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SOURCES of INFORMATION, MEDIA LITERACY, and RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA: the Results of the All-Ukrainian Public Opinion Poll NGO Detector Media · Kyiv · March 2019 SECTION I

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SOURCES of INFORMATION, MEDIA LITERACY, and RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA: the Results of the All-Ukrainian Public Opinion Poll NGO Detector Media · Kyiv · March 2019 SECTION I SECTION I MINISTRY OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS OF DENMARK Danida ANALYTICAL REPORT March 2019 SOURCES OF INFORMATION, MEDIA LITERACY, AND RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA: the results of the all-ukrainian public opinion poll NGO Detector Media · Kyiv · March 2019 SECTION I Sources of information, media literacy, and russian prop- aganda: the results of the all-ukrainian public opinion poll. Analytical report. – К.: Detector media, 2019. – 80 p. Research team: Anton Hrushetskyi Natalia Ligachova Halyna Petrenko Design, layout: Yana Dobrianska Translation into English: Taras Zadorozhnyi The all-Ukrainian opinion poll was conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) at the request of the Detector Media NGO in February 2019. In the course of the study, adult residents of Ukraine (aged 18 or older) were asked to give their opinion on the use of mass media, media literacy among the population, and Russian propaganda. Information was collected in the period from February 9 to February 20, 2019. A total of 2,042 interviews were conduct- ed with respondents who live in 110 settlements in Ukraine. This all-Ukrainian opinion poll was conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) at the request of Detector Media NGO. It was financially supported by Min- istry of Foreign Affairs of Denmark (Danida) and Swedish International Development Cooperation Agency(Sida). The content of this report is the sole responsibility of the Detector Media and KIIS, and does not necessarily reflects the position of Danida and Sida. © Detector Media, 2019 © Yana Dobrianska – Design and layout, 2019 3 SOURCES OF INFORMATION, MEDIA LITERACY, AND RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA CONTENTS 2019 · ANALYTICAL REPORT ANALYTICAL 5 METHODOLOGY OF THE POLL 7 THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE POLL 13 SECTION I. STRUCTURE AND TRUST IN THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION 13 1.1 The general structure of sources of information for the population of Ukraine 19 1.2 Receiving and trusting information from Ukrainian TV channels. Promotion of certain politicians by TV channels. Political talk shows 24 1.3 Receiving and trusting information from Ukrainian TV online media. 26 1.4 The use of social networks 31 1.5 Criteria for choosing media as a source of information 40 SECTION II. MEDIA LITERACY 40 2.1 Evaluation of own ability to detect fakes 45 2.2 Receiving information about fighting fakes and misinformation 52 SECTION ІІІ. INTERPRETATION OF THE SITUATION IN THE CONTEXT OF THE CONFLICT IN THE EAST AND THE ANNEXATION OF THE CRIMEA 53 3.1 Interpretations of topical events in the context of the conflict with Russia 62 3.2 Policy on the regulation of the information sphere 70 SECTION ІV. UKRAINIAN TV SERIES AND FILMS 70 4.1 The practice of watching TV series 72 4.2 TV series produced in Ukraine 75 4.3 Full-length films produced in Ukraine CONTENTS 4 METHODOLOGY OF THE POLL METHODOLOGY OF THE POLL The all-Ukrainian opinion poll was conducted by the Kyiv International Institute of Sociology (KIIS) at the request of the Detector Media NGO in February 2019. In the course of the study, adult residents of Ukraine (aged 18 or older) were asked to give their opinion on the use of mass media, media literacy among the population, and Russian propaganda. The main stages of the study included drawing up a questionnaire and accompanying tools, preparing a sample, conducting interviews with respondents, monitoring the quality of work performed, entering data and checking it for logical errors, preparing a final data set, univariate and bivariate distributions tables, and an analytical report. A similar study with a similar questionnaire was carried out at the request of the Detector Media NGO in February 2018. Where appropriate, the dynamics of the population's attitude is presented. stratified four-phase sampling, which is ulation, it was determined how many inter- A random in each phase, was developed views must be conducted in each stratum, as for the poll. The sampling represents adult well as the number of settlements in every population which is permanently residing in stratum in which polls must be conducted. Ukraine, does not do military service, and is In case of Donetsk and Luhansk regions, not in prisons or medical institutions (hospi- only the population of territories which are tals, nursing homes). The sampling did not in- currently controlled by the Ukrainian au- clude territories that are temporarily not con- thorities was used for stratification. trolled by the Ukrainian authorities, that is, the Autonomous Republic of Crimea, certain After stratification, specific points where areas of the Donetsk and Luhansk regions.. interviewers were supposed to work were selected. At the first stage, settlements were First, the population of Ukraine was selected within each stratum. Urban set- stratified according to the regions (24 re- tlements were selected with a probability gions and Kyiv), and then the population of proportional to the size of the adult popula- each region was additionally stratified into tion in a settlement. Within the strata of the urban (cities and urban type settlements) rural population, we first selected districts and rural population (except for Kyiv, where (with a probability proportional to the size the entire population is urban). That is, the of the adult rural population in a district), population of Ukraine was divided into 49 and then villages were selected randomly strata. In proportion to the size of adult pop- within a particular district. At the second Detector Media NGO · March 2019 5 SOURCES OF INFORMATION, MEDIA LITERACY, AND RUSSIAN PROPAGANDA stage, polling stations were selected with- Lviv, Ivano-Frankivsk, Ternopil, Zakar- 2019 · in each settlement. At the third stage, the pattia, Khmelnytskyi, Chernivtsi regions; first address – street, house number, and, Central macro-region — Vinnytsya, Zhyto- in the case of multistory buildings, number myr, Sumy, Chernihiv, Poltava, Kirovohrad, of apartment where interviewers began the Cherkasy, Kyiv regions, Kyiv; Southern poll – was selected for every polling station. macro-region — Dnipropetrovsk, Zapor- At the fourth stage, respondents were se- izhia, Mykolaiv, Kherson, Odesa regions; ANALYTICAL REPORT ANALYTICAL lected and interviewed using the modified Eastern macro-region — Donetsk, Luhansk, route sampling method. and Kharkiv regions. The poll was conducted in the form of Information was collected in the period personal interviews with the use of tablets, from February 9 to February 20, 2019. A to- in the houses where respondents live. tal of 2,042 interviews were conducted with respondents who live in 110 settlements in As a result of the use of sampling which Ukraine. is random in each phase, women and older people are a little overrepresented in the For 2,042 respondents, sampling error final data set. In order to restore correct (with a probability of 0.95 and a design ef- proportions, special statistical "scales" were fect of 1.5) does not exceed: constructed. 3.3% for figures close to 50%, The data below are given both for entire 2.8% for figures close to 25 or 75%; Ukraine and for the four macro regions of 2.0% for figures close to 12 or 88%; Ukraine separately. Macro-region composi- 1.4% for figures close to 5 or 95%; tion: Western macro-region — Volyn, Rivne, 0.7% for figures close to 1 or 99%; Central macro-region Київ Western Eastern macro-region macro-region Southern macro-region METHODOLOGY 6 THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE POLL THE MAIN RESULTS OF THE POLL STRUCTURE OF USE AND TRUST IN THE SOURCES OF INFORMATION Central Ukrainian TV channels remain However, in February 2018, 57% of re- the top source of information for the abso- sponded trusted central television with lute majority of the population, but over regard to issues related to the war in the the year, the number of respondents who East of Ukraine, whereas now this figure most often receive information about the is only 39%. There is also a tendency for the state of affairs in Ukraine and the world reduction in the share of those who trust in- from national TV channels decreased by formation from Ukrainian websites and so- 12% (from 86% to 74%). The share of those cial networks who mentioned relatives, friends, etc. as the sources of information also decreased from 4% of respondents stated that they 18% to 11%. There is a tendency for the receive information about the situation reduction of the use of print media. At the in Ukraine and abroad from Russian same time, in the case of online resourc- TV channels (in February 2018, this fig- es, there were practically no changes: in ure was 5%). Although, on the one hand, it February 2018, 27% mentioned Ukrainian is much less than the number of those who online websites, whereas now this figure is trust Ukrainian sources, but on the other 27.5%; as for social networks, just as the last hand, in absolute terms, this is about 1.3 year, 23.5% currently receive information million Ukrainian citizens. For 40% of us- from this source. ers, satellites are the main technical way of accessing Russian TV channels (at the same If we talk about trust in information time, in December 2016, 79% of responders sources, the largest number of respond- mentioned this method, whereas in February ents – 40% – also trusts central Ukrain- 2018, this figure was 69%). Another 20% are ian television channels. 14% of people watching broadcasts on the Internet (in com- trust Ukrainian online media, 12% trust so- parison, in December 2016, this figure was cial networks, and not more than 6% of re- 8%, and in February 2018, it was 13%), 17% spondents mentioned the remaining sources use an analog antenna (in comparison, in of information. We can see a similar struc- 2016 and 2018, this figure was 6% and 12%, ture in the case of trust in the information respectively), and 13% watch cable television related to the confrontation in the Donbas.
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