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Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project: Community Health Study

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Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project: Community Health Study Component Studies Socio-Economic Environment Socio-Economic Report 2 of 6 Community Health Study January 2009 Environmental Impact Statement for the Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project LOWER CHURCHILL HYDROELECTRIC GENERATION PROJECT: COMMUNITY HEALTH STUDY ENVIRONMENTAL BASELINE REPORT LCP 535785 FINAL REPORT DECEMBER 22, 2008 Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. for Minaskuat Inc. Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS We wish to acknowledge Mark Shrimpton, Linda Jefferson and Colleen Leader with Minaskuat Inc. for providing study guidance and logistical support. We also acknowledge the following individuals for providing data and assistance with identifying key issues and health concerns pertinent to the communities and the region: • Doug Abbass (Principal, Peacock Primary School, Happy Valley-Goose Bay) • Dr. Maureen Baikie (Medical Officer of Health, Labrador Grenfell Health) • Andrew Battcock (Labrador School Board) • Carol Best (Labrador Central Economic Development Board) • Teresa Bruce (Retired Teacher, Sheshatshiu) • Delia Connell (Community and Aboriginal Affairs, Labrador-Grenfell) • Genevieve Corbin (Regional Director, Child Youth and Family Services) • Deanne Costello (Regional Director, Mental Health and Addictions Services) • Dolores Dooley (Program Consultant, Health and Community Services) • Blenda Dredge (Regional Director, Rehabilitation and Intervention Services) • Jan Dymond (Regional Director, Consumers’ Health Awareness Network Newfoundland and Labrador) • Nicole Edwards (Newfoundland and Labrador Centre for Health Information) • Brian Fallow (Labrador North Chamber of Commerce) • Nelson Flynn (Regional Director Newfoundland and Labrador Housing) • Cpl. Keith MacKinnon (Labrador District Drug Awareness Coordinator RCMP) • Patti Moore (Occupational Therapist) • Sandy Penney (Addictions Service Coordinator) • Stacy Ramey (Public Health Nurse, Labrador Health Centre) • Agnes Rumbolt (Regional Director, Newfoundland and Labrador Human Resources) • Bob Simms (District Administrator, College of the North Atlantic) • Ozette Simpson (Chief Operating Officer, Captain William Jackman Memorial Hospital) • Jason St. Marie (Hyron Economic Development Board) • Dee Dee Voisey (Public Health Nurse, Labrador) • Jackie Whelan (Regional Director for Community Youth Corrections, Community Agencies and Child Care Services) • Henry Windeler (Labrador School Board) Community Health Study y Final Report • December 22, 2008 Page i © Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project EXECUTIVE SUMMARY Background In March 2007, Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd., through Minaskuat Limited Partnership, was retained by Newfoundland and Labrador Hydro to conduct a Community Health Baseline Study in response to a proposed hydroelectric project in the Lower Churchill River area. The purpose of the study was to provide the community-health baseline for the Project EIS Study Area, identifying current community health issues and trends within the region. The overall objective was to generate a baseline understanding from which social and community health impacts may be identified, and appropriate mitigation and ‘issues-based’ health indicator monitoring programs developed. Within the context of this report, the definition of health is interpreted much more broadly than physical health and the absence of disease; it focuses on social and psychological well-being and the capacity to respond to changing circumstances and conditions of life in the Labrador region. The overall approach to the baselines study was guided by Health Canada’s determinants of health framework, encompassing a broad range of social, community, and physical health indicators. Development of the health baseline consisted of three phases: a literature review, compilation and analysis of secondary source health determinant data for the Study Area, and primary data collection based on interviews with local key informants. Determinants of Health Health Services • Only 61.4 percent of the population in the Upper Lake Melville area, aged 12 years and older, report having a regular medical doctor, in comparison to 92.1 percent in Labrador West/Churchill Falls. • There is an increasing demand for mental health services and treatment facilities in the Study Area. Mental health addictions are reported to have become more acute in the past five years. Wait times of up to 9 to 10 weeks exist for the limited mental health services that do exist. The Labrador region in general, and coastal communities in particular, lacks the necessary resources and capacity to deal with increasing mental health problems and addictions. • While there is a dedicated effort to recruit more healthcare workers and professionals to the Labrador region, and in particular to the Innu communities, what is lacking is individuals with experience in working with Innu and in understanding Innu practices, culture and traditional health systems. • Social health problems, including solvent abuse and alcoholism are addressed temporarily, and tend to resurface. What may be lacking in the Innu health care system is in-community follow- up and monitoring. Lifestyle, Health Practices and Coping Skills • Alcohol and solvent abuse is one of the most important social health problems in the Study Area. Such abuse is especially rooted in the social and family conditions found in the Innu communities. The consequences are often acute toxicity, neurological damage, or death of the individual. Community Health Study y Final Report • December 22, 2008 Page i © Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project • Drug and alcohol awareness and education programs are in place in the local school systems; however, there is no reliable measure of effectiveness. • The smoking rate in Labrador is higher than the provincial average, with a reported 27 percent smoking rate in the Upper Lake Melville area. This is most pronounced among the female population. • Affordability and availability are amongst the major challenges to a healthy diet for those who recognize its importance. There are several school-based initiatives in the Study Area to promote healthier eating practices; low parental awareness of the benefits of nutrition initiatives is amongst the program’s most important challenges. • More than 66 percent of the population in the Upper Lake Melville and Churchill Falls area are either overweight or obese, based on BMI category. Nutrition programs have been developed in select elementary schools to target obesity and to inform healthy eating habits. • An increased risk of Type II diabetes is present in Labrador. Typically, diabetes (along with cancer, obesity, hypertension and heart disease) is rare in hunter-gatherer societies, but becomes more common following the loss of traditional ways. • Gambling activity, particularly video lottery terminal addictions, is reported to have become much more prevalent in Labrador in recent years. While the Labrador health region has amongst the lowest gambling rates in the Province, it has the highest proportion of problem gamblers. Problem gambling is associated with social relationship problems, increased levels of alcohol and drug addictions, depression and suicide. Gambling rates among the Innu are not known. • In 2001, the age-adjusted suicide rate for the Labrador region was nearly four times that of the Province, at 27 per 100,000 people. As of 2001, 42 percent in Sheshatshiu had thought actively about killing themselves and 28 percent had attempted suicide. Diseases, Biology and Genetic Endowment • Within the Study Area, diseases of the respiratory system the most common separation at 21.4 percent in Labrador Central/Upper Lake Melville and 26.9 percent in Labrador West/Churchill Falls. Between 2000 and 2005, as a percentage of hospital separations, diseases of the digestive system remained high in Sheshatshiu, averaging 10 percent of hospital separations. Diseases of the respiratory system averaged 10.6 percent of separations and diseases of the circulatory system 5.9 percent. • In Sheshatshiu and Natuashish, a disproportionate number of people are dying at a younger age in comparison to the Province. Deaths in Sheshatshiu and Natuashish for individuals under 20 years of age comprised 11.1 and 40 percent, respectively, in comparison to 2.7 percent at the provincial level, 7.7 percent for Labrador West and 6.8 percent for Upper Lake Melville as a whole. Healthy Childhood Development • Women in Labrador have children at considerably younger ages than the than the Province/Labrador as a whole. Births to young mothers are most pronounced in the communities of Sheshatshiu and Natuashish. Younger mothers are more likely to comprise single-parent families and have lower median family incomes. Teenage pregnancies can also lead to such social problems as disruptions in educational achievement. Community Health Study y Final Report • December 22, 2008 Page ii © Aura Environmental Research and Consulting Ltd. 2008 Lower Churchill Hydroelectric Generation Project • Excessive alcohol consumption has been linked to higher incidences of child neglect, family dysfunction, child abuse and learning disabilities. The current state of children in care has been described as a system in crisis and the capacity within communities to provide adequate care- qualified persons is lacking. During 2000, 716 children in the Labrador region
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