Western Michigan University Kalamazoo Normal Record (1910-1918)

Western Michigan University Year 1914

The Kalamazoo Normal Record Vol. 4 No. 6 Western State Normal School

This paper is posted at ScholarWorks at WMU. http://scholarworks.wmich.edu/kalamazoo normal record/47

BASKET BALL TEAM, WESTERN STATE NORMAL, 1914 The Kalamazoo Normal Record Published Monthly, Except August and September by The Faculty and Students of the Western State Normal School Kalamazoo, Michigan Entered assecond class matter October31,1910, atthepostoffice at Kalamazoo, Michigan, underthe ActofMarch 3,1879 The Business Advertisement of the Record is at the head of the Editorial Page

Vol. 4 CONTENTS FOR MARCH, 1914 No. 6 EDUCATIONAL Page The Formulae of Geography L. H. Wood 213 The Teaching of History in the Seventh and Eighth Grades Arthur C. Cross 217 LITERARY Greedy for Gold A. Thorsberg 219 Hamlet on the Stage Carrie W. Minar 219 MISCELLANEOUS CONTRIBUTIONS Impressions of an Ex-School Teacher Nina Winn 223 Manual Training Outline from Training School Course of Study, M. J. Sherwood 224 EDITORIAL Wood's Geography of Michigan 226 Applied Art Emelia M. Goldsworthy 226 Woman's League ^27 Literary Organizations ; 227 Debating Club Robert Reeves 227 The Library Esther Braley 228 Class Year Book, 1914 ...H.H. Fuller 228 TRAINING SCHOOL Notes from the Third, Fourth and Seventh Grades Nellie McConnell 229 Geography References on the Philippine Islands Winnifred Kean 231 An Afternoon Visit Elizabeth Nicholson.... 231 Lantern for Training School Nellie McConnell 232 Assembly Programs "" 232 ART AND MUSIC Music Notes and Programs H. C.Maybee 233 Normal Glee Club 234 ATHLETICS Five Basket Ball Games W. H. Spaulding 234 NEWS ARTICLES Tetrazzini in Kalamazoo, April 28 Katherine Newton 236 Woman's League 236 Y.W. C. A PearlMonroe 240 Normal Literary Society 202 Teachers of Industrial Art 203 Rural Progress Day 203 NEWS NOTES Katherine Newton ... 203-210 ALUMNI NOTES "" 211,212 ILLUSTRATIONS Basket Ball Team 1914 Frontispiece Graph of Manual Training Course in Training School 225 Philippine Islands on Sand Table 230 Store in Kindergarten 232 202 NEWS ARTICLES A GEOGRAPHY OF er, and one splendid idea was devel oped, that of our being the one who was essentially the active one in pray MICHIGAN ing. As all of the flowers turn to the Physical, Industrial and Sectional sun for power, so we turn to the Father for strength and inspiration By L. H. Wood through prayer. Western State Normal School Miss Koch's discourse was splendid THIS book represents an affort to bring and brought a wealth of thoughts, togetherfrom many scatteringsources those any one of which would have served facts about our state that will not only to keep an ordinary meeting busy. supplement the briefer treatisesfound in the general geographies but also facts of interest to The Y. W. is constantly gaining in the general reader interest and helpfulness. We have been permitted to welcome so many There are about 300 pages in the book in cluding 330 illustrations and chapters on the speakers from outside, that the mem following topics: Area and populution, Geological bers have not found the opportunity Foundations, Soils, Lakes and Rivers, Plants and to lead their own meetings. We are Animals, Human Life, Transportation, Mineral Industry, Timber Industry, Soil Industries, beginning now to do this and the re Manufacturing Industry, and about 100 pages on sult so far has been highly satisfac the provinces, Soo-Manistique, Green Bay, tory. Marquette, Copper Country, Ironwood-Bessemer, Alpena-Cheboygan, Saginaw Valley, Detroit- We are glad however, to announce Monroe, Traverse Bay Region, Grand Rapids- that Miss Hoebel, Secretary of the Muskegon, and Kalamazoo-St. Joseph. City Y. W. C. A., will speak to us The book will be sent post paid on the receipt of one dollar on March 4th. Liberal discount on larger orders PEARL MONROE. HORTON-BEIMER PRESS, Kalamazoo, Michigan NORMAL LITERARY SOCIETY. The Normal Literary Society held VanPeenen & Schrier their preliminaries for the Oratorical Contest, February 12. Feature Program. A Selection from the Victrola. "Our Michigan" Miss Wilcox. two of the finest Ready-to "Dangers of Materialism" Mr. Ross wear lines of clothing "Conservation in Secular Education" made in this country. Mr. Reeves. Solo Miss Pennells. B. Kuppenhimer & Co's "Wilson the Man" Miss Scally "Social Consciousness"-Miss Crandall suits retailing from $20.00 "The Child and Society" Miss Potter. to $30.00 "The Sacrifice of Our Young Wo manhood" Miss Monteith. "Styleplus" clothing always Decision of Judges. retailing at $17.00. Miss Monteith was awarded first place in the finals and received a five dollar prize, which was offered by the We also make clothing to measure. We are society. The following were chosen sole representatives for Ed. V. Price & Co.— to represent the society in the next custom tailored suits—$20.00 to $50.00— preliminaries: Miss Wilcox, Mr. Ross, Fit Guaranteed Miss Potter, and Miss Crandall.

VanPeenen & Schrier Patronize Our Advertisers. THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD 203

TEACHERS OF INDUSTRIAL In the afternoon at 2:00 a confer ARTS. ence on rural social resources will be About one hundred members of the held, and at noon a picnic dinner will Michigan Industrial Arts and Science be served in the Normal lunch room. Association met in Kalamazoo, Feb Coffee will be furnished and the Kal ruary 19, 20, 21. Advantage was amazoo County Pomona Grange will taken of the presence in the city of be host. the State Hardware Association to In the afternoon at 2:30 there will study the various exhibits of tools be three addresses on Rural Educa made by that organization and to lis tion. Mr. Foght will talk of the work ten to talks by several of the hard of the Division of Rural Educa ware men, and on Saturday excur tion in the Federal Bureau of Edu sions of inspection were made to sev cation; Professor W. H. French of eral Kalamazoo industries. Michigan Agricultural College will dis Friday supper was enjoyed by the cuss "Public School Instruction in members of the association together Agriculture," and Miss Jessie Field, at the Commercial club, and special formerly superintendent: of Page music was furnished by the Normal County, Iowa, and now national sec School Glee Club. Addresses followed retary of the county work of the Y. the supper: W. C. A., will make an address on "What Manual Training has done "Leadership for Country Girls." for Michigan and what it has yet to At the conclusion of the afternoon do," Mr. G. S. Waite, Kalamazoo, Su program an informal reception will be pervisor of Manual Training. Founder given by the students of the depart of this Association. "The Effect the ment of rural schools in honor of the Industrial Education . Movement guests and participants in the pro should have in the State of Michi grams. A large attendance of repre gan," Mr. J. H. Trybom, Detroit. sentatives of farm organizations is an Director of Manual Training. "In ticipated. dustrial Education," Mr. W. H. Hen derson, Hammond, Ind., Director of NEWS NOTES. Vocational Training. "Joints and their use in Manual Training Work," Mr. J. Herman Trybom, director of Mr. J. R. Jenson. Grand Rapids. Tech manual training in the Detroit public nical Talks by Hardware Men. schools, visited the Normal, February Papers were read during the meet 20th and interviewed candidates for ing as follows: "The Boy, the Shop teaching positions. and the Teacher," Mr. F. L. Johnson, Grand Rapids. "Agriculture and In Supt. D. P. McAlpine of South dustrial Education," Mr. C. L. Nash, Haven was at the Normal, February Muskegon. "A Working Basis for 20th. Vocational Education in Michigan," Mr. L. R. Abbott, Grand Rapids, Di During the meeting of the Manual rector of Manual Training. Training and Industrial Association in February there were many visitors Patronize Our Advertisers. at theNormal. The State Hardware RURAL PROGRESS DAY. Men's convention also brought many The eighth annual rural progress to the school. lecture will be given Friday evening, March 13 in the Normal Assembly Miss Lucy Gage, director of kind room by H. W. Foght, of the Bureau ergarten in the Normal, addressed of Education, Washington, D. C, who two meetings in Charlotte, Wednes will speak on "Rural Progress in Den day, February 25th, one for the mark." teachers and the second for the par ents of the community. 204 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD

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TRAINING SCHOOL 205 One of the prettiest and most en joyable parties ever held at the Nor La Mode Cloak House mal was that given under the direc tion of the expression and music de Louis B. Garlick partments, Friday evening, February 20th. The gymnasium was elabor 117 So. BurdickSt. ately transformed into a colonial hall and a unique arrangement was made of the white pillared stage with gar den in front fenced off with flowered The Exclusive and Popular Priced rails. Owing to its nearness to Wash ington's Birthday the entertainment Garment Shop for Women, Misses and was made characteristic of this occa Juniors. sion and in every detail colonial effects were dominant. Powdered dames and gentlemen danced the minuet most gracefully and a game Our extra special for the spring of of colonial basketball was an amus ing feature of the evening. Colonial 1914 will be a very smart slippers were given as souvenirs and throughout the evening plantation songs were sung by the glee club. Mrs. Hostetter also sang delightfully and other numbers contributed to an Utility Tailor Suit for $15 evening of great enjoyment. Cherry ice and cake were served in the gard en during the evening. Mrs. Zora Stuck was in charge of the decora The NORMAL Man buys his tions which were artistically carried out. Miss Helen Gsell and others Clothes at the assisted in various ways.

Miss Catherine Koch, for the past "Big Corner" five years instructor in nature study and agriculture in the rural school Are you a NORMAL Man? courses, is perfecting plans for a year of graduate study in Cornell Univer sity, where she will do work leading Sam Folz, Main at Portage to a master's degree. Miss Koch has done her work here in a new field where little of precedent was at hand for guidance, and she has worked Teaching the Common Branches with patience and increasing success By W. W. Charters, of the University of Mis to develop her field. She has also souri. Mailing price only $1.35. greatly aided the Y. W. C. A. in main A practical, resourceful handbook for normal taining its activities. She will con students and for town and rural teachers which tinue her work here until the end of presents concretely the most successful methods the summer term. for teaching the "three K's" and all other com mon school subjects. More really helpful material given than in most four-volume reference sets. On Friday, February 6, the program Order through the Normal Book Store. of the regular Erosophian meeting was given up to music. The first HOUGHTON MIFFLIN CO. number was a well-rendered solo: 623 So. Wabash Ave., Chicago, Illinois "Somewhere a voice is calling," by 206 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD Cecil Ross. The remainder of the On Tuesday evening, February 17, program consisted of many fine num Mr. Hickey delivered his lecture on bers on the Victrola, the music being "The French" at the First Reformed prefaced by a brief but very interest church. Beautiful views made from ing talk on the artist and the com his own photographs were used to position, given by Lester Mack. illustrate his address which was en thusiastically received. The young men, losers in the "at tendance" contest of the Erosophian Mr. Hickey will act as judge at a Society in the Fall term, entertained division of the state oratorical con all the young women in the high test at Decatur, March 20th. school department in the assembly room on the evening of Thursday, It is proposed to organize a series February 19. Games and dancing furn of debating teams in each of the four ished the pleasure of the evening and grades of the high school.. The plans those present voted it one of the most are not, as yet, fully formulated. It pleasant functions in the history of is proposed to hold the preliminaries the society. for the oratoricals in April and the "finals" in May. Governor Woodrige N. Ferris has appointed President Waldo as dele At a meeting of the Classical Club gate to represent Michigan at the held Feb. 13, Miss Parsons read selec tenth annual conference of the Nation tions from Prof. Miller's Dramatiza al Child Labor Committee to be held tion of the story of Dido from Ver in New Orleans, La., March 15-18. gil's Aeneid.

An innovation in the production of The members of the Latin classes the annual mid-winter play is plan are preparing to give this early in ned for this year when the expression March and the cast of characters is department will present Bernard as follows: Shaw's play "You Never Can Tell'; Aeneas, Prince of Troy, and leader in the Academy of Music instead of of the Trojan exiles Donald Sooy the Normal gymnasium. Wednesday Achates, confidential friend of evening, March 18th is planned for Aeneas Wayne Barney the event for which the following cast Ilioneus, a Trojan noble Harold Vanderberg has been named: Dido, the queen of Carthage Valentine, Glenn Sooy; Dorothy, Marion Peacock Miss Marian Hays; Gloria, Miss Anna, sister of Dido_Madalene Evarts Ruth Payne; Mrs. Clandon, Miss Es Barce, old nurse of Dido...E.thel Andre ther Straight; Phil, Mr. Paul Snauble; Topas, a Carthaginian minstrel Mr. Crampton, Henry H. Fuller; Wil Oscar Rabbers liam, Joseph Walsh; McComas, Cecil Tarbas, a Moorish prince, suitor for Ross; Bohun, Edward Hanson. Miss the hand of Dido Max Brown Marsh of the faculty is chairman of Juno, queen of Jupiter and protect the business committee for the pre ress of the Carthaginians hostile sentation of the play which promises to Troy Beatrice Bale to be one of the best things the Nor Cupid, son of Venus, god of Love... mal has ever staged. Winifred Eaton Mercury, the messenger of Jupiter, The Normal Men's Glee Club sang Carlton Wells at the banquet of the Manual Train Maidens, courtiers, soldiers, attend ing and Industrial Association which ants, servants in Dido's train. was held in the Commercial Club Nobles, sailors, etc., in the band of rooms Friday evening, February 20th. Aeneas. THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD 20?

Prof. R. M. Wenley of the Univer of the National Education Associa sity of Michigan addressed the faculty tion. His trip included visits to some and students of the Normal February famous battlefields in the south and he 5th. The assembly room was crowd spent several days in New York City ed with interested listeners to an in looking up candidates for teaching po formal address by a speaker who is sitions next year. always received with enthusiasm by his audiences. Dr. N. W. Cameron is chairman of the committee for the 1914-15 general President D. B. Waldo has recov bulletin which will be issued within ered from a serious illness of tonsilitis the next few weeks. which confined him to his home for some time. Professor R. M. Reinhold lectured in the Ionia County Teachers' Insti The new cover design is by Ruth tute at Clarkesville, February 13 and Appeldoorn, a senior special art stu 14. dent. The kindgarten alumni are plan The Geography Club held an espec ning a celebration during the decen ially fine meeting Wednesday even nial of the Normal in June. Miss Char ing, February 4th in the rotunda of lotte Bobb is chairman of the com the training school. Miss Spindler mittee which is in charge of a break of the training school talked on fast for the graduates of this depart "Rome" and Miss Parsons, head of ment and a fine re-union is antici the Latin department discoursed on pated. the great southwest, using beautiful views to illustrate her talk. Follow Miss Kelsey of Vassar College was ing the program refreshments of a recent visitor and speaker at the doughnuts and coffee were served. Normal. She was the guest of Miss Catherine Koch and spoke before the Mr. Drum, the famous evangelist, Y. W. C. A. whose work in Kalamazoo in the for ward uplift movement created most Miss Annie Potter, one of the head favorable comments, spoke in the designers in the Tobey store, Chicago, Normal asesembly Tuesday, February and a former student in the art depart ment of the Normal, addressed a few 10th. invited guests interested in art work, Thursday afternoon, February 26th, Dr. William McCracken was con in the Training School of the Normal. ductor of the Kalamazoo County Her subject was "Household Arts." Teachers' Institute held February 13- 14. Dr. N. W. Cameron of the edu Miss Goldsworthy spoke before the cation faculty delivered an address Women's League of Battle Creek during the institute. Wednesday afternoon, February 26th, on "Civic Art." On the following Smith Burnham of the West- Friday she spoke in Plainwell on the Chester, Pennsylvania State Normal Elson exhibit of pictures. and Philip Burnham of Colorado, vis ited the Normal Friday, February The program of the rural sociology 13th. They were called to the city seminar for February 20 was in charge by the death of their father and were of Henrietta Sholten. Papers and guests of their brother, Dr. Ernest talks were given by Frances Van Burnham of the Normal. Geison, Rex Brittain, Fannie De Haan and Ernest Burnham. The President Waldo left February 21 for term social meeting was held March Richmond, Va., to attend the meeting 6, in the Training School. 208 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD

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On the evening of February io, in Lincoln's Birthday. On Saturday, the rotunda of the Training Building, February 21, Miss Marsh officiated Dr. McCracken gave a most interest as toastmistress at the Alumni ban ing talk to the members of the quet of the music department of the Classical Club. An informal discus college, and reports a large and en sion followed, pop corn was eaten thusiastic meeting. around the fire place and Latin songs were practiced. On Monday, February 16, Miss Marsh gave an informal "tea" to the It is interesting to note in connec young women of the high school de tion with the fine account of the partment, following a talk on "Am I "Festival of Days" of Teachers' Col making the most of myself?" The lege, contributed by Mrs. Minnie bleak weather outside made all the Campbell to the February issue of the more cozy the group over the teacups, Record, that the music committee of and a more than usually pleasant time the "Festival" had as its chairman was enjoyed by all. Miss Florence Marsh, formerly direc tor of music at the Normal, now con The debate on "Resolved, that nected with Ethical Culture School the Calumet strikers are not jus in New York City. Miss Marsh also tified in their demands," was suggested the dance for the Hours, for fought to a conclusion by two which she wrote the incidental music, teams of the Erosophian Society on and organized and directed the Col the afternoon of Friday, February 20. lege Orchestra, which made its bow The affirmative was taken by Ange- to the public on that occasion. The line Case, Wayne Barney, Charles "Festival" was so well received that Jacobson, the negative by Carleton a second performance was given on Wells, Donald Sooy and Lucile 210 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD

Fleugall. The case was very closely In the language of the street, contested and the judges gave the de you may search me. I do not know, cision in favor of the negative. It is do you? Still I was never good at proposed to organize teams for sys riddles. Mathematics is full of num tematic debating in the near future. bers, but these vary inversely as the course, the higher up you go. Mathe Dr. Ernest Burnham participated in matics in a serious disease. The mor the program of the second annual tality due to infantile paralysis in the Rural Life Conference at the State subjects of proportion, percentage and Agricultural College, East Lansing, root extrations is frightful. Algebra March 5. claims its share of the victims that get this far. Those that survive geom On Thursday, Feb. 19, the Kinder etry and trigometry are so inured garten seniors enjoyed a very sump to danger that they proceed with re tuous "spread" at the home of Miss lative safety into the higher and at Dorothy Russell on Oak street. Fes tractive field of conic sections and tivities began at prompt 6:30 and the the 4th dimension. Some people company seated themselves in true claim figures never lie, but tailors and kindergarten fashion 'about dainty dressmakers who are good figurers covers decorated with George Wash dissent from this view. Some people ington hats, cherries and red candles take to mathematics as a diversion, which furnished the only light. After but few of them are allowed to run the dinner the evening's entertain at large. The most seductive symbol ment consisted of Virginia reels, cake 111 mathematics is H , but some peo walks and singing, in which all en ple abhor pi. Many people here tered with the best of kindergarten abouts have Faught over the subject spirit. of mathematics. What is a course in Psychology? QUESTIONS AND ANSWERS. This is a reactionary course. It What is a course in Biology? is also chock full of concepts. One A course in biology begins with a learns much of those twin sisters Sary blob of protoplasm and ends up in a Brum and Sary Bellum. By the time conglomeration of the same. The first one has wandered over two hemis is the amoeba, the last man. Between pheres, taken a peek at the pineal this the whole animate creation. In bodies, walked across the pons varolii biology it is just one thing leads after and skirted the edge of the dangerous another until one reaches the top. At! fissure of silvus, he is an accredited the beginning you start in by evolut- psychologist. By the medulla oblon ing and if you stick seriously and gata he reaches the spinal tract and continuously to this principle, in the is soon lost in a maze of afferent and course of a few million years, more efferent impulses. Once he has dug or less, you at length arrive some up the anteror and posterior roots where. Life is a giddy whirl biolo and can trace a reflex to its stimulus gically speaking, but if one keeps his he can qualify as a master. head, he is sure to get on. After Psychology was invented in Penn reaching the Primitives, progress from sylvania and is still native there. The tree to tree is easy. Still one must original Penn used it with great suc not monkey with the subject even cess on the Indians. It is occasion then. The basic postulate of biology ally sporadic in other parts of the is that Ontogeny is a repetition of land, but no importance is attached Phylogeny or vice versa (Le roi de to such outbreaks. When one hears biologic est Harvey.) that lively tune "The Camerons are Coming" it is time to hunt refuge in Why is a course in Mathematics? a Hall or Thorndyke. THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD 211

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ill health to give up his position at Winona, Minnesota and has left for Spring Clothes the west.

See the most beautiful line of woolens ever Miss Florence Kelley, kindergarten shown in the city. 1913, has just accepted a position in Our Prices the Cadillac public schools. $32.50 to $75.00 Melbourne Kirkland, formerly a H. F. Weimer Co. Tailors. popular student in Western Normal Established 1868 now instructor in the manual training Entrance Home Savings Bank. 2nd Floor. department of the Battle Creek schools, visited the Normal during the Manual Training and Industrial As ALUMNI NOTES. sociation meeting, February 20-21.

Howard Bush, manual training Many of her friends during the ear 1913, recently accepted a position in ly days of the Normal will be inter the manual training department of the ested in the present location of Miss Flint schools. Grace Stoddard whose marriage to Prof. Clark Mason took place last Au Miss Edith Thomas, 1913, was a gust. Mr. and Mrs. Mason are resid guest at the Normal the second week ing in Culbertson, Montana. in March. Miss Pearl Ashton of the class of J. Pierre Osborne, manual training 1906 is now Mrs. D. A. Strouch and 1910, has found it necessary owing to resides at Champaign, Illinois. 212 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD

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At a recent luncheon given in Jack school affairs while a student in the son, announcement was made of the Normal and has been a most success engagement of Miss Ruth Turnell, ful instructor in the Detroit Univer kindergarten 1912, to Mr. Anderson of sity School since his graduation from Ironwood. The wedding is planned the University of Michigan. for June. Miss Turnell was one of the most popular members of her A letter from Miss Hilda Marshall class and a charming young woman. of Hastings, formerly of Western Nor She taught in Ironwood the first year mal tells of a recent gathering of following her graduation and the past Normal graduates at the Barry Coun year has taught in Jackson, her home. ty Teachers' Institute. Mr. Lon Bol ster of Prairieville called the Normal Another announcement of interest people together and an informal sup to many former students in the Nor per was enjoyed. There were eleven mal was made on Christmas eve when the engagement of Miss Marie K. present. Steebman of Detroit to Mr. W. Clark Doolittle was made known. The wed The Record learns with regret of ding will take place late in June. Mr. the serious illness of Miss Madeline Doolittle was active and popular in McCrodan of last year's class at her home in Dutton. She has typhoid W. Clark Doolittle of the Detroit fever. , University School was a guest at the Normal in February, having been Miss Margaret Jeffrey is teaching called to the city by the illness and in the State Normal School at Albion, death of his father. Idaho. 3r=iE =ir==if= J" The Kalamazoo Normal Record

•u E1I==1E 3F=1E

Vol.4 MARCH, 1914 No. 6

EDlMIOmL

The Formulae of Geography

IN idea prevails with many peo ed. But teachers of experience know ple and among them not a better; they know that geography, few teachers that Geography more than any other subject of the elementary school, calls for a wide is a subject more or less chaotic in range of correlation of facts from its make-up and consisting of mater many fields of science; they know ials gotten together from various that if to them a stone is but a stone, •sources by people with little scientif wheat but wheat, and wind but wind ic attainment and with little apprecia and nothing more, that they must fall, tion for scientific standards. It is not yes literally disappear behind the surprising that students coming to our text book to teach mechanically, to Normals from schools where the geo draw outline maps for busy work, fill graphy is finished in the seventh ing them, like a sack, with a hotch grade and where nothing is done in potch of all kinds of unrelated stuff, the high school in this subject should loading the memory to the breaking get the feeling that it is elementary point, and all only to end in killing and not comparable with the other in its infancy the natural desire of classic studies in cultural value, and the child to know the earth on which that it requires but a few weeks to he lives. Further, to teach the sub review to fit for its teaching in the ject in this manner, with a feeling that grades. And why is this not enough? one is a slave to the text and never They knew the elementary text, they with the bouyancy that comes from a have had several terms of special wealth of subconscious resources kills work in methods of teaching and have the interest of the teacher and drives had a term or two of training in which her to the field of other less trouble they have seen geography well taught. some studies. Further, more than this preparation is Really, now, should we De surprised not required of them in arithmetic, that students coming up to us out of reading or language, and until the stu these conditions should give but very dent comes to the real problems of little thought to preparation in geo grade teaching he thinks that he can graphy? They have completed the make the shift with geography as well subject in the elementary school in the as with these subjects above mention seventh grade; they have heard noth- 214 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD ing of general geography in the high mate of the region and is very apt to school except as a review course, confuse the term cyclone with torn the universities and colleges of the ado. The conclusions from this and state offer no courses in the subject, many other like experiences of the and the general attitude of the public class room is that (i) there was no is that of toleration because of the correlation of the elements of geo practical value of the subject and not graphy in the grades, and (2) that the one of high regard for its culture geography of the high school, chiefly value, as in the case of Germany and physical, scarcely ever comes to its France. With these facts in mind is true function, i. e., a preparation for it any wonder that a class should general geography, and that its prin come to the conclusion as a result ciples, however well taught, seldom of its discussion of the question reach their goal in correlation with "What is Geography?" that it is not the facts of plant, animal and human a science, though it is to be accepted life in the study of a region. Hence for the wide range of interesting facts the sequences of formulae of geo that it assumes to gather under it? graphy lie on the shelf undeveloped wing? and unused. The humidity of the air There are many things to be said in is studied but it is not associated with reply to the questions and queries rain fall on the earth ; pressure is not raised here, but the writer restricts definitely correlated with winds, and himself to a brief statement of two neither with the clouds and rainfall; things, i. e., the most vital weakness and the sequence of relations between of the pre-normal preparation in geo climate and plant life; climate and graphy and to a statement of the ele animal life, and between all three of ments or formulae of geography. these groups of factors and human life The experience of the writer, ex seem not to have been made at all. tending over a period of ten years This is the great lack in our geo with people from all parts of the state graphy teaching, since the very and with all sorts of preparation, essence of this subject is found in leaves him with the conviction that mental movement that traces the there is an element lacking in the many sequences found in earth rela training of high school students in tions. Nature makes these correla geography, or its parts, that is more tions and we must follow them in ex generally found with the same stu plaining the causes of things. The dents in respect to their preparation sunflower growing in the garden in in language, history, mathematics, and the month of August, with its four science. This lack in geography, as square feet of leaf surface, makes observed most frequently, consists in about three ounces of starch or its the absence of any tendency or ability equivalent in plant stuff in a day of to follow up a geographic sequence 15 hours, using in the process 75 on the part of students who readily quarts of carbonic acid gas, weighing follow a clue in history, a proposition 5 3-5 ounces, throws off 75 quarts of in geometry, or the steps in a prob oxygen weighing 3 3-10 ounces, while lem in algebra. For example, if the 187500 quarts of air would be needed lesson is the climate of New Fngland, to furnish the carbonic acid gas. To the student considers it sufficient to get the air to the plant and the water say that the climate is cold in winter, to the roots, the winds must blow, hot in summer, and somewhat modi rain must fall ,and the sun must shine, fied by the Gulf Stream. If the stu and even the idea of a rotating ball dent is asked why the land is affected shaped earth with axis inclined must by the Gulf Stream when the winds be used to even begin to comprehend are westerly,—a question intended to Nature's correlation in this one simple bring out the cyclonic storm element, fact. Now, while the study of this he never seems to have connected the natural fact of the making of starch idea of cyclonic storms with the cli by plants is not geography, yet the EDUCATIONAL 215 conditions that determine the distri of development of the relations be bution of starch making plants over tween climate and the distribution of the earth are the same as those plant life is one of the weakest points brought together in the growth of in geographical science. But we should the sunflower, i. e., seasons, heat, not for that reason be less diligent light, moisture, winds, and animal and in making the climatic analysis and human life. These then, are the tracing as far as possible the corres groups of facts that furnish our geo pondence between special features of graphic formulae. These formulae plant distribution and individual cli are the means by which the mind matic factors. It is not, however, to holds in contact with the problems of the details of refined analysis in this geography, analyzing them and mov particular province, possible only for ing toward the goal or solution of the the trained plant geographers, that problem. the point in this article is directed Geography is itself a great formula but to the fact that so many people of thought by which we come to think who are teaching or who expect to the distribution of things of the earth, teach are content to say "climate does or to answer the double question this or that" without recognizing that "where things are and why they are climate is a complex group of factors where they are." The essence of geo that carry over singly and collectively graphy is found in the movement of into the relations of plant and animal thought prompted by the desire to life, groups likewise composed of know things of the earth in their many elements, also singly and collec space relations, just as history is a tively variable in relation to climate. mental movement that aims to classify The case stands for geography the events of the world in the much in the same light as it is with sequence of time, or as mathematics pedagogical training, since in the organizes things in the sequence of latter, as Dr. Dewey writes, "The quantity. And the "where" is just as teacher stands before sheer unorgan normal to the normal mind as the ized personality in the presence of her "when" or the "how much" and just scholars," while it seems to be a fact as essential to the mind's normal de that she tries in the case of the former velopment. to present sheer unorganized subject The Mathematical Formulae. From matter. the mathematical facts of the earth, The elements or factors of climate form, size, rotation, revolution, in that figure in the distribution of na clination of the axis, and the distance tive or food plants in any region are from the sun come the periodic temperature and its variations, ex changes, seasons, day and night, in tremes, mean and range, winds, rain tensity of illumination, and heating of fall and its distribution through the the earth and the law of deflection of year, number of hours of sunshine, bodies in motion, all of which carry frosts, humidity of the air and length over and become factors in the for of the growing season. Some one or mulae of climate, and of all responses more of the factors should be tried out in living things dependent upon it. to find an explanation of the chief The Climatic Formulae. Climate plant and animal groups of every re furnishes the most useful and at the gion studied and the relations dis same time the most difficult formulae covered should be carried forward for to apply, and much of the indictment their possible use in explaining the against geography for its loose think distribution of human life and indus ing, hasty generalization, and super tries. ficiality, may be traced partly to lack Formulae from Geology. The geo of analyses of the climatic formulae logical development of a region deter or to the fact that many applications mines the relief, rocks, minerals, soils, of these formulae are attempted with and water resources. Relief furnishes out sufficient scientific data. The lack an excellent basis in connection with 216 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD climate for the differentiation or 1895 (1897) 639-665. Mason shows analysis of a region into smaller sec that all men everywhere, both tions; soils are a basis for the further primitive and progressive groups, analysis of sections, and minerals pursue much the same type of seivt to explain with great definite- activity, and these in response ness the distribution of primary in to the fundamental needs of life. dustry. These groups of men take Na It is hardly necessary here to em ture's gifts, modify, exchange, and phasize the importance of a thorough transport them, and organize into development of each of these groups groups under a leader, and subdivide of factors, since it is obvious that one the labors of the group into special can scarcely make an intelligent ap phases of activity. These activities plication of the concept, relief, unless bring the group into contact with the he knows its origin, or explain the environment, and call forth responses location of minerals without some idea that, in a large measure, determine of their formation. It is quite na the nature of life and the quality of tural from the close relations of geo development of the group. The group logy and geography that the latter here is taken as the fundamental unit should have come in the last decade that represents hitman life just as in to be so much of an adjunct of the the ecology of plants and lower ani former. mals it is the society rather than the The Formulae of PLANT and ANI individual that becomes the basis of MAL Life. It seems useless to urge study in relation to the controlling fac the use of application of the principles tors of the environment. This limita of plant and animal distribution until tion leaves the way open for the some one shall have given more at evaluation of the special contribution tention to the elementary side of ecol to the group life of men of unusual ogy and have shown teachers how to genius, a factor much too commonly use its formulae in the study of the overlooked in the study of geographic distribution of organic forms. It is causes. a great gain for geography, however, The goal then in the study of gen when the teacher makes the effort to eral geography is to develop a con apply the principles of ecology, so well cept of the earth, a concept analyzed, illustrated in every land, to the dis and organized by the application of tribution of plants and animals of the principles inherent and functional in smaller sections of the physiographic the process by which the earth passed regions. For, just as in Michigan we from the chaotic to the present organ have illustrations of all the varieties ized form. And this movement of of climate of the earth, so in our thought in the application of formulae plants and animals we find most of will leave the mind in possession of the types of adaption found anywhere. well defined units, individualized in The Formulae of HUMAN Life. respect to their life relations, and gen The most useful formulae that I have eralized by comparison with other found for the study of man in relation units. Such a study is as worthy of to his environment, the distribution of attention for its culture value as any his arts, institutions and industries of the subjects that now largely dis are those developed by Otis T. Mason. place it from the curriculum of high Report of Smithsonian Institution, schools and colleges. L. H. WOOD. EDUCATIONAL 217

The Teaching of History in the Seventh and Eighth Grades

HE presentation of history To carry out the foregoing sugges should be many sided. Our tions interest must be ever present. common error is to stress An interesting teacher will make an the political causes, events and interested class. To be interesting results to the detriment of the side he must have a large and fresh still more interesting to the seventh or amount of knowledge. He should eighth grader. Formerly history has know more by far than he can tell his been taught as a past of politics and class and much of his knowledge politics as present history; latterly it should be so new that he will take a has had the broader scope in the de keen interest in the presentation of tailing of the "orderly progression oi it. "How to teach," is no doubt a mankind to a definite end." The very necessary requisite but what to teaching of history then should in teach, if not of equal importance, is clude domestic, religious and indus a very close second. The subject trial life; cultural phases, geographi matter must be within the grasp of cal, racial, economic, and ethical fac the average student and as previously tors as well as the political element. hinted must be full of action and va It is a safe conclusion, however, to riety. The discussion of cause and say that the more a child knows of effect can produce but little result in the government of his country the the grammar grades, they must be more likely he is to become an effi memorized as important facts. In cient citizen. terest then, from this discussion, de It is only the restatement of the pends upon the dynamic element in established fact to say that because the work; energy and will power will so many of our school children leave be the natural result. school after the completion of the While the study period may indi eighth grade, they should have some cate the child's interest, it seems that sociological training; both the seventh this is best shown in the recitation, and eighth grades should train for cit the object of which is to test the pu izenship, social relations should be pils grasp of his assignment, to help constantly borne in mind ; concrete ex over difficult places, and to prepare amples can be had almost daily in for things to come. The topical reci the grade room, and this too in con tation is usually followed, this may nection with the discipline. Sociology be varied with the outline form to taught here in an abstract manner a great advantage. It seems that the would of course meet the same lack mixture of the two, the "topical-out of interest as all other abstractions line" form gives a very desirable re at this age. History shows the move sult both in class work and daily note ment of society, it is dynamic and book requirements. The especially this very element will create the in valuable feature of this latter system terest, if properly considered, so often comes in the review work, either as found absent during history recita a summary or in preparation for a tions. The duty of the student in so test or examination. The written re ciety can be exercised by his class citation affords excellent opportunity room relations. Class organizations to discover the student who knows will, if carefully supervised show the his subject but cannot give it orally pupil his duty in attending all meet to any advantage, while on the other ings, voting intelligently on all ques hand if the questions asked admit of tions, and in the careful selection of definite answers only, the talkative, officials. showy student indicates his real 218 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD worth. Above all things the teacher burg Landing and Shiloh, the easy should strive to conduct his recita capture of Corinth, a railroad center tion without notes or books, this gives with roads leading to Memphis and him the distinct advantage of being points South and East, thence down able to observe the members of the the Mississippi, the capture of Vicks- class and see if attention is being burg and the result of the campaign given to all points and if the class un when Grant marched to the relief of derstands in all cases. Chattanooga; this if mapped and im Still another method of securing in personated by students appointed as terest in the work is informal drama generals with their soldiers can be tization. The impersonation of his easily followed and made something torical characters appeals to all nor more than memory work. The sim mal children. Historical situations pler campaigns should be followed out may be most vividly illustrated by the more complex should be omitted, a well directed dramatization. To and separate battles should not be illustrate divide the class in two divi considered as such, but taken up as sions, one section having a large ma the result of hopes and aims ol tne jority (e. g. three to one) over the contending forces. While many ob other, the larger section to represent ject to any detailed study of war and the English parliament, of the period declare such a study as useless and leading to the war for Independence, others maintain that it instills pa and the ruling class in England at triotism and a sense of loyalty, it is that time. The minority section at- probably well to give it some consid temps to secure concessions from the eration. As to the merits of the case majority which are refused with a however, this article is not concerned. vengeance, care must be exercised to In any of the foregoing suggestions keep the feelings from becoming too the teacher must have a definite aim, strong. By this method the reason for a thing of great value, and therefore the colonists not wanting representa difficult to obtain. One may have a tion in the English parliament is made moral aim in teaching the life of concrete. Virtual representation is Washington or Lincoln, a political shown to be no representation and the aim in considering the acts of Adams efforts of colonial agents coming to and Jefferson, a military or coopera naught are aptly illustrated. A little tive aim in teaching Burgoyne's cam ingenuity will make this applicable to paign. The teaching of the relations the slavery issue, the State rights between Capital and Labor may have theory, and the present day labor an economical or sociological aim and troubles. a lesson on the local governments of The plan just presented can be used the colonies can stress the efficiency to some extent in the study of actual of citizenship. In any case the teach warfare, although it seems that men er must have thorough command of should be studied more here from the his subject matter, and its relation to biographical side. A campaign, the the motive for teaching it must be objects of both the offensive and clear. The lesson may be presented defensive can be made concrete. Why either by a brief review or resume of Corinth, in the Civil war, was im points by the teacher, leading up to portant to the confederates and why the new assignment and then assign it should be captured by the Federals ing topics for the pupils to recite upon, is not only easily shown but made or by skillful questions he may draw concrete and a lasting impression much from his class that seemed ab fixed. Corinth should of course be sent. To recite topically or by out studied in the campaign of the west. line, however, seems to give the pupil Experience tends to show that the more self respect and confidence in movement of Federal troops from Fort himself and a teacher may easily spoil Henry to Donelson, thence back to a good recitation by becoming impa the Tennessee River, thence to Pitts tient and offering suggestions and ask- LITERARY 219 ing too many questions. Assignments The successful teaching of history should be given very definitely, this then, as in all other cases depends is as important as any previous sug upon the grasp of subject matter gestion. One interesting assignment which the instructor has, upon the is sure to bring definite results. Hence logicalness of his procedure, and upon it is seen that much depends upon the his own interest in the subject itself. instructor. ARTHUR C. CROSS 'n. LITERARY

Greedy for Gold NDIA is a glutton in swallow Part of this wealth is in such things ing up the yellow metal, and as the two gold cannon at Baroda, and she hoards it like a miser. A images of solid or thickly plated gold, steady stream of gold has been blazing with jewels, and found in flowing into that country for centuries temples. The greater part, however, and it never returns, but seems to be is buried in the earth, much to be for swallowed up by the native earth. gotten for ever. The tourist, who parts with a five The reason for this gold problem dollar gold piece or English sovereign, in India is simple. Before England may be sure that it will never more got control of the country, it was be seen in the country of its minting swept by numerous conflicts and in What becomes of this treasure, and vasions, and the natives' surplus to what use is this gold put, since amount was always invested in the India has not minted a gold coinage easiest forms of negotiable security— of her own for many generations? gold and jewels. The conqueror was This puzzle becomes curious when it sole possessor of the conquered Hin is remembered that the natives never dus' possessions and left nothing for deposit their savings in banks, and him excepting what he chose. The will not invest in productive enter Hindu early learned not to display prises, such as railroads, irrigation any of his riches, for the tax collector work, or factories. and plundering soldier were always It has been estimated that the "vis at the door, so poverty was the best ible hoarded wealth of India in tem shield of defense. Thus, the Hindu ples, treasure chests of princes, and must have his savings so that they in jewelry of the natives, amounts to can be easily hidden or transported. $1,800,000,000," an amount that would Gold serves the purpose. That is look respectable in our day, and why the treasure that flows into In that would make the old time buc dia from all nations, never returns. caneers set sail in a hurry. A. THORSBERG, '15. Hamlet on the Stage F all the characters which interest as Hamlet. His is one of Shakespeare has introduced those few characters which cannot be into the world of literature, revealed by a second reading. After doubtless there is none that considering the character of Hamlet, has been studied with as great we can easily see that it might be the 220 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD aim of every really great actor to at bat with Hamlet. At the climax of tempt to play the part of Hamlet. In the play scene: taking the part of this great central "While some must watch, while some figure of a story which involves mys must sleep, tery and preternatural environment, So runs the world away." many actors have placed themselves Garrick vigorously waved a white among the few great actors while handkerchief in the air. This was so many more have murdered the part of acted until the time of Macready who Hamlet. In our discussion of the was severely criticized. actors who have played the part of There were many actors in England Shakespeare we can only give brief during the later part of the eighteenth mention of those of least importance century and first part of the nine and pass on to our two great Ham teenth, who played Hamlet with fair lets, Booth and Irving. ability. Among those were Kean, Our first Hamlet was doubtless. who was considered successful in the Burbage, who played in the Globe character, although one critic wrote Theater at the time of Shakespeare. that Kean's kissing of Ophelia's hand Of the interpretation he gave to Ham in act three was one of the most effec let's character, we have no record; if tive acts of anyone playing Hamlet. we had, many of the present discus Macready who later appeared on the sions concerning Hamlet would then American stage was a very careful be cleared away and we would know, student while the elder Booth was since Burbage acted under Shakes very winning in sensibility but lacked peare's direction, how he really char princely grace. acterized this character. America did not have to wait long When Thomas Betterton appeared for a Hamlet. New York and Bos on the English stage at the age of sev ton early became the centers of theat enty as Hamlet, we could easily con rical life and Hamlets soon appeared. clude that he would fail in many Forrest was one of the earliest Ham points. First of all, his costume was lets in America. Forrest might inappropriate, being almost ecclesias well have chosen the part of Hercules tical. He wore a white neck cloth, and succeeded, but he never could cocked hat, shoulder knots, and full succeed as Hamlet and he fully real wig. When Betterton met the ghost, ized it. He was too burly and robust. he seemed to awe the ghost instead of A subtle mind never could rest in the ghost awing him. He also play such a body. We cannot say that ed Hamlet as though he were on the Forrest played badly, because he was borderland of reason and madness. too great to be criticized; his power Garrick who was the next actor of was great in its proper sphere. He importance who appeared on the Eng bore menace rather than melancholy lish stage presented Hamlet as a sane in his face. He spoke the words, man who assumed insanity. He wore "A little more of kin and less than the court dress of the time of George kind," . in a firm reverberant tone III. while his hair was dishevelled which only needed profanity to make when he feigned madness. The key it superlatively Forrestian. Three note of Garrick's personation seemed students of Forrest, Eddy, Studley, to be filial love. The word "Father" and McCullough later appeared as a when spoken to the ghost was deeply Hamlet but none was more success expressed and his reverence was ful than Forrest except McCullough shown by his sinking on his knees in whose body was better adapted for the presence of the ghost. Garrick that of a Hamlet. omitted the advice to the players and Soon after Forrest and his students the grave diggers scene. He had appeared Davenport, who gave pleas Ophelia's death cause the queen's in ure to the audience who wished for sanity and the king killed in the com form. But Davenport lacked the soul LITERARY 221

stirring qualities which are essential viously been customary after Hamlet for a Hamlet. He well acted the part had met with the ghost, for him to of a sorrowing son who was qualified drop his sword on the stage, but to revenge his father's death. The Booth held his sword in front of him same night that Davenport was play self, acting as if for a protection ing in New York, Barry Sullivan against the ghost. This idea seemed made his first appearance as Hamlet. to have, been original with him. The He was an intellectual, not a poetic pictures in the closet scene did not Hamlet. When he followed the cus seem as important a matter with tom set by Garrick and twirled the Booth as with many rm.ior actors. handkerchief during the ghost scene. When Booth played Hamlet, insanity Forrest hissed at him. It has been was simply a cloud, the actor proved thought that Sullivan replied to this a pleasure to the eye and a delight by looking directly at the box in to the artistic sense. Booth's ideal which Forrest sat and sajd, "That of Hamlet was a noble man over great baby you see there, is not yet whelmed with a fatal grief, a man out of swaddling clouts." whose heart was too weak for the cir During the year 1857-1858, there cumstances of human life. Booth's seemed to have been an epidemic of art was applied to the highest pur Hamlets in New York. At the time pose and invested with dignity, power, the greatest was doubtless Edwin and truth. Booth, who can be said to take ♦fore Henry Irving, our second great most rank among the American Hamlet came before the public to Shakespearian actors. He was physi ward the later part of Booth's career cally perfect for the representation of and showed touches of Booth's style. Hamlet; his lithe figure was a dis Irving came on the stage amid appro tinct contrast to that of Forrest. He priate music, his burning eye veiled interpreted Hamlet for the American by melancholy, and his cloak trailing. people. The mind of this great actor, We see, in the first scene, Hamlet naturally dwelt on dreadful events, grow from the calm man who says therefore he could easily throw him "Saw? Who?" to the passionate self into the state of mind necessary prince exclaiming, "I'll watch tonight, to act Hamlet. All obscurity and perchance 'twill walk again." The errors made concerning Hamlet were midnight was characterized by con cleared away by this one loving dis trolled excitement, but after betraying ciple. He made many eliminations, love, sympathy, and awe for the ghost, Booth's fine nature naturally elimina he became delirious. The soliloquy ting all offensive parts. was merely thinking aloud rather than Booth's Hamlet showed a certain declamatory. Irving's Hamlet was tenderness for Ophelia, also showed never rude to Polonius, but during the the loneliness derived from being great. play scene, he watched all very closely, At the time of the play, Hamlet did especially Claudius. Here he was not love Ophelia but was tender to also delirious but had recovered com her because he had once loved her. posure in the closet scene. The At the grave Marcellus told Hamlet pathos and tenderness of this scene who was dead because if Horatio had has never been excelled. Pie used no known, he would have told Hamlet pictures. Uncontrollable emotions before the mourners appeared. Filial were shown in the grave yard scene. love was also a strong point of Ham Irving was a thorough student of hu let's ; but not like many minor actors, man nature, conscientious in his art, he did not make it a central feature. and combined assured madness and His word "Father" in the ghost scene involuntary derangement. Tennyson was spoken with that same tenderness said Irving was not a perfect Hamlet, that Kemble spoke it. It had pre Spedding said that Irving was hid- 222 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD eous, but Ellen Terry wondered where Tichter, the Frenchman, and Salvini perfection could be found if not in Ir- and Rossi, the Italians. ving's Hamlet. Include among the foreigners who Since the time of Irving, we have have acted the part of Hamlet, we had many actors playing Hamlet, only might suggest Sarah Bernhardt, who a few of whom we will consider. Wil would be considered as the one most son Barrett as young Hamlet pre important of the female characters sented many peculiar ideas concern playing Hamlet. Why women have ing the character. Barrett interpreted so many times tried to play Hamlet is Hamlet as a young man of eighteen almost unaccountable; perhaps it is or twenty years. He gave a common- because of the wrong impression that placeness to Hamlet's character, which Hamlet is effeminate. This has been never could be. He addressed the proven to the contrary, because of the soliloquy. "To be or not to be," to the ill success all women have had in play air where one never looks when in ing the part of Hamlet. There seemsto thought. During the scene with Op be an unpleasant mannishness or an helia, he made separate discoveries of experimental insignificant air about both Polonius and Claudius. He the women characters. showed intense anger toward the king Sarah Bernhardt used a prose trans thus removing all the agony of the lation which, first of all removed the scene. Barrett felt while still very poetical atmosphere from the play. young that he knew all there was pos She dressed to represent a young boy sible for him to know concerning of eighteen or twenty, but proved to Hamlet. One critic who saw Barrett look like nothing but a thin elderly play said, "I found neither tenderness, woman somewhat disguised. Our inspiration, or imagination in the char critic said that Sarah Bernhardt's first acter." performance commended itself to per Southern and Forbes-Robertson, sons studying freaks. In fact, the two of the actors of the present day first performance lasted six hours, have also tried the part of Hamlet, many of the people returning home Southern lacked tragic power, neither thinking it would take a shorter time did he show weirdness or intimation to read the play. During the ghost's of being haunted during the ghost story, Bernhardt sat with crossed legs scene. Nevertheless Southern was in and chair tipped back, while Booth telligent, conscientious, and sincere. stood tense to the finger tips. When Forbes-Robertson was an actor of fine Polonius came to announce the actors, achievements and experience although Bernhardt chased a buzzing fly he lacked that spirit essential to an around the room. Bernhardt's meet actor who really played Hamlet suc ing with Horatio, Bernardo, and Mar- cessful. The text was correctly spok cellus was in a fellow-well-met man en and the colloquy with Ophelia ner. Bernhardt's flinging of her cap showed all the agony in Hamlet's at sight of the ghost was slightly character, Robertson could not believe light hearted. She also turned her that a man could be beyond the love back to the ghost. She exhibited of woman. Although the part was utter hatred of Polonius and treated uninspired it was far better than the the skull in the grave digger's scene character taken by foreign actors. as lightly as though it were a lap dog. No foreign character has ever been In truth Bernhardt acted like a pre really successful as a Hamlet. Shakes cocious young man who fancied him peare really does not exist for the self an actor. Little can be said in foreigner, since the spirit of the Eng praise of Bernhardt's Hamlet although lish language is lost in the translation. technical knowledge and executive Continental Hamlets are realists. efficiency were applied. The general Those foreigners who have won men ization can be applied to Bernhardt, tion are Baudmann, the German, "Hamlet is said to be one of the most LITERARY 223 difficult parts to play, yet a total fail McClures, 30:367-78—Irving and ure is a rare occurrence." Terry in Hamlet. "Of the many who have played McClure's 30:131-48—Recollections Hamlet, few have played the part as of Henry Irving. an epitome of mankind; not an indi No. Amer, 195 ^92-403—Shakes vidual, a sort of magic mirror in which peare as an Actor. all men and women see the reflex of No. Amer, 171 :9o8-i9—Bernhardt's themselves." Plamlet. Bibliography. Harper's, 79:866—Actors of the Winter—Shakespeare on the stage. Century in Character of Shakespeare. Life of Edwin Booth. CARRIE W. MINAR, '14.

Miscellaneous Contributions

IMPRESSIONS OF AN EX- ways. The most decided one is this: SCHOOL TEACHER. The teacher is placed in an educa Perhaps one who was in the service tional atmosphere, necessarily, which so short a time does not deserve the is bound to be cultural and broaden above title, but anyway, I earned it ing and which continually points to and am proud of it. People begin to the higher things of life, while the listen to you when they learn you girls in the business world are quite have taught school, so the "Ex" is my often obliged to work with those who weapon. regard correct speaking as unneces Last summer on my trip to the sary, who sometimes think it neces coast, I became acquainted with two sary to resort to profane language as young ladies who I decided were a means to an end in a business deal, business girls. Yes, I could see one and whose chief ambition seems to be just as plainly as could be behind the to increase their fortunes. little iron railing above which was There are those, however, in the written "Ladies Window," and my school-room whose ideals are as pec mental picture of the other one was' uniary as the business man's. As I similar. There was no doubt in my look back to my teachers; as I listen mind as to their occupation. When to teachers conversing; as I visit a we had reached our journey's end it school-room now and then, I feel that was revealed by a "slip of the tongue" if I were asked to classify teachers I that my new friends were teach would do so on this basis: (1) Those ers. "But," they told me in a whis who live to teach, and (2) Those who per, "We don't want anyone to know teach to live. Those in the first group it." And here was I, an ex-teacher, are giving themselves and influencing who should know the mysteries of the for better the lives of many children. cult so well, mistaken, while those An ample living, as a result, is pro outside the profession can say with vided for them, for they know what the utmost confidence and as if they life is. Dollars never could repay were displaying a remarkable brill-' them. In the second group are those iancy: "Oh, I could tell you were a "who wish to keep their hands white," teacher." This remark is wholly un who are so engaged in what they will founded, I think, for I have observed buy this month, or complaining of lately that the people who say this too small salaries that they forget have usually been informed either by that their work in the school-room is yourself or others as to the facts in not alone to give children concrete the case. facts, but to prepare them for life. Speaking of women in business. I It is the teachers of the first class wish to say that girls in school work that we so often hear extolled in pub have advantages over them in many lic meetings by worthy men and 224 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD women, but of all the tributes, Mary penter's tools from the eighth grade Antin, the Russian Jewess, gives us down into the lower grades as far as the most glowing one in her book, possible. Manual Training High "The Promised Land." Perhaps a Schools are worthy institutions and few words taken from this interesting supply a popular demand in our edu autobiography will tempt you to read cational system, but we should not it, for every teacher in our public allow our desires and admiration for schools should : "The true teachers are this more pretentious phase of Manual of another strain. Apostles of an, Training Work to dull our anxieties ideal, they go to their work in the for the welfare of the thousands who spirit of love and enquiry, seeking not never enter the high school. comfort, not position, not old age pen We have therefor, a series of con sions, but Truth that is the soul of secutive problems arranged with the wisdom, the joy of big-eyed children, idea of proceeding, step by step, from the food of hungry youth." the simple to the more complex, cov NINA WINN. ering a period of four years and as far as the actual manual activities of the shop are concerned, not divided MANUAL TRAINING OUTLINE definitely into grades. Of course each FROM TRAINING SCHOOL ^rade comes to the shop as one group COURSE OF STUDY. but the work taken up by the individ The name "Manual Training" has ual is not in the least governed by come to stand for such a variety his grade. He progresses from one of things that it seems now that the problgm to the next in accordance name "Constructive Hand Work" is with his improved skill and ability. more appropriate when speaking of For convenience we have a specific the manual activity of our Training name applying to the general work of School Shop. each group, and a number of problems Our shop work is based upon the listed which experience has shown can belief that the short period of time be completed by the majority of boys spent in the shop each week should in the time allowed them. give something to each individual other than mere relaxation from reg DESCRIPTION OF THE COURSE. ular room routine—the course of i. The fifth grade work is known study should allow the boy to pro as "Beginning Benchwork." This in gress as his skill and ingenuity de cludes only enough elementary work velop and each problem in this course ing drawing to give the boy ability of study aims to possess all three of to read simple blue-prints or black the following characteristics: a.—an board sketches, and takes up the use appeal to the boy's keenest interest, of carpenter's tools in soft wood only, b.—a utility value when finished, c.—• doing as much real construction on it should be that type of problem interesting and useful projects as pos through which the proper care and use sible. of tools can be taught. II. Sixth grade work is known as We believe in this method of de "Benchwork" and is a continuation of velopment for the growing boy and we the first year's work on more compli also believe this system of develop cated problems. ment is valuable to all classes regard III. Seventh grade work is known less of their position in social or busi as "Advanced Benchwork." Hard ness life, and therefor it should reach wood is used in this grade at the dis as many boys as possible. Owing to cretion of the instructor. the great number that drop out of IV._ The eighth grade work is school between the fourth grade and known as "Beginning Cabinet Mak the high school we believe in extend ing." The first few lessons are de ing this period of work with real car voted largely to drawing, involving MISCELLANEOUS CONTRIBUTIONS 225 the correct application of the funda change his problems, the better to de mental principles of draftsmanship and monstrate his point. It must be re the working out in detail of the plans membered that only by intelligent re for some piece of furniture to be con petition can the boy gain skill, or ac structed later. The woodwork is quire training, therefore these ele mostly in hard wood, leading up as mentary tool processes are constantly fast as possible to the construction of recurring in the new problems. substantial and practical furniture. The above "Shopwork Chart" One full half day each week should shows but one problem for each step. be given to this work. It is only the type of problem that _We think the boy's first introduc we take into consideration however, tion to some of the elementary tool not holding too closely, we hope, to processes ought to precede certain any individual project. It often is a other tool processes, exactly as a cer distinct advantage if two or three tain phase of mathematics ought to equally good problems can be offered precede other phases of the subject. for each step, and the boy is allowed But we often change the problems in to make the one he wishes. volving these tool processes even as The following chart will help to the teacher of mathematics may visualize this four year period. M. J. SHERWOOD.

SHOPWORK CHART

Period 0/

TECHNICAL DEVELOPriENT (Bor)

Grades 1ft,-? (Boys * Gn/i)

v

t.oN-n CHNICAL P -Mian 226 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD WESTERN STATE NORMAL SCHOOL, KALAMAZOO, MI CH. ERNEST BURNHAM Editor-in-Chief Change of Address. Notification of change SUE C. APP Associate Editor of address should contain both old and KATHERINE NEWTON Alumni Editor new addresses. Until such notification NELLIE M'CONNELL.-.Training School Ed, is given the publishers will not be re- CLIFFORD C. CARR Exchange Editor sponsible for failure to receive the WILLIAM M'CRACKEN....Managing Editor magazine. ARTHUR C. BOWEN Subscription Manager ======^=====^=^=== Communications—All communications in- Subscription Price—Fifty cents per year, Oc- tended for publication should be ad- tober to July, inclusive. dressed to the editor. Correspondence Advertising Rates will be made known upon relative to advertising, subscriptions, ,. x. etc., should be sent to the manager, application.

Wood's The first of this month also covers and headings for the Geography there appeared from the "Normal Record"—cover and illus of Michigan. Horton-Beimer Press in trations, for "Brown and Gold"—be this city a Physical, In sides the numerous posters used con dustrial and Sectional Geography of stantly to announce school affairs. Michigan by L. H. Wood, head of the The work has extended to demands department of geography in this school. outside of the school and for several The paper, printing and binding of the years the art students have supplied book are first-class. The maps and the school paper, "Moderator Topics" cuts, both of which are very numer with a monthly calendar for use in ous are well executed in every re black board drawing. The Kalama spect, and the volume of nearly 300 zoo newspapers have had several pages, including references and a good headings made by the art students. index, is an exemplification of thor The most ambitious effort to unite the oughgoing scholarship. It wi1l sell for work of the classes with the interests one dollar, postpaid. The Record con in commercial art in the city is in gratulates Professor Wood upon his progress at the present writing. The splendid service to teachers of geog Commercial Club is interested in a raphy, and to the citizenship of Mich propoganda movement to improve igan. conditions generally in business and social life—and has planned a course Applied The Art Department has of lectures on practical themes by Art always welcomed problems practical speakers. The work will be of practical applied art—as augumented by telling cartoons to be evidenced by the school catalog published in the daily papers. Car covers, which have been designed by toon wbrk is considered one of students during the past eight years; the most difficult fields along the EDITORIAL 227

high way of art but our students have a program of at least twelve num entered enthusiastically on this con bers which would make them too long test with many very worthy produc if each person taking part were given tions, which will appear shortly in all the time he needed to put the press of the city. forth his best effort. Then again when the membership is so large, the Woman's "In Union is Strength." individual members do not feel their League. This adage old and true responsibility toward the society un has a significant meaning less they are acting officers where as, for the girls of Western State Nor in a limited organization absences, un mal and has given itself definite ex willingness to participate, negligence pression in the formation of an or in paying dues are all noticeable and ganization to which they have given easily attended to. Third, colleges the name of Woman's League. Co and other institutions in Michigan of operation and social service are em two hundred students support four phasized elements in modern living and five literary organizations. Why and the girls of our school intend cannot we, a training school for teach making themselves as helpful and ers with an enrollment of more than comfortable as possible, through six hundred, support at least four the medium of a union to which such societies It rests entirely with all girls and women in any way the student body. If you want it. connected with the school are eli make known your desire and help gible. This is a decided step in the make it successful. The following progress of our institution for editorial offers an example of expan at least three vital reasons: First, sion along the lines we urged. it promotes good fellowship and friendly intercourse; second, it pro Debating Along- with the general vides for an otherwise serious Club growth and advancement gap in the machinery of our institu of the Western State Nor tion—that of dean of women ; third, mal, it has been considered well to it _rs expressive of the democratic further promote the interest in liter spirit which pervades our school and ary efficiency. With this end in view, country today. Surely the field is sixteen men of the Normal met on broad and the harvest is ripe. Let December 10, 1913, and organized us hope the workers are plentiful. what later came to be called The Hickey Debating Club. At the first Literary _ The aim of all liter- meeting in President Waldo's office. Organizations ary societies should H. H. Fuller was elected president, be the promotion of A. C. Bowen, C. F. Wickizer and individual powers and abilities. The T. P. Hickey, constituting the com best means of promoting these hidden mittee to make general arrangements talents is through individual expres for the programs. The second meet sion before the group and until the ing proved that it was the intention individual has expressed himself the of the members to insure the perman- ideas are not truly his. Our literary ance of the organization, as the time societies each have a membership of scheduled in the program was con from one hundred to two hundred. sumed in considering the report of Each society has eighteen meetings a the constitutional committee. The year, three of which are business same spirit of thoroughness and in meetings when little or no program is terest has been manifested in each of given, and one of which is the annual the subsequent meetings. social function. This leaves at the The principal object of the club is very most fourteen programs to pro to promote a greater interest in cur vide for and if all members were to rent education and political questions, take part, would necessitate each time and to promote the individual mem- 228 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD ber's ability to discuss these problems these needs have been met in our 25 comprehensively and extemporaneous volumes of the Loeb Classical Lib ly. The spirit of the club, it is hoped rary books which have the original will be an unbiased attitude toward text on the left-hand page and on the the merits of constructive argument right-hand page, a translation which as presented by each speaker. It is the editors have tried to have fairly much more earnestly hoped that a close to the original, and with a value keen argumentative spirit will domin as English literature besides. ate the club as a whole, that each The low price of $1.50 a volume for member may become able to see all this collection is made possible by the sides of a question, and with equal generosity of Mr. James Loeb, a re ability, be able to defend logically his tired banker of New York who has position not only in the- Debating given the money for the undertaking Club, but also in the class recitations, in order, as he says, "to revive inter in social gatherings or wherever there est in classical literature in an age are questions to be settled. when the Humanites are being neg lected more perhaps than at any time The Since January i, 1914* since the Middle Ages, and when Library there have been 512 vol men's minds are turning more than umes added to the Library ever before to the practical and the —the 29 volumes of the Encyclo material." paedia Britannica insist upon atten The departments of Psychology and tion first, because of our need of Pedagogy never suffer in a Normal them, as well as because of their size School Library, and Science is not and value. Murray's New English neglected—into those pastures stu Dictionary, completed as far as the dents do not need to be led. since they letter Q comes next in importance, a are wiselv driven. work so wonderful in its scholarship that English-Speaking people car Class Recent contributions to honestly say that their language is Year Book the Record expressed the now as completely recorded as the 1914. belief that the class of French language has been for many 1914 will prove to be the years. strongest and best ever turned out by For the first time in its history, the Western Normal. This, if true, the Library has been able to indulge is a very fitting accompaniment to her in current books in other lines than coming decennial celebration sche Education, Science, etc..—38 volumes duled for the close of the present of Drama, English and translations year's work. And whether true or from the French and German, and 84 not will depend entirely upon the volumes of fiction, give plenty of class itself in about three essentials, material for the classes in Nineteenth which are: first, how its individual Century Prose, Lyric Poetrv arid members acquit themselves during Drama and give us all a pleasant their senior year; second, how the freedom of choice for a leisure hour's class individually and severally shall reading. realize, in actual practise, the ideals Geography has fared well, and 50 and ambitions conceived during the volumes of French history go far to period of preparation for their pro ward satisfying the ever-eager class fession, and third, how the class, as in that subject. an organized unit, shall conduct its We have needed for a long time, business and discharge its obligations. good translations of certain of the Though either of the first two of Greek and Latin classics, and some these phases is a sufficient basis for faithful lovers of the Classics in their a whole treatise in itself, the special own languages have wanted to see a business of this discussion is to con few of them on our shelves. Both of sider the third only. TRAINING SCHOOL 229 Undoubtedly the largest business of assistants, good, bad or worse, as venture undertaken by the class is the you will presently notice by one of publication of its year book called their signatures, each assistant hav after the school colors, the Brown and ing a special duty to perform, after Gold; and the individuality and res all this delegation of authority (and ponsibility of the work are none too labor) the fact remains that this edi strongly expressed by the possessive torial staff is but the mouth-piece, so pronoun used, for, tho former classes to speak, of the constituency of the have published a year book and fu class and the success of their efforts ture classes will quite likely continue will be great or small, just to the ex to do the same, one fact will remain tent to which that constituency stays viz: the 1914 Brown and Gold will behind the enterprise and the editorial be like none of them simply because staff and boosts more than it grunts. it is the product of a class different It is planned to have the book out from all others. In other words, the early (May) and the only possible structure will reflect the individuality way to meet the expense of its publi of its architects. The same can be cation is to sell out the copies. So truthfully said concerning the finan get busy seniors! Keep your ear to cial side of the enterprise. To make the ground for opportunities to help the matter very plain: The organized the staff. This is our year, our pro class has elected an editor-chief whose ject, our Brown and Gold and our special business it is to supervise the chance to make good. Let us not work of publication and this official have the word deficit written after is assisted by an appointed cabinet that '14. H. H. FULLER, '14 (Adv. Mgr.)

THIRD GRADE NOTES. clerk nor purchaser unless he had A Valentine store recently furnish the fact. One child was unable to buy a single valentine on February ed some valuable experiences and drill in the teaching of four number eleventh, on February twelfth, she could buy every one. facts. Pupils brought second-hand While part of the pupils were at valentines or added to the stock with home-made ones. The arrangement the store others were doing accounts at the black-board. Real money, toy of the store was both artistic and or derly. money and home-made money were used. Only pieces up to and includ In order that there may be no ing a quarter of a dollar were current, waste in "playing store" the teacher As a lesson in motivation with rapid must know and the children must and favorable results this lesson is know the facts to be mastered. Each submitted. valentine was marked either six, seven The daffodils and tulips, planted eight or nine cents. Then the marked last fall are now in blootri. Each price leaped to four times its first child had a pot for a valentine for his value. You can readily see how or her mother. The remaining ones strong the motive became for skill in have been sent as gifts to other grades handling these fours. No one could be or supervisors in the school. 230 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD

FOURTH GRADE NEWS. In connection with a study of the Section II of the fourth grade en Philippine Islands in geography the tertained sections I and III with the fourth grade of the training original dramatization of the fables, school have modeled on the sand "The Boys and Frogs" and "The Boy table Luzon, Mindanao, Palawan and Who Stole Apples." A leader was other main islands of this group. As appointed and he with the other mem a preparatory step before beginning the bers of the group planned the entire modeling of the islands, the children dramatization. traced outline maps on the board. In Some sand table work has been doing this each child used a sheet of done on the Philippine Islands, show paper, size sixteen by eighteen inches, ing Islands, principal rivers and gen upon which an outline of the islands eral surface features. Also a poster had previously been perforated. This

PHILIPPINE ISLANDS ON SAND TABLE of the products of the islands is being sheet was placed against the board; made showing tobacco, coffee, rice, the erasers dusted over it, and the sugar cane, pineapples, rattan, cot sheet of paper removed leaving a ton and bamboo. Kathleen Flye, faint outline map where the chalk had whose home is in South America is dusted through the perforations of the getting specimens to help in making paper. Since it is sometimes diffi the poster. cult to find outline maps of the size In our colonial history we have sixteen by eighteen inches a small studied about the different things relief map may be enlarged. To keep that the people had to make for them proportions is not so difficu1t as may selves. We have made bowls as they at first appear and since it is desir made them. It took more than a week able that the children work with large to complete them. The clay was kept movements and use simple lines it moist by wrapping the bowl in a is rather a matter of congratulation damp cloth, then with a piece of oil if the map when drawn a second time, cloth. This kept them in splendid fails to show some of the irregular condition for working. TRAINING SCHOOL 231

curves of the coastline. Perhaps, it World's Work, September, 1906. is of greater importance that the chil Manila. dren remember the general massing Herbertson's Descriptive Geo of the land. graphy. As soon as the maps had been traced Carpenter's Geographical Reader. the islands were modeled on the National Geographical Magazine, sandtable. Flour was dusted over May, 1905. the mountain peaks to represent National Geographical Magazine, snow; bits of glass with blue paper March, 1904. beneath them were used to show the National Geographical Magazine, lakes; short lengths of thread placed September, 1912. in pencil tracings made the rivers; National Geographical Magazine, small marbles or stones for cities, and November, 1913. a row of white beans for the railroad. The Philippine-Oriental Series, Vol. WINNIFRED KEAN. XV, by Mrs. Campbell Dauncey; Taft and Roosevelt. REFERENCES ON PHILIPPINE Philippine People, January,1914. ISLANDS .

National Geographical Magazine SEVENTH GRADE. April, 1905. National Geographical Magazine, This term the boys and girls of the August, 1905. seventh grade are having a class in ' Scribner's, Vol. XXXVII; Atlantic, photography with Mr. Fox. The two Vol. LXXXIX. Worth of Islands. groups have taken various pictures of National Geographical Magazine, which they are very proud. Several 1904; Smith Report, 1899. People. of the children have kedaks of their National Geographical Magazine, own and are putting into practice September, 1912. Luzon Natives. what they have learned in school from National Geographical Magazine, the loading of the plates to the print June, 1898. Primative Tribes. ing of the pictures. National Geographical Magazine, January, 1905. Education. World today, February, 1905. Phil AN AFTERNOON VISIT. ippine Life. I had just found out that my little National Geographical Magazine, cousin, whom I had not seen since July 1904. Government. her return from Europe, was staying World's Work, October, 1907. with her maid at her little cottage Transportation. Elm Lodge. National Geographical Magazine, So this pleasant afternoon found me November, 1903; National Geographi walking up a little Elm lined avenue cal Magazine, December, 1903; Na which led to the quaint cottage while tional Geographical Magazine, De the trees rustled softly over my head. cember, 1900. Minerals. As I lifted the big brass knocker, I English Magazine, 31 ; p 491-517. cast a swift glance around. In front Journal of Geography, December, of me was a typical English cottage, 1899, Climate. overgrown with ivy, and a dear little National Geographical Magazine, garden at one end, full of old fash February, 1904, Weather. ioned herbs, shrubs and plants. The National Geographical Magazine, house itself was low and made of January, 1901, Forests. stone, with little casement windows World Today, September, 1906, of leaded glass. Forests. I was ushered into a small room Pop. Sci. May, 1905; Pop. Sci. July, after presenting my card. Every 1905. Plants. thing was spotless and dustless. But 232 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD such a sight met my eyes. A box of LANTERN FOR TRAINING stationery was scattered about the SCHOOL. floor. A dainty little sewing basket Picture study In connection with was upside down. A stray thimble geography and history has just been and spool of thread lay under the made practical in the Training School table near by, a little kitten was play by the acquisition of a portable stere- ing with a big pink ribbon pulled from optican lantern. the basket. A poor little box of During the term, gratis, Prof. stamps lay under a French legged WTood has made lantern slides for the chair, which matched the desk, nor study of the Philippines, Phoenicia, was I surprised to find that looking Palestine, Rome and Italy. Within untidy too. the past week he has purchased the After waiting some time, I retreat lantern and fitted one small recitation ed to the kitchen. To my great sur room in each grade for lantern use prise, I found it looking as tidy as and a table for the lantern. Pictures ever a kitchen did. I stepped to the can be shown with practically the same results as are obtained in the geo door. A dish towel flapped in the gentle breeze. Beyond I spied a path graphy room. Teachers and students along which were scattered orange feel very grateful to Mr. Wood for peels. Following the path I turned this aid. an abrupt corner and came face to ASSEMBLY PROGRAMS. Jan. 20:—Victrola Record, Selected by School; Stories, Miss Forncrook; Chorus, school; Victrola Record, Sel ected by School. Jan. 29: In charge of First Grade— Winter Out of Doors, Alfred Chase; Winter Sports ; Poem—Snowflakes, Ruth Westnedge; Songs—Tracks in the Snow, Snow Man; Winter Birds —From Childrens Observations ; Story —The Snowbird, Henry Westerville; Song—Sing a Song of Winter; Win ter Indoors, Jack VanCleve.

STORE IN KINDERGARTEN On February the fifth, our pupils enjoyed an excellent collection of face with my Lady Jane in the gar Stereopticon slides. These were den reading "Heroes of Romance': loaned the Training School by the At and serenely eating an orange. chison, Topeka & Santa Fe Railroad company. ELIZABETH NICHOLSON. The pictures are beautifully and na turally colored. They describe a trip from Chicago, via the Drainage Canal Note: over the prairies to the mountain re (In our composition work we have gions. The views include a very in been putting together a set of sur teresting collection of Navajo, Ma- roundings in such a way as to make quin and Pueblo Indians, with several them reveal the character and appear fine views of the ancient cliff dwell ance of a person living in the midst ings. California missions, gardens, of them. In the above story we have and orchards and several superb Pa attempted to show the characteristics cific scenes complete the instructive of two people—the lady and the maid. trip. ART AND MUSIC 233

Feb. 12: Lincoln's Birthday Pro the Cold, Cold Ground; The Gettys gram ; Star Spangled Banner— burg Speech— Willard Bryant; His Chorus; Lincoln's Life, by himself— Mercy to Soldiers—Eliz. McQuigg; Mary Faught; His Mother—His Dixie. Drum—John Waldo. Kindness, Lincoln as a Lawyer, Pu Feb. 18; In charge of Physical pils of grades V and VI; Military Training Department; Dance—Ace of March—Piano, John Agar; Lincoln's Diamonds, 5th and 6th grade girls; Attitude towards Slavery—Eliz. Nich Athletic Exercise—5th and 6th grade olson and pupils of grades V and VI; boys; Dances — Oxdansen, Seven Lincoln as President (Blondin's story) Jumps, Snow Flurries, by Normal —Mary Cutting; Chorus—Massa's in students.

MUSIC NOTES. emy of Music. The Minneapolis Symphony Orchestra has been en The orchestra gave a recital for gaged, and the Festival chorus will ap the children of the Training School pear both evenings. The first evening and their friends, Monday, March 2 at will be a miscellaneous program given 4 p. m., in assembly room. by two of the orchestra soloists and the chorus. The second concert will be The music program for assembly, given entirely by the orchestra. Men Tuesday morning, March 3, consisted delssohn's "Hymn of Praise" will be of several selections by the chorus. given by chorus, soloists and orches Solos were given by Messrs. Hoekstra tra for second part of the last con and Bloem and by Mrs. Hostetter. cert. Part one will be given by the orchestra. Mrs. George H. Rhead will give a piano recital in assembly hall either Monday evening, February 2, Miss the last of March or first of April. Mabel E. Woodworth, of Chicago, She will be assisted by local talent. assisted by Mrs. Hostetter of the fa Mrs. Rhead played at the State culty, gave a recital in the chapel, Teachers' Association at Ann Arbor which was greatly enjoyed by a large last October. All who heard her were audience. Mrs. Edwin H. Hacking very enthusiastic over her work. and Mr. H. Glenn Henderson were accompanists. A Mendelssohn program was given Programme. Tuesday evening, March 3, in Assem Concerto in G minor Bruch bly Hall Adagio Allegro Aria: Jewel Song from Faust-Gounod The Sixth Annual May Festival Violin Solos: will be given May 12-13 in the Acad (a) Caprice Viennois Kreisler 234 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD

(b) Deep River Coleridge-Taylor So Sweet a Kiss de Koven (c) Polonaise : D major Wieniawski I Hid My Love D'Hardelot Songs: Mrs. H. C. Maybee. (a) Green Debussy Intermezzo, from "Cavalleria Rusti- (b) Ma Voisine Goring-Thomas cana" Mascagni (c) Venetian Song Bemberg (d) A Song of India Rimsky-Kor- Simple Aveu Thome sakow (From Legend of Sodko). Orchestra. Andante and Finale, from Men delssohn Concerto. NORMAL GLEE CLUB. The assembly program for Tuesday, Some things go by contraries. February 3, was in charge of the Nor Right here in the dead of winter mal School orchestra assisted by Mrs. the Normal Glee club is showing the Maybee, soprano soloist and H. Glenn most lively symptoms. At its regu Henderson, accompanist. The fol lar weekly meeting on Thursday, lowing program was given under the February 19, a complete organization direction of Prof. Maybee. was effected and plans were laid for Program. more intensive work in our field. So to Largo from "Xerxes" ». Handel be specific, we intend to cultivate Calm as the Night ..: Bohm some voices, hoe others, prune many Orchestra. and plant a few, all for the purpose Waltz _ Chopin of harrowing the feelings of unsus Mr. Henderson. pecting audiences. Voi Che Sapete, from "Marriage of The following officers were chosen Figaro" Mozart to guide the affairs of the club: Pres Ma Bien Aimee Boellmann ident, Ralph Bloem; Secretary, H. H. Printemps Nouveau Vidal Fuller; Treasurer, Tallmadge King; Mrs. H. C. Maybee. business manager, Prof. H. C. May Prize Song, from "Die Meistersinger" bee ; librarian, Arthur Maatman. Sev _ Wagner eral prospective trips and engage Orchestra. ments are on the slate and we have Rhapsodie Op. 79 Brahms large hopes that (M)aybee we shall Mr. Henderson. Bloom into Fuller enjoyment of abil My Mother Bids Me Bind My Hair ity to court the muse with our mews Haydn and thus amuse, at least ourselves.

/WLE H/g QWAWT

w. S. N. S., 29; ALBION COL the Teachers and Methodists. It was a close, fast game with the home team LEGE, 25. leading by a 16 to 15 score at the The Western Normal basket ball end of the first half. The Normals five defeated the Albion College got together better in the second per quintet on February 4, at Albion, in iod and played the locals off their feet the first game ever played between easily annexing the contest 29 to 25. ATHLETICS 235

Both teams displayed excellent The game was the best and closest team work at times despite the fact of the season and the outcome was that they were greatly handicapped always in doubt. Both teams dis by the scant floor space. played good team work and while the Line-up: Normals excelled in passing the visit Western Normal (29) : Wilbur, L. ors were the better in the art of F.; Sooy, R. F.; Hootman, Anderson, "covering up." C.; Smith, L. G.; Barker, R. G. Al Line-up: bion College (25) : Evans, L. F.; Mar- latt, R. F.; Field, C.; Benjamin, L. Western Normal: Wilbur, L. F.; G.; Allen, R. G. Sooy, R. F.; Hootman, C.; Koob, L. Summary: Field goals, Wilbur, 5; G.; Barker, R. G. Albion College: Sooy, 4; Hootman, 2; Marlatt, 3; McEwan, L. F.; Marlatt, Evans, R. Evans, Field, 2; Allen, 2. Goals F.; Field, C.; Meinke, L. G.; Allen, from foul, Wilbur, 7; Field, 9. Re R. G. feree, Dean, Jackson. Time of halves, ^ Summary: Field goals, Wilbur, 2; 20 minutes. Sooy, 4; Hootman, 2; McEwan, 2; Marlatt, 2; Allen. Goals from foul Field 11, Wilbur, 7. Points awarded HOPE COLLEGE, 35; W.S.N.S., 22. to Normal, 2. Referee, Read, U. of M. Time of halves, 20 minutes. Hope College trimmed the Teachers at Holland on February 6, to the tune of 35 to 22. The Hollanders led by BATTLE CREEK TRAINING only 2 points at the half way sta SCHOOL, 39; W. S. N. S., 29. tion and the visitors got within one point of the Flying Dutchmen late in On February 17, the Pedagogues the second period, but with six minutes lost to the speedy Battle Creek out to go the locals lived up to their past fit on the small sanitarium floor by reputation as basket ball tossers and a 39 to 29 score. The game was prac ran away with the game. With the tically even all the way until the last exception of the last few minutes of five minutes, when the home boys let play the teams looked evenly matched. loose several reckless shots which Lakken of Hope played a stellar part dropped through the basket and put and threw 7 field goals. the game "on ice" for them. Thessin Line-up: was mostly the cause for our defeat, Hope: Steininger, L. F.; Lakken. shooting 8 field goals and 9 free bas R. F.; Smalligen. C.; Veenker, L. G.; kets, thereby making a total of 25 VanderVelde, R. G. W. S. N S • points by himself. Wilbur, L. F.; Sooy, R. F.; PToot- man, C.; Smith, L. G.; Barker, R. G. Line-up: Summary: Field goals, Lakken, 7; W. S. N. S.: Wilbur, L. F.; Sooy, Smalligen, 3; Steininger, Veenker' 2' Hellberg, R. F.; Hootman, Hender VanderVelde, Wilbur, 4; Sooy' 4' son, C.; Koob, L. G.; Barker, R. G. Hootman. Goals from foul: Lakken Battle Creek Training School: Ken 6; Steininger, Wilbur, 4. nedy, McKay, L. F.; Zias, R. F.; Referee, Johnson, Purdue. Time of Thessin, C.; Gourley, L. G.; Johnson, halves, 20 minutes. R. G. Summary: Field goals, Thessin, 8; WESTERN NORMAL, 25; AL Sias, 4; Kennedy, 2; McKay, Wilbur, BION COLLEGE, 21. 3; Sooy, 3; Hootman, Anderson, Bar ker. Goals from foul: Thessin, 9; On February 12, the locals defeat Wilbur, n. Referee Husted, Battle ed Albion College for the second Creek "Y." Time of halves, 20 min time this season by a 25 to 21 score. utes. 236 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD CENTRAL NORMAL, 40; W. S. the visitors at the intermission by a 21 to 6 count. The boys had sev N. S., 25. eral chances but could not get the ball The Western Normal five lost to into the basket. However, they came Mount Pleasant on the latter's floor back strong in the second half playing on February 20, by a 40 to 25 score. the locals to a standstill. During this The upstaters got busy early and led period each team made 19 points.

NEWS ARTICLES

TETRAZZINI IN KALAMAZOO, ning for him a place among the great APRIL 28. artists. He will play one or two solo numbers and these are sure to be im Tetrazzini, world renowned for her portant features of the program. At voice and incidentally for a person a recent performance in Cincinnati he ality which has been a factor in was recalled three times, a remarkable drawing audiences of enormous size incident in a program with an artist wherever she has sung, will appear of Tetrazzini's rank. There will also in Kalamazoo under the auspices of be a flutist on the program and the the Western State Normal School, entire concert will be one no one in April 28th. President D. B. Waldo the vicinity of Kalamazoo can afford closed negotiations with her manager to miss. on a recent visit to Chicago and as Mail order! reservations can be the result the community is to enjoy made through the Normal office but the opportunity of the most import the other tickets will be on sale down ant musical event in its history with town at a place later to be announced. the possible exception of the appear ance of Adelina Patti more than WOMEN'S LEAGUE. twenty years ago. Through a special arrangement the At a girls' mass meeting held in Normal has been able to secure this October, a need was expressed for an attraction, Madame Tetrazzini filling organization in our school for young engagements only in cities of greater women. The most important needs size, usually. During this tour she for such a union were given as fol will be heard in Chicago, Indianapolis lows: 1. The majority of the young and Detroit but these cities will be women attending our school are not the nearest points to Kalamazoo. The living in their own homes, but are new armory has been secured for the boarding and rooming about the city. concert and with its capacity of 3000, Many of these rooming places may provides a splendid place for the fine be undesirable for various reasons, attraction. It will be necessary to namely: poorly heated rooms, insuffi fill every seat but this does not seem cient light, or a lack of necessary impossibble nor improbable when furniture and forbidden privileges the magnitude of the attraction which are vital to a young and ener is considered. People as far east getic girl. A confederation of girls as Jackson and as far west as could go about investigating the va Niles will undoubtedly avail them rious rooming houses and place upon selves of the great opportunity of them their approval or disapproval hearing one of the world's greatest as the case may be. A house unsuit artists in the zenith of her popularity able for a girl to rent as her tempor and artistic triumphs. ary home would be taken from the With Madame Tetrazzini as accom list or made to conform to the require panist will be Yves Nat, a French ments of comforts for the average pianist whose wonderful talent is win girl. THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD 237

SPRING STYLES

The drooping shoulder, the largest waist, the suspended hip, bustle effects and narrowness at the ankles are the most noteworthy features of the figure lines in the styles for the new season. Suit Coats are to be shorter, in many cases a mere bolero; flared effects will be prominent. Draped and peg top skirts will predominate. Sep arate coats will show many flared effects in 1-2 and 3-4 lengths. Collars will show many stand away innovations. Waist styles will have a tendency to simplicity, transparency and blouse effects. Outside finishes showing peplum, coattails and girdle ideas, collars being in modified Medici and other shapes.

OUR YOUNG MEN'S SHOP Situate on the main floor,7 just inside the Burdick street entrance, is intelligent ly stocked with Furnishings of Quality and Smartness. If you, Mr. Student, are still unacquainted with the extremely high values we constantly offer, why, pay us a visit, our men clerks will be pleased to show you, Gilmore Bros.

The Kalamazoo Laundry Co.

Our Goal Try our Swiss is to include every College man in our list of visitors because we know that the'many good HAND LAUNDRY points of WALK-OVER SHOES Department will appeal to them and make them regular customers. Visit our store and see; you'll stay to buy.

Up to date $3.50, $4.00, $4.50, $5.00 SHOE REPAIRING Dept.

Just added BELL SHOE CO.

219 North Rose St. Phone 146 124 E. Main Street, Kalamazoo 238 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD 2. Many girls seek remunerative occupations while pursuing their stu People Like This dies here and pay in part or in whole for the expenses incurred in attend Kind of a ''Shop 55 ing school. These young women very naturally desire those positions most Where congeniality reigns supreme with desirable because of proximity to the prices as low and most times below others. school, rooming place, or the number All stock new and fresh of hours required, or because of the The best in Musical Merchandise nature of the occupation itself. A league of interested girls could obtain Ask "Fischer"—the music man—he knows a list of desirable positions and through a more intimate knowledge of those seeking employment, fill them Victrola Piano with students they consider well fitted for the position and at the same time find employment satisfactory to the Grafonola Player Piano student. Although this matter is now capably handled in the office, it New Edison Disc Phonograph could be more personally and inti mately handled by a group of stu Instruments and Music dents. 3. For the girls who live in Kal amazoo from the beginning to the end of the terms and who have no friends Fischer's Music Shop in the city except just those whom they meet in classes and in and about 3rd floor front, Gilmore's C. L. Fischer, Prop. the halls, the week-ends are some times long and lonesome. An organ ization of girls and young women Our goods are gathered for a few hours of enjoy ment and social intercourse would greatly relieve these days of loneli Perfectly NORMAL ness and near home-sickness in a more beneficial and less expensive way than through any down-town places HIGHEST GRADE of amusement. Acting upon these three vital needs, those present appointed a committee of five girls to look into the matter and to set in motion the wheels which should make possible such an organi and have the FACULTY of giving us zation. As a result a union was form a LIFE CERTIFICATE to make the ed which adopted the name of "Wo very HIGHEST CLASS in Chocolates, men's League" and whose purpose in volves the careful ministering to the Bon Bons, Ice Cream and Ices, Hot social, business and home life of all Chocolate, Salted Nuts, etc. the girls enrolled in any course in our institution. The girls chosen to investigate the situations and start the ball rolling, so to speak, were: June Montieth, Beu- lah Haight, Mary Howe, Veronica Harvey Candy Co. Scally and Sue App. This commit tee with the aid of Miss Spindler and 114 So. Burdick St. THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD 239

HIGH SPEED

AUTOMATIC

PRINTING PRESS

HIS machine has recently been installed by the Horton-Beinier Press, thus augmenting their efficient service for quality printing.

Just a line regarding your printing will receive prompt attention.

Horton-Beimer Press

Kalamazoo National Bank Building KALAMAZOO, MICHIGAN

We are now featuring the Spring's Fashion Headliners in every depnrtment of our store We Count Your Comparison for Both Variety and Values

IN THESE LINES ==—^^———===

Ribbons, Gloves, Hosiery, Corsets— Dress Goods, Silks, Plain and Em Muslin and Knit Underwear, Belts and broidered Voiles, Fine Wash Fabrics Belting, Laces, Nets, and Embroidery, of Sheer Quality—Crepes and Ratine, Handkerchiefs and Veilings. including White Goods of every kind.

=^=^=THE STORE THAT SELLS ===^^=:=z GUARANTEED GOODS Streng & Zinn Company 105 West Main Street 240 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD

Miss Seekel framed a constitution which was read and amended article Let POST"POST" you by article in two meetings held this term. by sending POST paid At the next meeting, officers will be elected and the machinery provid one of our general Catalogues of ed for in the constitution will be set in motion. It is sincerely hoped that Drawing Instruments, all will take an active part in making this society successful in the great Boards, T-Squares, work which awaits it. Triangles, Papers, Patronize Our Advertisers. Water Colors, and all

Y. W. C. A. Drawing Room Acces Saturday evening at eight o'clock January 24, 1914, the Y. W. C. A. en sories. joyed a children's party in the rotun We Specialize on School Business da of the Training School. The chief Mail Orders and Inquiries Handled Promptly feature of the evening was the parti cipation in children's games such as three deep, drop the handkerchief, ball throwing contests and others. De The Frederick Post Co. lightful refreshments were served in the form of old fashioned popcorn balls Chicago San Francisco and stick candy. The purpose of this Makers of "POST'S DRAWING INKS," the Finest social occasion was to bring the Y. Ever Produced W. girls into closer friendly relations. Monday, February 9, Miss Kelsey, ' of Vassar College talked to the Y. W. girls concerning the Student Volun Drugs, teer Movement. The fact that she is herself preparing to go to China made Surgical the occasion doubly interesting. She told us of the various teachers Instruments, needed in the foreign fields and how we may get into communication with Physicians' those having the authority to supply teachers for the vacancies. A book let, which gives information concern Supplies, ing the positions to be had was left with Miss Lucy Gage. Sick Room Miss Kelsey spoke not only of the foreign work but also of the volunteer Appliances. work being done here. She has been a direct inspiration to several who in "Rexall Remedies y j terviewed her personally as to the possibilities of their going into foreign fields from the W. S. N. S. Wednesday, February 18, the Y. The Colman Drug Co. W. meeting was led by Miss Koch. The subject was : Prayer—"Lord, Successors to H. G. Colman & Co. teach us to pray." She brought out DRUGGISTS very strongly the philosophy of pray- Continuedon page 202 132 West Main Street Kalamazoo, Michigan THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD 241

COWLBECK has your HAT

The New Ones Are Now Ready F. A. Cowlbeck Co.

Do we get results from Flowers this ad? and Blooming Plants

We don't know!

OUR STOCK is cut fresh twice each day. Let us know. OUR ASSORTMENT is always the largest.

OUR PRICES y^xQ^M^^^jt are always the lowest.

THfNfWBURDICH BLOCK KALAMAZOO, M/CH. Van Bochove Home of Good Flowers

Phone 235 141 S. Burdick Street

Waterman Fountain Pens Prompt Auto Delivery

r American Steel Sanitary Desks ELECTRIC WELDED WARRANTED UNBREAKABLE Over 500,000 in use today in all parts of the world. Scientific and hygienic features of these desks have been indorsed by many of the well known physicians and educators. Let us send you our illustrated booklet B-K giving many interesting facts. Check your school supplies now, but before you com mence ask for our 120 page handsomely illustrated catalog B-S. A comprehensive guide for the economical purchaser of school essentials. Hinerican Seating Company 218 S. Wabash Ave., Chicago Grand Rapids, Mich 242 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD

Ask those who have traded here when you should buy furniture. We have a few slightly shop worn or second hand cameras all as good as new which we will sell at about cost. A full line of New Model Horace Prentice &Son Kodaks and Premo cameras and all photographic acces 137 S. Burdick Street sories. Geo. McDonald Drug Co. Ask Briggs

QUALITY—that's what EXAMINATION BOOKLETS Determines Value! CONVENIENT- UNIFORM - ECONOMICAL 8 page, $7.00 per 1,000 It isn't so much the price you pay 12 page, $8.00 per 1,000 that counts—it's what you get for 16 page, $9.00 per 1,000 the price you pay. Special discount in larger quantities quoted True quality means first of all, pure on application. all-wool materials so thoroughly Free sample on request pre-shrunk that permanent shape liness is a certainty; second, abso Address P. C. KANTZ lutely faultless design and tailor 1124 Newell Place Kalamazoo, Michigan ing; and third, perfect fitting. And ALL these things you'll find THE an extra full measure of in Hersh- field Clothes, especially in the three special groups of SUITS and OVER COATS we offer at Brown and Gold $15, $17.50 and $20 is our latest style photo specally intended for Normal Students.

ERSHFIELD See them at H 121-125 E. MAIN ST. s HART, SCHAFFNER & MARX CLOTHES The Siewert Studio MANHATTAN SHIRTS STETSON HATS 214 W. Main Phone 1130 THE KALAMAZOO NORMAL RECORD 243 SOUTH BEND LATHES, 9 to 18 inch Swing

STEAM POWER OR ELECTRIC MOTOR DRIVE.

Free catalog describ ing the entire line on request.

A 50-cent book, "How to Run a Lathe," will be sent to any instructor on receipt of 10 cents in

NO. 35 South Bend Tool Room Lathe fitted with Automatic stamps to cover postage. Longitudinal Feed and Power Cross Feed, equipped 13 INCH SWING with Gear Guards and Oil Pan. The No. 35 Tool Room Lathe is very practical for the making of small tools of every description. It is also an excellent Lathe for light manufacturing and school practice. It is recommended foi fine, accurate work.

426 Madism Street South Bend Machine Tool Co. SOUTH BEND, INDIANA

Ihlin£ Bros. Everard Co.

Printing Department Office Supplies

Your catalog, circular, stationery, and Furniture blank books, or printing of any de You have here a large selection in scription will be well executed if you staples and labor saving specialties entrust it to the "IBECO" Shop. for your office. Special departments are organized Quotations given gladly on any job, to better serve you in Loose Leaf large or small. Systems and Filing Equipments.

The Business Man's Department Store = On the Corner—233-9 East Main Street 2~'-'-----==--T_I_IY_. _;.K_.\;.:LA:;,;.\.;IA;./._.oo SOR \lA I. R PC:O.~R:.:D:..._ __=---

HALE'S FIRST LATIN BOOK Bryant's Boot Shop haa •cored ao auccc-••fully '" let'dina Uith \Vc ore •howinl! this Sc.hoola throuahout tho coun,ry. winll'r ~ ~ ll nt! sdcclion II I ruts Latin • • lh'1n1 •ln•l nul N.. 11 drad f•n1!UIIi!C of hil!h l!r:ttlc footwear. ~c-adu:r l II rr('M:-nt• the m.rcrual •• • f.tuman (;;_.., U> a eall and be WI)Ufd ('ltCkRI il. J. lt holch thco .. udntt•' tntcrnt ro • rcom•rk•b1e con"inccd nf 1heir su­ dC'trcc-. rcrinril\ h fk•t• OA·ilh aullcu ul d.a•ly hit' •' homc­ •nd in •thool .. W. M . BRYANT S. h nu1kn &\·nu. nut n~mwn~,. and th~ 11u .. t!cnt it thcn:for" nm k•J tn thmk 1-~tttn a I 09 So. Bu nl>o~P wu11..h hy poraJtrnpht hc111tled " \\' nr~·hu i M •nt.'" 1 Ill phut t1l rep~tiuon and ~:rnpluui• ttf n.:-. '"'·urd• 11 unique end m~l \nlunhlc- .\1 1\t u.,,.. , )1 h JIUII theo tnndcm IJU~ in thr kum .. n h()y··~ rlacc. •bicb C0Riri\lulf:S frtall}' (U the- •tu, dcnr•" intern! aod cnthu•••am. q h prC'r:uet 1h.-r: student fur C".aeur m••rr •uc DEBoLTs nufully than any othtr fC',I. .. ''" 10 h C•,mb•nt ' . to an unu 1l ,f, rc the. k11 o ~ mudcm -acholanhip. ~ hn• Con f. :t· 1\CI)' • . Ice Cream ~ Atkinaon, Mentzer & Company ~ PO<==O~O<==O'- J210 5hth Parlr A ... ~,. ~• CIIICACO

co•rdAtC'J athC'mc uut,ht to domin•tt:' tbC' w-lcctton of ~<:boolroom picturn. eo lhdt •·he-n a chtld h.u linithc-d lhc- t'1cmrnt...-,.· tc.bonla. he -.·ill ha"c- come- und'C't the in.tluc.nc:c of tht muirrpiccn ulthe world•a p•ln11n~. stulphnC" an.J •tchitccturc.

Jn th" t,"•tlictl tntdtl IORU" COPCCMlOftt mt) be! f1\Alk In ll'lc chifJhnoJ Ot the pup•l•. htll 11hrr the- thirJ )t::lf. • •rrious cunshlf:nt iJu ul thr hit1ori~.:•l importAnce of tht· .:rt•ll •rl pt"ri01.l• tJuQht to l.lumin.11t' the d\oiu.. rhe hall• mny ht• u•ctl t:•p.:cinll)' for exnmplt"l ctf 1-"A)·ptuut.

At the more mu.lcru ra1111in~ ittt: pQpulatl)" ""Jll~).-..·d hi he.- utic:r und~r­ tlnod hy the ~·nunl,t""r chd!.lrtn, the: tourth )·c•r roum1 m•)' lw f;h.:n o'·cr 10 tC'· proJ.uc:llon• ol our .-\mC'rlcan n,.tlc-rpi~:t"~ ol m•.kSc:-rn all tu hC' fotlo•cJ •• the ~r·d~ pro~rcu, back tu lh., nrlic.t ~riod,, lb.IM cm·~ring ~~~u•Uy 1hc 6.dd• r•l

\fodcna l-:ntli•b, r· rcnch ond German Art: tht" ea.thrunth CA-nl•ny I En#ti•h and hC'nch .School• , lhc l>utch, 1-'lcmi.th, Gcrm•n. Spani•h and h~tlian ~dwob. nol ne:Jtlc-C"tint ~ uamplt'• IJt the primitive inrluc:t'lt.""C's in C'84."h ~riud.

J\ulclc- Nur11b._r Tlut'• Tit!' II' SctJI/ Tl111rhu . I rl Ut~llt• m•.( lilt,... • tit "•·••t•fll• 8· .,, t' ,.., Ill.