay (5 Wing), in existence since 1941, has historically been the largest employer in the region. In the 1950s it became a support base for the Strategic Air Command and in the 1960s the Goose Bay population mushroomed to more than 12,000 military personnel and their dependents. Subsequent reorganization, deactivation and relocation of military units resulted in a decline in the number of personnel at the base. Low-level flying by jet aircraft has been part of the military training program at 5 Wing since the 1980s but this activity too has declined in recent years due to geopolitical factors. The British, French, German, Dutch, and Italian air forces no longer conduct low-level flight training at the Goose Bay Airport and the Canadian Air Force conducts most of its flight training at other locations, with the exception of the locally-based Search and Rescue helicopter unit (A.D. Johnson, pers. comm.). As a result of the reduced activity at the base a number of businesses closed in 2006 (CLEDB 2006). Nevertheless, base expenditures are still considerable and their contribution to the local economy is substantial. In 2006-2007 direct expenditures of 5 Wing in Labrador were $56.4 million. Capital works expenditures in 2006-2007 (e.g., hangars, buildings, taxiways, parkways, runways and construction projects) totalled $3.6 million and, in addition, the base has engaged contractors for a significant multi- year environmental clean-up program. Total direct expenditures associated with environmental remediation for 2006-2007 were $5.6 million (AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold 2008). The long experience with significant numbers of people moving in and out of Happy Valley-Goose Bay is expected to be an important factor in terms of its ability to cope with population movement associated with major project activities.

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Tourism is a major contributor to the economy of Labrador and, according to the CLEDB, at least 25 percent of businesses in the Upper Lake Melville Area have self-identified as tourism-related (CLEDB 2006). With the local expertise in trapping, hunting, and gathering for subsistence, there is a good foundation for increased development of cultural and adventure tourism products. New accommodation businesses have been constructed and developed to cater to various market segments. While there appear to be no registered outfitters active in the Assessment Area, Happy Valley-Goose Bay is used as a staging area for outfitting activities in central and northern Labrador. There are also registered guides living in the Assessment Area. The Grand Lake Provincial Park Reserve is adjacent to the Assessment Area. It is 15.05 km² in size and protects a portion of forested area between North West River and Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Portions of the Mealy Mountains have been identified as a potential national park. The area is currently the focus of a feasibility study that was initiated in 2003 (Minaskuat Inc. 2008a). The provincial government is currently considering a framework for protected areas under the Natural Areas System Plan Strategy. Locations of protected areas have not yet been identified. Although not identified as having reserve status, two sites under the 1970s International Biological Programme are located within the Assessment Area (Minaskuat Inc. 2008a). Winter sports, such as skiing and snowmobiling, also attract visitors to the Upper Lake Melville Area. As mentioned in Section 3.2.4, some communities throughout Labrador are connected by a system of snowmobile trails. In the Assessment Area, these trails run from Postville and Makkovik to North West River and from North West River to Happy Valley-Goose Bay (Labrador Winter Trails 2006). The Central Labrador Cruise Ship Committee is actively seeking small expedition cruise ships to home- port out of Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Home-porting would include changeover of passengers and crew via Goose Bay Airport and will require Happy Valley-Goose Bay to become a Cruise Ship Operations customs entry point (CLEDB 2006).

3.3.3 Forestry

Within the Assessment Area, Forest Management District (FMD) 19 is the focus of potential forestry activity. It is dominated by black spruce, which cover approximately 91 percent of productive forest area. Balsam fir constitutes 5 percent of the area, while other softwoods and hardwoods make up the balance. In 2007, the NLDNR registered a new Five-Year Operating Plan for sub-section FMD 19A, covering the period from 2008 to 2012. The Plan includes considerations related to the development of the lower Churchill River for hydroelectricity. Specifically, the plan considers requirements for reservoir clearing and preparation. In the event that clearing begins during the period covered, it is anticipated that the Plan will be temporarily modified and harvesting efforts will be focused in the reservoir (Schlossek et al. 2007). On January 10, 2008, the Plan received conditional release from the provincial environmental assessment process (NLDEC 2008). The total allowable annual cut in FMD 19 is 200,000 m3, with more than 66 percent (142,000 m3) south of the Churchill River. This will not become fully accessible until completion of Phase III of the TLH. NLDNR has issued an Expression of Interest to maximize the commercial development of these and

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 3-8 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project other resources in the District (T. Schlossek, pers. comm.). There is a possibility that the completion of the TLH Phase III from Cartwright Junction to Happy Valley-Goose Bay may result in an increase in the allowable cut due to improved inventories in this previously inaccessible area (Halifax Global Management Consultants 2006). In 2006, there were 302 domestic permits issued in FMD 19A, totaling approximately 6,644 m3. FMD 19A currently has 11 commercially licensed sawmills with annual output ranging from a few thousand board feet to over 1 million board feet. Average production since 1990 is approximately 1.4 million fbm. The closure of the Abitibi-Consolidated mill in Stephenville and the cessation of related timber operations, resulted in the closure of two commercially licensed mills with a combined potential capacity of over 23,500 m3 (10 million fbm) per year. Domestic use of woodcutting within the Assessment Area is limited and the wood appears to be used primarily for woodstoves in cabins and for cooking and heating during camping trips or travel along the Churchill River and the TLH Phase I.

3.3.4 Mining

The current focus for mineral exploration in Labrador is outside the Assessment Area, in the Central Mineral Belt of central and east central Labrador. Nickel mining and exploration is concentrated at Voisey’s Bay in northern Labrador, while iron ore mining and exploration occurs in western Labrador. In the Assessment Area, Tripple Uranium Resources has claims in the area around Happy Valley- Goose Bay and in the Churchill River. Markland Resources Development has been exploring the Churchill River Estuary at Happy Valley-Goose Bay for garnet, zircon, and titanium-iron oxides. There are also individuals with staked claims that fall within the Study Area, including one claim near Gull Island (NLDNR 2006; 2007b). The Churchill River, from the Smallwood Reservoir to the Muskrat Falls area, has been designated as exempt mineral land and can only be made available for license by the Minister through public tender. The area around Sheshatshiu and a large military reserve area in and around Happy Valley-Goose Bay have both been declared exempt (NLDNR 2007a). Several Quarry Permits have been issued within the Assessment Area. This includes two rock quarries, two gravel pits, and 15 sand or minor gravel pits depending on year and need (NLDNR 2007b).

3.3.5 Agriculture

Supplemental farming, farming added to another income, has been encouraged in Labrador since the mid-1950s and there have been several efforts at encouraging agricultural activities (NLDNR and NLDLAA 2004). The Lake Melville region has the most favourable climate in Labrador, with warmer summers and shorter, less severe winters. The total growing season is 120 to 140 days and there are approximately 80 frost-free days per year (NLDLAA 2006). Central Labrador has large areas of land that have been identified as suitable for agricultural development, with residents growing potatoes, carrots, turnips and peas for domestic use. Currently, there are several farms of approximately 5 to 10 acres in size located in the Upper Lake Melville Area. Vegetables and livestock are raised for both personal and commercial purposes. Fur farms have also been established in the area (S. Clemens, pers. comm.). A new proposed agriculture development area consisting of approximately 800 acres (324 ha) along the Mud Lake Road has provided opportunities for agricultural expansion in the Assessment Area. Over 50 acres have been cleared since 2005 and an additional 20 acres have been cleared in other parts of Happy Valley-Goose Bay (AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold 2008). Farming

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 3-9 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project exists mainly on a part-time, hobby basis for several reasons including the relatively high employment rate in the Study Area, the cost and labour associated with crop and animal production and the possibility of contaminants near the farms as a result of former activities at 5 Wing (CLEDB 2006).

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4.0 Employment and Business

This section describes the labour force of the Province, Labrador and the Upper Lake Melville Area. It also sets the context for the assessment of the effects of the Project on the business sector in each location, describing the current characteristics of the business sector in terms of the number and type of firms.

4.1 Province

In 2006, the labour force of the Province was 248,685, up from 232,260 in 2001 (Table 4-1). The participation rate, which is the percentage of the work-age population that are presently working or actively looking for employment, in the Province was 57.6 percent in 2001 and increased in 2006 to 58.9 percent. Between 2001 and 2006, the unemployment rate in the Province fell from 21.8 to 18.6 percent (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008; Statistics Canada 2001; 2006a). In 2000, the median earnings or income from employment for residents of the Province aged 15 and over was $24,165. In 2005, this had decreased by 25.2 percent to $18,086 (Statistics Canada 2001; 2006a). Table 4-1 Labour Force Characteristics, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province, 2006 Labour Force Happy Valley- North West Mud Lake/ Upper Lake Labrador Province Characteristic Goose Bay River Sheshatshiu Melville Total population 15 5,945 415 685 7,045 20,815 422,385 years and over In the labour force 4,480 275 350 5,105 14,340 248,685 Participation rate 75.4 66.3 51.1 64.3 63.2 58.9 Employment rate 65.7 53 36.5 51.7 48.3 47.9 Unemployment rate 12.7 20 28.6 20.4 24.5 18.6 Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Employment averaged 215,700 in 2006, an increase of 0.7 percent compared to 2005. The number of people either working or looking for work averaged 253,100 in 2006, up 0.2 percent from 2005. Employment was forecast to increase by 1.2 percent to 218,300 in 2007. Job growth was expected to occur in the service sector and be mostly in the form of full-time employment (NLDF 2007d). In the Province, the number of individuals receiving Employment Insurance (EI) decreased by 36.4 percent between 1992 and 2006 (Table 4-2). In 2006, 19.4 percent of the Province’s population received EI, a decrease of 63.6 percent from 1992 (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008).

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 4-1 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Table 4-2 Changes in the Use of Employment Insurance, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province, 1992 and 2006 1992 2006 % change

Lake Lake Lake Upper Upper Upper Melville Melville Melville Province Province Province Labrador Labrador Labrador Labrador EI Beneficiaries 2,085 6,910 154,235 1,345 4,835 98,025 -35.5% -30.0% -36.4% (Individuals) EI Incidence (Percent n/a n/a n/a 36.4% 41.6% 53.3% 14.7% 29.5% 19.4% of Labour Force) Source: Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008. In 2006, 33.5 percent of the Province’s population had not completed high school (Figure 4-1) while 11.3 percent had a university certificate, diploma or degree (Statistics Canada 2006a). In comparison with other Canadian provinces and territories, Newfoundland and Labrador has the highest proportion of its population with less than a high school education and the lowest proportion with a university degree (Millar and Stephens 1992).

Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 4-1 Education Level, Province, 2006 In 2006, 375,325 people aged 15 and over were employed in Newfoundland and Labrador. The main sources of employment by industry were Other Services which employed 50,040 people, Business Services (35,390), Retail Trade (30,580) and Health Care and Social Services (30,360) (Figure 4-2). Industries that employed the fewest people were Finance and Real Estate (7,895) and Wholesale Trade (6,630) (Statistics Canada 2006a).

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Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 4-2 Employment by Sector, Province, 2006 There were 16,583 businesses in the Province in 2006 (Table 4-3).Most (60.2 percent) of them had one to four employees There were 266 businesses with 100 to 499 employees (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency 2007a). Table 4-3 Number of Businesses, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province, 2006 Upper Lake Industry Province Labrador Melville Agriculture, Forestry, Fishing and Hunting 605 7 x Mining and Oil and Gas Extraction 52 6 x Utilities 10 x x Construction 1,838 65 40 Manufacturing 594 22 9 Wholesale Trade 748 35 10 Retail Trade 2,767 203 77 Transportation and Warehousing 792 31 14 Information and Cultural Industries 123 5 x Finance and Insurance 421 11 6 Real Estate, Rental and Leasing 507 31 15 Professional, Scientific and Technical 929 30 16 Management of Companies and Enterprises 97 x x Administrative and Support, Waste Management and 609 25 9 Remediation Educational Services 153 6 6 Health Care and Social Assistance 2,166 112 50 Arts, Entertainment and Recreation 409 18 10 Accommodation and Food Services 1,387 79 34

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Upper Lake Industry Province Labrador Melville Other Services 1,666 96 28 Public Administration 464 31 5 Source: Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency 2007a Note: x = data not available

4.2 Labrador

The labour force in Labrador totaled 14,340 in 2006 (Table 4-1). In 2001, Labrador’s participation rate was 66.7 percent, but by 2006, it had decreased to 63.2 percent. The unemployment rate in Labrador increased from 19.1 percent in 2001 to 24.5 percent in 2006 (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008; Statistics Canada 2001; 2006a). In Labrador in 2005, the median earnings or income from employment for people aged 15 and over was $19,484, a decrease of 30.7 percent from 2000 ($28,126) (Statistics Canada 2001; 2006a). Population decline in Labrador has an effect on labour supply. The Labrador Regional Council of the Rural Secretariat estimated that in 2006 the 15 to 64 age group (composed of 19,813 people) declined by 5.1 percent from 1999. This age group can be expected to continue to decline. The difference between overall population trends and those of this group can be attributed to out-migration from the region. Within the 15 to 64 age group, 14.6 percent are ages 55 to 64. This means, in broad terms, that approximately 15 in every 100 individuals will exit the labour force over the next decade. This will create “replacement” demand for labour in the region for younger workers. As such, there will be opportunities for youth in the region in the future, probably at higher wages rates as the labour market continues to tighten (Labrador Regional Council of the Rural Secretariat 2006). The overall occupational structure in Labrador is weighted toward goods-producing and seasonal industries. In 2000, the fishery, other primary activity and construction industries accounted for 37.4 percent of employment in the region, and 35.0 percent of EI beneficiaries in 2005 (Labrador Regional Council of the Rural Secretariat 2006). In 2006 the number of people receiving EI in Labrador was 4,835, down 30.0 percent from 1992 (Table 4-2). The EI incidence also decreased in Labrador between 1992 and 2006, by 29.1 percent (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008). A number of positive and negative issues concerning employment in Labrador have been identified by The Institute for the Advancement of Public Policy (2004). For instance, many people living in Labrador, especially those in rural areas, lack the skills and abilities to fill non-resource based jobs; training that is provided does not always match the skills required in the marketplace. In addition, there are generally low education levels in Labrador’s rural areas, and this can prevent individuals from pursuing the higher formal education, vocational training and apprenticeships that may be required to take advantage of many employment opportunities (The Institute for the Advancement of Public Policy 2004). In 2006, 33.3 percent of Labrador’s population did not have a high school certificate (Figure 4-3). Only 8.6 percent of the population of Labrador had a University certificate, diploma or degree (Statistics Canada 2006a).

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Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 4-3 Education Level, Labrador, 2006 If local residents are to become qualified for employment opportunities, education and skills training are a priority. Residents of isolated coastal areas and aboriginal communities in particular experience higher levels of unemployment (The Institute for the Advancement of Public Policy 2004). In 2006, 14,155 people aged 15 and over were employed in Labrador. The main sources of employment by industry in Labrador (Figure 4-4) were Agriculture and Resource-based, which employed 3,395 people, Retail Trade (1,560), Business Services (1,525) and Other Services (3,145). Industries that employed the fewest people were Finance and Real Estate (380) and Wholesale Trade (350) (Statistics Canada 2006a).

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Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 4-4 Employment by Sector, Labrador, 2006 In 2006, there were 848 businesses in Labrador, representing 5.1 percent of the total for the Province. Of these, 411 (48.5 percent) employed one to four persons, 310 (36.6 percent) had five to 19 employees, 107 (12.6 percent) had between 20 and 99 employees and 2.3 percent had 100 or more employees (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency 2007a). As indicated in Table 4-3, the top five categories of business in Labrador, based on the number of operations, are similar to that for the Province. However, Construction ranks fifth in Labrador but third in the Province, Accommodation and Food Services ranks fifth for the Province by fourth for Labrador, and Other Services ranks fourth for the Province but third for Labrador.

4.3 Upper Lake Melville

The labour force in the Upper Lake Melville Area increased from 5,019 in 2001 to 5,105 in 2006, most (87.8 percent) of whom live in Happy Valley-Goose Bay (Table 4-1). North West River had 5.4 percent of the labour force (275) and Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake combined had 6.9 percent (350) (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008; Statistics Canada 2006a). In 2005, the median earnings or income from employment in the Upper Lake Melville Area was $26,442, up 13.0 percent from 2000 ($23,403) (Statistics Canada 2001; 2006a). Between 2001 and 2006, the participation rate for the Upper Lake Melville Area increased from 57.8 to 64.3 percent (Statistics Canada 2001; 2006a). Happy Valley-Goose Bay maintained the highest participation rate of the communities (75.4 percent) (Statistics Canada 2006a). Within the Upper Lake Melville Area, the unemployment rate was consistently lower in Happy Valley- Goose Bay than in the other three communities. For instance, in 2006, it was 12.7 percent in Happy

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 4-6 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Valley-Goose Bay, while the rate in Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake was 28.6 percent (Statistics Canada 2001; 2006a). The number of individuals collecting EI benefits decreased in the Upper Lake Melville Area between 1992 and 2006 (Table 4-2). The percentage of the population receiving EI declined from 36.4 percent in 1992 to 14.7 percent in 2006 (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008). Similar to Labrador and the Province, 32.9 percent of the population of Upper Lake Melville had not completed high school in 2006. Only 10 percent had a university certificate, diploma or degree (Statistics Canada 2006a) (Figure 4-5). The low education levels that prevail throughout central Labrador indicate a need for preparatory courses to provide residents with further education and training that will lead to employment. This has become even more important since Impact and Benefit Agreements that were signed by Innu and Inuit stipulate that people wishing to work at the Voisey’s Bay development must have a high school diploma (Jong 2007).

Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 4-5 Education Level, Upper Lake Melville, 2006 In 2006, 5,035 people aged 15 and over were employed in the Upper Lake Melville Area. The main sources of employment, by industry (Figure 4-6), were Business Services, which employed 860 people, Health Care and Social Services (660), Retail Trade (565) and Other Services (1,435). There were few people employed in Finance and Real Estate (280), Wholesale Trade (125) or Manufacturing (60). The main occupations of Upper Lake Melville Area residents were Sales and Service (1,420), Trade, Transport, and Equipment Operation (970), and Business, Finance and Administration (875) (Statistics Canada 2006a).

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Source: Statistics Canada 2006a Figure 4-6 Employment by Sector, Upper Lake Melville, 2006 Upper Lake Melville is the government service centre for Labrador. Offices of many provincial and federal government departments are located and staffed in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Regional governments and Aboriginal groups also provide opportunities for employment in the area. The main employers and number of employees for each are listed in Table 4-4. Table 4-4 Major Employers and Number of Employees, Upper Lake Melville Employer Number of Employees Regional Agencies Labrador-Grenfell Regional Integrated Health Authority 370 Labrador School Board and six public schools 192 College of the North Atlantic 125 Regional Governments and Aboriginal Groups Sheshatshiu Innu First Nation and Social Services 214 Town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay 51 permanent and 30 seasonal Nunatsiavut Government 53 Labrador Métis Nation 12 permanent and 4 seasonal Private Employers SERCO 350-400 full-time and seasonal Vale Inco 250 Woodward’s Group of Companies 200 full-time and seasonal NorthMart and affiliated businesses 130 Terrington Consumers Co-operative 47 Labrador Friendship Centre 32 permanent and 40 seasonal Source: CLEDB 2006.

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 4-8 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project As mentioned in Section 3.3, the main employer in the Upper Lake Melville Area has historically been the military base, 5 Wing. It has been the most important driver of the economy. Currently, it employs approximately 400 civilians and 100 military personnel and in 2006-07, total wages and salaries were estimated at $14.9 million (AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold 2008). The biggest employer associated with the base is SERCO, the company that provides base operation services, including maintenance and catering. SERCO employs approximately 350 of the 400 civilians. Spending by those employed in base-related activities has also had beneficial employment multiplier effects on the local retail sector (CLEDB 2006). Experience has shown that the majority of firms in the area have difficulty in recruiting skilled labour and skilled management. Hospitality skills are also lacking and are seen as an impediment to the growth of the tourism industry. As in other parts of the Province, there is a shortage of local skilled workers, especially trades people. As of December 2006, there were 304 businesses in the Upper Lake Melville Area, representing 35.8 percent of businesses in Labrador (848) (Table 4-3). The majority of businesses in the Upper Lake Melville Area (145) were small, with one to four employees. There were 42 businesses with 20 to 99 employees (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency 2007a). The majority of businesses in the area fall into the same five sectors as for the Province and Labrador as a whole, with construction firms ranking third by number. At least a quarter of all local firms are self- described as tourism businesses (CLEDB 2007).

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5.0 Physical Infrastructure

This section describes selected physical infrastructure and services for Labrador, with a greater level of detail provided for those communities in the Assessment Area. The infrastructure described are roads, ports, airports, railway, snowmobile trails, power and communications, water and waste, industrial and commercial real estate, municipal planning and services and recreation.

5.1 Labrador

The physical infrastructure and services described here are primarily transport related, i.e. they link communities or serve to deliver workers, equipment and supplies to the Project sites. Transportation is an important issue in Labrador given the distances and terrain involved. In recent years there have been many advances in establishing a road network within Labrador and travel is becoming easier, although some communities are still only accessible by air, boat or snowmobile (NLDTW 2006). The provincial government is developing a transportation plan that will outline Labrador’s current and future transportation priorities (NLDTW 2006; L. Bryant, pers. comm.).

5.1.1 Roads

The TLH is the primary public road in Labrador. Phase I of the TLH (Route 500) runs between Happy Valley-Goose Bay and Labrador West. There it connects with Quebec Route 389, which runs 570 km north from Baie-Comeau to the Quebec-Labrador border. This section of the TLH is a two-lane gravel highway between Happy Valley-Goose Bay and Labrador City. Between Happy Valley-Goose Bay and North West River (Route 520) the road is a two-lane paved highway. The Labrador Transportation Initiative Fund was established in 1998. This included funding for upgrading Phase I of the TLH between Wabush and Happy Valley-Goose Bay (Route 500) to a high- standard gravel surface highway. This project, completed between 1997 and 1999, cost $60 million (Russo Garrido and Stanley 2002). The 2007 budget included $15 million (cost-shared with federal government) to provide a sealed surface on Phase I of the highway, to be competed in 2011 (NLDF 2007d; AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold 2008). Phase II of the TLH is an extension of Route 510 from Blanc Sablon to Red Bay, and is a 323 km mixed asphalt and gravel road that runs between Red Bay and Cartwright. There are also links to St. Lewis (Route 513) and Pinsent’s Arm (Route 514). This project began in 1999 and was completed in 2002 at a cost of $130 m (Russo Garrido and Stanley 2002). Construction on Phase III of the TLH, a 280-km section connecting Cartwright Junction and Happy Valley-Goose Bay, has begun and is scheduled to be completed in 2009. As a result of these road improvements, established trucking companies may face increased competition from other companies moving into the area. On-going challenges to the trucking industry include the ongoing high rate (90 percent) of empty back haul trailers resulting in higher costs, narrow road sections and extensive dust during the summer months (AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold 2008). The Happy Valley-Goose Bay to Labrador West section of the TLH has a service level of “A” (free- flowing traffic), with a capacity to carry 1,000 vehicles per hour. Currently, the highway carries 200 vehicles per day (D. Tee, pers. comm.).

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Five marine vessels currently serve Labrador. Two (the MV Sir Robert Bond and MV Northern Ranger) are provincially owned, while the others (the MV Apollo, MV Challenge One and MV Astron) are privately owned and are under contract to the provincial government. The MV Northern Ranger provides passenger and limited freight service between Happy Valley-Goose Bay and the communities on the north coast, while the MV Astron provides the majority of the freight service to this same area. The MV Challenge One transports passenger and freight to and from Williams Harbour and Normans Bay. The MV Sir Robert Bond provides auto, passenger and freight service between the Island, Cartwright and Happy Valley-Goose Bay, while the MV Apollo provides the same service between the Island and the Labrador Straits, through Blanc Sablon in Quebec. Labrador relies heavily on marine services for passenger transportation and the shipment of goods. However, with the development of the TLH, there has been a decline in the use of marine services to and within Labrador. With the completion of Phase III of the TLH, the requirement for and location of Labrador’s ferry service may be re-examined (NLDLAA 2006). Large volumes of freight, including construction and building materials, food and beverages, are moved by ferry from the island portion of the Province to Labrador. Large amounts of construction materials and non-chilled food are also shipped from Happy Valley-Goose Bay and Cartwright to Labrador’s North Coast. During 2005 and 2006, 21.3 million kg of freight were shipped by ferry throughout Newfoundland and Labrador. Of this, 0.8 million kg moved between Cartwright and Happy Valley- Goose Bay, 2.5 million kg left Happy Valley-Goose Bay or Cartwright for the North Coast, and 0.9 million kg left the North Coast for Happy Valley-Goose Bay or Cartwright. Of the 11.2 million kg of freight leaving the Island, 62 percent was destined for Happy Valley-Goose Bay and 38 percent was destined to the North Coast (NLDTW 2006).

5.1.3 Airports

In addition to Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Labrador has domestic airports in Wabush and Churchill Falls. There are also 13 airstrips in coastal communities that are unpaved, have limited infrastructure and are not suited to larger aircraft.

5.1.4 Railway

The Iron Ore Company of Canada operates the 418-km Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway (QNS&L), which IOC built to move iron ore from the Quebec and Labrador interior to Sept-Îles. It also provides regularly scheduled, year-round, passenger service (NLDTW 2006). In 2005, Tshiuetin Rail Transportation Inc. (TRT) acquired the northern section of the QNS&L Railway line (the Menihek Subdivision), which runs between Emeril Junction in Labrador and Schefferville, Quebec. TRT now operates this portion of the rail line for passenger and freight rail services (IOC and TRT ND). Passenger service is subsidized by the Government of Canada, with 80 percent of the passengers traveling between Sept-Îles and Schefferville, Quebec (NLDTW 2006). The QNS&L Railway principally serves the hauling needs of IOC, which moves up to 21 million tonnes of iron ore each year. Daily material movement is nearly 60,000 tonnes, with each train carrying from 168 to 240 cars hauling up to 20,000 tonnes of ore. Wabush Mines also has an agreement with IOC for use of the railway to transport its ore to Sept-Îles (IOC and TRT ND).

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Some communities do not have year-round road connections with other parts of Labrador and residents rely on snowmobiles for transportation in winter. Labrador Winter Trails has developed an extensive system of snowmobile trails which have been described in Sections 3.2.4 and 3.3.2.

5.2 Upper Lake Melville

5.2.1 Roads

The local road system in the Assessment Area links Happy Valley-Goose Bay with North West River and Sheshatshiu. Mud Lake is not accessible by road but it can be reached by boat in summer, and by snowmobile in winter. The roads in Happy Valley-Goose Bay are paved, as are some in North West River, but those in Sheshatshiu are not. In Happy Valley-Goose Bay, the town maintains secondary roads. 5 Wing and SERCO, the company providing support services to the Base, are responsible for maintaining roads on it. In Mud Lake, community volunteers maintain the all-terrain vehicle and snowmobile trails. The Sheshatshiu Band Council is responsible for maintaining the roads in Sheshatshiu and presently contracts out road maintenance work.

5.2.2 Ports

The Port of Goose Bay is on the western end of Lake Melville and has two industrial docks. One of these, a pier wharf 51 m long with 5.4 to 7m minimum water depth, is currently closed for structural repairs and it is uncertain when it will be reopened (D. Tee, pers. comm.). The operating dock is west- southwest of Terrington Narrows and is a 244 m long by 15 m wide marginal wharf, with 9 m minimum water depth on the west side and 5.6 to 9.1 m minimum water depth on the east side. Infrastructure includes storage sheds, asphalt and fuel tanks and a transhipment warehouse. There is also a substantial area of laydown space. There is a large area of land within easy access of these docks that could be converted to suit a variety of industrial needs. Terrington Basin cannot handle large freight or passenger vessels and would require significant dredging for expansion of services (CLEDB 2006). The dock receives three to four oil tankers each year and one freighter every two weeks between mid-June and mid-November, which is the current operating season (D. Tee, pers. comm.).

5.2.3 Airports

Both civilian and military aircraft use the Goose Bay Airport, at 5 Wing. Operated by the Goose Bay Airport Corporation (GBAC), it is one of the largest airports in eastern Canada. A number of air carriers operate scheduled flights, including Air Labrador, Air Canada Jazz and Provincial Airlines Ltd. (which operates Innu Mikun Airlines), as well as Universal Helicopters and Canadian Helicopters (NLDTW 2006). The Goose Bay Airport was a major stop-over for international aircraft. During World War II, it was used as a landing and re-fuelling stop for aircraft being ferried across the Atlantic, and during the Gulf War it was used extensively by aircraft transporting military personnel and equipment to and from the Middle

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 5-3 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project East. In the 1980s, Canadian Forces Base (CFB) Goose Bay became the primary low-level tactical training area for several NATO air forces (including British, Dutch, German and Italian). However the demand for low-level flying has declined due to geopolitical factors and currently there is virtually no such activity at 5 Wing (A.D. Johnson, pers. comm.). The Department of National Defense owns and operates 5 Wing. GBAC is the civilian authority that owns and operates the civilian airport terminal and manages under lease from DND the civil aviation area. Under the current three year lease, GBAC will evaluate the option of taking over the civilian aviation area on a permanent ownership basis. The current lease expires in 2010. The airport has two runways, 3,367 m and 2,920 m in length, both capable of handling large aircraft. DND spent approximately $20 million on resurfacing and concrete replacement during the summer of 2006. The airport terminal was constructed in 1972 and has a design capacity of 32,000 people per year, but it is now handling more than three times this capacity. The number of passengers flying into the Goose Bay Airport in 2003 was 83,430 and in 2005, the number increased to 104,612, an increase of 15.1 percent. However, in 2006, only 94,422 passenger movements were recorded for the Goose Bay Airport, a decrease of 9.7 percent from 2005. They increased again in 2007 by 1.6 percent to 95,921 (NLDTCR 2007). In 2005 and 2006, $200,000 was spent on improvements to the terminal, but these did not increase its capacity. The Goose Bay Airport Corporation has hired a design and engineering firm to complete the plans for an improved and expanded terminal facility at its current location. It is anticipated that this project will go to tender in December 2008 with the completion of construction by the spring of 2010. The new facility will be able to accommodate an annual flow of 100,000 passengers, with further expansion capabilities incorporated into the design. This expansion capacity has primarily been provided in order to meet the needs of any new large projects initiated in central or northern Labrador in the near term (G. Price, pers. comm.). Otter Creek, a seaplane base 7 km from the Goose Bay Airport, is also in the Assessment Area. Currently its primary use is to transport visitors by float plane to and from hunting and fishing sites in the Assessment Area and other parts of Labrador (Goose Bay Airport Corporation 2006).

5.2.4 Power and Communications

Hydro provides electricity to all communities in the Assessment Area with power generated at Churchill Falls. The communities of Mud Lake, North West River and Sheshatshiu are all part of the Happy Valley-Goose Bay interconnected service area. The transmission system in the Happy Valley-Goose Bay area has a supply capacity of approximately 63 megawatts (MW). The existing demand for the area is 57.8 MW. Based on Hydro's 2006 load forecast without the Project, the 2012 load is expected to equal 61.8 MW, which is within the capacity of the existing supply system. Loads beyond the existing transmission system capacity would be met by system enhancements and system additions will be based on an evaluation of the load forecast at the time. There is a regional office for Hydro in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. In the case of diesel generating systems, Hydro typically maintains twice the required generating capacity to ensure backup for service and emergencies. Fuel for generators is shipped to communities at the start and close of each shipping season and each facility has the storage capacity for a winter supply of fuel. There is a regional office for Hydro in Happy Valley-Goose Bay.

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 5-4 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Aliant Telecom (Aliant) provides telephone service to Labrador through a microwave radio network. In 2001, Aliant partnered with Telesat through the SmartLabrador Initiative and the Industry Canada Smart Communities Program to develop a network to provide high-speed access and videoconferencing capabilities to public access sites and health centres throughout Labrador. In 2004, Aliant Wireless expanded its digital wireless network to include the Assessment Area by building a cell site near Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake. In 2005, Aliant partnered again with SmartLabrador, through the Broadband for Rural and Northern Development Program, to expand its digital network to provide high- speed Internet access in 20 communities throughout Labrador (Bell Canada Enterprises 2007; SmartLabrador Inc. 2007). Aliant owns the broadband infrastructure and has committed to adapt the network to meet the changing service requirements of the communities served. Service would be extended to new customers either through the addition of capacity in the existing infrastructure, or through the installation of additional infrastructure (S. Downer, pers. comm.).

5.2.5 Water

Happy Valley-Goose Bay, North West River and Sheshatshiu have piped water systems, while Mud Lake has ground wells that are fed by seepage from the Churchill River. Happy Valley-Goose Bay receives its water from two sources, the Water Treatment Plant and Spring Gulch, each of which provide 50 percent of the water to the town. There are three reservoirs and pumping stations in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. The largest, Sandhill, has a capacity of 5.5 million litres (L) and the other two, D-19 and D-42, have a capacity of 681,885 and 2,045,655 L, respectively (Town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay 2001). The water system can support a population of about 12,000 people, but is currently serving only approximately 9,150 (S. Normore, pers. comm.).

5.2.6 Waste

Happy Valley-Goose Bay and North West River have piped sewage systems that serve all dwellings. Most houses in Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake have septic systems. The Town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay maintains two sewage outfalls, 14 sewage lift stations and approximately 50 km of sewers. The sewage currently empties untreated into the Churchill River, but the town has applied for funding and is awaiting approval for a sewage treatment plant, which is now being designed. The new sewage treatment plant is designed to accommodate 18,000 people and will take approximately 3 years to construct (S. Normore, pers. comm.) In Happy Valley-Goose Bay, garbage is collected by a contractor employed by the Town. The landfill in Happy Valley-Goose Bay (3 km north of the Goose Bay Airport) has the capacity to last another 12 to 15 years at current use levels. Sheshatshiu and North West River have their own garbage collection services, but use the landfill in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. This may change in the future as the provincial government is in the process of setting up regional landfill sites (S. Normore, pers. comm.). Mud Lake has a weekly garbage collection system and an incinerator approximately 1 km outside the community.

5.2.7 Industrial and Commercial Real Estate

As of September 2007, there were approximately 350 businesses in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Almost 40 percent of these were located on Hamilton River Rd., also known as Route 520, which spans the

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 5-5 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project southern extent of the Town. Other commercial pockets exist in the southwest corner of the Town and on the Town’s west side near 5 Wing (B. Linehan, pers. comm). Happy Valley-Goose Bay currently has approximately 23 ha of land available for new commercial development. This land is not serviced but this is available if the demand arises (B. Linehan, pers. comm.). The Northside Industrial Park is a 50-ha site originally built in 1941 as Royal Canadian Air Force (RCAF) Station Goose Bay. It accommodated the RCAF and the Royal Air Force until it was abandoned and consolidated with the United States Air Force on the south side of the Base. Control of Northside was then transferred to the Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Association, which promoted it as the Northside Industrial Park and sold or leased many industrial lots (SGE Acres 2007). A number of the lots that have been sold or leased have not been improved or occupied. It is assumed that they may have been acquired for speculation purposes, but could be available for sale. Many of the original buildings remaining on Northside have not been upgraded and should be considered for demolition (SGE Acres 2007). According to the Goose Bay Management Plan (SGE Acres 2007), 135 ha of land on 5 Wing could be used for commercial/industrial use in the future.

5.2.8 Municipal Planning and Services

Happy Valley-Goose Bay is an incorporated municipality administered by a mayor, town council and town manager. The town currently has 49 year-round paid employees and 15 to 20 summer staff. There are also 30 volunteer firefighters. The Town is currently revising its general plan and its development regulations (B. Linehan, pers. comm.; K. Wheeler, pers. comm.). North West River is 33 km northeast of Happy Valley-Goose Bay. It is an incorporated municipality administered by a mayor, town council and town manager or clerk. Sheshatshiu is approximately 25 km northeast of Happy Valley-Goose Bay and adjacent to the settlement of North West River. It is an Innu community which acquired Federal Reserve status in 2006 and is administered by a Band Council. The Band Council comprises a chief and six councillors (Our Labrador 2004). It employs 42 people full-time, and approximately 30 to 35 part-time (AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold 2008). Sheshatshiu was originally a fall and spring gathering place for Innu who spent the winters toward Ungava and summers toward St. Augustine, following the cyclical pattern of nomadic caribou hunting. From the 1950s on Innu began to settle around North West River and for many years Sheshatshiu was considered part of North West River. However, in 1979 it became a separate municipality. Mud Lake, 5 km east of Happy Valley-Goose Bay, is a small unincorporated community of around 60 residents administered by a volunteer Local Improvement Committee. Innu of Sheshatshiu and Natuashish, a community on the northern coast of Labrador, make up Innu Nation, which is a federally incorporated not-for-profit corporation with its head office in Sheshatshiu. The Band Council is currently planning to establish commercial zones within the community. The municipalities depend upon residential, retail, commercial and industrial taxes, provincial grants and subsidies and, in the case of Sheshatshiu, federal grants and subsidies. In addition, Happy Valley-

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 5-6 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Goose Bay receives payment-in-lieu-of-taxes from the federal government on behalf of 5 Wing (AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold 2008).

5.2.9 Recreation

This section deals with community recreational activities that require specific types of built infrastructure. Outdoor recreational activities are discussed in the Current Land and Resource Use in the Lower Churchill River Area EBR (Minaskuat Inc. 2008a). Happy Valley-Goose Bay has several such facilities. NLDTCR operates the Labrador Training Centre in the town. It houses the only swimming pool in Eastern Labrador, a gymnasium which is used for numerous community activities, a fitness room, and a judo room. It is fully used by the public for activities such as soccer, floor hockey, swim lessons, parent and tot programs, basketball, volleyball, gymnastics, judo, fitness classes, aqua fit, kayaking, badminton, table tennis and fencing. It can comfortably accommodate approximately 300 people and currently operates almost at capacity. The building is well maintained, but it is 40 years old and may require major renovations in the near future (T. Paine, pers. comm.). Other sport facilities in Happy Valley-Goose Bay include a 1,000 seat arena, soccer and softball fields operated by the Town Council and four school gymnasiums (DND 2008). The Amaruk Golf and Sports Club operates a nine- hole golf course in the Summer. 5 Wing also has recreational facilities, including a full-scale gymnasium, an exercise room, two squash courts, a fully equipped weight room and two sauna baths. The Billy Bishop Social Centre has a stage and a ballroom, used as a bingo hall and for other recreational activities, and a seven-kiln ceramic shop. Other recreation facilities administered by the Base include a 10-bay auto hobby shop, a wood hobby shop and a softball field. Cultural recreation opportunities have also been increased with the development of a new theatre located adjacent to the new high school.

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6.0 Social Infrastructure and Services

This section describes the current social infrastructure and services in the Assessment Area communities and, where appropriate, Labrador as a whole to provide a baseline against which potential Project effects can be assessed. The infrastructure and services described are policing, fire protection, emergency response, education, housing and temporary accommodations, income support and employment services and health services.

6.1 Policing

The Royal Canadian Mounted Police (RCMP) is responsible for policing the Assessment Area and other parts of Labrador, with the exception of Labrador West. The Labrador District RCMP Headquarters in Happy Valley-Goose Bay has a staff of three: an inspector (District Commander in charge of all RCMP officers, staff and operations throughout Labrador), a staff sergeant (District Operations Non-Commissioned Officer (NCO), in charge of all operations for all coastal units) and a full-time district assistant. Labrador District has 55 police officers, three community constables, 11 public service employees and several casual employees, who work at the two detachments in the Assessment Area. The Happy Valley-Goose Bay detachment is staffed by a Sergeant, two Corporals, 11 General Duty Constables, a District Support Services member, two General Investigation Section (GIS) Investigators and a Community Constable. There are also three full-time Detachment Assistants, as well as six full- time and several part-time Cell Block Guards/Matrons. The Happy Valley-Goose Bay detachment also polices Mud Lake. Sheshatshiu is policed by the RCMP with consultation with and input from the community. The Innu Chief in Council and the President of Innu Nation meet regularly with the RCMP. A Policing Committee in Sheshatshiu has representatives from a variety of fields and backgrounds. The Sheshatshiu detachment was officially opened in June 2005 and has a Corporal in charge, seven general duty constables and two half-time Detachment Assistants. It is responsible for policing Sheshatshiu and North West River. In addition, the RCMP and Health Canada have worked to establish a Crisis Intervention Team in Sheshatshiu. The purpose of this team is to support members of the community in times of crisis and provide suicide intervention services (RCMP 2008). The RCMP has an Air Services Section located at CFB Goose Bay. It has two full-time pilots, an aircraft maintenance engineer and a temporary Airflight Control Clerk (RCMP 2008). Criminal offence data are provided in this section to portray the level of demand for police services in the Assessment Area. Criminal offences are grouped into four categories according to the nature of the infraction: Criminal Code, Federal, Provincial and Municipal. The total number of criminal code offences in the Upper Lake Melville District peaked at 4,582 in 2004 (Note: prior to 2006, offence data for the Assessment Area include Rigolet and Natuashish and cannot be disaggregated). The number of federal offences in the area has increased from 156 in 2001 to a peak of 225 in 2003. From 2001 to 2004, the number of provincial offences declined, from 1,465 in 2001 to 1,174 in 2004. The total number of collisions and traffic offences peaked at 231 in 2004 and the number of municipal offences peaked at 43 in 2003 (J. Taylor, pers. comm.).

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-1 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project The RCMP changed the way that it collects offence data in 2005 and, as a result, it is difficult to compare data with previous years. Also, 2005 data were only collected from January to September of that year and are not directly comparable. In 2006, the total number of criminal code offences in the Happy Valley-Goose Bay detachment was 2,219 and in the Sheshatshiu detachment it was 1,969 (J. Taylor, pers. comm.). In the Happy Valley-Goose Bay and Sheshatshiu detachment areas in 2006, the officer/population ratio was 1:417 (R. Tiller, pers. comm.). In 2006, the ratio for the Labrador District was 1:304 (assumes all members are included), the provincial ratio was 1:641 and the national ratio 1:521 (Statistics Canada 2006b). The Happy Valley-Goose Bay and Sheshatshiu detachments comprise the busiest RCMP operational unit in Atlantic Canada, with police officers typically handling three times the number of investigations than the national average (Corporal D. McDougall, pers. comm.). Furthermore, these offence data and officer/population ratios alone do not reflect the special challenges, including the isolation of the communities, which pertain to the Upper Lake Melville Area (R. Tiller, pers. comm.). In the 2008-2009 Annual Reference Level Update to the Province, four additional Constable positions were requested to serve as a Labrador District Isolated Community Relief Unit. A civilian member position in Communications Technology Services in Labrador was also requested. Decisions on the requests are pending. In the past it has taken up to two years for a request for additional RCMP officers to be fulfilled (R. Tiller, pers. comm.). The Royal Newfoundland Constabulary (RNC) is responsible for policing Labrador West with offices in Churchill Falls and Labrador City-Wabush.

6.2 Fire Protection

There are three fire departments in the Assessment Area. There is a municipal department in Happy Valley-Goose Bay with 34 fire fighters, 30 of whom are volunteers and four of whom are full-time fire fighters. In 2006, it responded to 45 calls, down by 27 from the previous year when it had the same number of fire fighters on staff. In October 2007, there were 15 to 20 people on a waiting list to become volunteer fire fighters (D. Webber, pers. comm.). 5 Wing also has a fire department operated by DND and staffed by 39 paid fire fighters. It provides 24- hour crash and emergency rescue services and general fire protection services for the Base. It responded to 461 calls in 2005, the majority of which came from the Base itself (D. Miller, pers. comm.). The priority of this department is the protection of the infrastructure at 5 Wing, including the runway. However, in the past, municipalities have put in requests to the department for service. A municipal fire department in North West River provides services to that community and Sheshatshiu using a staff of 11 firefighters, 10 of whom are volunteers. When necessary, the Happy Valley-Goose Bay Fire Department also provides assistance to North West River and Sheshatshiu.

6.3 Emergency Response

Marine Communications and Traffic Services Centres provide communications and traffic services for the marine community and for the benefit of the public at large. They are responsible for detecting and responding to distress situations on the ocean. The Labrador Marine Communications and Traffic Services Branch of the Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) in Labrador provides radio communications on the Labrador coast and Lake Melville. The Labrador centre in Happy Valley-Goose Bay uses

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-2 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project microwave links and telephone lines to transfer information between the centre and remote sites. The centre has an extensive radio communications network, and audio equipment records all centre-related communications (DFO ND). It covers coastal and offshore areas from Cape Chidley in the north to Black Tickle and all of Lake Melville. There are remote radio sites in Hopedale, Cartwright and Nain. The centre responds to approximately 40 requests for emergency assistance annually. It employs eight operational personnel, two maintenance technicians and an administrative assistant. The CCG in Labrador is currently working at capacity under approved staffing guidelines (J. Mitchell, pers. comm.). The DND maintains a ground Search and Rescue team based at 5 Wing. Ambulance Services are discussed in Section 6.7.

6.4 Education

6.4.1 Labrador

There are two school boards in Labrador. The Labrador School Board oversees education in central, coastal and western Labrador. It is responsible for 18 schools, including those in the Assessment Area, with a total population of approximately 5,000 students. The Western School Board serves communities in southern Labrador, the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland and western Newfoundland. Enrolments by school board and for the Province are provided in Table 6-1. In each case, and especially in Labrador in 2007-2008, enrolments continue to decline because of declining births and out-migration. Table 6-1 School Enrolments, School District and Province, 2003 to 2008 2004-2005 2005-2006 2006-2007 2007-2008 School District 2003-2004 (% change) (% change) (% change) (% change) Labrador 4,604 4,505 (-2.2) 4,319 (-4.1) 4,190 (-3.0) 3,720 (-11.2) Western 15,265 14,742 (-3.4) 14,309 (-2.9) 13,712 (-4.2) 13,285 (-3.1) Province 81,458 79,439 (-2.5) 76,763 (-3.4) 74,304 (-3.2) 72,084 (-3.0) Source: NLDE 2007a; NLDE 2008 The provision of primary and secondary education in Labrador has long been a challenge. Provincially- administered tests show that students in most urban areas of Labrador are at or above provincial average levels of performance. There is however a consistent underachievement among students in more rural areas. This may be linked to the high teacher turnover rate (Labrador School Board 2003). For a number of reasons, including the isolation that comes with living in parts of Labrador, the teacher turnover rate is extremely high. Low attendance is a problem for most schools in Labrador (Jong 2007). The attendance rate for students in the Labrador school district is lower than in any other district and for the Province (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Education (NLDE) 2007a). Due to this and a number of other factors, including high drop-out rates, the demand for post-secondary education is not great and many potential students require academic upgrading to access it. Public post-secondary education is delivered in the Province through two main institutions, Memorial University and the College of the North Atlantic (CNA), and a number of private career colleges. The NLDE also works with apprentices, employers, colleges and the federal government to help apprentices

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-3 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project receive the necessary work experience and technical training to become certified journeypersons (NLDE 2007b). Currently, post-secondary education in Labrador includes adult basic education, transition and university transfer courses, business, applied arts and trades and technology programs offered at the Labrador West and Happy Valley-Goose Bay CNA campuses. A limited range of transfer courses in arts and business is available, with more courses offered in math and science (Jong 2007). CNA also offers courses in a number of coastal communities. There is one private training institution, RSM Safety Institute, Inc., in Labrador City. It is a subsidiary of RSM Mining Services and offers 40 to 50 occupational health and safety training services for the mining and construction industries. These include Accident Investigation, Forklift Operation and Safety, Excavation and Trenching Safety and Safety for Supervisors. Class sizes at the Institute range from one to 40 participants, depending on the type of course and time of year. Courses are offered on a monthly schedule but are also available on an as-needed basis and typically are no longer than two days. Courses are generally offered in English, and some are offered in French (K. McCarthy, pers. comm.; K. Lee, pers. comm.). A 2003 survey of high school students in Labrador indicated that 76 percent of students planned to go to university or college after high school; however, other research shows that almost 50 percent of students do not achieve the requirements to do so (Jong 2007). The number of post-secondary students who drop out after the first year is also very high, particularly among those who attend institutions outside Labrador in their first year (The Institute for the Advancement of Public Policy 2004). Throughout Labrador, the number of people with post-secondary education in the trades exceeds the provincial average while the number of people in most parts of Labrador with some university education is below provincial levels. No data are available on how many people from Labrador, especially from the more remote communities, have attended post-secondary institutions over the years, or how many dropped-out of their program and at what stage. Labrador Inuit Association data indicate that over 400 Inuit have been sponsored to attend post-secondary training throughout Canada; however, no data are available on how these students performed, if they successfully gained employment in their field, or if they stayed in Labrador or moved outside the Province (The Institute for the Advancement of Public Policy 2004). A recent report on post-secondary education in Labrador has identified a number of unmet demands for post-secondary education, including teacher and language training and curriculum development in Aboriginal communities, professional development programs for the mining industry and post-graduate programs such as the degree in post-secondary education for young retirees who are interested in a second career in this region (Jong 2007). The 2007 provincial budget includes funding for a number of improvements to the education system in Labrador, such as support to Aboriginal students through enhanced guidance services, an interchange program for students in Grade 8 and Level 1, cultural sensitivity training for teachers, a training institute to help high school students prepare to work on industrial projects in Labrador, adapting the Futures in Skills Trades Program to Labrador and after-school programs to support students’ health, social and academic growth (NLDF 2007d). In March 2006, the Government of Newfoundland and Labrador announced $1.5 million for new senior high courses in skilled trades and technology. Eight new courses and revisions to two existing courses will provide senior high students with knowledge and skill development in areas such as technology,

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-4 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project carpentry, plumbing, electrical and small engine repair. These new courses will also examine career opportunities in technology and skilled trades. Pilot work on the first two skilled trades courses commenced in September 2006 at 30 schools throughout the Province (NLDE 2007b). Upgrades to infrastructure at both the Labrador West and Happy Valley-Goose Bay campuses are planned to meet increased student accommodation and program demands.

6.4.2 Upper Lake Melville

There are seven primary and secondary schools in the Assessment Area (Table 6-2). Four are in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, while North West River, Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake each have one. Students can take Kindergarten to Grade 12 in all of the communities except Mud Lake, which only provides Kindergarten to Grade 9 (Our Labrador 2004). The schools in the area have a total enrolment of 1,901 and the physical capacity to accommodate 2,340 students. Table 6-2 Student Populations, Primary and Secondary Schools, 2006 to 2007 Number of Number of Physical Full-time School Location Grades Service Areas Registered Capacity Equivalent Students of School Teachers Peacock Happy Valley- K-3 Happy Valley- 394 500 25 Primary Goose Bay Goose Bay Queen of Happy Valley- 4-7 Happy Valley- 425 525 29 Peace Middle Goose Bay Goose Bay School Mealy Happy Valley- 8-12 Upper Lake 594 700 36 Mountain Goose Bay Melville Area Collegiate Lake Melville North West River K-12 North West River 118 200 11 School and Sheshatshiu Mud Lake Mud Lake K-9 Mud Lake 4 15A 1 School Peenamin Sheshatshiu K-12 Sheshatshiu 351 400 34.5 Mackenzie School École Happy Valley- K-12 Happy Valley- 15 N/A 3 Boréale de Goose Bay Goose Bay and Goose Bay Sheshatshiu Total 1,901 2,340 139.5 Note: A The capacity of the school is 15 students, depending on the number of grades being taught in a given academic year. Source: Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/ Community Accounts 2008. The number of teachers in the Assessment Area decreased from 169 in 1991 to 146 in 2005, a decline of 13.5 percent. The number of students fell from 2,146 to 2,089 over the same period, also a decrease of 13.5 percent. As a result, the student to teacher ratio has remained constant from 1991 to 2005. In 2006-07, the ratio in the Area was 13.8, slightly lower than the provincial average of 13.9 (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008). The 2007 provincial budget includes $4 million to construct a new school in Sheshatshiu and $1.3 million to replace the francophone school in Happy Valley-Goose Bay (NLDF 2007d).

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-5 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Each year, the Happy Valley-Goose Bay campus of the CNA admits approximately 300 full-time students in a variety of programs, including Adult Basic Education, Automotive Service Technician and Office Administration (Table 6-3). More than 1,200 part-time students participate in contract training, ad hoc programs and Continuing Education courses. Table 6-3 Enrollment, by Program, College of the North Atlantic (Happy Valley-Goose Bay campus), 2005/2006 Program Number of Students Adult Basic Education 51 Office Administration 12 Office Administration (Executive) 10 Computer Support Specialist 5 Early Childhood Education 10 Millwright/Industrial Mechanic 16 Welding 15 Automotive Service Technician 16 Heavy Duty Equipment Technician 17 Carpentry 10 Construction/Industrial Electrical 14 Integrated Nursing Access 17 Comprehensive Arts and Sciences: TransitionA 31 Comprehensive Arts and Sciences: College University Transfer 32 Orientation to Trades and Technology 15 TotalB 271 Source: S. Cochrane, pers. comm. Notes: A This program is for students that graduate from high school but may not have the requirements to get into a program B These do not include figures for Adult Basic Education for the coastal Learning Centres, other contract programs, or advanced trades training. In addition to the main campuses, CNA manages six Coastal Learning Centres, one of which is in North West River. The Centres teach Adult Basic Education to local residents and each centre has an instructor with the exception of the North West River Centre, which has three. Centres with one instructor can accommodate up to 12 students. The CNA has recently expanded its Happy Valley-Goose Bay campus by adding six classrooms and a new library. The Labrador Institute is also co-located on the CNA campus. These changes will allow CNA to accommodate 200 more students and will add to its overall service capacity to the Upper Lake Melville region (W. Montague, pers. comm.). To address additional demands, CNA administrators can schedule programming outside of regular school hours. However, the CNA has no plans to expand student housing, which may not be adequate to accommodate additional students (B. Simms, pers. comm.). In anticipation of Project-related employment, the campus currently offers a Heavy Equipment Operation course and is open to offering more courses as the need arises (W. Montague, pers. comm.). There are three early childhood education or daycare facilities within the Assessment Area: two in Happy Valley-Goose Bay and one in Sheshatshiu, the latter of which has some spaces available. In general, daycare workers in the Assessment Area feel that the supply of daycare services does not meet the demand (C. Oldford, pers. comm.). However, there are plans to increase the daycare capacity

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-6 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project at the CNA Happy Valley-Goose Bay campus (B. Simms, pers. comm.). It has been a challenge to recruit and retain people with a certificate in early childhood development and there are skill shortages in this area (The Institute for the Advancement of Public Policy 2004). An early childhood education program is delivered in Natuashish by CNA, in conjunction with Health Canada, and may help to increase daycare services in the Assessment Area(B. Simms, pers. comm.). Child care centres in the Assessment Area are run by non-profit boards and organizations. In May 2006, the Province announced a plan to enhance child care services in Newfoundland and Labrador. Also, the Northern Strategic Plan for Labrador includes a commitment to $8.3 million over the next five years to enhance social work staffing and establish a family resource coordinator position to improve family resource planning in the region. In addition, three strategies have been implemented to help establish and maintain inclusive quality child care, including training in inclusion, grants to support inclusion and human resources (Aura Environmental Research and Consulting 2008).

6.5 Housing and Temporary Accommodations

The number of occupied private dwellings in the Assessment Area increased from 2,820 in 1991 to 3,130 in 1996 and rose again to 3,180 in 2001. In 2006, the number decreased to 3,130, of which 1,870 (59.7 percent) were owned and 1,145 (36.6 percent) were rented. Most occupied dwellings were in Happy Valley-Goose Bay and most of those were single detached homes (Statistics Canada 2006a).

6.5.1 Happy Valley-Goose Bay

In 2006, Happy Valley-Goose Bay had 2,725 occupied private dwellings, 1,620 (59.4 percent) of which were owned and 40.1 percent were rented. Of the total occupied dwellings, 61.8 percent were single detached homes, 18.2 percent were semi-detached and 5.7 percent were apartments. The share of owner-occupied dwellings requiring major repair in 2006 was 6.6 percent (Statistics Canada 2006a). In 2006, the average value of owned dwellings in Happy Valley-Goose Bay was $133,504 and the median monthly payment for rented dwellings was $611 (Statistics Canada 2006a). The average purchase price in Happy Valley-Goose Bay in 2006 was $138,000, increasing to $141,000 in 2007 (C. Janes, pers. comm.). The number of housing starts in Happy Valley-Goose Bay fell from 44 in 2004 to 20 in 2005, 24 in 2006 and 29 in 2007. In December 2006, there were approximately 30 houses for sale in the Assessment Area. There have been 45 to 60 houses on the market in the recent past. The 2.5 percent vacancy rate for rental accommodations also suggests that the current housing market is busier than normal as less than 3.0 percent is considered very low or unbalanced. Although rental market conditions in Happy Valley-Goose Bay are tight, new home construction and resale activity are consistent with past trends for the Area (C. Janes, pers. comm.). Happy Valley-Goose Bay is in the process of developing three housing subdivisions. One is a 135-lot subdivision, with 29 lots already developed. One subdivision is an expansion of an existing development, consisting of 21 lots, and the third has 128 lots. The town has another 41 ha of land available for residential development (B. Linehan, pers. comm.). Housing at 5 Wing is administered by the Canadian Forces Housing Agency (CFHA). In total, there are 417 residential units at the Base. Their size ranges from 88 to 158 m² (950 to 1,702 ft²) and the shelter charges range from $425 to $735 per month (CFHA 2006).

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-7 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Vacancy rates at 5 Wing depend on DND requirements. While DND housing policy restricts occupancy of Crown housing to DND military and civilian personnel, other federal government employees and employees of other organizations provide services in direct support of the defence program (D. Hughes, pers. comm.).

6.5.2 North West River

In North West River, there were 205 occupied private dwellings in 2006, of which 165 (80.5 percent) were owned by a member of the household and 19.5 percent were rented. Single detached homes represented 97.6 percent of occupied dwellings and 4.9 percent were apartments. Of the total occupied dwellings, 19.5 percent required major repair in 2006. The average house price in North West River in 2006 was $89,152 and the median monthly payment for rented dwellings was $558 (Statistics Canada 2006a). Currently, the Town of North West River has two lots available on Airstrip Road, with another private lot on the road for sale. The Town has no immediate plans for future development.

6.5.3 Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake

In 2006, there were 200 occupied dwellings in Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake, of which 97.5 percent were single-detached homes. In 2006, a significant number of homes in these communities (42.5 percent) required major repair. The average value of owned dwellings in Sheshatshiu and Mud Lake was $78,537 and 85 (42.5 percent) were owned (Statistics Canada 2006a). Most homes in Sheshatshiu are owned by the Innu Band Council, which collects rent for all houses built since 1997. Houses owned by residents of Sheshatshiu are found in enclaves throughout the community. Plans are in place to develop up to 100 new houses by 2011 (CLEDB 2006).

6.5.4 Social Housing

Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation’s (NLHC) Community Based Housing Program administers existing housing in Labrador through Melville Native Housing, Labrador Strait Seniors, Labrador Seniors and Eagle River Housing. A need for more housing has been identified in Sheshatshiu (NLDLAA 2006). The Assessment Area currently has 92 social housing units owned and operated by NLHC and 85 units operated by the community-based non-profit groups, Labrador Seniors Homes Inc. and Melville Native Housing Association. This number is adequate to meet the current need for social housing and as of March 2007, there were approximately 20 vacant units. However, some of these are being torn down and may be replaced in the future (S. Kilpatrick, pers. comm.). Melville Native Housing has 75 units and a current waiting list of approximately 20 to 25 clients. Melville’s senior apartment facilities, with 10 units, also have a waiting list (Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. 2008).

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6.5.5 Temporary Accommodations

Temporary accommodation refers to short-term, temporary or transient accommodation, such as a hotel, motel, bed-and-breakfast or boarding house. There are 11 hotels, inns and bed-and-breakfasts, with a total of 255 rooms, in the Assessment Area (Newfoundland and Labrador Tourism 2006). Most temporary accommodation is located in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. The Goose River Lodge has additional accommodation, with 10 recreational vehicle sites, and the Labrador Friendship Centre, which provides temporary housing for Aboriginal people, has 12 rooms. North West River has one hotel with five rooms, but there is no temporary accommodation in either Mud Lake or Sheshatshiu. Between 2003 and 2005, temporary accommodation occupancy in Happy Valley-Goose Bay increased from 40.8 percent to 50.8 percent (NLDTCR 2005). In 2006, there were 77,894 room/nights available in the Assessment Area. Of these, 35,290 were sold giving an occupancy rate of 45.3 percent. Based on preliminary data for 2007, the occupancy rate in the Assessment Area had increased to 52.2 percent (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency 2007b).

6.6 Income Support and Employment Services

The Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Human Resources, Labour and Employment provides employment services, such as funding for job training and wage subsidy programs and Income Support (formerly Social Assistance), to people who are not eligible for Employment Insurance (EI). The Department has five district offices throughout Labrador as well as a Regional Office which is located in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. The Happy Valley District Office has three Client Services Officers, two deliver Income Support and one provides employment programs and services. There is also a Career Development Specialist and a Regional Career Information Resource Officer on staff. The office currently has an Income Support caseload of approximately 350 clients from the Upper Lake Melville Area. The Department implemented a new service delivery model within the past year that saw the introduction of toll free services throughout Labrador, a new telephone application system for Income Support benefits, and a computer system that allows clients to be served from any district office throughout the region. A new Career Work Center will be opened in Happy Valley-Goose Bay later this year that will provide walk-in employment and career services to the general population including students, employers, and the business community (S. Connors, pers. comm.; A. Drover, pers. comm.). Four Human Resources and Social Development Canada offices serve the residents of Labrador. The Happy Valley Service Canada Centre serves all of the communities in the Assessment Area and many other parts of Labrador, including Black Tickle, Cartwright and Churchill Falls. In Sheshatshiu, Service Canada provides services through the Sheshatshiu Scheduled Outreach Site.

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-9 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Table 6-4 Changes in the Use of Income Support, Upper Lake Melville, Labrador and Province, 1992 and 2006

1992 2006 % change Upper Upper Upper Lake Labrador Province Lake Labrador Province Lake Labrador Province Melville Melville Melville Income Support 1,880 5,020 101,105 970 2,415 57,150 -48.4% - 51.9% -43.5% (Individuals) Income Support Incidence 18.1% 16.5% 17.6% 10.6% 9.1% 11.3% n/a n/a n/a (Percent of Population) Source: Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008. The number of people using Income Support in the Province, Labrador and the Assessment Area has declined significantly in recent years (Table 6-4). Between 1992 and 2006, the number of individuals requiring Income Support in the Province decreased by 43.5 percent and the incidence of Income Support decreased by 35.8 percent. In Labrador, the number of people requiring Income Support and the incidence of Income Support decreased by 51.9 percent and 44.8 percent, respectively. The number of people in the Upper Lake Melville Area using Income Support also decreased between 1992 and 2006. In 1992, it was used by 18.1 percent of the area population but only 10.6 percent required Income Support in 2006 (Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008).

6.7 Health Services

This section outlines the health services that are available in the Assessment Area. Further detail on these, as well as current and historic health issues and trends within the Area, are provided in the Community Health Study (Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. 2008).

6.7.1 Health Administration

On April 1, 2005, the Health Labrador Corporation and Grenfell Regional Health Services, merged to form the Labrador-Grenfell Regional Integrated Health Authority (RIHA) (Labrador-Grenfell Health). Labrador-Grenfell Health provides health and community services to more than 40,000 people in Labrador and the Northern Peninsula of Newfoundland. Labrador-Grenfell Health employs 1,150 staff and operates 23 facilities: three hospitals, three community health centres, 14 community clinics, and three long-term care homes (Labrador-Grenfell Health 2006a). Labrador-Grenfell Health provides:

• health promotion; • health protection; • child care services; • mental health services; • intervention services; • addictions services; • community support programs;

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• child, youth and family services, residential services; and • community health nursing. The corporate headquarters for Labrador-Grenfell Health is in Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Labrador- Grenfell Health works with the Nunatsiavut Department of Health and Social Services, two Innu Band Councils, the Labrador Métis Nation, Health Canada and private practitioners in Aboriginal communities to deliver community health programs and meet the health needs of residents (Labrador-Grenfell Health 2007).

6.7.2 Health Facilities

There is one hospital in the Assessment Area. The Labrador Health Centre in Happy Valley-Goose Bay is staffed with family physicians, each of whom is also responsible for the medical care of a coastal community. Specialists at the hospital include a general surgeon, an anaesthetist, and an obstetrician and gynecologist. Special clinics offered by the hospital include a well-woman clinic and several clinics offered by visiting specialists (D. Rashleigh, pers. comm.). The Labrador Health Centre offers full diagnostic and rehabilitative services and it is the referral centre for the community clinics in North West River, Mud Lake and Sheshatshiu. It is equipped with 26 beds and has a 24-hour Emergency Department, as well as out-patient clinics. When fully staffed, the Labrador Health Centre has 12 full-time physicians. The family physician-population ratio for the Communities Assessment Area is approximately 1:700, slightly less than that for the Province (1:500). However, when considering the actual population served by the Labrador Health Centre, approximately 14,000 including the north coast communities, the physician-population ratio is even lower at approximately 1:900. In 2005, only 61.4 percent of the population in the Assessment Area aged 12 years and older report having a regular medical doctor. This is higher than the Labrador-Grenfell RIHA as a whole (59 percent), but considerably lower than the provincial average of 87 percent (D. Rashleigh pers. comm.; Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts 2008). The registered nurse to population ratio in the Labrador-Grenfell RIHA was approximately 8 per 1,000 in 2006, in comparison to 10.2 per 1,000 for the Province (NLDF 2006; Statistics Canada 2006a; Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Health and Community Services (NLDHCS) 2006). Retaining nursing staff at the Labrador Health Centre continues to be a challenge. There is one long-term care facility in the Assessment Area. The Harry L. Paddon Memorial Home in Happy Valley-Goose Bay offers Level 2, 3 and 4 nursing care to residents. Level two nursing care means that the patient may need some assistance, such as a wheelchair. Level three patients may require one or two nurses to care for them at home or they may need to be placed in a nursing home and level four patients are dependent in some way on technology, such as a feeding tube or ventilator (T. Dyson, pers. comm.). The Paddon Home has 29 rooms, including seven single-occupancy, 20 double-occupancy, one respite and one special care. A senior citizens’ home located on the grounds of the Paddon Home is staffed by registered nurses, licensed practical nurses and personal care attendants on a 24-hour basis. Seniors’ care is supplemented by visiting doctors and other services are available from various visiting professionals (Healthy Newfoundland and Labrador ND). The Paddon Home is more than 30 years old and not designed for patients with high care needs. Therefore, in 2003, a need was identified to construct a new long-term care facility in Happy Valley-Goose Bay (NLDLAA

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-11 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project 2006) which is under construction and should be completed in 2009. In addition to the medical facilities mentioned, Happy Valley-Goose Bay has one optometrist and six dental clinics.

6.7.3 Mental Health and Addictions

Mental health and addictions services are located in the Labrador Health Centre and are staffed by a regional director, an addictions counsellor, an addictions coordinator, four mental health counsellors, an adolescent services coordinator and a community youth network coordinator. The Happy Valley-Goose Bay office is primarily responsible for services in other communities in Labrador, with the exception of Labrador City and Wabush. Mental health issues have reportedly become much more acute in Labrador in the last five years (Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. 2008). In Sheshatshiu in particular, 2004 to 2005 International Classification of Disease (ICD) diagnoses of “mental disorder” constituted 9.1 percent of all hospital stays; up from 6.2 percent in 2000 to 2001(Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Health Information (Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Health Information (NLCHI) 2007). The Labrador- Grenfell Health region is served by one psychologist, but no dedicated facility exists for mental health patients. Happy Valley-Goose Bay has just one room for psychiatric treatment and most patients must be transported to St. John’s. There are wait times of up to 9 to 10 weeks for mental health services (Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. 2008).

6.7.4 Child, Youth and Family Services

The regional office of Child, Youth and Family Services is in the Labrador Health Centre. It provides services for child welfare, community corrections, family and rehabilitative services and child care for Happy Valley-Goose Bay. The current state of child welfare has been described as a “system in crisis” and the capacity within Labrador communities to provide adequate care-qualified persons is lacking. Similarly, there is a limited capacity in the regional health care system, particularly in Innu communities, to care for children with such disabilities as mental illnesses and autism (Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. 2008). From the ages of 0 to 5 years, there is no guarantee that a public health nurse will see a child prior to pre-kindergarten initiation and it could be as long as four years before a public health nurse sees a child new to the town (S. Ramey, pers. comm.).

6.7.5 Shelters

Libra House, located in Happy Valley-Goose Bay, has 10 beds and provides support programs and safe shelter for women and children in the Assessment Area from North Coast Communities. In Sheshatshiu, the Nukum Munik Shelter provides 24-hour service and is funded by Indian and Northern Affairs Canada, the Canadian Mortgage and Housing Corporation, and sponsored by the Sheshatshiu Innu Band Council. Both shelters are generally sufficient to meet current demand, but frequently they are at capacity.

6.7.6 Public Health

The Public Health Unit in the Labrador Health Centre is responsible for providing a number of health clinics, including childbirth education, postnatal, child health and school health. It has three public health nurses – one coordinator and two continuing care nurses. There is also a discharge planner and community supports coordinator, a regional home nursing coordinator and a full-time communicable

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-12 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project disease control nurse. A full-time medical officer of health, a regional cervical screening coordinator, a regional health promotion coordinator and a regional director are also on staff. The Public Health Unit is presently recruiting another continuing care nurse due to increasing demands related to acute care services (T. Dyson, pers. comm.). Labrador-Grenfell Health, under the direction of the medical officer of health, also offers a variety of programs that are aimed at health protection. Programs include Environmental Health, Communicable Disease Control, and Health Emergency Management (Labrador-Grenfell Health 2007).

6.7.7 Community Clinics

Labrador-Grenfell Health operates 14 community day clinics throughout Labrador and the Northern Peninsula, which focus on health promotion, disease prevention and overall community wellness. The clinics are staffed by regional nurses who provide management of acute and chronic health problems, as well as specialized emergency treatment. One of these clinics, the Mani Ashini Health Centre, serves the residents of Sheshatshiu and North West River. It is staffed by a number of full- and part-time nurse practitioner and nursing staff and a physician visits the clinic twice weekly (I. Fahim, pers. comm.). Basic trauma and resuscitation equipment is available at the clinic. The Mani Ashini Health Centre also operates “Healing Services”, which runs an Alcohol Program and a Youth Program. Both provide outreach, counselling and treatment for alcohol addiction and substance abuse problems. The Alcohol Program also provides some mental health services. Since Mud Lake does not have a community clinic, residents must rely on the Labrador Health Centre for medical care. Public health and home care nurses travel to Mud Lake as needed. In case of medical emergencies, a medical evacuation (medevac) service is provided by helicopter.

6.7.8 Emergency Services

The Labrador Health Centre in Happy Valley-Goose Bay has an Emergency Department that is open 24 hours a day, seven days a week. On average, the Emergency Room sees 60 clients in a 24-hour period and approximately one-third of these are seen during the day (S. Jesseau, pers. comm.) Labrador-Grenfell Health operates a provincial air ambulance service out of St. Anthony on the Northern Peninsula and the Labrador Health Centre has its own plane in Happy Valley-Goose Bay to move patients to and from the Labrador coast. Labrador-Grenfell Health also operates road ambulances, has specialized equipment to facilitate medical evacuation by snowmobile and provides physician and nursing escorts and paramedic services (Labrador-Grenfell Health 2007). The Labrador Ambulance Service in Happy Valley-Goose Bay is privately owned and operates two vehicles that service Happy Valley-Goose Bay and Mud Lake (albeit, in the latter case, only once patients have been transported across the river). The Labrador Ambulance Service is staffed by nine emergency response technicians, two of whom are full-time. They responded to 743 calls in 2007, up from 685 calls in 2004, however, Labrador Ambulance Service personnel believe that they could support additional demands (J. Squire, pers. comm.; J. Stacey, pers. comm.). Residents of Sheshatshiu and North West River have access to emergency medical services through the Mani Ashini Clinic. It provides 24-hour ambulance services and nursing personnel for ambulance

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-13 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project escort. Emergency patients are transported by ambulance to Happy Valley-Goose Bay (Labrador- Grenfell Health 2006a). North West River has one ambulance, which is operated by the Labrador Health Centre, to serve people in North West River and Sheshatshiu. 5 Wing also has an ambulance that responds only to airfield emergencies. The 2007 Northern Strategic Plan for Labrador includes a provincial government commitment of $1.2 million to medical transportation over the next five years to assist with reimbursement of expenses under the Medical Transportation Assistance Program for residents who incur travel expenses to receive medical treatment.

6.7.9 Dental Services

Labrador-Grenfell Health is responsible for the provision of dental services in some parts of Labrador. Regular preventive and corrective dental care is provided at selected locations. Dental surgery is conducted at the Charles S. Curtis Memorial Hospital in St. Anthony and emergency services are provided as needed. The promotion of dental health is carried out by dentists and community health professionals throughout the region. Dental services are available by appointment (Labrador-Grenfell Health 2006b).

In Happy Valley-Goose Bay, dental services are provided by fee-for-service dentists. Dental services are also provided at the Mani Ashini clinic by an independent dentist (Labrador-Grenfell Health 2006b). There are a total of 6 dentists available in the Upper Lake Melville area.

6.7.10 Planned Enhancements

Through a government-funded initiative, Labrador-Grenfell Health compiled data on patients waiting for procedures for the quarter ending March 31, 2006. These were compared with the other provincial health authorities, in addition to being compared to pan-Canadian benchmarks announced in March 2005. This was the first quarter for which Labrador-Grenfell Health reported wait list data. Results showed that the wait time for cataract procedures was longer than other health regions, since Labrador- Grenfell Health does not have a full-time ophthalmologist and is dependent on a visiting service. Fifty percent of cases met the benchmarks for knee replacement surgery, while 100 percent of hip replacement procedures met the established benchmark (Labrador-Grenfell Health 2006b). Labrador-Grenfell Health has been working toward enhancements to community and children’s services in areas like mental health and addictions, child care services, child, youth and family services, and behaviour and management services. Through these enhancements, new positions have been created in mental health and addictions, such as a fetal alcohol syndrome coordinator (Regional and Happy Valley-Gosse Bay), two mental health case managers (St. Anthony and Happy Valley-Goose Bay), one addictions coordinator (Port Hope Simpson) and one adolescent addictions coordinator (with focus on the North Coast, Sheshatshiu and Happy Valley-Goose Bay). The health authority is also working with the Provincial Physician Resource Committee to finalize a physician human resource plan for Newfoundland and Labrador. This will be instrumental in helping provide an appropriate level of medical services in the Labrador-Grenfell region (Labrador-Grenfell Health 2006b).

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 6-14 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project The 2007 budget includes a new office building for health and community services staff in Happy Valley-Goose Bay (Labrador-Grenfell Health 2006b; NLDF 2007d).

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Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project

7.0 References

7.1 Personal Communications Bryant, L. Director of Policy, Department of Transportation and Works, St. John’s, NL. Telephone conversation. June 2008 Clemens, S. Agriculture Representative, NLDNR – Agrifoods Branch, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. June 12 and June 14, 2007 Cochrane, S. Student Development Officer, College of the North Atlantic, Happy Valley-Goose Bay Campus, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. February 9, 2007 Connors, S. Program Supervisor, Human Resources, Labour and Employment. Happy Valley- Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. December 7, 2006 Downer, S. Executive Director, Smart Labrador, Forteau, NL. E-mail. September 4, 2007 Drover, A. Regional Director, Human Resources, Labour and Employment. Happy Valley- Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. August 26, 2008 Dyson, T. Regional Director of Community Health and Wellness, Labrador-Grenfell Regional Integrated Health Authority, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. August 20, 2007 and November 19, 2007 Fahim, I. Manager, Out-patient Department, Labrador-Grenfell Health, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. October 12, 2007 Hughes, D. Housing Manager, Canadian Forces Housing Agency, 5 Wing Goose Bay, 9 Wing Gander, CFS St. John’s, NL. E-mail. October 26, 2007 Janes, C. Senior Market Analyst, Canada Mortgage and Housing Corporation, St. John’s, NL. E-mail. December 18, 2006 and April 28, 2008 Jesseau, S. Regional Director Acute Care Services, Labrador Health Centre, Happy Valley- Goose Bay, NL. Telephone conversation. January 12, 2007 Johnson, Major CFB Goose Bay, Operations Coordinator. Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. A.D. February 12, 2007 Kilpatrick, S. Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation, St. John’s, NL. Telephone conversation. January 8, 2007 Lee, K. Assistant Director, RSM Safety Institute, Labrador City, NL. E-mail. August 28, 2008 Linehan, B. C-Tech, Municipal Technologist, Town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. January 11, 2007 and April 29, 2008 McCarthy, K Director, RSM Safety Institute, Labrador City, NL. E-mail. October 30, 2006 McDougall, RCMP, Happy Valley-Goose Bay Detachment, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. Corporal D. Telephone conversation. December 19, 2006

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Miller, D. Contract Manager, SERCO Facilities Management Inc., 5 Wing Goose Bay, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail, August 20, 2008 Mitchell, J. CCG, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. December 19, 2006 Montague, W. Campus Administrator, College of the North Atlantic, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. July 16, 2008 Normore, S. Superintendent of Works-Water and Sewer, Town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. December 21, 2006 and February 1, 2008 Oldford, C. Daycare Worker, Shakastueu Pishum Mitshuap (Head Start), Sheshatshiu, NL. Telephone conversation. November 14, 2006 Paine, T. Recreation and Sport Division, Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation. Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. November 21, 2006, January 8, 2007 and August 29, 2008 Price, G. General Manager, Goose Bay Airport Corporation, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail May 6, 2008 Ramey, S. Public health nurse, Labrador Health Center, Happy Valley Goose Bay, NL. Telephone conversation. June 12, 2007 Rashleigh, D. Chief of Medical Staff, Labrador Health Centre, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL, E- mail. January 12, 2007 Schlossek, T. Regional Ecosystem Planner, NLDNR. E-mail. August 3, 2007 Simms, B. Campus Administrator, CNA, Happy Valley-Goose Bay campus, Happy Valley- Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. December 18, 2006 and July 14, 2008 Squire, J. Supervisor, Labrador Ambulance Service, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. Telephone conversation. February 13, 2007 Stacey, J. Supervisor, Labrador Ambulance Service, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. January 21, 2008 and August 26, 2008 Taylor, J. Planning Analyst (Acting), “B” Division, RCMP, St. John’s, NL. E-mail. January 15, 2007 Tee, D. NLDTW, Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. Telephone conversation. November 8, 2007 Tiller, R. Non-commissioned Officer in Charge, RCMP, Strategic Planning and Client Services, St. John’s, NL. Personal meeting, November 3, 2007. E-mail. December 5, 2007 Webber, D. Full-time Fire Fighter, Happy Valley-Goose Bay Fire Department, Happy Valley- Goose Bay, NL. Telephone conversation. November 2007 Wheeler, K. Director of Economic Development, Town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Happy Valley-Goose Bay, NL. E-mail. August 26, 2008

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 7-2 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project 7.2 Literature Cited AMEC Earth & Environmental Ltd. and Gardner Pinfold. 2008. Economic Impact of Flight Training on Labrador, Final Report. Prepared for the Institute for Environmental Monitoring and Research by AMEC Earth & Environmental and Gardner Pinfold Consulting Economists Limited, St. John’s, NL and Halifax, NS. Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. 2008. Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project: Community Health Study, prepared for Minaskuat Limited Partnership, Happy Valley- Goose Bay, NL. CLEDB (Central Labrador Economic Development Board). 2006. Central Labrador Economic Development Board Business Plan 2006-2008. Submitted to ACOA November 2006. Halifax Global Management Consultants. 2006. Strategic Plan to Develop Labrador Secondary Manufacturing and Value Added Wood Products Industry. Prepared for Policy Coordination & Strategic Direction Division, Forestry Services Branch, Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources. Jong, C. 2007. Post-Secondary Education in Labrador. Prepared for Memorial University, St. John’s, NL. Millar, W. and T. Stephens. 1992. Social status and health risks in Canadian adults: 1985 and 1991. Health Reports, 5: 143-156. (Statistics Canada Cat. No. 82-003-XPB.) Minaskuat Inc. 2008a. Current Land and Resource Use in the Lower Churchill River Area. Environmental Baseline Draft Report submitted to Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, St. John’s, NL. Minaskuat Inc. 2008b. 2006 Historic Resources Overview and Impact Assessment of the Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project, Muskrat Reservoir Area and Interconnecting Transmission Line Routes Volumes 1-2: Report and Map Atlas. Environmental Baseline Draft Report submitted to Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro, St. John’s, NL. NLCHI (Newfoundland and Labrador, Centre for Health Information, Research and Evaluation Department). 2007. Survey Says: A Report on Health Indicators from the Canadian Community Health Survey, 2000/01-2005. St. John's, NL. NLDF (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Finance). 2006. Demographic Change/Newfoundland and Labrador Issues and Implications. NLDHCS (Newfoundland and Labrador, Department of Health and Community Services). 2006. Registered Nurses Supply Report 2004/05 Newfoundland and Labrador. Prepared by Health and Community Services Human Resources Planning Unit, Newfoundland and Labrador Health Boards Association. St. John’s, NL. NLDLAA (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs). 2006. A Northern Strategic Plan for Labrador, Public Discussion Paper, July 2006. NLDTW (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Works). 2006. The Development of a Sustainable Transportation Plan for Labrador, Consultation Document. Russo Garrido, S and J. Stanley. 2002. Labrador road study: Local knowledge on the social and environmental impacts of the newly constructed Trans Labrador Highway in southeastern Labrador. In: Occasional Paper for Coasts Under Stress, The Impact of Social and Environmental Restructuring on Environmental and Human Health in Canada.

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 7-3 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Schlossek, T., D. Jennings, V. Courtois and M. Shangreaux. 2007. Five Year Operating Plan for Forest Management District 19A (Goose Bay): Operating Period January 1, 2008 – December, 31, 2012. SGE Acres. 2007. Goose Bay Management Plan. Final report submitted to Town of Happy Valley- Goose Bay. March 2007. Statistics Canada. 1991. 1991 Census of Canada. Statistics Canada: Ottawa, ON. Statistics Canada. 1996. 1996 Census of Canada. Statistics Canada: Ottawa, ON. Statistics Canada. 2001. 2001 Census of Canada. Statistics Canada: Ottawa, ON. Statistics Canada. 2006a. 2006 Census of Canada. Statistics Canada: Ottawa, ON. The Institute for the Advancement of Public Policy. 2004. Baseline Study Human Development in Labrador, Final Report. Submitted to Labrador Strategic Social Plan.

7.3 Internet Sites Aurora Energy Resources. 2008. Michelin Project. Available at: http://www.aurora-energy.ca/?p=home. Bell Canada Enterprises. 2007. Aliant's 2004 Wireless Investment in Atlantic Canada Exceeds $50 million, Coverage Reaches over 75 percent in Newfoundland and Labrador. Available at: http://www.www.bce.ca/en/news/releases/aliant/2004/12/16/71906.html. CFHA (Canadian Forces Housing Agency). 2006. Housing Locations, Goose Bay. Available at: http://www.cfha-alfc.forces.gc.ca/locations/goosebay_h_e.asp. CLEDB (Central Labrador Economic Development Board). 2007. The Central Labrador Region. Available at: http://www.cledb.ca/home/10. DFO (Fisheries and Oceans Canada). No Date. Canadian Coast Guard. Marine Communications and Traffic Services. Available at: http://www.nfl.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/ccg/sheet03.htm. DND (Department of National Defence). 2008. Community. Available at: http://www.airforce.forces.gc.ca/5wing/community/community_e.asp. Goose Bay Airport Corporation. 2006. Goose Bay Airport Corporation Homepage. Available at: http://www.goosebayairport.com/index1.htm. Healthy Newfoundland and Labrador. No Date. Hospitals/Nursing Homes/Clinics/Nursing Stations. Available at: http://www.healthy.nf.ca/hospitals.html#labrador. IOC (Iron Ore Company of Canada) and TRT (Tshiuetin Rail Transportation Inc.). No Date. Fact Sheet, A First in Canadian History: Aboriginal Ownership of Railway Line, IOC and First Nations Group Conclude an Historic Agreement for Transfer of Rail Services in Quebec and Newfoundland and Labrador. Available at: http://www.ccnmatthews.com/docs/factsheet.pdf. Labrador-Grenfell Health 2006a. Strategic Plan 2006-08. Available at: http://www.lghealth.ca/docs/Strategic percent20Plan.pdf. Labrador-Grenfell Health 2006b. Annual Report 2005-06. Available at: http://www.lghealth.ca/docs/Annual percent20Report percent202005-06.pdf. Labrador-Grenfell Health 2007. Community Clinics, North West River/Sheshatshiu. Available at: http://www.lghealth.ca/index.php?pageid=53. Labrador Regional Council of the Rural Secretariat. 2006. Annual Activity Report 2005-06. Available at: http://www.exec.gov.nl.ca/rural/pdf/activityreport05-06/LabradorFormatted.pdf.

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 7-4 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project Labrador School Board. 2003. Labrador Directions 2003-2006: A Three Year Strategic Plan for the Labrador School Board. Available at: http://www.lsb.ca/strategic percent20plan/StrategicPlan2003 2006. August21,2003.pdf. Labrador Winter Trails. 2006. Labrador Winter Trails. Available at: www.labradorwintertrails.com. Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency. 2007a. Trade and Business. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/Statistics/Trade/. Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency. 2007b. Tourism Statistics. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/statistics/Tourism/PDF/EconomicZone1-20Annual,2006.pdf. Newfoundland and Labrador Statistics Agency/Community Accounts. 2008. Available at: http://www.communityaccounts.ca/communityaccounts/onlinedata/getdata.asp. Newfoundland and Labrador Tourism. 2006. Travel Guide. Available at: www.newfoundlandandlabradortourism.com. NLDE (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Education). 2007a. Education Statistics, 2006-2007, Elementary-Secondary. Available at: http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/pub/stats06_07/stats06_07.htm NLDE (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Education). 2007b. Annual Report 2005-06. Prepared by Division of Corporate Planning and International Education. Available at: http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/pub/ann_rep/doe_ar05-06.pdf. NLDE (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Education). 2008. Education Statistics, 2007-2008, Elementary-Secondary. Available at: http://www.ed.gov.nl.ca/edu/pub/stats07_08/stats07_08.htm NLDEC (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation). 2008. Environmental Assessment Bulletin, New Release. Available at: http://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2008/env/0110n04.htm. NLDF (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Finance). 2007a. The Economic Review 2007. Available at: http://www.economics.gov.nl.ca/review2007/default.asp#. NLDF (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Finance). 2007b. Selected Economic Indicators Newfoundland and Labrador: 1997-2010. Available at: http://www.economics.gov.nl.ca/FrcstSelind.asp NLDF (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Finance). 2007c. The Economy. Available at: http://www.economics.gov.nl.ca/E2007/default.asp. NLDF (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Finance). 2007d. Budget Highlights. Available at: http://www.budget.gov.nl.ca/budget2007/highlights.htm. NLDF (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Finance). 2008a. The Economy. Available at: http://www.economics.gov.nl.ca/E2008/. NLDF (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Finance). 2008b. Oil Production up 21.3% in 2007. Oil Production Bulletin, February 14, 2008. Available at: http://www.economics.gov.nl.ca/bulletins/Oil.asp. NLDNR (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources). 2005. News Release. Available at: http://www.releases.gov.nl.ca/releases/2005/nr/0921n06.htm).

MIN0318.07/1013786.04 • Socio-economic Baseline Report • December 24, 2008 Page 7-5 © Minaskuat Inc. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project NLDNR (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources). ND. Marketing and Statistics. Available at: http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/agric/mark_stats/pdf/farmcashreceipts.pdf NLDNR (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources). 2006. Newfoundland and Labrador Mineral Exploration Highlights: Year End 2006. Available at:http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/mines&en/statistics/ExpOv/2006%20Mineral%20Exploration%20Highl ights.pdf NLDNR (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources). 2007a. Canada - Newfoundland and Labrador Agricultural Policy Framework Project Highlights. Available at: http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/agric/pdf/apf_highlights.pdf NLDNR (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources). 2007b. Newfoundland and Labrador Mineral Resource Atlas. Available at: http://gis.geosurv.gov.nf.ca/. NLDNR (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources). 2008 Mining in Newfoundland and Labrador, February 2008. Available at http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/mines&en/mining/miningoverviewFeb2008-final.pdf. NLDNR and NLDLAA (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources and Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs). 2004. Northern Agrifoods Development Strategy. Available at: http://www.nr.gov.nl.ca/agric/fact_ pubs/pdf/NAgriDev.pdf NLDTCR (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation). 2005. Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation Backgrounder Year-End Regional Tourism Performance 2005. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/Statistics/Tourism/PDF/Regionaltourismperformance2005.pdf. NLDTCR (Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation). 2007. Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation Backgrounder Year-End Provincial Tourism Performance 2007 and Early Tourism Outlook 2008. Available at: http://www.stats.gov.nl.ca/Statistics/Tourism/PDF/Tourism%20performance2007.pdf. Our Labrador. 2004. Towns and Groups. Available at: http://www.ourlabrador.ca/member.php?show=communities. RCMP (Royal Canadian Mounted Police). 2008. RCMP Homepage. Available at: http://www.rcmp- grc.gc.ca/. SmartLabrador Inc. 2007. Welcome to SmartLabrador. Available at: http://www.smartlabrador.ca/home/. Statistics Canada. 2006b. Police Resources in Canada. Available at: http://dsp- psd.pwgsc.gc.ca/Collection-R/Statcan/85-225-XIE/85-225-XIE2006000.pdf. Town of Happy Valley-Goose Bay. 2001. Happy Valley-Goose Bay. Available at: http://www.happyvalley-goosebay.com/

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8.0 Glossary and Acronyms Aboriginal A collective term for the original peoples of North America and their descendants Anaesthetist A medical doctor trained to administer anaesthesia and manage the medical care of patients, before, during and after surgery asl Above sea level Assessment Area A defined geographic region within which the significance of environmental effects are determined. For this Project, the Assessment Area varies with the VEC under consideration Autism A developmental disability characterized by abnormal development of communication skills, social skills and reasoning Baseline Data Information collected on the surrounding environment, typically before a project begins. Also called baseline information Baseline Study Research conducted in the area/region typically before a project or development begins. The resulting report is called an Environmental Baseline Report or Component Study Broadband Relating to a high-speed communications network and especially one in which a frequency range is divided into multiple independent channels for simultaneous transmission of signals CCG Canadian Coast Guard Census A periodic count of the population that usually includes social and economic information CFB Canadian Forces Base CFHA Canadian Forces Housing Association Civilian A person who is not on active duty with a military, naval, police, or fire fighting organization. CLEDB Central Labrador Economic Development Board CNA College of the North Atlantic Community A subset of the larger society. Its building blocks are individuals, families, kinship groups and others with shared characteristics Community Health Includes determinants of health and well-being such as physical health infrastructure, social services infrastructure and systems, and aspects of economic well-being Contaminant A substance that is not naturally present in the environment, or is present in unnatural concentrations or amounts that can cause adverse effects in the environment

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Demography The study of the characteristics of human populations, such as size, growth, density, distribution, and vital statistics Design Capacity The maximum operations capacity that a facility has been designed to handle Detachment A form of division of a geographical area patrolled by a police force DFO Fisheries and Oceans Canada DND Department of National Defense EBR Environmental Baseline Report EI Employment Insurance EIS Environmental Impact Statement; A document which describes a proposed development or activity, predicts the possible or certain effects on the environment, and outlines safeguards to manage potential environmental effects Enclave Any small, distinct area or group enclosed or isolated within a larger one Environmental A planning process to predict the environmental effects of a proposed Assessment development before it is carried out Expenditure Money paid out; an amount spent fbm Foot board metre fsl Full supply level FMD Forestry Management District Footprint Area encompassing all physical project activities (e.g. dam, construction camp, access roads and associated quarries and borrow areas) GDP Gross Domestic Product Hydro Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro Incorporated A city, town, etc. having it’s own incorporated (organized as a legal Municipality corporation) government for local affairs Infrastructure Facilities, services, and installations needed for the functioning of a community or society, such as transportation and communications systems, water and power lines, and public institutions IOC Iron Ore Company of Canada MW Megawatt NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NCO Non-Commissioned Officer NLDE Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Education NLDEC Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Environment and Conservation

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NLDF Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Finance NLDLAA Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Labrador and Aboriginal Affairs NLDNR Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Natural Resources NLDTCR Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Tourism, Culture and Recreation NLDTW Newfoundland and Labrador Department of Transportation and Works NLHC Newfoundland and Labrador Housing Corporation Nomadic Of or pertaining to nomads, or their way of life; moving from place to place for subsistence Optometrist A person who is professionally trained and licensed to examine the eyes for visual defects, diagnose problems or impairments, and prescribe corrective lenses or provide other types of treatment The Project Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project QNS&L Quebec North Shore and Labrador Railway RCMP Royal Canadian Mounted Police Reservoir A pond, lake, or basin, either natural or artificial for the storage, regulation and control of water Resident A person living in Labrador, Newfoundland and Labrador, or Canada RIHA Regional Integrated Health Authority RNC Royal Newfoundland Constabulary Sewage Lift Station Contains pumps, valves and electrical equipment necessary to pump water or wastewater Sewage Outfall The mouth or outlet of a sewer Socio-economic Of, relating to or involving a combination of social and economic factors Temporary Short-term accommodation such as a hotel, motel, bed and breakfast or Accommodation boarding house TLH Trans-Labrador Highway TRT Tshiuetin Rail Transportation Inc. VEC Valued Environmental Component

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