Index

A Acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, 310, 1054 ABC (A: activating event, B: beliefs, and C: N-Acetylcysteine, 172 emotional response), 731 Acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS), Abuse patterns, impact, 1248–1250 17, 53, 110, 227, 387, 412, 429, 472, alcohol, 1249 498, 527, 533, 661–662, 758, 833, cocaine, 1249 877–878, 882, 1131, 1187, marijuana, 1250 1252–1253, 1309, 1336, 1346–1348, methadone, 1249–1250 1351, 1498 methamphetamine, 1249 Acquisition and Saving Version opiates, 1248–1249 indexes, 695 tobacco, 1250 Action-outcome learning, 263, 265, 274 Academic Emergency Department Acupuncture basics, 1238–1240 Screening, 18 clients experience Academic performance needling reaction, 1239 instant messaging addiction among teenagers history and method, 1238–1239 empirical study in China, 683–684 acupuncture needles, 1238 internet use and, 681–682 xue, means opening, 1238 Acamprosate, 140, 528, 951–954 physiological mechanisms, 1239–1240 autonomic dysregulation, management, 952 beta-endorphin and metenkephalins, brain c-fos gene, expression, 951 production of, 1240 calcium acetyl homotaurinate, 952 Acute caffeine intoxication, 801 COMBINE study, 953 symptoms, 801 dopamine hyperexcitability, 951 withdrawal symptoms, 801 effects representation, 952 Acute cardiac rhythm, 1126 glutamate receptor sensitivity, Acute coronary syndrome, 498 suppression, 951 Acute hyperthermia syndromes, 403 hepatotoxicity, 952 Acute intoxication features, 447 kidney, excreted unchanged, 952 acute psychosensory experiences, 447 metabotropic-5 glutamate receptors, periods of intoxication, 447 modulation, 951 Acute mania, 544 neuronal hyperexcitability, 951 Acute methamphetamine psychosis, N-methyl-D-aspartate glutamate receptors, managing, 501 antagonism, 951 Acute myeloid leukemia, 991 voltage-gated calcium channel activity, 951 Acute opioid dependence, 337 B.A. Johnson (ed.), Addiction Medicine, DOI 10.1007/978-1-4419-0338-9, 1539 c Springer Science+Business Media, LLC 2011 1540 Index

Acute pain, 9, 467, 1147–1148, 1150, 1165, for anabolic-androgenic steroids, 808–809 1175–1176 Anti-Doping Hot-Line, 808 Addiction telephone service, 808 -associated intermediate phenotypes and for cocaine/methamphetamines and endophenotypes opiates, 809 heritable variations, 229 Cocaine Addiction Helpline, 809 in criminal populations Heroin Addiction Helpline, 809 comorbid psychiatric illness, 1450 National Meth Helpline, 809 criminal recidivism, 1450 for nicotine, 807–808 definitions, 1148–1149 callers and specific protocols, avoidance-type coping strategy, 1149 characteristics, 807–808 chemical coping, 1149 “quitlines,” 807 physical dependence, 1148 services, 807 pseudoaddiction, 1149 and transtheoretical model of change, 808 tolerance, 1148 Addiction, historical perspectives, 75–90 diagnosis of, 1164–1165 alcohol characteristics, 1164 and other drugs, 77 iatrogenic opioid addiction, 1164 predisposed or culturally determined, non-addicted patients, 1164 78–81 risk factors for addictive disease, 1165 Brain Disease Redux, 76–77 therapeutic dependence, 1165 histories of addiction, 75–76 neurochemistry of, 1151–1154 licit mind-altering drugs See also Pain and addiction rhetoric and reality, 87–88 Addiction, conditioning of smoking and nicotine, 86–87 effects of drugs abuse in laboratory animals taking history seriously, 88–90 conditioned place preference, 161–163 opiates and other illicit drugs, 81–84 drug-seeking behavior, cue-induced Addiction, neurochemistry of, 1151–1154 reinstatement of, 166–167 addiction and pain pathways in brain, drug self-administration, cue-induced 1153–1154 enhancement of, 163–165 brain’s dopamine type-2 receptors, 1153 reinforcement, second-order schedules chronic neurobiological disease, 1151 of, 165 cocaine self-administration, 1153 extinguishing drug conditioning and cortico-mesolimbic reward pathway, 1152 reducing cue-elicited drug craving dopamine release, 1153 cystine pro-drug N-acetylcysteine, dopaminergic and opioid systems, 1151 administration of, 172 drug/host and context, relationship drug-associated cues, extinction, 172 between, 1152 exposure therapy, 172 dynorphin, 1152 5 metabotropic glutamate receptors, effects of excessive dopamine, 1153 stimulation, 172 exogenous opioids, 1153 Addiction disorders, application in solving Gαi-coupled μ-opioid receptors, activation protein–protein interaction data, 250 of, 1152 substances, 249–250 glutamate release, 1153 Addiction, helplines nucleus accumbens, 1152 for alcohol, 808 reward centers, stimulating factors, 1151 “Drinkline,” 808 Addiction Research Center pamphlets about healthy living, 808 Inventory-morphine-benzedrine telephone counseling, 808 scale, 134 Index 1541

Addiction research, current approach for cocaine/methamphetamines and bioinformatics tools and analysis opiates, 809 color code, 244 for nicotine, 807–808 interaction between two nodes, 245 as self-help, 809 nodes and lines, 244 individuals self help pathway analysis, 243 alcohol, 800 generating gene list marijuana, 800 microarray experiments, 241 natural recovery, 799 Pathway Studio pathway analysis nicotine, 799 software, 245 processes of change, 800 integrated approach internet resources positive or negative sign, 244 for alcohol, 813 technology to capture metabolomic changes for nicotine, 812–813 gene expression microarray, 240 for other substances, 813 goal, 240 religion/spirituality and meditation, 809–810 transcript profiling, 240 meditation and mindfulness-based tissue and organ of interest approaches, 811–812 effect on gene expression, religion/spirituality and alcohol, 810 investigation, 241 religion/spirituality and nicotine, 810 epigenetic changes, 241 religion/spirituality and other substances, main stream research, 241 810–811 Addiction research, new vistas, self-help drug replacement 1507–1519, 1512 and alcohol, 804 neurobiological alcohol and drug abuse and caffeine, 801–802 research, 1508–1519 and nicotine, 802–804 alcohol- and drug-induced synaptic Addiction studies plasticity, 1514–1515 conditional gene modification on genetic level, 1509–1512 Cdk5, conditional knockout of, 194–195 on molecular level, 1512–1514 cremice and conditional knockout, 194 on neuronal network activity, 1515–1517 knockins in on studying alcohol and drug-related BDNF Met Allele, 191–192 behaviors, 1517–1519 nAChR α4 subunit, 192–193 retrospective views, 1507–1508 knockouts in Addiction Severity Index, 107, 1020, 1022, double-knockout, 190–191 1168, 1171–1172 genes and addictive traits, 189–190 Addictions, self-help approaches, 797–814 Addictive disorders in developing disability, bibliotherapy 1468–1481 for alcohol, 806 alcohol, 1469–1476 for marijuana, 806–807 injury, 1469–1474 for nicotine, 805–806 older adults, 1475–1476 perspectives in, 805 organ systems, 1474–1475 defining self-help special populations, 1475–1476 benefits, 798 alcohol–drug interactions, 1476 empowering, 798 alcohol-related liver disease, 1476 uses, 798 anabolic steroids, 1479 helplines adverse cardiovascular effects, 1479 for alcohol, 808 artherosclerotic effects, 1479 for anabolic-androgenic steroids, 808–809 atherothrombotic phenomena, 1479 1542 Index

Addictive disorders (cont.) amphetamine-like stimulants, 1480 cardiomyopathy, 1479 anticholinergics, 1480 dyslipidemia, 1479 sedative-hypnotic medications, 1480 echocardiographic evaluations, 1479 risk of addiction and disability for children hepatic/prostate ultrasound, 1479 born to mothers, 1480–1481 semen analysis, 1479 amphetamine metabolites, 1481 cardiomyopathy, 1475 Manitoba of women, 1481 cocaine, 1476–1477 neonatal withdrawal syndrome, 1480 Neuropsychological Screening Exam, symptoms, 1480 1476–1477 schemic stroke, 1476 subarachnoid hemorrhage, 1477 Addictive drugs, actions of symptoms, 1476 chronic exposure to drugs of abuse, 272 vasoactive properties, 1477 cocaine exposure, 272 cognitive impairment, 1476 competitive inhibitor, cocaine, 270 dietary/medication noncompliance, 1476 D2 and D1 antagonists, 271 gastrointestinal bleed, 1476 dopaminergic lesions, effects of, 271 hemorrhagic, 1476 experimental approaches, 275 heroin, 1477 exposure to human immunodeficiency virus/acquired delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 272 immunodeficiency syndrome, 1477 glutamate signaling, 272 hyperalgesia, 1477 intoxicating effects, produced, 271 methadone maintenance program, 1477 mechanisms, 270 inhalants, 1478–1479 neurotransmitter transporters, role, 271 cognitive effects, 1478 opioid peptides, 271 neuroimaging/neuropsychological Adenosine, 554 studies, 1479 acute biological effects of adenosinea, 554 paranoid psychosis, 1479 A1 and A2A receptors, 554 psychiatric/neurological sequelae of and caffeine, 554 chronic solvent, 1478 Adenylate kinase isoenzyme 5, 372 toluene-based adhesives, 1479 ADHD, stimulant medication for, 698 methamphetamine, 1477–1478 Adjunctive psychotherapy, 1531 dopaminergic/serotonergic/ Adolescence noradrenergic/glutamatergic marijuana abusers, 1073 systems, 1477 negative consequences of drug use, 892–894 frontal executive functions, 1478 cognitive deficits, marijuana use, 893 neurotransmitter systems, 1477 dopaminergic adaptations, nicotine task-shifting strategies, 1477 use, 893 Wisconsin Card Sorting Test, 1478 effects on brain’s function, 892–894 methylenedioxymethamphetamine hippocampal volume, 893 (ecstasy), 1478 magnetic resonance imaging results, 893 electroencephalographic studies, 1478 neuropsychological deficiencies, 893 neurotoxic effects, 1478 total hippocampal volume, 893 opioids, 1476 weakening inhibitory control, 893 stimulants, 1476 neuroscience, 890–892 osteoporosis, 1475 dopamine, nucleus accumbens, 890 Parkinson’s disease, 1476 executive function, 891 prescription medications, 1479–1480 intra-cortical myelination, 892 abused prescription medications, 1480 novelty-seeking behavior, 890 Index 1543

synaptic pruning, 892 age of onset of drinking behavior, 383 white matter volume, increases, 892 alcohol consumption before 15 years of substance abuse, risk behaviors, 1330–1332 age, 383 binge drinking, 1330 asymptomatic drinkers, 383 manifestations in adolescents vs. adults, chronic remitting disease, 383 1330–1331 conduct disorders in alcohol dependence marijuana use, 1331 children, 383 prevention efforts, 1332 initiation of alcohol use among 12–20 sexual risk behavior, 1332 year olds (14 years), 383 tobacco use, 1331 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Adolescent substance abuse, treatment for, Survey on Alcohol and Related 1338–1340 Conditions, 383 cognitive-behavior therapy, 1339 National Survey on Drug Use community reinforcement approach, 1339 and Health, 383 family interventions, types of, 1339 psychiatric pharmacogenetics, 383 multidimensional family therapy, 1339 biological markers, 109, 111 multisystemic therapy, 1339 clinical picture, 384–385 strategic family therapy, 1339 craving, 384 motivational enhancement therapy, 1339 hangovers, 384 parent-training programs, 1339 heavy drinking, 384 Affinity chromatography, 365 intoxication, 384 Agency for Healthcare and Research memory lapses or forgetfulness, 384 Quality, 997 painful consequences, 385 Agent-specific and non-specific factors relief drinking, 385 mechanisms, 232–233 sympathetic nervous system opioid neurotransmitters, role, 233 hyperactivity, 385 Agonist replacement/substitution consumption, 381–382 approach, 1534 alcohol dependence and risk, 382 Agonists, nicotine, 432 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and bupropion, 432 Alcoholism, 381 nicotine replacement therapies, 432 positive/negative aspects, 381 buccal inhaler, 432 risk factors, 382 flavored gum, 432 six levels of alcohol use, 381–382 lozenges, 432 craving, 947, 954, 964, 1105, 1108, 1117, nasal spray, 432 1132, 1294, 1302 polacrilex gum, 432 and drug-induced synaptic plasticity in new non–nicotine-based medications, 432 vistas, 1514–1515 Alcohol alpha-amino-3-hydroxy-5- abuse, 28–31, 53, 63, 77, 79–81, 104, 238, methylisoxazole-4-propionic acid 342, 346, 372–373, 381–382, 384, (AMPA), 1515 388, 390–391, 452, 474, 642, 722, dopamine neurons, 1515 733, 738, 804, 806, 829, 832, 838, electrophysiological methods, 1515 849–850, 900, 935, 981, 1116, glutamatergic synapses, 1515 1119–1120, 1122–1123, 1125, 1129, mesolimbic dopaminergic system, 1515 1132, 1137, 1163, 1184–1186, 1312, in vivo electrophysiology, 1515 1332–1335, 1337, 1348, 1380, 1390, effects in pregnancy, history of, 1414 1400, 1402, 1406, 1416, 1418, 1461, atypical electroencephalogram, 1414 1469, 1474–1475, 1481–1482 chronic alcohol-abusing women, 1414 1544 Index

Alcohol (cont.) Drunken Comportment: A Social fetal alcohol syndrome, 1414 Explanation, 79 low IQ, 1414 family illness, 81 psychomotor retardation, 1414 gin craze, 79 skepticism, 1414 group therapy for alcoholics’ wives, 81 ethnicity/gender/place of residence and husband’s alcohol abuse, 81 religion, effects, 383–384 illicit and (still) legal drugs, 78 acculturation stress increases alcohol inebriety physicians, 80 abuse and dependence, 384 life stressors and emotional difficulties, 81 drinking patterns, 383 masculine traits as aggressiveness, 80 ethnic disparity in progression of drinking Progressivism in America, 80 behavior, 384 psychoanalytic paradigm, 81 location and religion, role of, 384 recovering alcoholic marriage, 81 -induced embryopathy, animal models for, risk factors in contemporary life, 79 1418–1419 separation and classification of alcohol -induced flushing addiction, 78 enzymes, 230 spiritual orientation of Alcoholics genetic origin of, 229 Anonymous, 78 protective effect, 230 “story of modern alcoholism,” 79 protozoal infections, treated, 229 psychological and psychiatric complications symptoms, 229 acute effects, 389–390 intoxication mechanisms, 1265–1266 chronic effects, 390–391 marketing and advertising rate of metabolism, differences adolescent response, imaging study P450E1 enzyme, 1266 of, 33 -related birth defects, 388 cross sectional studies, 33 -related disorders, 382–383 medication/illicit drug misuse/abuse, 1401 Alzheimer’s or multi-infarct metabolism, 1266 dementia, 382 and other drugs, 77 bipolar disorders, 382 Altering American Consciousness, 77 development of cirrhosis, 382 discourses of addiction, 77 esophageal/head/neck and liver history of nicotine, 77 cancers, 382 National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and physical and mental disorders, 382 Alcoholism, 77 psychiatric illness, 382 National Institute on Drug Abuse, 77 -related liver cirrhosis, 385 “rhetoric of addiction,”, 77 -related neurodevelopmental disorder, 388 predisposed or culturally determined, 78–81 response and GABA receptor alcohol abuse, factors for, 80 GABA, activation of, 231 Alcoholism in America: from various drugs, facilitation, 231 Reconstruction to Prohibition, 80 signs and symptoms alcohol-related illness, patterns of, 79 cardiovascular system, 385 American Journal of Public Health, 79 central nervous system, 387 “Building a Boozatorium,” 80 endocrine system, 386 challenges, 78 fetal development, 388–389 controlled drinking, 78 gastrointestinal system, 385–386 damning analysis, 78 hematologic/hematopoietic system, 387 Davies’ optimism, 78 hepatic system, 386 depoliticization of alcohol, 78 integumentary system(skin), 387 Index 1545

nutritional status, 387 non-selective beta-adrenergic antagonist oncology, 387–388 propranolol, 1518 peripheral neurologic system, 387 norepinephrine, 1518 rheumatic and immune system, 386–387 Zif268, 1518 teratogenicity, mechanism of, 1417 Alcohol and drugs of abuse in pregnant women, disturbed prostaglandin synthesis, 1417 1413–1429 effects on neurons, 1417 effects of maternal alcohol (ethanol) oxidative stress, 1417 consumption during pregnancy, use 1414–1419 consumption rates, various levels, 4 animal models for alcohol-induced current survey reports, 3 embryopathy, 1418–1419 epidemiology, 3–4 effects on developing embryo and fetus, high-risk activities, 4 1414–1417 Alcohol and drug disorders, epidemiology history of alcohol effects, 1414 etiology of substance disorders prevention and treatment, 1417–1418 cognition/personality, 35–36 heroin-dependent mothers in pregnancy, genetics, 37–38 1419–1423 parental and peer influences, 34–35 animal models for heroin-/opiate-induced pricing/laws/advertising, 32–34 fetal damage, 1423 psychiatric comorbidity, 36–37 effects of heroin and opiates on fetus and religiosity, 35 newborn, 1420–1422 subjective reactions, 36 lactation, 1423 temporal and geographical, availability, relation between substance abuse and 31–32 ADHD, 1419–1420 investigations treatment of pregnant mother, 1422–1423 analytic epidemiologic studies, 23 mothers using cannabis during pregnancy, descriptive epidemiologic studies, 23 1424–1425 substance abuse and dependence animal studies, 1425 disorders, categorical/dimensional cannabis, 1424 trait, 29 lactation, 1425 DSM, 27–29 neonatal effects, 1424 substance disorders postnatal developmental effects, course of, 30–31 1424–1425 prevalence and incidence of, 29–30 mothers using cocaine in pregnancy, substance use in US 1425–1429 alcohol consumption, 24–25 effects of cocaine on embryo and fetus, drug use, 25 1426–1427 public health problem, 25–26 historical background, 1425–1426 Alcohol and drug-related behaviors on new lactation, 1429 vistas, 1517–1519 mechanisms of action, 1427–1428 reconsolidation of, 1517–1519 prevention and treatment, 1428–1429 anisomycin, 1517 studies in animals, 1429 basolateral amygdala, 1517 Alcohol and drug use problems in older adults, beta-adrenergic blockade, 1518 1402–1406 cocaine self-administration broad-based assessment of substance use paradigm, 1518 problems, 1405–1406 hyper-glutamatergic state, 1518 multi-module assessment, 1406 memory consolidation, 1517 substance abuse treatment program, 1406 1546 Index

Alcohol and drug use problems (cont.) cocaine, 1127–1128 classification of alcohol use patterns and nicotine, 1126–1127 problems, 1402–1404 opioids, 1127 drinking guidelines for screening, 1404 endocrinology physiologic tolerance, 1402 alcohol, 1132–1133 screening for alcohol/medication problems, amphetamine, 1135–1136 1404–1405 benzodiazepines, 1136 “brown bag approach,” 1404 cocaine, 1135 computerized questionnaire, 1404 nicotine, 1133–1134 paper-and-pencil questionnaire, 1404 opioids, 1134–1135 verbal interview, 1404 gut and pancreas signs of potential problems, 1402 alcohol, 1119–1120 Alcohol availability, temporal/geographical amphetamine, 1122 outlet density benzodiazepines, 1122 ecologic and multilevel analysis, 32 cocaine, 1121–1122 limitations to alcohol, 32 nicotine, 1120–1121 places were alcohol is sold, 32 opioids, 1121 political events liver cocaine production in US, 32 alcohol, 1116–1117 heroin production in Afghanistan, 32 amphetamine, 1118–1119 religiously motivated attacks in Iraq, 32 benzodiazepines, 1119 Alcohol Confidence Questionnaire, 772 cocaine, 1118 Alcohol consumption nicotine, 1117–1118 biochemical measurement, 956 opioids, 1118 biomarker, 962 nervous system Alcohol dependence syndrome, 27, 88 alcohol, 1122–1123 Alcohol/drug addiction, interventions for amphetamine, 1124–1125 treatment of, 783–793 benzodiazepines, 1125 drug use and problems, 783–784 cocaine, 1124 future research, 789–790 nicotine, 1123 improving compliance/adherence to opioids, 1123–1124 pharmacotherapies, 790 nutrition and body composition brief behavioral compliance enhancement alcohol, 1136–1138 treatment, 790–791 amphetamine, 1138–1139 compliance enhancement, 792 benzodiazepines, 1139 medical management, 791–792 nicotine, 1138 primary care and non-specialist settings, opioids and cocaine, 1138 784–785 oncology screening and brief intervention, 785–786 alcohol, 1129 alcohol, 786–787 amphetamine, 1131–1132 illicit drugs, 788–789 benzodiazepines, 1132 tobacco, 787–788 cocaine, 1131 Alcohol/drug use/misuse, treatment nicotine, 1129–1131 complications of, 1115–1139 opioids, 1131 cardiovascular system Alcoholic(s), 959 alcohol, 1125–1126 anonymous, 906, 926, 1220 amphetamine, 1128 Group Environment scale, benzodiazepines, 1128–1129 assessment, 1230 Index 1547

types of careers, 928 Alcohol Use Disorder and Associated cardiomyopathy, 1126, 1475 Disabilities Interview Schedule, 106 hepatitis, 386, 1116, 1471, 1474 Alcohol use disorders identification test, 107 Type A or late onset, 959 Alcohol withdrawal, 981–988 Type B or early-onset, 959 anticonvulsants, 983–987 Alcoholism, 1311 carbamazepine, 984–985 treatment protocol, 738 gabapentin, 985–986 type I alcoholism, 1311 sodium valproate, 983–984 type II alcoholism, 1311 topiramate, 986–987 Alcohol/medication, screening for, definition, 981 1404–1405 “morbius convivialis,” alcohol related computerized questionnaire, 1404 seizures, 981 paper-and-pencil questionnaire, 1404 neurosteroids, 987–988 verbal interview, 1404 alphaxalone, 987 Alcohol, screening and brief intervention withdrawal syndrome, symptoms, 982 of, 785–786 Alienation, definition, 680 community/primary care setting, 785 Allelic variants, 204, 207–209, 214, 216, 621, early interventions, 785 1294, 1310 effectiveness and delivery Allostasis, 270, 274, 350 alcohol, 786–787 Alpha-methylphenethylamine (amphetamine), illicit drugs, 788–789 290 tobacco, 787–788 Alpha7 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, 1076 “FRAMES,” 786 Alprazolam, 320–321, 409, 486, 513, 1069 intensive intervention, 785 shorter acting benzodiapezines, 409 minimal interventions, 785 Altruism, 932 moderate intervention, 785 Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s diseases, 312 self-help techniques, 786 Amantidine, 142 teachable moment intervention, 785 American Academy of Addiction Psychiatry, Alcohol Sensitivity Index (ASI), 1272 13, 859, 1449 Alcohol, smoking and substance involvement American Academy of Child and Adolescent screening test, 107 Psychiatry, 1049 Alcohol, substance abuse in African Americans, American Academy of Pediatrics, 13, 1345–1351 1049, 1425 comorbidity, 1349–1350 American Board of Psychiatry and Neurology mood and anxiety disorders, 1349 certification, 480 epidemiology, 1345–1346 American Dental Association, 1386 impact on individual, 1347–1349 American Dietetic Association, 568 correctional system, 1348 American Law Institute, 1447 Incarceration, 1348 American Medical Association, 13, 18, 55, 83, risk for HIV/AIDS, 1347 804, 859 prevention, 1350 American Osteopathic Academy of Addiction risk factors, 1346–1347 Medicine, 13 treatment, 1350–1351 American Osteopathic Association, 480 buprenorphine, 1350–1351 American Psychiatric Association, 12–13, 26, Alcohol use disorder, 1493–1494 333, 663, 683, 821, 926, 966, 994, prevalence rates, 1493–1494 1403, 1449–1450 mentally ill men, 1493 American Society of Addiction Medicine, 13, shelter-seekers, 1493 480, 859, 864 1548 Index

Americans with Disabilities Act, 1443, 1460, reverse tolerance, or sensitization, 295 1462–1465, 1467–1469 short-term effects, 293 America’s new mental hospitals, 877 symptoms, 293 α-Amino-3-hydroxy-5-methylisoxazole-4- therapeutic administration, 294 propionic acid (AMPA), 170, 260, Amphipathy, 362 966, 1018, 1515, 1528 Amprenavir, 1031 Amity program, 920 Amygdala, 167–168, 169–171, 232, 261–265, Amlodipine, 144 270, 297, 346–350, 373, 404–405, Amnesic syndrome/Amnestic disorder, 105–106 419, 497, 538, 637–638, 944, 1066, Amperozide, 961 1088, 1122, 1150, 1154–1156, 1162, Amphetamine and amphetamine-analogs 1293, 1515, 1517, 1518, 1526, 1531 (alpha-methylphenethylamine) Amygdaloid complex, 168 history, 290–292 Anabolic-androgenic steroids, 533–546 benzedrine, 290–291 abuse, 543 4-bromo-2,5-dimethyphenethylamine, motivational interviewing, 543 292 recurrent use, 543 Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act addiction, 538–539 of 2005, 291 animal studies, 539 enactogen, 291 cocaine and opioids, 539 entactogen, 292 Drug Enforcement Agency as Schedule hyperactivity syndromes, 290 III Controlled Substances, 539 ma hung (Ephedra vulgaris), 290 DSM criteria, 540 Methamphetamine Control Act, 291 non-medical or illicit users, 539 N-methylamphetamine (ecstasy), 291 weightlifters and bodybuilders, 539 and MDMA, structures of, 291 adverse medical effects, 536–537 mechanism of action, 292–293 cardiovascular effects, 537 behavioral effects, 292 endocrine side effects, 537 biogenic amine pathways, 292 hepatic effects, 537 extracellular dopamine, 292 long-term effects, 537 formation of free radicals, 293 short-term effects, 536 methamphetamine, 293 dependence, 543–544 physical effects, 292 agonist therapy, 544 serotoninergic system, 293 body dysmorphic disorder, 544 trace amine-associated receptors, 293 motivational enhancement therapy, 544 pharmacokinetics, 293 motivational interviewing, 544 metabolism/elimination, 293 psychological aspects, 544 toxicity, 293–295 reverse anorexia nervosa, 544 amphetamine-associated death, 294 epidemiology, 534–535 blocking, 295 -induced mood disorder, 544–545 continuous high dose, 293 antidepressant medication, 545 drug tolerance, 294 antipsychotic medication, 544 long-term effects, 293 cognitive behavioral therapy, 545 methamphetamine elimination, 294 selective serotonin reuptake 3,4-methylenedioxy-N- inhibitors, 545 methylamphetamine, 294 -induced psychotic disorders, 545 neurodegeneration, 295 neurobiology, 538 physiological and psychological androgen receptors, 538 responses, 294 mechanism of action, 538 Index 1549

neurotransmitter systems, 538 low-dose ketamine and psychoactive properties, 538 dextrometorphan, 1176 patterns of illicit use, 536 methadone maintenance patients, 1176 characterization, 536 non-opioid analgesics, 1176 estrogen blockers, 536 physical therapies, 1176 probenicid, 536 physicians’ fears, 1176 Schedule III controlled Anandimide (rimonabant), 138, 447, 965, 1508 substances, 536 Anemias pharmacology macrocytic anemia, 387 chemical structure, 535 microcytic anemias, 387 pharmacokinetics, 535–536 Animal models urine testing, 536 of addiction, 123–124 psychiatric aspects and effects, 537–538 definitions relevant to, 333–335 adverse psychiatric effects, 537 stages of addiction cycle, 334 dose-related effects, 538 of relapse, 124–125 factors influencing, 537 Animal models of dependence, validity and psychiatric diagnostic studies, 537 relevance to treatment psychoactive drugs, 537 construct validity, 351 screening and assessment heroin self-administration, 351 history, 539–541 method of induction of opioid labs, 542 dependence, 351 mental status, 542 model of alcoholism, 351 physical, 541–542 relevance of face validity, 350–351 treatment dysphoria, 350 anabolic-androgenic steroid abuse, 543 translation of animal models, 350 anabolic-androgenic steroid dependence, relevance to medications development, 543–544 351–352 anabolic-androgenic steroid-induced Animal models of increased drug taking during mood disorder, 544–545 dependence anabolic-androgenic steroid-induced escalation in drug self-administration with psychotic disorders, 545 prolonged access, 340 anabolic-androgenic steroid effect of drug availability on cocaine withdrawal, 543 intake, 341 used by weightlifters and bodybuilders, 536 increased self-administration in withdrawal, 543 dependent animals, 340 human pituitary gonadotropin intravenous cocaine abnormalities, 543 self-administration, 340 medical detoxification, 543 motivational changes associated with, symptoms, endorsed, 541 343–345 Anabolic steroids, 54, 58, 97, 99, 541, breakpoint, 343–345 1469, 1479 dependent/non-dependent rats, Analgesic management of opioid substitution breakpoints for alcohol in, 345 patients, acute pain, 1175–1176 elevation in baseline reward buprenorphine in μ-opioid agonist thresholds, 343 therapy, 1176 elevation in self-stimulation reward cross-tolerance to morphine, 1176 thresholds and cocaine intake fear of relapsing, 1176 escalation, 344 local anesthetic-mediated techniques, 1176 exponential function, 343 1550 Index

Animal models of increased drug (cont.) blood ethanol concentration, 1416 self-administration of cocaine etiology, 1416 or heroin, 343 folic-acid-supplemented withdrawal-induced drinking, 340–343 multivitamins, 1415 dependence threshold, 342 National Birth Defects Prevention factor analysis of Marlatt’s relapse Study, 1415 taxonomy, 342 Pierre-Robin syndrome, 1416 Hamilton Depression, 342 reduced fetal growth, 1416 models of ethanol consumption, 340 intrauterine growth restriction, 1416 motivational withdrawal syndrome, 342 Anorexia nervosa, 258, 535, 544, 633, 653 post-acute withdrawal, 342 Antagonists, nicotine protracted abstinence, 342–343 bupropion, 433–434 relapse or alcohol abuse, 342 antidepressant actions, 433 self-administration of ethanol during FDA approved bupropion-SR withdrawal, 342 (amfebutamone), 433 Animal models of withdrawal (2S,3S)-hydroxybupropion, 433 motivational signs, 336–339 positive effect on sexual dysfunction, 433 anxiety-like symptoms, 336–337 in seizure, 433 corticotropin-releasing factor-1 mecamylamine, 434 antagonist, 338 anticholinergic effects, 434 dysphoria-like symptoms, 337–338 postganglionic effects, 434 effect of intracerebroventricular Anthropomorphization, 1534 administration, 337 Anticholinergic intoxication, 1090 mean intracranial self-stimulation reward Anticraving medications, 480–481 thresholds, 339 gabapentin and naltrexone, 481 reward thresholds, 338 pentazocine, 481 stages of addiction cycle, 336 topiramate, 481 somatic signs, 335–336 Antidepressant-induced mania or alcohol withdrawal signs, 336 hypomania, 545 naloxone, 335 Anti-Doping Hot-Line, 808–809 opioids and alcohol, 335 Anti-estrogen, 195, 1133 red herring, 335 Antiglutamatergic agents, 987 somatic withdrawal signs, 336 memantine, 987 spontaneous withdrawal, 335 topiramate, 987 Anomalies of other organs, alcohol, 1415–1417 Antinociception, 306, 1076 behavioral and developmental changes, Antipsychotic(s), 486, 501–502, 518–519, 528, 1416–1417 530, 591–592, 865, 1057, 1102 asperger syndrome, 1416 medications, 1104 prenatal nicotine exposure, 1416 quetiapine, 132, 301 purkinje cell migration, 1416 Anti-reinforcing effects, 958, 1526 cardiac anomalies, 1416 Antisocial personality disorder, 37, 472–473, alcohol embryopathy, 1416 528, 619, 1152, 1190, 1292, 1497 electrocardiographic/echocardiographic Anxiety disorders, 944 data, 1416 caffeine-induced, 801 CNS derivatives, 1415 cocaine-induced craniofacial complex, 1415 definition/diagnostic criteria, 408 neural crest cells, 1415 neurobiology, 409 oro-facial clefts, 1415–1416 treatment approaches, 409 Index 1551

Anxiolytics, 301, 433, 511–520, 868, 870, Behavioral compliance enhancement 1379, 1388–1390, 1480 treatment, 790–791 Apoptosis, 240, 245, 248, 307, 362, 373, 1118, advantages, 790 1120, 1122, 1417, 1428, 1479 general treatment adherence, 790 Aripiprazole, 142, 145, 505, 963, 1054, 1108 increased care for alcohol-dependent “Army disease,” 822 individuals, 791 Asn40Asp mutation, 1104 initiation/maintenance and termination of Asperger syndrome, 1416 treatment, 790 Association genome scanning, 207 manual-driven and standardized Atherosclerosis, 312, 1122–1123, 1125–1128 version of, 790 Atomoxetine, 528, 1019, 1076 National Institute of Mental Health Attacks of September 11, 61 collaborative trial on depression, 790 Attention deficit disorders, 1024 side effects, 791 Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Behavioral economics, 135 (ADHD), 528, 692, 697–698, 698, Behavioral marital therapy, 746 1049–1050, 1152, 1243 Behavioral or non-substance addiction, 623 Autism spectrum disorders, 1243 Behavioral psychology and/or family systems Automated tandem mass spectrometry, 365 theory, 1319 Avidin column, 366 Behavioral/psychosocial therapies, 1064 Behavioral therapies cognitive behavioral therapy, 503–504 B key elements, 504 Baby Boomer population, 6 learning and practicing strategies, 504 Baclofen, 411, 481, 505, 870, 964–1000, 1023, Matrix Model, 504 1053, 1107, 1117, 1527, 1531 National Institute on Drug Abuse alcoholics with compromised hepatic cognitive behavioral therapy, 504 function, 964 contingency management, 504 gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor Behaviorism and concepts, of rewards and agonist, 964 reinforcement, 256–258 Balancing drug effects (titration), 1376 forms of reinforcement, 256 Barbiturates instrumental conditioning, 258 chemical properties, 317 neural mechanisms, power of, 258 history, 316–317 Pavlovian conditioning, 257 pharmacodynamics, 318–319 phenomenon of self starvation, 258 mechanism of action, 318 punishment and reward, 257 pharmacological effects, 318 reinforcing stimulus, 256 toxicological effects, 318 stimulus-response learning, 257 pharmacokinetics, 317–318 stimulus-response model, 256 absorption and distribution, 317–318 training with schedules, 257 metabolism/excretion, 318 Behaviourally sophisticated hominids, 634 routes of administration, 317 Bem’s self-perception theory, 709 structure of barbituric acid, 317 Benzedrine, 133–134, 290–291 Barbituric acid, 316–317, 1427–1428 Benzodiazepines, 136, 403, 982, 1091 Barrett’s esophagus, 385 chemical properties, 320 Basolateral amygdala, 168–171, 261–265, 405, history, 319 1156, 1517–1518 lorazepam, 606 BdnfMet allele, 192 pharmacodynamics, 321 Behavioral addictions, 634 mechanism of action, 321 1552 Index

Benzodiazepines (cont.) neurotransmitter analogues/substitutes, pharmacological effects, 321 634–635 toxicological effects, 321 portion-distorted embarrassment pharmacokinetics, 320 of food, 635 absorption and distribution, 320 neurobiological parallels, 637–638 metabolism/excretion, 320 dopamine neurons, 637 routes of administration, 320 dysexecutive traits, 637 structure of diazepam, 320 habituation, 638 Bibliosphere, 242–243, 247 risk factor similarities Bibliotherapy emotional memory, 639 for alcohol, 806 impulsivity and decision-making deficits, intense treatment approach, 806 638–639 small-to-medium-size effect, 806 reward deficiency syndrome, 638 stepped-care approach, 806 reward sensitivity, 638 therapist-administered programs, 806 treatment implications for marijuana, 806–807 for compulsive overeating, see stepped-care approach among cannabis Compulsive overeating users, 807 integrating addiction perspective, telephone counseling or individual 641–642 psychotherapy, 807 Biobehavioral risk makers, 1105 for nicotine, 805–806 Biogenic amine pathways, 292 American Lung Association, 805 Biomarkers, 361, 1024, 1533 cognitive behavioral models, 805 Biotin affinity tag., 365 self-administered treatments, 805 Biphasic alcohol effects scale, 133 self-help interventions, 805 Biphasic pharmacological effect, 1529 smoking abstinence, 805 Bipolar disorder, 209, 211–212, 217, 382, 410, perspectives in, 805 482, 544, 590, 722, 831, 863, 877, first situation or therapeutic 943, 948, 957, 983, 1024, 1068, intervention, 805 1092–1093, 1103, 1152, 1183, terminology, 805 1496–1497 Bi-directional scientific approach, 1527 bipolar I or II disorder, 948 “Binge and crash” pattern, 1051 Bipolar stimulating electrode, 1056 Binge drinking, 3–4, 229, 386, 390, 392, 789, “Black box” warning, 1000, 1070 1268, 1332, 1335–1338, 1340, Blackout syndrome, 1448 1387–1391, 1402, 1410, 1415–1416, Bleeding varices, 385–386 1418, 1475 Blocked blood vessels, 1401 Binge eating disorder Blood alcohol level (BAL), 1268–1269 clinical and behavioral parallels intravenous (IV) ethanol injection, 1268 chronic relapsing disorder, 637 oral alcohol ingestion, 1269 cravings and relapse, 637 Blood ethanol time-concentration, silico studies loss of control, 636 of, 1271–1273 sugar withdrawal, 636 computer simulation, experimental setting, tolerance and withdrawal, 636 1271–1273 history and background system phase transition, behaviourally sophisticated hominids, 634 Poincaré plots, 1273 drugs as food, 634–635 Border Enforcement Security Task Forces, 66 food as drugs, 635 Borderline personality disorder, 641, 654, junk foods, 635 1168, 1195 Index 1553

Bowel ischemia, 1120, 1122 shorter duration of withdrawal Brain-based translational phenotypes, symptoms, 480 1109–1110 Subutex R , 479 Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) unusually safe opioid, 479 Met Allele Bupropion, 142, 410, 1003 associations with substance abuse, 191 CYP2B6 gene, 1003 Bdnf knockout mice, 192 DRD2 141 insertion, favorable influences, 191 response, 1004 infusion of, 191 genetic polymorphisms, CYP2B6 gene, 1003 Brain Disease Redux, 76–77 hydrochloride, 1106 Alcohol and the Human Race, 76 worsening effects, 1070 degeneration theory, 76 Buspirone, 960–961, 1075 dissolution theory, 76 partial serotonin-1A agonist, 960 Hobson’s science, 76–77 Jackson’s hydraulic theory, 76 C reptilian brain, 76 Cadherin 13, 210, 214 retrograde evolution, 76 Caffeine, 97, 551–574, 745 Brain imaging studies, 160, 405, 422, active compounds in caffeine beverages, 572 496, 1135 dietary caffeine and physical health, Brain opioid systems, 260 cardiovascular disease Breakpoint, 119–120, 164, 266–269, 266, acute effects on blood pressure, 561–562 343, 345 chronic effects on blood pressure, 565 “Breakthrough,” 679 epidemiology and blood pressure, BRENDA, 792, 858 563–565 Brief Alcohol Screening/Intervention for epidemiology and cardiovascular disease, College Students, 718 562–563 Bromocriptine, 142, 963–964 plasma dietary caffeine concentration and 4-Bromo-2,5-dimethyphenethylamine, 292 blood pressure, 564 Brown bag approach, 1404, 1406 population blood pressure levels, 565–566 Bulimia nervosa, 633, 639–640, 653, 655 dietary caffeine and physical health, Buprenorphine, 138, 479–480, 879, 1107, non-cardiovascular disease, 566 1350–1351 adverse interactions between caffeine and American Board of Psychiatry and other drugs, 569 Neurology certification, 480 cancer, 566 American Osteopathic Association, 480 maternal use of caffeine, 567–569 American Society of Addiction and dimethylated metabolites in humans, 554 Medicine, 480 drug of addiction and safe level of ceiling effect, 879 consumption, results for, 569 Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale, 480 energy drinks, 553 combination tablet, naloxone main sources of caffeine and patterns of (Suboxone R ), 479 consumption, 552–553 federal regulations, 480 caffeine-containing medications, 552–553 -maintenance therapy, 144 cocoa and chocolate, 552 and physician training exposure of caffeine from birth through organizations, 13 placenta, 553 Physician Clinical Support System, 13 soft and energy drinks, 552–553 second Drug Enforcement tea and coffee, 552 Administration, 480 mental health and well-being 1554 Index

Caffeine (cont.) nicotine metabolism, 426 classifications for caffeine predicting treatment outcome, 427 intoxication, 559 dopaminergic neurotransmission in diagnostic criteria for caffeine nicotine reinforcement, 427 intoxication, 559 nicotine replacement therapy and DSM-IV-TR, 559–560 bupropion, 427 epidemiology of caffeine disorders, β2 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor 560–561 (CHRNB2), 427 International Statistical Classification of opioid or serotonergic pathways, 427 Diseases and Related Health placebo-controlled trial of bupropion, 427 Problems, 559 rs2072661 and rs2072660, pharmacology of polymorphisms, 427 isolated from green coffee beans, 553 venlafaxine, 427 main mechanism of action, see Adenosine Candy-cane esophagus, 1120–1121 methylxanthines or merely xanthines, 553 Cannabinoid drugs, 271 physical dependence, 555 cannabinoid agonists, 1073 tolerance, 555–556 cannabinoid-1 antagonist, 138 positive and negative effects cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant, 1076 Parkinson’s disease, 571 Cannabinoid neuropharmacology, 1065–1066 type 2 diabetes mellitus, 571 cannabinoid receptor 1/2 (CB1 and psychopharmacology, caffeine withdrawal CB2), 1065 and withdrawal reversal dopaminergic transmission, 1065 performance and mood, 556–558 microdialysis, 1065 sleep and wakefulness, 558–559 tonic GABAergic inhibition, 1065–1066 reducing and quitting caffeine consumption, ventral tegmental area-nucleus accumbens 569–570 pathway, 1066 6- and 18- week follow-up, 570 Cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists, 965–966, fading methods, 570 1000, 1018 4-week treatment program, 570 alcohol/nicotine, neuronal pathways -related disorder, 801 involved in, 966 caffeine-induced anxiety disorder, 801 C57BL/6 J mice, 965 caffeine-induced sleep disorder, 801 endogenous cannabinoids, 965 caffeine intoxication, 801 receptor sites, 965 soft drinks, 553 rimonabant, 965, 1000 threats to integrity of caffeine science tetrahydrocannabinol, 1018 industry influences on research, 572–573 Cannabinoid receptor 1/2 (CB1 and CB2), 1065 onflict of interest and self-serving bias, Cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome, 1068–1069 573–574 Cannabis, 25, 103, 303–308 Calcineurin, 194 chemical properties, 303–304 Calcium-based signaling cascades, 1157 cannabinoids, 304 Calcium channel blockers, 144, 868 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 304 CamKII-Cre transgenic line, 194 history, 303 Candidate gene studies pharmacodynamics, 305–306–308 for nicotine dependence, 426 cellular effects, 305 CNS receptor or neurontransmitter immune effects, 306 function, 426 pharmacology, 305 dopamine pathways and nicotinic systemic effects, 306 receptors, SNPs for, 426 therapeutic effects, 306 Index 1555

tissue effects, 306 carboxyhemoglobin, 1424 pharmacokinetics, 304–305 delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 1424 distribution/bioavailability, 305 hashish, 1424 metabolism/elimination, 305 Indian hemp, 1424 routes of administration, 304–305 marijuana, 1424 pharmacotherapies, 1064 maternal heart rate, 1424 smoking, 1064 lactation, 1425 structure of cannabinoid-1/-2 receptors, 306 neonatal effects, 1424 structure of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 304 withdrawal-like crying, 1424 toxicological effects, 306–308 neonatal sleep pattern, 1424 apoptosis, 306–307 psychotropic agents, 1424 depression, 307–308 visual response to light stimulus, 1424 drug addiction, 308 postnatal developmental effects, 1424–1425 head and neck cancer, 307 Capillary electrophoresis, 365 lung cancer, 307 Carbamazepine, 982, 984–985 mental disorders-psychosis, 308 acute detoxification, 985 treatment of cannabis addiction, 308 blood dyscrasias, 985 See also Marijuana carbamazepine vs. lorazepam, 984 Cannabis dependence hepatotoxicity, 985 detoxification and relapse prevention or post-withdrawal phase, 984 maintenance phase protracted withdrawal syndrome, 985 aldehyde dehydrogenase, 1065 psychosocial domains, 985 Antabuse R , 1065 Zung anxiety scale, 985 benzodiazepine, 1065 Carbohydrate-deficient transferrin, 109, disulfiram, 1065 111, 962 nicotine replacement medications, 1065 Cardiac arrhythmias, 385, 390, 403, 408, 529, μ-opioid agonist, 1065 596, 961, 1040 psychoactive effects, 1065 Cardiac monitoring, 407 studies of laboratory animals, 1066–1069 Cardiovascular disease, dietary caffeine and AM281-precipitated cannabinoid physical health withdrawal, 1068 acute effects on blood pressure, 561–562 arachidonic acid cascade, 1067 aortic stiffness and wave reflection, chronic cannabinoid treatment, 1066 enhanced, 561 clonidine mitigates cannabinoid pressor effect of caffeine, 561 withdrawal, 1068 chronic effects on blood pressure, 565 hypothesis, 1068 caffeine-induced pressor effects, 565 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, pressure-elevating effect of caffeine, 565 1067 epidemiology and blood pressure, 563–565 mood-stabilizing medication, 1068 24-h ambulatory monitoring, 564 oxytocinergic transmission, 1068 24-h plasma caffeine concentration time prostaglandin E2, 1067 course, 564 α2-receptor agonist, 1067 longer periods of abstinence, 564 Cannabis during pregnancy, mothers using, systolic and/or diastolic pressure, 563 1424–1425 epidemiology and cardiovascular disease animal studies, 1425 confounding in epidemiologic research, neural tube closure defects, 1425 562–563 phocomelia, 1425 misclassification, 562 cannabis, 1424 threshold effects, 563 1556 Index

Cardiovascular disease (cont.) long-term exposure (coronary artery Type II error, 562 disease), 1127 plasma dietary caffeine concentration and myocardial depressant effects, 1127 blood pressure, 564 narcotic analgesics, overdose population blood pressure levels, 565–566 effects, 1127 antihypertensive treatment, 566 sodium channel-blocking effects, 1127 exposure to caffeine high for high Carl Rogers’ theory, 708 pressure levels, 565 Cash management techniques, 656 exposure to caffeine low for reduced Catechol-O-methyl transferase gene, 233, 1420 pressure levels, 565 Cell adhesion-related genes, focus factors increasing, 565 BAI3, 215 population-wide cessation of caffeine CLSTN2, 214 use, 566 CSMD1, 215 Cardiovascular system DAB1, 215 alcohol, 1125–1126 DSCAM, 214 alcoholic cardiomyopathy, 1126 mechanisms, 213 atherosclerosis, 1126 potential roles, 215–216 cardiovascular diseases, 1125 PTPRD, 215 chronic alcohol abuse, 1125–1126 result of altered expression, 214 French paradox alcohol, 1125 strongest levels of cumulative support holiday heart syndrome, 1126 cadherin 13, 214 J-shaped or U-shaped curve, 1126 Cellular domains in protein fractionation, substance abuse or dependence, 1126 361–363 amphetamine, 1128 cytoplasm, 361–362 acute amphetamine intoxication, 1128 cytodynamic information, 362 cardiovascular effects of, 1128 neurobiology, 362 benzodiazepines, 1128–1129 signaling pathways, 361 diazepam, 1128 membrane, 362 peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptors alkaline isoelectric points, 362 and functions, 1128 amphipathy, 362 SSR180575, 1129 cell adhesion, 362 cocaine, 1127–1128 hydrophobicity, 362 cocaethylene, 1127 ion transport, 362 diffuse or local coronary artery spasms, metabolite, 362 1127–1128 signal transduction, 362 hypertension and hypotension, 1127 mitochondria, 362 -induced sympathetic activation, 1127 electron transport, 362 myocardial cellular injury, 1128 heme synthesis, 362 prolonged administration, effects, 1128 neuroproteomic analyses, 362 sudden cardiovascular collapse, 1128 β-oxidation of fatty acids, 362 sympathomimetic drug, 1127 urea cycle, 362 thrombotic coronary occlusion, 1128 nucleus, 362 nicotine, 1126–1127 nuclear pore complex, 362 acute and chronic cigarette smoking, 1126 signaling pathways, 361 atherogenesis, 1126 synaptosomes and postsynaptic density, smokeless tobacco use, 1127 362–363 opioids, 1127 densitygradient centrifugation, 362 acute cardiac effects, 1127 neuroplasticity, 362 Index 1557

signal transduction, 362 choking on data collection synaptic plasticity, 362 requirements, 840 Cellular heterogeneity, 360 clinical staff training, 840 Center for Substance Abuse Prevention, 1315 National Treatment Center Study, 840 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment, 12–13, non-clinical data collection, 841 18–19, 68, 468, 487, 504, 859–860, program’s funding source, 840 1241, 1404, 1406–1408 staff retention/stability, 840 Center for Substance Abuse Treatment’s training opportunities, 840 Treatment Improvement Protocol, substance use disorders, 839 1241, 1404 Characteristic withdrawal syndrome, 27, 100, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 11, 400, 428, 448, 469–470 309, 1312, 1319, 1499 Charitable Choice, 832 Central amygdala, 262–263, 265 Charles Bonnet syndrome, 1091 Central nervous system (CNS), 1414 “Chasing the dragon” syndrome, 1124 depressants, 511 Chemical coping, 1149, 1162, 1164–1165, Central pontine myelinolysis, 387, 1168, 1171 389–390, 1472 Chemical tagging and isotope labeling Cerebrospinal fluid in protein fractionation, 361 techniques, 365 choroid plexus, 361 Chemokine (C–C motif) receptor 5, 227 disease biomarkers, 361 “Chew and park” procedure, 803 invasive biopsies, 361 Child/fetus abuse, 1448–1449 neural activity, 361 American Academy of Addiction protein affinity columns, 361 Psychiatry, 1449 ultrafiltration, 361 cocaine metabolites, 1448 Cervicitis, 878 fetal/maternal morbidity, 1449 Challenges to community-based clinics, legal/medical/psychiatric communities, 1449 838–841 South Carolina’s child neglect statute, 1448 advanced information technology, 839 Childhood conduct symptoms, 1497 client-centered barriers, 841 Chinese theory, 1242 child-care, 841 Chlamydia, 878 daycare services, 841 Chlordiazepoxide, 320, 512, 515, 865, missed work, 841 983, 1119 transportation, 841 Chlorpromazine, 133, 145, 589, 1091 vocational training, 841 Cholera toxin-B-subunit protein, 1534 detrimental cognitive and physical Choroid plexus, 361 effects, 839 Chromatographic separation of proteins, funding, 839–840 365–367 cigarette taxes, 839 affinity chromatography, 365 community substance abuse treatment automated tandem mass spectrometry, 365 funding, 839 capillary electrophoresis, 365 funding categories, 839 chemical tagging, 365 mainstream healthcare system, 839 hydrophobic interaction nation’s substance use disorder treatment chromatography, 365 programs, 839 ion-exchange chromatography, 365 payment mechanisms, 839 isoelectric focusing, 365 resource allocation training, 839 Isotope-Coded Affinity Tags (ICAT and staffing, 840–841 iTRAQ), 365–366 caseloads, 840 avidin column, 365 1558 Index

Chromatographic separation (cont.) subpoena, 1445 biotin affinity tag., 365 disability computer–assisted interpretation, 366 disability-related examinations, 1443 cysteine-reactive group, 365 resident anesthesiologists, 1443 data-dependent software, 366 substance-related disorder, 1442 peptide N-termini, 366 transplant surgeon, 1442 quantitative proteome analysis, 365 involuntary commitment software programs, 366 grave disability, 1441 isotope labeling techniques, 365 mental disease, 1441 multidimensional liquid chromatographic psychiatric nomenclature, 1441 separation, 365 professional liability reverse-phase chromatography, 365 chronic non-malignant pain, 1444 size-exclusion chromatography, 365 diagnose addictive illness, 1444 top–down proteomics, 366–367 litigation, 1444 bottom–up approach, 366 opioids/benzodiazepines, 1444 Fourier transform-ion cyclotron toxicology/autopsy, 1444 resonance, 366–367 Classical addictive drugs, 534 genome databases, 367 Classic dependence syndromes, 1089 ultracentrifugation, 365 Classification of alcohol and drug use problems Chromosome 15 gene markers, 203 in older adults, 1402–1404 Chronic alcoholics, 1244, 1415 alcohol/drug dependence, 1403 Chronic bronchitis, 450 at-risk use, 1403 Chronic cannabinoid treatment, 1066 definitions of abstinence, 1403 Chronic insomnia, 411 low-risk use, 1403 Chronic methamphetamine psychosis, medical diagnostic approach, 1402 managing, 501–502 medical disorder, 1404 Chronic naltrexone administration, 1526 physiological symptoms, 1404 Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, 418 potential consequences, 1403 Chronic pain, 9–10, 12, 465, 467, 474, 486, problem use, 1403 544, 722, 868–869, 1036, 1040, 1118, spectrum-of-use approach, 1402 1148–1150, 1156, 1159–1162, Client-treatment matching, 746 1164–1173, 1175, 1400, 1477 Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment Chronic relapsing disorder, 637 for Alcohol scale, 864–865, Circadian rhythm genes, 190 982–984, 987 Cirrhosis, 25, 32–33, 109, 227, 372–373, Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale, 477, 382, 385–386, 868, 964, 1116, 480, 865 1117–1118, 1129, 1137, Clomethiazole, 984–986, 985 1471, 1474 Clomipramine, 1066–1067 Citalopram, 658, 862, 954, 959, 1023 Clonazepam Civil matters, 1441–1446 and/or carbamazepine, 409 child custody oxazepam, 1069 degree of insight, 1446 Clonidine mitigates cannabinoid psychiatric illness, 1446 withdrawal, 1068 civil competencies Club drugs, 511 co-occurring psychiatric illness, 1442 licit and illicit drugs, 604 confidentiality Clutter Image Rating, 695 alcohol/drug treatment programs, 1444 Cocaine, 4, 25, 97, 103, 105, 397–412, federal funds/federal exemptions, 1444 743–744, 1106–1107, 1249 Index 1559

abuse definition/diagnostic criteria, 402–403 definition/diagnostic criteria, 401–402 neurobiology, 403 neurobiology, 402 treatment approaches, 403–404 treatment approaches, 402 intoxication-induced delirium and benzoylecgonine, structures of, 289 definition/diagnostic criteria, 406–407 and cocaethylene, structures of, 289 neurobiology, 407 craving and relapse treatment approaches, 407 definition/diagnostic criteria, 405 mechanism of action, 288 neurobiology, 405 chronic cocaine administration, 288 non-pharmacological approaches, 406 crack cocaine (free-base), 287 treatment approaches, 405 dopamine D1/D2 receptor, 288 criminality, 399–400 long-term cocaine use, 288 and cocaine use, relationship positive reinforcers, 288 between, 399 reward pathway, 288 and illegal sale of cocaine, relationship tropane (aminoester) alkaloid, 287 between, 399 metabolite benzoylecgonine, 1429 dependence overdose victims, 370–372 definition/diagnostic criteria, 400 pharmacokinetics, 288–289 neurobiology, 400–401 distribution, 288–289 treatment approaches, 401 metabolism/elimination, 289 -dependent outpatients, treatment, 144 pregnancy and effects of prenatal exposure, historical aspects, 398 398–399 chemical purification of cocaine, 398 on developing nervous system, 399 Erythrooxylum coca plant, 398 neuroimaging studies of adolescents, 399 history, 287 in utero cocaine exposure, 399 coca plant Erythroxylon coca, 287 -seeking behavior, 172, 1712–1170 medicinal wine, 287 sex and gender differences, 398 “Uber Coca,” 287 cocaine dependent women/men, 398 -induced anxiety disorder negative nervousness effects, 398 definition/diagnostic criteria, 408 telescoping, 398 neurobiology, 409 teratophilia (cocaine baby) syndrome, 290 treatment approaches, 409 toxicity, 289 -induced mood disorder cardiomyopathy, 290 definition/diagnostic criteria, 409 cocaine abuse, 290 neurobiology, 409 cocaine-inhibited reuptake of treatment approaches, 410 norepinephrine, 290 -induced psychotic disorder cocaine teratophilia (cocaine baby) definition/diagnostic criteria, 407–408 syndrome, 290 neurobiology, 408 extrapyramidal motor dysfunction, 289 -induced sexual dysfunction long-term use of cocaine, 290 definition/diagnostic criteria, 410 maternal cocaine, 290 neurobiology, 410 withdrawal treatment approaches, 410–411 definition/diagnostic criteria, 404 -induced sleep disorder neurobiology, 404 definition/diagnostic criteria, 411 treatment approaches, 404–405 neurobiology, 411 youth, 399 treatment approaches, 411–412 2006 National Survey on Drug Use and intoxication Health, 399 1560 Index

Cocaine Addiction Helpline, 809 Cocaine in pregnancy, mothers using, Cocaine addiction, pharmacotherapy, 1425–1429 1017–1026 effects of cocaine on embryo and fetus, bottom–up approach, 1017–1019, 1426–1427 1018–1019 blinded developmental examinations, modulation, 1017 1426 reversal learning, pharmacotherapy, cocaine-exposed infants, 1426 1018–1019 developmental test scores, 1427 clinical trials, 1019–1024 effects of gender, 1427 medication trials, summary of, fetal brain ischemia, 1426 1020–1023 prenatal cerebral hemorrhages, 1426 cocaine withdrawal, 1024 vasoconstriction, 1426 amantadine, 1024 Wechsler Preschool and Primary Scale of propranolol, 1024 Intelligence-Revised, 1427 comorbid populations, 1024 historical background, 1425–1426 corticotropin-releasing factor, 1017 alkaloid, 1425 immunotherapy, 1025 erythroxylan coca, 1425 aluminum hydroxide local anesthetic, 1425 adjuvant, 1025 melancholia, 1425 cocaine vaccine, 1025 pre-Hispanic America, 1425 recombinant cholera toxin B-subunit “Vin Francais Cola,” 1425 protein, 1025 lactation, 1429 serum immunoglobulin G anti-cocaine mechanisms of action, 1427–1428 levels, 1025 alpha-tocopherol, 1428 participant heterogeneity, 1024 cocaine teratogenesis, 1427 pharmacotherapy, 1025 human neuronal progenitor polysubstance abuse, 1025 cells, 1428 strategies for selection, 1017–1019 oxidative stress, 1427 bottom–up approach, 1017 placental infarctions, 1427 preclinical data, 1017–1018 single prenatal injection, 1428 top–down approach, 1019 teratogenic mechanism, 1428 abstinence maintenance and relapse thiobarbituric acid, 1428 prevention, 1019 water-maze test, 1428 active use phase, 1019 prevention and treatment, 1428–1429 cognition improvement, 1019 Bayley scales of infant development, 1428 cue-induced relapse, 1019 intervention programs for mothers, frontal inhibitory mechanisms, 1428–1429 modulation, 1019 studies in animals, 1429 priming, 1019 a-phenyl-N-t-butyl, 1429 reversal learning deficits, modulation, catecholamine levels, 1429 1019 cocaine metabolite benzoylecgonine, stress modulators, 1019 1429 withdrawal phase, 1019 utero-umbilical and fetal brain Cocaine dependence, 28, 141–145, 232, vessels, 1429 397–403, 405, 409–411, 743–744, Cocaine Symptom Severity Assessment 754, 826, 965, 1017, 1020–1025, scale, 1024 1054, 1074, 1106–1107, 1109, 1237, Codeine, 58, 295–297, 463, 469, 1349, 1526, 1533–1534 1104, 1169 Index 1561

Cognitive and behavioral outcomes of sexual methamphetamines, 744–745 behavior scale, 670–672 nicotine, 745–746 16 behavioral outcome items, 670 substance use disorders, 730 Cognitive behavioral therapy for addiction treatment for depressant drugs ABC, 731 alcohol, 746–747 action, 732 barbiturates, 747 application of benzodiazepines, 747 cognitive behavioral therapy, 738 hypnotics, 747 compliance with homework, 737 Cognitive behavioral therapy/treatment, 624, contraindications, 738–739 696, 1003, 1217, 1408 decisional matrix or advantages- Cognitive control, 137, 402, 421–423, 622 disadvantages analysis, 739 Cognitive disorders, 421, 518, 1077, 1185–1186 expectations of therapist for client, Cognitive dissonance theory, 708–709, 709 739–740 Cognitive distortions, 618, 733, 773, 775 format/length/setting, 739 Cognitive impairment, 421–423 functional analysis, 740–741 addiction model proposed from brain manualized sessions—sequence of imaging studies, 422 therapy topics, 740–742 ADHD, 421 self-monitoring of cravings, 740 anterior cingulate cortex, 421 skill acquisition, example of, 742 attentional/cognitive disorders, 421 skills training, 740 cognitive control, 423 association between triggers, 730 dendritic branching and spine density, 422 behavioral model of addiction, 734–735 drug addicted individuals, 421 cognitive behavioral drug (mesolimbic dopamine), 421 conceptualization, 735 mesolimbic dopamine case conceptualization, 735 neurotransmisssion, 421 case example, 735–736 negative and positive reinforcement solution-focused approach, 736 learning, 422 cognitive model of addiction, 733–734 neurological deficits, 421 problem-distracting behaviors, 733 noradrenergic and dopaminergic effects, 421 self-efficacy, 733 prefrontal cortex, 421 triggers and cues, 733–734, 734 super salient drug-related cues, 422 community reinforcement, 730 Cognitive restructuring, 775 contemplation, 732 Cognitive strategies, 775 contingency management, 730 Coleman’s compulsive sexual behavior model, distorted/unproductive thoughts/ 665–667 cognitions, 730 combination of pharmacotherapy and future directions, 747–749 psychotherapy, 666 goal of, 731 compulsive autoeroticism, 666 maintenance, 732 eight paraphilic disorders, 665 motivational enhancement, 732 group treatment approach, 666 precontemplation, 732, 734–735 nonparaphilic compulsive sexual preparation, 732 behavior, 666 research support for, 742–743 7 subtypes, 666 stepped-care approach, 745 Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of for stimulant drugs 2005, 9–12, 291 caffeine, 745 Combined DNA index system cocaine, 743–744 (CODIS), 213 1562 Index

COMBINE study, 233, 792, 858, 948, 953, 967, psychosocial counseling, 825 1105, 1531 reduced illicit drug use, 825 Commission on Accreditation of Rehabilitation skepticism, 826 Facilities, 11 therapeutic community intervention, 825 Committee on Trauma of the American College history of community substance abuse of Surgeons, 18 treatment, 822–823 Communitae therapeutrides, 905 army disease, 822 Community clinics, 821–843 cocaine laced tonics, 822 categories of community clinics, 826–827 community pharmacies, 822 medicaid funding, 827 Department of Internal Revenue, 822 National Drug and Alcoholism Treatment Godfrey’s Cordial, 822 Unit Survey, 826 Harrison Act, 822 private drug-free outpatient programs, 827 “Mrs. Winslow’s Soothing Syrup,” 822 private for-profit programs, 826 impact of community mental health private non-profit programs, 826 movement, 823–825 public drug-free outpatient programs, 827 Alcoholics Anonymous model, 823 public federal programs, 826 alcoholism, 823 public non-federal programs, 826 “Big Book,”, 823 challenges to community-based clinics, chronic addictive drug use, 824 838–841 chronic mental illness, 824 client-centered barriers, 841 detoxification, 824 funding, 839–840 hospitalization, 824 staffing, 840–841 psychosocial-based community community responses to 1980s cocaine treatment, 824 epidemic, 826 psychosocial education, 824 cocaine-dependent homeless persons, 826 interventions for specific populations, crack cocaine crystals, 826 832–833 group treatment model, 826 HIV/AIDS, 833 psychoeducational group, 826 mixed-gender Group Drug psychotherapeutic approaches, 826 Counseling, 833 psychotherapeutic interventions, 826 Women’s Recovery Group, 833 drug abuse reporting program studies, introduction, 821–822 835–838 literature review methods, 822 criminality indicators, 836 PsycINFO, 822 face-to-face interviews, 836 PubMed, 822 five different types of community National Institute on Drug Abuse’s National intervention, 836 Drug Abuse Treatment Clinical Trials illicit drug use, 836 Network, 835 methadone maintenance, 837 Clinical Coordinating Center, 835 outpatient drug-free treatments, 838 Clinical Trials Network, 835 pretreatment and post-treatment outcomes CSB Substance Abuse Service, 835 for, 837 Data and Statistical Center, 835 therapeutic community, 837 REACH Mobile Health Services, 835 effectiveness of community clinic new era begins, 823 approaches 1935–1980, 825–826 behavioral reinforcers, 823 detoxification phobia, 825 civil commitment approach, 823 flawed research methods, 826 community physicians, 823 hospital-based inpatient treatment, 825 non-medical individual, 823 Index 1563

pharmacology, 823 crack-cocaine abusers, 830 psychopharmacology, 823 H4 abstinence per group across opportunities to expand evidence-based phases, 830 substance use disorder, 841–843 National Institute on Drug Abuse, 829 dual diagnosis, 841 day treatment with abstinence contingencies integrated substance abuse and mental and vouchers, 829 health, 842–843 CM+ group, 829 translational research, 841 drugfree housing, 829 treatment models, 838 meta analysis, 829 building clients’ self-worth and pro-abstinence social and recreational confidence, 838 activities, 829 Community Reinforcement Approach renting low-cost, 829 Plus Vouchers, 838 faith-based and religiously affiliated Day Treatment with Abstinence programs, 832 Contingencies and Vouchers, 838 Charitable Choice, 832 multifaceted manualized approach, 838 Personal Responsibility and Work Principles of Drug Addiction Opportunity Reconciliation Act, 832 Treatment, 838 religious-based programs, 832 self-help techniques, 838 integrated group therapy, 831 work sheets, 838 bipolar disorder, 831 types of community clinics, 827–832 check-in, 831 cognitive behavioral treatment, 829–830 group drug counseling, 831 day treatment with abstinence mood disorder symptoms, 831 contingencies and vouchers, 829 N values, 831 faith-based and religiously affiliated planned psychoeducational topic and programs, 832 discussion, 831 integrated group therapy, 831 prize-based contingency management, prize-based contingency management, 828–829 828–829 relapse prevention, 830–831 relapse prevention, 830–831 maladaptive behavior, 830 12-step facilitation, 832 specific techniques utilized, 831 therapeutic communities, 827–828 12-step facilitation, 832 use of evidence-based services in, 833–835 all-encompassing approach, 832 Agency for Healthcare Research and ideology of Alcoholics Anonymous and Quality, 834 disease model of addiction, 832 co-morbid substance abuse, 834 self-efficacy, 832 cost-effective program, 834 therapeutic communities, 827–828 long-term abstinence or maintenance of Drug Abuse Reporting Program, 827 risk reduction, 834 drug-free lifestyle, 827 long-term residential treatment, 835 opioid use, 828 mental health disorders, 834 rigorous randomized control narcotic antagonist treatment, 835 methods, 828 short-term residential programs, 835 social treatment approach, 827 U.S. Department of Health and Human Community reinforcement approach, Services, 834 751–753 valid treatment outcome data, 834 challenges to dissemination, 761 Community clinics, types of, 827–832 cost, 761 cognitive behavioral treatment, 829–830 training procedures, 761 1564 Index

Community reinforcement (cont.) Compulsion and responsibility, 1440–1441 community reinforcement approach therapy, constitutionalize addiction, 1441 751–753 drug-seeking behavior, 1440 efficacy of, 752 eighth amendment, 1441 treatment of alcohol dependence, 752 irresistible compulsion, 1441 contingency management therapies pathological usurpation/hijacking, 1440 benefits to community reinforcement, 754 Compulsive autoeroticism (masturbation), 664, comparison of voucher- and prize 666, 670, 674 based, 759 Compulsive buying (oniomania/urge to buy) tangible reinforcers, 753 assessment, 655–656 treatment of other drug use disorders, 754 common factors, 650 voucher-based contingency comorbidity, 653–655 management, 753 obsessive-compulsive spectrum, 653 cost-effectiveness, 760–761 relationship between compulsive buying efficacy of, 752 and mood disorders, 653 issues hindering implementation, 755–757 relationship between compulsive buying prize-based contingency management, disorder and kleptomania, 654 757–760 cultural considerations, 655 sample activity contract, 756 diagnosis and classification, 649–650 sample drawing schedule for prize-based diagnostic criteria, 650 contingency management, 758 impulse control disorders, 649 sample functional analysis form, 752 obsessive-compulsive symptomatology sample voucher-based contingency scale, 650 management schedule, 757 economics and consumerism, 651 treatment of alcohol dependence, 752 concept of success, 651 Comorbidity and classification of hoarding, etiology and course, 652–653 688–690 developmental learning, 652 ego-syntonic nature of hoarding, 688 levels of materialism and youth, 652 hoarding and impulse control disorders, 689 future research, 658–659 compulsive acquisition, 689–690 instruments useful in assessment of, 656 compulsive buying, 690 prevalence rates and subject characteristics, linked to impulse control disorders, 689 650–651 obsessive-compulsive disorder differences in shopping tendencies, 651 symptoms, 688 use of credit cards, 651 Comorbid medical disorders treatment, 656–658 cognitive disorders and dementia, cue and consequence diagram, 657 1185–1186 fluvoxamine, 658 antiretroviral and cancer-related 10-week treatment plan, 656 chemotherapy, 1185 Compulsive cruising and multiple partners, 666 cognitive performances, 1186 Compulsive fixation on unattainable HIV and hepatitis C, 1186 partner, 666 substance-induced psychiatric Compulsive hoarding, 654, 687–693, 695–696 disorders, 1185 Compulsive overeating hepatitis C, 1185 pharmacological interventions, 641 Composite International Diagnostic Interview, addictive behaviors, 641 106, 1495 availability of binge foods, 642 Comprehensive Drug Abuse Prevention and emotion regulation skills, 642 Control Act, 288, 291 negative emotions, 641–642 Index 1565

selective serotonin reuptake Conditioned stimulus, 160, 170, 256, 267–268, inhibitors, 641 1518–1519 psychological interventions, 640–641 Congenital defects, 1415 cognitive behavioral therapy approach, Contemplation, 732 three stage protocol, 640 Contemporaneous measurement, 1529 Overeaters Anonymous, 641 Context-induced/contextual reinstatement, self-help, 640 164–167, 169–170 Compulsive/pathological buying or buying Contingency management therapies disorder, 649 benefits to community reinforcement, 754 Compulsive sexual behavior inventory, 667–669 comparison of voucher and prize based, 759 Compulsive sexuality within relationship, 666 tangible reinforcers, 753 Compulsive use of erotica, 666 treatment of other drug use disorders, 754 Compulsive use of internet for sexual voucher-based contingency purposes, 666 management, 753 Computer–assisted interpretation, 366 Controlled drinking, 78 Conditional gene modification Controlled Substances Act schedules II and cremice and conditional knockout III, 8 Cre expression, promoters, 194 Control, loss of, 636 cyclin-dependent kinase 5 (Cdk5), Co-occurring psychiatric disorders, 473–474 conditional knockout of drug dealers, 474 behavioral changes, 194 high-quality heroin, 473 hydroxytamoxifen, administration of, 195 incidence of, 484 regulation, 194 bipolar I disorder, 484 Conditioned effects of drugs abuse in laboratory post-traumatic stress disorder, 484 animals substance use disorders, 484 conditioned place preference paradigm legal drugs, 473 apparatus, 161–162 managing, 485–486 aversion, 162 alcohol use disorders, 486 disadvantages, 162–163 atypical antipsychotics, clozapine, 486 experiment with animal, 162 efficacy for imipramine, 485 information on neural substrates, 163 incidence of schizophrenia, 486 drug-seeking behavior, cue-induced long-acting benzodiazepine, reinstatement of clonazepam, 486 non-reinforcing substance, delivery, 166 methadone maintenance, 485 trigger relapse in human addicts, 166 psychotherapy and pharmacotherapy, 485 drug self-administration, cue-induced quetiapine, atypical antipsychotics, 486 enhancement of seeking safety treatment model, 485 advantages, 164 sertraline and efficacy for experiment with rodents/rats/mouse, desipramine, 485 163–164 short-acting benzodiazepines, 486 intravenous self-administration pain relievers for recent non-medical paradigm, 163 use, 474 reinforcers, 163–164 snorting and/or intravenous heroin use, 474 Pavlovian/classical conditioning, 160 substance-induced vs. independent reinforcement, second-order schedules of disorders, 485 drug-seeking behavior, 165 age of onset, 485 primary and secondary behavior, 165 evaluation to separate, 485 primary reinforcement phase, 166 intoxication or withdrawal, 485 1566 Index

Coomassie Brilliant Blue, 364 comorbidities, 876–878 Coping imagery, 775 psychiatric disorders, 877 Coping skills training, 746 sexually transmitted infections, 877–878 Corpus callosum, 373, 892, 1474 smoking, 876–877 Cortico-basalganglionic-thalamic circuitry, 623 institutional corrections, 883–885 Cortico-mesolimbic dopamine theory, drug treatment programs, 885 1525–1526 group counseling programs, 885 Corticotrophin-releasing factor, 346–348, prisons and jails, 883–885 967, 1526 pharmacotherapies, 878–879 ability of, 347 ceiling effect, 879 acute ethanol withdrawal, 346 methadone maintenance therapy, 878 antagonists, 347 recidivism, 878 controls hormonal and behavioral prevalences, 875–876 responses, 346 treatment services in community supervision ethanol withdrawal, 347 agencies, 880 hormone receptor 1 gene, 233 Criminal matters, 1446–1452 precipitated withdrawal from nicotine, 347 addiction in criminal populations, subtype non-selective, 347 1450–1451 Council on Accreditation, 11 addictive illness, 1450 Crack cocaine, 31, 53, 57, 63–64, 81, 287, 399, convict code, 1450 664, 811, 826, 829–830, 856, 926, criminal recidivism, 1450 1190, 1198, 1346, 1349, 1451, 1500 competence to stand trial, 1446 Craving and relapse, cocaine amphetamine/hallucinogen induced definition/diagnostic criteria, 405 psychotic disorder, 1446 neurobiology, 405 legal strategies, 1446 non-pharmacological approaches, 406 likelihood of restoration, 1446 treatment approaches, 405 drug courts, 1451–1452 Craving ratings, 137, 1023 alcoholics anonymous, 1451 Cravings and relapse, 636–637 quasi-religious programs, 1451 Credit cards, use of, 651 therapeutic jurisprudence, 1451 See also Compulsive buying pregnancy, harm to fetus, and child abuse, (oniomania/urge to buy) 1448–1449 Cre-ERt recombinase transgene, 195 cocaine metabolites, 1448 Cre-loxP recombinase system, 188, 191 fetal/maternal morbidity, 1449 Criminality, cocaine, 399–400 legal/medical/psychiatric and cocaine use, relationship between, 399 communities, 1449 and illegal sale of cocaine, relationship South Carolina’s child neglect between, 399 statute, 1448 Criminal justice system, 875–885 sanity and diminished capacity, 1446–1448 community corrections, 879–883 sentencing, 1448 cognitive-behavioral therapy, 881 aggravating/mitigating., 1448 drug court, 881–882 death penalty cases, 1448 meta-analysis, 881 vehicular homicide case, 1448 mixed bag, 881 Crohn’s disease (CD), 1120–1121 probation and parole, 879–881 Cue-induced reinstatement, 160–161, 167, treatment accountability, three domains, 168–169, 171, 266, 269, 965 882–883 Cutting edge approaches, 1103 US policy, 879 Cyclic AMP pathway, 370 Index 1567

Cysteine-reactive group, 365 major depressive disorder, 1184 Cystine pro-drug N-acetylcysteine, 172 mental health care, 1184 Cytochrome P450 2A6 gene (CYP2A6), 310, tripartite HIV risk, 1184 993, 1003, 1106 Depressive disorder, 85, 101, 308, 382, 485, 528, 877, 954, 1002–1003, 1103, D 1183–1184, 1186–1187, 1363, 1479 D-amphetamine, 123, 145, 147, 291, 1054, 1135 Desipramine, 144, 406, 410, 485, 862, 1019, D1 and D2 agonist/receptors, 142, 271, 288 1025, 1102 D-cycloserine, 172, 1019 Detoxification, 863 Decreased sleep latency, 1401 Developmental disorder, 227, 388, 666, Decreased stage IV sleep, 1401 1333, 1417 DeepPurpleTM, 364 Dextroamphetamine, 143, 1480 “Definitional tower of Babel,” 1219 Dextromethorphan intoxication, 1090 Degeneration theory, 76, 80 Diabetes, 79, 208, 233, 251, 351, 386, 529, 570, Del C allele, 1004, 1106 636, 722, 766, 868, 870, 908, 944, Delirium tremens 1265, 1277–1279, 1288, 1338 clinical features, 105 Type I and Type II, 386, 552, 571–572, 574, prodromal symptoms, 105 1129, 1132–1133 Dentate gyrus, 171, 192 Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Department of Transportation’s health Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV), 26, guidelines, 1464 102, 428, 516, 527, 605–606, Dependence, cocaine 608–609, 617, 639, 679, 995, 1050, definition/diagnostic criteria, 400 1377, 1402, 1492, 1530 neurobiology, 400–401 inhalant-related disorders treatment approaches inhalant-induced disorders, 528 pharmacological treatments, 401 inhalant use disorders, 527 self-help treatments, 401 for substance dependence disorder, 635 Depot naltrexone, 949–951 Text Revision (DSM-IV-TR), 559–560 depotrex, 951 caffeine-induced nighttime insomnia, heroin, antagonizes effects, 951 559–560 mu-opioid receptor antagonist, caffeine-induced sleep disorder, 559 effective, 951 caffeine withdrawal, 560 plasma beta-naltrexol, 951 classification of caffeine-induced anxiety intramuscular injection, 949 disorder, 559 naltrel, 950 less serious symptoms, 560 microspheres incorporation, 950 more serious symptoms, 560 poly-(DL-lactide) polymer, 950 Diagnostic orphans, 104 vivitrex/vivitrol, 949–950 Diagnostic Screener for Compulsive gammaglutamyl transferase, 950 Buying, 655 injectable microspheres, 949 Dialysis, 361, 391, 407 women, lack of efficacy, 949 Diaphoresis, 514, 589, 595, 981, 1088, 1161 Depressant drugs, treatment for Diazepam, 135, 301, 320–321, 512–513, 865, alcohol, 746–747 954, 987, 1091, 1119, 1128–1129, barbiturates, 747 1132, 1161, 1249, 1480 benzodiazepines, 747 Dietary caffeine and physical health hypnotics, 747 cardiovascular disease, see Cardiovascular Depression, 943, 1184 disease, dietary caffeine and physical HIV-/non-HIV-seropositive individuals, 1184 health 1568 Index

Dietary caffeine (cont.) anabolic steroids, 1479 non-cardiovascular disease, see human immunodeficiency virus, 1469 Non-cardiovascular disease, dietary illegal drugs of abuse, 1476–1478 caffeine and physical health inhalants, 1478–1479 Dilated cardiomyopathy, 385, 1126, 1128 long-term physical effects, 1469 Direct dopaminergic antagonism, 1525 medical consequences of alcohol/illegal Direct metabolites of ethanol, 285 substance abuse, 1470–1473 Disabilities, discrimination protections, methamphetamine, 1469 1462–1466 methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 1469 Americans with Disabilities Act, 1462–1465 prescription medications, 1479–1480 Amendments Act of 2008, 1463–1465 risk of addiction and disability for direct threat, 1463 children born to mothers, 1480–1481 heroin, 1462 substance abuse and people with disabilities, illegal drugs, 1462 1481–1482 psychiatric illnesses, 1462 substantially limits, 1460 entitlements for people with disabilities, transmitting communicable diseases, 1460 1465–1466 Disability in people with substance abuse, America Advancement Act, 1465 1460–1462 Social Security Administration, 1466 epidemiological data, 1461 Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 1462 mental health, 1461 Nondiscrimination Under Federal Grants National Association on Alcohol, Drugs and and Programs, 1462 Disability, 1461 Disability and addiction, 1459–1483 National Comorbidity Survey, 1461 availability of treatment and medical role emotional functioning scores, 1461 coverage, 1466–1468 social functioning, 1461 legislation requiring mental health and sociodemographic characteristics, 1461 addiction parity, 1468 Discretization techniques, 1278 policies on treatment, 1467–1468 Discriminative stimulus approach, 133 discrimination protections for persons with Disease biomarkers, 361 disabilities, 1462–1466 Dissolution theory, 76 Americans with Disabilities Act, Distal renal tubular acidosis, 316 1462–1465 Disulfiram, 964–965, 1294, 1533 entitlements for people with disabilities, acetaldehyde accumulation, 964 1465–1466 aldehyde dehydrogenase, inhibition, 964 Rehabilitation Act of 1973, 1462 Antabuse R , 139 federal disability, 1460 inhibitory action, 145 Medicaid, 1460 mechanism, 145 prevalence of disability in people, disulfiram naltrexone combination, 965 1460–1462 prevents relapse, 965 epidemiological data, 1461 reduce norepinephrine synthesis, 965 mental health, 1461 side effects, 965 role emotional functioning scores, 1461 DNA genotyping technology, 1105 social functioning, 1461 Domino effect, 239 sociodemographic characteristics, 1461 “Don Juanism,” 662 rehabilitation benefits, 1460 Dopamine, 98, 193, 620, 1294, 1429 role of addictive disorders in developing agonists/antagonists, 1019 disability, 1468–1481 D2 receptor, 1054 alcohol, 1469–1476 D4 receptor, 1420 Index 1569

D3 receptors, 1018 Drug Abuse Reporting Program, 453, 827–828, markers, 1051 835–838, 916–917, 917 metabolism, 1420 Drug Abuse Resistance Education neurons, 637 (D.A.R.E.), 67 receptor agonists, 963–964 Drug abuse studies, implementations, 369–374 bromocriptine, 963 proteomic analysis of alcohol, 372–374 7-OH-DPAT, 963 biochemical changes, 373 receptor antagonists, 963 cytoskeletal activity, 374 Dopamine D4 receptor (DRD4) gene, 141, 427, fructose-biphosphate aldolase C, 373 993, 1104–1105, 1109 thiamine deficiency, 373 Dopaminergic cell body, 1056 white matter alterations, 373 Dopaminergic neurotransmission, 420, 427, proteomic analysis of cocaine, 369–372 1056, 1294 adenylate kinase isoenzyme 5, 372 Dopaminergic pathways, 258, 1161 cocaine overdose victims, 371 Doping agents ergogenic aids, 534 glial fibrillary acidic protein, 372 Dose-related reinforcing effects, 1073 ionotropic glutamate receptors, 371 Dose-response curve, 131–132, 1125, 1156 neuropathological consequences, 370 Double-replacement technique, 188 nucleus accumbens, 370 Drinking behavior, age of onset of pharmacotherapeutic intervention, 371 alcohol consumption before 15 years of post-mortem interval, 371 age, 383 protein kinase C isoform, 372 asymptomatic drinkers, 383 protein mass, 370 chronic remitting disease, 383 synaptic plasticity/signal conduct disorders in alcohol dependence transduction, 371 children, 383 syntaxin binding protein 3, 372 initiation of alcohol use among Drug Abuse Treatment Outcomes 12–20 years, 383 Study, 917 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey Drug addiction (substance dependence/ on Alcohol and Related Dependence), 333 Conditions, 383 cycle National Survey on Drug Use and binge/intoxication, 334 Health, 383 preoccupation/anticipation (craving), psychiatric pharmacogenetics, 383 333–334 Drinking guidelines for screening, 1404–1405 withdrawal/negative affect, 334 “Drinkline,” 808 impulsivity and compulsivity, 333 Drug Abuse Collaborative Cocaine Treatment negative reinforcement, 334 Study, 831, 928, 931 non-abused drugs, 334 Drug abuse disorders, 1182 Drug Addiction Treatment Act, 12–13, 54, alcohol use, multiple risk factors, 1182 475, 1351 crystal methamphetamine use, 1183 Drug and Alcohol Services Information System, depression in both men and women, 1182 322, 1407 depressive syndromes, 1182 Drug courts, 1451–1452 HIV-infected intravenous drug alcoholics anonymous, 1451 users, 1182 therapeutic jurisprudence, 1451 injection drug users, 1182 Drug craving, 159–160, 171–173, 264, 298, intravenous drug use, 1182 370, 405, 423, 471, 502, 1054, methamphetamine-dependent men, 1183 1161, 1350 sexually transmitted infections, 1183 “Drug Czars,” 57 1570 Index

Drug dependence, animal models of, 333–352 individual differences in vulnerability, diagnosis, 96, 100 121–123 of increased drug taking during dependence Drug replacement, self-help drug self-administration with prolonged and alcohol, 804 access, 340 alcohol abuse, 804 motivational changes associated with, alcohol dependence, 804 343–345 alcoholism, definition, 804 withdrawal-induced drinking, 340–343 alcohol withdrawal, symptoms, 804 neurobiological bases of increased drug kava (piper methysticum) root, 804 taking during dependence non-alcoholic beverages replacement, 804 between-system changes, role of and caffeine, 801–802 corticotropin-releasing factor, caffeine-free drinks, 801 346–348 decaffeinated coffee, 801 between-system changes, role of herbal teas, 801 neuropharmacological systems, 348 -related disorders, 801 homeostatic vs. allostatic view of safe food substance, 801 dependence, 348–350 and nicotine, 802–804 within-system changes, dopamine, 346 acute dosing type, 802 validity and relevance to treatment “chew and park” process, 803 construct validity, 351 -containing chewing gum, 802 relevance of face validity, 350–351 inhalation of carbon monoxide and relevance to medications development, tar, 802 351–352 inhalation of tobacco smoke, 802 of withdrawal nicotine gum vs. placebo, 803 anxiety-like symptoms, 336–337 nicotine lozenge treatment, 803 dysphoria-like symptoms, 337–338 quitting smoking, 802 reward thresholds, 338 replacement options, 802 somatic signs, 335–336 side effects of chewing nicotine gum, 803 Drug effects, characterization tolerance to nicotine, 802 new medication and alcohol, potential transdermal nicotine patches and its side interactions, 131 effects, 803–804 safety, 131 withdrawal symptoms, 802 Drug Enforcement Administration, 8, 11–12, Drug response and addiction, metabolomics in 58–61, 66, 70, 131, 299–300, 480, addiction research, current approach 589–590, 594–595, 859–860, 1376, generating gene list, 241–242 1392 technology to capture metabolomic Drug Free Community Program, 68 changes, 240–241 Drug-free workplace, 60 tissue and organ of interest, 241 Drug priming, 162, 166, 170 application in solving addiction disorders, Drug reinforcement in animals 249–250 assessing reinforcing efficacy definition, 237–238 choice procedures, 120–121 integration of systems biology, 250–251 progressive-ratio schedule, genetic screening technologies, 250 119–120 genotyping of, 250 second-order schedules, 120 pathways in intracellular signaling, 251 modeling aspects of addiction substance abuse and its effect, 238–239 animal models of, 123–124 substance abuse leads to addiction, 239 animal models of relapse, 124–125 transcription regulatory network Index 1571

construction of, 249 neuroscientific investigation, factor and regulatory elements modeling, techniques, 265 247–248 Pavlovian conditioning, advantages, 268 gene selection and literature analysis, 247 procedures, 266 Drug reward and reinforcement, neurobiological psychomotor stimulant effects, 268 basis of psychostimulants effects, 269 addictive drugs, actions of repeated administration of drugs, 268 chronic exposure to drugs of abuse, 272 reward and reinforcement, models cocaine exposure, 272 of, 266 competitive inhibitor, cocaine, 270 self-administration techniques for D2 and D1 antagonists, 271 drugs, 265 dopaminergic lesions, effects of, 271 sensitization, 268 experimental approaches, 275 shift in stimulus-response curve, 267 exposure to delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol, withdrawal relief model, 269 272 neurotransmitters and neural circuitry, glutamate signaling, 272 258–265 intoxicating effects, produced, 271 antagonist effect, 259 mechanisms, 270 associative circuitry connections, 261 neurotransmitter transporters, role, 271 brain endocannabinoid system, 261 opioid peptides, 271 cannabinoid-1 receptors, 261 behaviorism and concepts, 256–258 cocaine and amphetamine, euphoric forms of reinforcement, 256 effects, 263 instrumental conditioning, 258 cortexbasal ganglia-cortex circuits, neural mechanisms, power of, 258 functions, 261 Pavlovian conditioning, 257 dopaminergic neuronal activity, 259 phenomenon of self starvation, 258 dopaminergic neurons, stimulation punishment and reward, 257 of, 264 reinforcing stimulus, 256 habitual responding, 263 stimulus-response learning, 257 instrumental learning, 264 training with schedules, 257 intracranial self-stimulation, 258, 259 direction of future research, 273–275 knockin and knockout techniques, 260 action-outcome learning, 274 ligand-gated ion channels, 260 brain mechanisms, 274 limbic circuitry, 261–263 dendritic stunting effects, 274 opiate drugs as agonists, 260 dopaminergic transmission, drug actions role of, 259 on, 273 stimulus-response association, drug abuse, interactions, 273 promoting, 263 goals, 273 substantia nigra neurons, activation sensorimotor circuitry, role, 273–275 of, 264 stimulus-response circuitry, 273 Drugs as food, 634–635 drug use and drug addiction, models of, 267 Drug-seeking behavior, 118, 120, 125, 159–171, approach to develop battery of tests, 267 162, 266–267, 350, 381, 422–423, chronic use of different drugs, 269 1018, 1149, 1164, 1175, 1440, 1511, drawbacks, 266 1516–1517, 1526 experimental models, 270 Drug self-administration, 119–120, 122–124, increased in behavioral cost, 267 134–135, 137, 159, 163–168, locomotor stimulation, 268 265–267, 271, 336, 340, 343, 409, negative reinforcement, 269 1055, 1073, 1508 1572 Index

Drug taking during dependence Institute of Medicine, 783 between-system changes prevention paradox, 783 effects of ethanol withdrawal, 349 Drug use disorders, 1494–1495 role of corticotropin-releasing factor, drugs of choice, 1494 346–348 cannabis, 1494 role of neuropharmacological cocaine use disorder, 1494 systems, 348 frst-time shelter-seeking women, 1494 homeostatic vs. allostatic view of heroin, 1494 dependence, 348–350 opioid, 1494 allostatic state, 350 sedative use disorders, 1494 arousal and autonomic function, 350 stimulant, 1494 between-system neuroadaptation, 348 injection drug use, 1494–1495 brain stress systems, 348–350 needle-exchange programs, 1494 negative reinforcement of addiction, 348 needle-sharing, 1494 re-addiction, 350 sex and age, 1495 within-system neuroadaptation, 348 looking forward, 1495 within-system changes, dopamine, 346 methamphetamine abuse, 1495 animals during amphetamine oxycodone abuse, 1495 withdrawal, 346 overall prevalence rates, 1494 chronic drug exposure, 346 shelter-using mentally ill women, 1494 cocaine abusers, 346 DSCAM, 210, 213–214 FosB response, 346 Dynamic control system modeling, 1291–1303 dopamine D2 receptors, 346 dynamic system model, 1296–1302 psychostimulant withdrawal, 346 DA and 5-HT, firing rates, 1299 Drug-trafficking, 61 serotonin, stock and flow, 1297 Drug use and drug addiction, models Stoltenberg’s parameter values, 1299 of, 267 Johnson model, 1294–1296 approach to develop battery of tests, 267 serotonin-3 receptor, 1295 chronic use of different drugs, 269 theoretical model, Johnson and drawbacks, 266 Ait-Daoud, 1295 experimental models, 270 modeling, 1302 increased in behavioral cost, 267 personalized treatment, 1292 locomotor stimulation, 268 Project MATCH, 1292 negative reinforcement, 269 pharmacogenetics, 1292–1294 neuroscientific investigation, techniques, 265 CYP2D6 polymorphism, 1293 Pavlovian conditioning, advantages, 268 cytochrome P-450 enzyme, 1292 procedures, 266 disulfiram, 1294 psychomotor stimulant effects, 268 GABRA2 gene, 1294 psychostimulants effects, 269 gamma-aminobutyric acid-A receptors, repeated administration of drugs, 268 1294 reward and reinforcement, models of, 266 5-HTTLPR polymorphism, 1293 self-administration techniques for drugs, 265 Dysexecutive traits, 637 sensitization, 268 Dysthymia, 674, 877, 1163, 1182 shift in stimulus-response curve, 267 withdrawal relief model, 269 E Drug use and problems, 783–784 Ear acupuncture, 1237–1260 categories of substance use disorders and basics, 1238–1240 problems, 784 clients experience, 1239 Index 1573

history and method, 1238–1239 prevalence and impact of substance use physiological mechanisms, 1239–1240 among, 1399–1402 clinical effectiveness, 1250–1254 comorbidities, 1401–1402 AIDS-related treatment, 1252–1253 medication misuse, 1400 criminal justice-related treatment, National Survey on Drug Use and 1253–1254 Health, 1400 maternal treatment, 1253 problem drinking, 1400 retention and recidivism, 1250–1251 vulnerabilities for substance use treatment effects, 1252 problems, 1400–1401 treatment, frequency and duration, use of brief alcohol interventions with 1251–1252 substance dependence, 1406–1409 clinical examples, 1259–1260 “baby boom” cohort, 1409 controlled studies, 1243–1248 detoxification and withdrawal, 1407 broader range, effectiveness, 1248 formal substance abuse treatment Completion rates in Hennepin study, 1244 outcomes, 1407–1408 electro acupuncture, 1244 limitations of treatment, 1408 landmark Shwartz study, 1246–1247 new models for screening and randomized placebo trials, 1243–1246 treatment, 1408 research problems, 1244–1245 studies of treatment compliance, 1408 tweed study, 1247–1248 use problems in older adults, 1402–1406 mental health problems, 1254–1255 alcohol use patterns and problems in, serious and persistent mental illness, 1402–1404 1254–1255 broad-based assessment of substance use trauma and violence, 1255 problems, 1405–1406 national acupuncture detoxification drinking guidelines for screening, 1404 association protocol, 1240–1243 screening for alcohol/medication clinical value, 1242–1243 problems in, 1404–1405 Lincoln hospital experience, 1240–1242 Electrocardiogram and echocardiogram, 542 psychosocial mechanisms, 1255–1259 Electroconvulsive therapy, 610 foundation for autonomy, 1257–1258 Electron transport, 362, 371 improving treatment program, 1259 Electrospray ionization, 367–368 internal change, 1256–1257 Eletroporation, 185 personal behavior, 1255–1256 Embryo and fetus, effects on developing, Economics and consumerism, 651 1414–1417 Ecopipam, 141 anomalies of other organs, 1415–1417 Ecstacy, 586–587 behavioral and developmental changes, Ectopic pregnancy, 878 1416–1417 Edman protein sequencing, 369 cardiac anomalies, 1416 Efavirenz, 479, 1031 craniofacial complex, 1415 Elderly, identification and treatment of neural crest cells, 1415 alcohol/drug dependence, 1399–1409 oro-facial clefts, 1415–1416 alcohol and drug use problems in older reduced fetal growth, 1416 adults, 1402–1406 fetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol effects, classification, 1402–1404 1414–1415 drinking guidelines for screening, 1404 See also Fetal alcohol syndrome screening, 1404–1405 mechanism of alcohol teratogenicity, 1417 substance use problems, assessment of, disturbed prostaglandin synthesis, 1417 1405–1406 effects on neurons, 1417 1574 Index

Embryo and fetus (cont.) increases arginine vasopressin, 1135 glucose/protein/lipid/DNA metabolism, reduces renin secretion, 1135 1417 nicotine, 1133–1134 impaired neurogenesis, 1417 chronic smoking, 1133 increased cellular apoptosis, 1417 Graves’ ophthalmopathy, 1133 oxidative stress, 1417 increases plasma levels, 1133 Emerging adulthood, substance abuse, physiological estrogen-dependent 1332–1336 processes, 1133 binge drinking, consequences, 1333–1336 smoking and erectile dysfunction, definition, 1333–1334 1133–1134 other drug use, 1334–1335 thyroid cancer, 1133 other health risk behaviors, opioids, 1134–1135 consequences, 1336 Addisonian crises, 1135 risk behaviors, 1333 erectile dysfunction, 1135 Emotional memory, 639 heroin or methadone maintenance Empathy and Motivational Interviewing Spirit, treatment, 1134 717, 719 hypocorticism, 1135 Enacted stigma, 1198–1201, 1208–1210 Endogenous cannabinoids, 965 Enactogen, 291 anandamide, 965 Endocannabinoids, 189, 261, 271–272, 272, 2-arachidonylglycerol, 965 965, 1508 Endogenous opioid peptide nociceptin, 1057 Endocrinology Energy drinks, 553 alcohol, 1132–1133 Entactogens, 292, 1083 addiction in women, 1132 Entactogenic phenethylamines, 1084 and diabetes, 1132–1133 Environmental toxins, 1103 endocrine features with substance abuse Enzymeimmunoassay techniques, 562 or dependence, 1134 Ephedrine, 9–10, 10, 70, 290–291, 495–496, erectile dysfunction, 1133 1052 gynecologic problems, 1133 Epigenetics and individual differences hyperprolactinemia, 1132 DNA methylation, 205 and insulin sensitivity, 1133 heritable epigenetic influence, 205 sexual dysfunctions, 1133 Equal Employment Opportunity Commission, thyroid hormone dysfunction, 1132 1463–1464 women addiction to, 1132 Ergogenic drugs, 534 amphetamine, 1135–1136 Ergotism, 299 chemical stressor, 1136 Erotonin reuptake inhibitors, 85–86, 410, 433, cocaine and, 1135 485, 518, 545, 591, 596, 624–625, D-amphetamine, 1135 641, 658, 662, 666, 673, 862, 868, benzodiazepines, 1136 958, 960, 962, 968, 1000, 1094, 1104, acute diazepam administration, 1136 1169–1170, 1293–1294, 1296, 1298, peripheral-type benzodiazepine receptor 1300, 1478, 1580 density, 1136 Erotonin transporter gene, 233, 962–963, 1104 cocaine, 1135 Escitalopram, 658, 954 chronic cocaine abuse, 1135 Ethanol (alcohol), 162 clinical effects, 1135 chemical properties, 284 effects on dopaminergic neural history, 283–284 systems, 1135 alcoholic beverages, 284 hyperprolactinemia, 1135 fermented beverages, 283–284 Index 1575

metabolites, 111 altered palmar creases, 1415 pharmacodynamics, 285–287 cardiac anomalies, 1415 neuropharmacological effects, 286–287 chronic alcoholics, 1415 pharmacokinetics, 284–285 congenital defects, 1415 absorption and distribution, 284–285 developmental delay, 1415 elimination/excretion, 285 fine-motor dysfunction, 1415 metabolism, 285 joint anomalies, 1415 routes of administration, 284 maxillary hypoplasia, 1415 structure of, 285 meta-analysis, 1415 toxicology, 287 prenatal/postnatal growth deficiency, 1415 Ethanol pharmacokinetics, methods, 1266–1271 Fetal malformations, 1415 mathematical modeling, 1266–1269 Fetishism, 665 minimal model, 1269–1270 File drawer problem, 716 ethanol kinetics, oral intake, 1269 Fine-motor dysfunction, 1415 Norberg modeling, 1269 Fingerprint, 956–957, 1527, 1530 model parameters identification, 1270–1271 Fixed-ratio schedule, 118–120 clinical testing protocol, data collection, Flp-FRT recombination technology, 188 1271 Fluconazole, 1031 population averages, 1270 Flu-like syndrome, 868 subject-specific identification, 1270–1271 Flumazenil, 320, 514, 517, 1053 2-Ethylidene-1,5-dimethyl-3,3- Fluoxetine, 190, 958, 1104 diphenylpyrrolidine, Flushing syndrome, 203 1031 Fluvoxamine, 658, 1031, 1104 EUK0–0, 1418 Food addiction, 634 Euphoria, 131, 133–134, 136, 142–144, Food and Drug Administration, 11, 879, 1049, 146–147, 159, 265, 269, 288, 292, 1069, 1106, 1527 297–298, 306, 315, 348, 390, 392, Food as drugs, 635 402, 469, 471–472, 479, 497, 526, Forensic issues, 1437–1456 529, 593, 595, 649, 652, 857, 859, alcoholism, 1438 869–870, 1029, 1054, 1072, 1088, civil matters, 1441–1446 1124–1125, 1135, 1153, 1161, 1166, clinical/forensic intersection, 1438 1175, 1425 comorbid addiction, 1438 EVI1 (ecotropic viral integration site-1), 248 compulsion and responsibility, 1440–1441 Exhibitionism, 665 criminal matters, 1446–1452 Exocytosis, 362 federal confidentiality statute, 1437 Exogenous obesity, 1049 forensic evaluation process, 1438–1439 Exposure therapy, 172, 181 clinical examination, 1438 collateral information, 1439 F doctor–patient relationship, 1438 Facial dysmorphism, 1415 forensic psychiatry, 1437 Facial preening, 1067 medical and legal terminology and reports of Fagerström test, 428 evaluation, 1439 Fatty liver, 382, 386, 1471, 1474 habitual intemperance, 1439 Federal Aviation Administration, 1452, 1454 “term of art,” 1439 Federal drug control budget 1996–2009, 65 positive drug screen, 1438 Federation of State Medical Boards, 18, 1174 regulatory matters, 1452–1456 Fetal alcohol syndrome, 228 working with attorneys, testimony, and alcohol effects, 1414–1415 1439–1440 1576 Index

Forensic (cont.) polymorphisms of monoamine American Academy of Psychiatry and oxidase-A-encoding genes, 621 Law, 1439 Vietnam Era Twin registry, 621 forensic colleagues, 1440 Iowa Gambling Task, 622 forensic texts, 1440 natural recovery, 625 “hired gun,” 1439 neuroimaging studies, 623–624 neutrality and objectivity, 1439 behavioral or non-substance Forepaw licking, 1067 addiction, 623 Forepaw tremors, 1067 cortico-basalganglionic-thalamic Fourier transform-ion cyclotron resonance, circuitry, 623 366–368 loss-chasing behavior, 623 French paradox, alcohol, 1125 neuropsychology of, 621–623 Frotteurism, 665 Emotional, Drug, or Gambling Stroop Fructose-biphosphate aldolase C, 373 Tasks, 622 Full dependence syndrome, 1032 gambling motivations, 623 Functional magnetic resonance imaging, 111, Iowa Gambling Task, 622 172, 216, 496, 623, 691, 1056, 1293 Stroop task, 621 Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, 622 prevalence estimates and characteristics, 619 G comorbidity, 619 GABAergic agents, 1000 factors associated, 619 baclofen, 1000 gambling triggers, 619 gabapentin, 1000 personality and temperamental Gabapentin, 144, 985–986, 1053 factors, 619 hepatic enzymes, not induced, 986 telescoping, 619 mechanisms of action, 985 prevention efforts, 625 preclinical studies, 985 analysis of self-exclusion programs, 625 reduces insomnia, 986 psychiatric nosology of pathological reduction of tonic-clonic seizures, 986 gambling, 617–618 rescue medication, clomethiazole, 986 impulse control disorders, 618 structural relationship, 985 South Oaks Gambling Screen, 618 tiagabin, vigabatrin, 986 research challenges and future directions, “Gambler’s Fallacy,” 618 625–626 Gambling, pathological co-occurring disorder, 626 biochemistry of, 619 use of brain imaging techniques, 626 amphetamine, 620 Stroop task, 622 dopamine, 620 treatment, 624–625 dopamine agonists, 620 aversive therapy, 624 norepinephrine, 621 behavioral treatments, 624 serotonin, 620 brief guided therapy, 624 cognitive distortions, 618 cognitive behavioral therapy, 624 “Gambler’s Fallacy,” 618 imaginal desensitization, 624 superstitious behaviours, 618 motivational enhancement, 624 definition, 617 pharmacological treatments, 624–625 genetics of, 621 Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, 622 data for serotonergic and noradrenergic Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors, genetic contributions, 621 37, 144, 259, 286, 411, 511, D2 dopamine receptor gene, 621 1056, 1526 Index 1577

agonists, 1019 two-dimensional gel electrophoresis, 363 function, modulators, 986 caveats of, 363 tiagabin, 986 isoelectric focusing, 363 vigabatrin, 986 Gel plugs, 368 transaminase inhibitor, 1018, 1057 GEMS Launcher package, 247 vigabatrin, 1018 Gene-by-environment approaches, 1528 Gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor-A alpha-6 Gene coding, 621, 993, 1104–1106 subunit gene (GABRA6), 231 Gene expression microarray, 240 Ganciclovir, 185 Genes affecting pharmacodynamics, gene × Gateway theories, 308, 451 environment Gay and Lesbian Medical Association, 1361 effects, 233 Gays, lesbians, and bisexuals, 1355–1370 inter-individual variation, 233 risk, 1361–1364 modulators, 233 sexual orientation, overview, 1355–1357 Gene targeting, basics of heterosexism, by Herek, 1356 embryonic stem cells, manipulation of heterosexual, 1356 pluripotency, 185 homosexual, 1356 targeting construct internalized heterosexism, 1356 aspect affecting frequency, 183 internalized homophobia, 1357 components, 183 substance use and abuse, prevalence of, positive-negative selection technique, 184 1357–1361 relative ratio of, 183 treatment, 1364–1370 and transgenesis affirmative practice, 1366–1367 construct, 186–187 treatment issues, 1367–1370 generation of, 187 Gel-based methods, 363–365 rabbit β globin poly(A), 187 gel staining, 364 transgene expression, enhancing, 186 Coomassie Brilliant Blue, 364 transgenic founders, 186 DeepPurpleTM, 364 Gene targeting, strategies of de-staining procedure, 364 conditional protein spot detection, 364 recombination technology, 188 silver staining, 364 knockin SyproRubyTM dye, 364 double-replacement technique, 188 isoelectric focusing, 363 hit-and-run technique, 188 isoelectric point, 363 knockout pH values, 363 phenotypes of, 187 protein solubilization, 363 Genetic influences, nicotine replacement strip gels, 363 therapy, 1003–1004 sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel DRD2 A1, DRD2 (Del C), higher quit rates, electrophoresis, 363–364 1004 anionic complexes, 363–364 Genetic level on new vistas, 1509–1512 molecular weight, 364 convergent translational genomics approach, western blotting, 364 1511–1512 two-dimensional difference in gel Integrative Neuroscience Initiative on electrophoresis, 364–365 Alcoholism, 1512 cyanine dyes, 365 forward genetics in preclinical research, Cy2/Cy3/Cy5 dyes, 364–365 1510–1511 lasers/emission filters, 365 alterations in gene expression in spot pattern variability, 364 drug-exposed animals, 1511 1578 Index

Genetic level (cont.) Genetic variation, 182, 216, 218, 225–227, 230, convergent translational genomics 233–234, 993, 1001, 1004, approach, 1511 1101–1103, 1102, 1105–1106, incubation, 1511 1108–1110, 1261, 1266, 1293–1295, microarray, 1511 1297–1298, 1302, 1509 protein modification/degradation, 1511 Genome-wide association studies, 994, 1110 reinstatement model, 1511 contribution to balancing selection yoked nicotine, 1511 heritability of, 209 genetics of addictive behavior, 1509–1510 failure to support alternative hypotheses, 212 candidate genes, 1510 genome studies, samples genetic linkage analysis, 1509 collection of data, 208 genome-wide association studies, 1510 personality traits, 212 neurotransmitter pathways, 1509 ratios assessment, 209 nicotine addiction, 1510 significant overlap, 212 nicotinic acetylcholine receptor proteins, mRNA halflives or mRNA splicing, 1510 alteration, 208 single nucleotide polymorphisms, 1509 pleiotropic influences, 208 smoking behavior, 1509 psychiatric and neurologic comorbidity, 212 smoking cessation, 1510 single nucleotide polymorphism reverse genetic approaches for functional chip, 207 validation of candidate genes, 1512 substance dependence vs. controls adeno-associated virus vectors, 1512 analyses, 209 Cre/loxP, 1512 Monte Carlo simulations, 209 mouse knockout model, 1512 success in smoking cessation tetracyclineinducible systems, 1512 analyses of three datasets, 212 Genetic markers, 181, 207, 1103, 1380 Genome-wide studies Genetic polymorphisms, 140, 195, 227, of nicotine dependence, 425–426 1003–1104, 1104, 1420 CHRNA3-A5 region, 426 Genetics, 425–427 chromosome 15 (15q24/15q25.1), 425 candidate gene studies cigarettes per day, definition, 425 for nicotine dependence, 426 Collaborative Study on the Genetics of predicting treatment outcome, 427 Alcoholism, 425 epidemiology studies and gene environment DNA pooling approach, 425 interaction DSM, 426 genes affecting alcohol metabolism, 37 Fagerström Test for Nicotine Dependence genetic variants influencing, 37–38 scores, 426 family and twin studies nicotinic acetylcholine receptor subunit environmental factors, 37 genes, 425 heritability, epidemiology studies of, 37 relationship of rs1051730, 426 genome-wide studies rs1051730 and rs8034191, SNPs, 425 of nicotine dependence, 425–426 rs16969968, CHRNA5 gene, 425 predicting nicotine cessation treatment rs1317286, SNP, 425 outcome, 426–427 smokers vs. nonsmokers, 425 heritability, 424–425 successful vs. non-successful quitters, 425 rates for smoking/not T variant (TT TG GG) of rs1051728, 426 smoking/quitting, 424 predicting nicotine cessation treatment smoking initiation/continuation/ outcome, 426–427 cessation, 424 DNA pooling strategy, 426 Index 1579

successful vs. unsuccessful quitters, study Graves’ ophthalmopathy, 1133 examining, 426 Gut and pancreas Gin craze, 79 alcohol, 1119–1120 Glia in analgesia/pain and nociception, role of, bacterial overgrowth, 1119 1156–1159 gastroesophageal reflux, 1119 adrenal steroids, 1159 Helicobacter pylori infection, 1119 destruction of myelin, 1157 -induced diarrhea and colon cancer, 1120 effects of glial products, 1158 Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 1119 endogenous μ-opioids, 1158 pancreatitis (acute/symptomatic), 1120 GLAST (excitatory amino acid prolonged orocecal transit time, 1119 transporter 1), 1158 superficial and chronic atrophic gastritis, GLT-1 (glial glutamate 1119 transporter-1/excitatory amino acid Zieve’s syndrome, 1120 transporter 2), 1158 amphetamine, 1122 glutamate transporters, 1158 misuse of crystal meth, 1122 intrathecal steroids, 1159 sympathomimetic action, 1122 microglia/astrocytes and oligodendrocytes, benzodiazepines, 1122 1156–1157 ethanolinduced gastric mucosa damage, morphine tolerance, 1158 1122 nerve damage, 1157 oral benzodiazepine poisoning, 1122 neuroexcitatory substances, 1158 stress induced gastric ulcerations, 1122 neuropathic pain, 1157 cocaine, 1121–1122 opioid withdrawal symptoms, 1158 bowel ischemia, 1122 pain neurotransmitters, 1157 candy-cane esophagus, 1121 peripheral nerve injury, 1157 nicotine, 1120–1121 pro-inflammatory substances, 1159 detrimental effect on Crohn’s disease, prostaglandin E2, 1159 1121 spinal cord glia, activation of, 1158 Helicobacter pylori infection, 1120 tissue/tumor necrosis factor, 1158 inflammatory bowel disease, 1120 Glial fibrillary acidic protein, 298, 372 lower esophageal sphincter pressure, Global War on Terror, 70 1120 Glucocorticoid receptor, 194 pancreatic carcinoma, 1121 Glutamate, 259, 1526 in treatment of ulcerative colitis, 1121 glutamatergic acetylcholine receptors, 1056 opioids, 1121 modulators, 1019 chemoreceptor trigger zone, 1121 Glutamatergic signaling, 170, 273 -induced constipation, 1121 Gluteraldehyde, 369 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, 1121 Glycophosphoinositol anchors, 214 GnRH signaling pathway, 249 H Gonadotrophin releasing hormone signaling Habitual responding, 263, 266, 274 pathway, 1311 Habituation, 162, 381, 638, 1426 Gonorrhea, 672, 878, 1183 Hallucinations, 105, 109, 293–294, 299, 302, Gout, 387, 1470, 1472 315, 336, 389–390, 407–408, 501, Government Accountability Office study, 1452 519, 526, 528, 530, 542, 585, Grass-roots efforts 591–592, 606, 610, 804, 981, Mothers Against Drunk Driving in 1980, 33 982–983, 1083, 1088, 1090, publicized media campaign, 33 1093–1095, 1209, 1255, 1407, 1472, Graves’ disease, 1133 1476, 1478 1580 Index

Hallucinogens, 4, 25, 1083–1096 intoxication, 1089–1091 abuse, 1092 assessment, 1089–1090 basic pharmacology, 1084–1088 differential diagnosis, 1090–1091 adrenergic, 1084 treatment, 1091 common hallucinogens, 1085–1087 persisting perception disorder, 1092–1094 dopaminergic, 1084 assessment, 1092–1093 neurometabolic studies, 1084 differential diagnosis, 1093 serotonergic, 1084 treatment, 1093–1094 serotonin-2a receptors, 1084 Hallucinogens, LSD/psilocybin/mescaline sympathomimetic actions, 1084 history, 299–300 epidemiology, 1084 ergotism, 299 hallucinogen use disorders, 1089–1094 lysergic acid diethylamide, 299 assessment and treatment, 1089–1094 magic mushrooms, 300 -induced psychotic, 1089 National Institute on Drug Abuse, intoxication, 1089 Research Report, 299 persisting perception disorder, 1089 psilocybin and psilocin, 300 substance-induced disorders, 1089 pharmacodynamics, 300–302 historical perspectives, 1083–1084 mechanisms of action, 300–302 entactogenic phenethylamines, 1084 pharmacokinetics, 302 entactogens, 1083 routes of administration, 302 lysergic acid diethylamide, 1083 structures of, 299, 301 neurotransmitter systems, 1083 toxicity, 303 psychoneurobiological behavior, 1083 flashbacks, 303 psychosis, 1083 Psilocybe cubensis mushroom, 303 psychotherapy, 1083 Haloperidol, 141, 145, 403, 501, 519, 530, psychotomimetics, 1083 608–609, 620, 1091, 1094 psychological and biological effects, Haplotype-based approach, 1102 1088–1089 HAPMAP Project, 182, 1102–1103 hallucinogena physical and psychological Hashish, 4, 59, 261, 1063, 1361, 1375, 1424 effects, 1088 Healthcare Common Procedures Coding lysergic acid diethylamide, 1089 System, 18 tripping, 1088 Health care professionals, etiology, 1378–1385 treatment tools for addiction, 1094–1096 age and substance use, 1385 dimethyltryptamine, 1095 drug access, 1378–1380 indolealkylamine hallucinogen ibogaine, family history, 1380–1382 1095 negative proscriptions, 1383–1384 substanceinduced psychotic religiosity (internal factors), 1383 disorder, 1095 social networks (external factors), 1383 Hallucinogen, assessment and treatment of, Winick’s theory, 1383 1089–1094 pharmacological optimism, 1382–1383 abuse and dependence, 1091–1092 professional invincibility, 1382 assessment, 1091–1092 MDeity, 1382 differential diagnosis, 1092 pharmacological tightrope, 1382 treatment, 1092 social and professional influences, 1384 induced psychotic disorder, 1094 active, 1384 assessment, 1094 passive, 1384 differential diagnosis, 1094 Health care professionals, substance use treatment, 1094 disorders, 1375–1394 Index 1581

epidemiology, 1376–1378 as self-help, 809 etiology, see Health care professionals, Heme synthesis, 362 etiology Hepatic cytochromes P450 enzyme family, 1031 identifying drug problems, 1390–1391 Hepatic failure, 316, 984, 1117, 1119, 1474 signs and symptoms, co-worker, 1391 Hepatitis C virus syndrome, 1118 intervention, 1391–1392 Herbal formula, sleep mix, 1243 twelve-step programs, 1392 Heroin, 4, 25, 103, 1248 other drug use, 1385–1390 Heroin Addiction Helpline, 809 dentists, 1385–1386 Heroin-dependent mothers in pregnancy nurses, 1386–1388 barbiturates, 1419 pharmacists, 1388–1389 cocaine, 1419 physicians, 1389–1390 effects on postnatal development, 1420–1421 prevention and education, 1392–1394 aggressiveness, 1420 Health insurance hyperactivity, 1420 critical themes, 21 inattention, 1420 emerging movements, 20 lack of social inhibition, 1420 parity laws, 20 neurobehavioral development, 1420 substance abuse treatment, expenditures, 20 hepatitis B/hepatitis C/HIV, 1419 total health care spending, 20 heroin-/opiate-induced fetal damage, animal Health Insurance Portability and Accountability models for, 1423 Act, 870, 1445 adenylyl cyclase, 1423 Health perspectives, emerging cholinergic neurons, 1423 alcohol use, 3–4 hippocampal cholinergic neurons, 1423 barriers to treatment mu-opioid receptor G protein, 1423 access to recovery, 16 osmotic mini-pumps, 1423 screening/brief pregnant mice/rats, 1423 intervention/referral, 16–19 increased neonatal/perinatal mortality, 1420 health insurance, 20–21 increased prematurity, 1420 illicit drug use intellectual developmental outcome, age variations, 5–6 1421–1422 prescription drugs, non-medical use of heroin-dependent fathers, 1422 buprenorphine/physician training, 12–14 low socioeconomic status, 1422 Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act poor postnatal environment, 1421 of 2005, 9–12 preschool aged children, 1421 recovery as holistic system, 19–20 utero heroin exposure, 1422 substance abuse treatment services, Wender-Utah questionnaires, 1422 utilization of, 15–16 lactation, 1423 Heavy drinkers, 36, 111, 140, 385–386, 783, low birth weight, 1420 806, 936, 948, 956, 1116, 1133, 1280, methadone-treated mothers, 1420 1285–1288, 1340, 1385–1386, 1400 phenothiazines, 1419 Hedonic dynamic, 348 psychotropic drugs, 1419 Helplines, 807 relation between substance abuse and for different types of addiction ADHD, 1419–1420 for alcohol, 808 catechol-O-methyl transferase gene, 1420 for anabolic-androgenic steroids, 808–809 dopamine D4 receptor, 1420 for cocaine/methamphetamines and dopamine metabolism, 1420 opiates, 809 genetic polymorphism, 1420 for nicotine, 807–808 hyperactivity disorder, 1420 1582 Index

Heroin-dependent (cont.) assessment, 693–695 mu-opioid receptor gene, 1420 Acquisition and Saving Version small head circumference, 1420 indexes, 695 treatment of pregnant mother, 1422–1423 Clutter Image Rating, 695 attend antenatal care, 1422 Hoarding Scale, 694 buprenorphine/naltrexone, 1423 Saving Cognitions Inventory, 694 methadone treatment, 1422 Saving Inventory-Revised, 693 neonatal special care units, 1422 classification and comorbidity, 688–690 zodiazepines, 1419 ego-syntonic nature, 688 Heterogeneous disorder, 383, 1530 obsessive-compulsive disorder Heterologous intron, 187 symptoms, 688 Heterosexual, 503–504, 664, 669, 671, 674, cognitive-behavioral theory and evidence 915, 1182, 1186, 1188, 1356–1368 ADHD, 692 High Intensity Drug Trafficking Area beliefs, basic types, 692 program, 66 components, 692 High-throughput technologies, 240, 249, 1533 emotional attachment to possessions, 693 Hippocampal formation, 170–171 etiology/biobehavioral underpinnings Hit-and-run technique, 188 diagnosis of Gilles de la Tourette HIV infection, psychiatric disorders in syndrome, 691 depression, 1184 genetic research, 691 HIV-/non-HIV-seropositive individuals, neuroimaging research, 690–691 1184 similarities between hoarding and behavioral major depressive disorder, 1184 addictions, 687 mental health care, 1184 treatment tripartite HIV risk, 1184 biological treatments, 695–696 mania and bipolar disease, 1183 cognitive behavioral therapy, themes, 696 comorbid hepatitis C/HIV, 1183 future directions in hoarding treatment cyclical moods, 1183 research, 697–698 features of mania, 1183 motivational interviewing, 697 high rates of sexual risk behaviors, 1183 psychological treatments, 696–697 psychosocial issues, 1184–1185 stimulant medication for ADHD, 698 childhood sexual abuse, 1184 Hoarding behavior, 650, 654–656, 688, drug dependence, 1185 691–695, 698 forced childhood sexual abuse vs. Holiday heart syndrome, 385, 1126 consensual childhood sexual Homeless, 1487–1501 experiences, 1184 alcohol use disorder, 1493–1494 highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1185 prevalence rates, 1493–1494 HIV risk behaviors, 1184 homeless adolescents, 1488 methadone maintenance treatment homeless children, 1488 programs or needle exchange, 1185 homelessness, 1488–1492 non-sexual relationship violence, 1184 chronic vs. short-term, 1491 schizophrenia, 1183–1184 historical context, 1488–1489 poor HIV knowledge and increased operationalizing homelessness, risk-taking behavior, 1183 1489–1490 serious and persistent mental illness, 1183 population size estimates, 1490–1491 Hoarding and behavioral addictions, similarities homeless services, 1499–1500 between, 687 assertive community treatment, 1499 Hoarding as behavioral addiction Housing First approach, 1499 Index 1583

intensive case management, 1499 ondansetron and SSRI, effects, 1300 psychiatric rehabilitation model, 1499 5-HTTLPR insertion/deletion, 1293 treatment-first approaches, 1499 Human cannabis withdrawal symptoms, 1073 medical illness, 1498–1499 Human embryonic kidney 293 cells, 961 HIV/AIDS, 1498 Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV), 611, infectious diseases, 1498–1499 661, 1131, 1138, 1181–1191, 1469, non-substance psychiatric disorders, 1471, 1473, 1475, 1477 1495–1497 Human laboratory in development of anxiety disorders, 1496 medications, role of mood disorders, 1495–1496 abuse liability, evaluation overall prevalence rates, 1497 adverse/harmful effects, personality disorders, 1497 characterization, 131 psychotic disorders, 1496–1497 comparative pharmacological profile, other drug use disorders, 1494–1495 131–132 drugs of choice, 1494 reinforcing effects or potential for injection drug use, 1494–1495 self-administration, 132 overall prevalence rates, 1494 abuse liability, issues roles of sex and race in psychiatric disorders craving, role of, 136–137 among homeless, 1497–1498 environment and cost in controlling substance use disorders, 1492–1493 self-administration, role, 135 alcohol and drug use disorder measuring self-administration behavior, comorbidity, 1493 importance of, 134–135 association between other risk factors and subjective effects, role, 132–134 homelessness and, 1492 subjective euphoria, role, 134 prevalence rates, 1492–1493 subject population variables, 135–136 Homelessness, 1488–1492 developing medications for alcohol chronic vs. short-term, 1491 dependence chronic subgroups, 1491 disulfiram, 139 federal policy, 1491 naltrexone, 139–140 definitions of, 1489 others, 140–141 historical context, 1488–1489 developing medications for alcohol “hobos,” 1488 dependence, role “move beyond” demographic acamprosate, 140 descriptions, 1488 evaluate medications for cocaine sixteenth-century Elizabethan Poor Law, dependence, role 1488 of cocaine treatments affecting other “streetcorner” groups, 1488 neurochemical systems, 143–145 operationalizing homelessness, 1489–1490 dopamine agonists and antagonists for precarious housing situations, 1489 treatment, 141–142 population size estimates, 1490–1491 stimulant replacement strategies, 142–143 cross-sectional point prevalence, 1490 medications for “Homelessness Counts,” 1491 amphetamine/methamphetamine, substance use and mood disorders, 1491 145–146 telephone household survey, 1491 acute doses of anticonvulsant Homosexual, 80, 525, 1262, 1356, 1360 topiramate, 146 5-HTTLPR genotype, 1300 dopamine agonist treatments, 146 extracellular serotonin levels, 1301 D2 receptor agonist, 145 LL genotype, S allele, 1300 isradipine, treatment effect, 146 1584 Index

Human laboratory (cont.) benzodiazepine antagonist flumazenil, 517 ondansetron, 146 detoxification, 517 study with methylphenidate and DSM-IV, 516 bupropion, suggestion, 146 pseudoaddiction, 516 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic psychosocial deterioration, 516 mechanisms, evaluation, 130–131 Hypoglycemia, 1116, 1280, 1470 pharmacological agonists and antagonist Hypolocomotion, 1076 treatments, 136–137 Hypoplastic prosencephalon, 1429 phase I, II safety testing in target Hypoxanthine guanine phosphoribosyl population, 130 transferase 1 locus, 188 Human research participants for cannabis dependence, studies of, 1069–1073 adolescent marijuana abusers, 1073 I bupropion worsening effects, 1070 Iatrogenic addiction, 474–475 cannabinoid withdrawal syndrome, 1069 buprenorphine maintenance, 475 frequent marijuana smokers, 1069 Drug Addiction Treatment Act of 2000, 475 human cannabis withdrawal symptoms, 1073 increased risk for addiction, 474 marijuana-related intoxicating effects, 1069 methadone maintenance, 474–475 nefazodone, 1070 methadone recipients* and buprenorphine psychomotor performance disruptions, 1071 (BUP) recipients study, 475 symptoms, 1069 prescription opioid/heroin abusers, Hydromorphone, 138, 464, 1030, 1169 comparison of, 474 Hydrophobic interaction chromatography, 365 Suboxone R , 475 Hydrophobicity, 360, 362, 365 Iboga plant alkaloid ibogaine, 1057 3-Hydroxycotinine, 1003, 1106 Idiosyncratic script-driven mental imagery Hydroxytamoxifen, 195 techniques, 137 Hydroxyzine, 1053 Illicit drugs, 569, 788–789 Hyperactivity disorder, 85, 226, 293, 421, 429, age variations 433, 528, 692, 697–698, 1049–1050, according to United States Census 1076, 1152, 1243, 1280, 1416, Bureau, 6 1419–1423, 1420, 1455, 1480 prevalence of, 5 Hyperalgesia, 1031, 1036, 1045, 1150, 1153, benzodiazepines and opioids, results in, 5 1155, 1157, 1159–1161, 1171, 1175, cochrane reviews of psychosocial treatments, 1477, 1480 788–789 Hyperglutamatergia, 372 cognitive behavioral therapy, 789 Hypertension, 110, 294, 310, 381, 385, 497, information-based intervention, 789 514, 537, 541, 561–562, 564–565, intensive psychotherapy, 789 595, 597, 606–608, 636, 867–868, interventions for cannabis use, 789 908, 944, 1088, 1124–1128, 1136, motivational interviewing approach, 789 1138, 1188, 1347, 1427, 1455, prescription drugs, 1470–1471, 1473, 1479–1480 non-therapeutic/non-medical use, 5 Hyperthermia, 336, 403, 407, 502, 590, prescription pain relievers, non-medical use 596–597, 607, 609, 1051, 1088, 1090, of, 5 1124, 1188, 1480 screening and referral approach, 789 Hypnotics and anxiolytics, abuse and Immunoblotting, 369 dependence, 516–517 Imprinting, 205 anticonvulsants (carbamazepine and Impulse control disorders, 618, 649 valproate), 517 Impulse-dyscontrol behaviors, 1530 Index 1585

Impulsivity and decision-making deficits, age of onset of inhalant abuse, 525 638–639 dung sniffing, 526 Incentive-sensitization model, 269 gateway drugs, 525 Incubation, 1511 glue/spray paints and gasoline, 526 Indolealkylamine hallucinogens National Institute on Drug Abuse, 526 chemical structures of, 587 toluenes in Erase-XTM, 526 lysergic acid diethylamide toluenes in paint thinners, and abuse and dependence potential, 590 Iodex R ,526 adverse effects, 590 mechanisms of action, 526–527 flashbacks, 591–592 effects of groups I and II inhalants, 526 persistent psychosis and relationship to pharmacologic effects of nitrites, 526 mental illness, 592 morbidity and mortality, 527 physiological and psychological effects, chronic abuse of volatile alkyl 589–590 nitrites, 527 risk factors, 590–591 chronic nitrous oxide abuse, 527 street information, 588–589 CNS damage, 527 from United States Drug Enforcement definite associations, 527 Administration Website, 589 inhalant abuse, 527 psilocybin, 592–593 likely morbidities, 527 Inflammatory bowel disease, 1120 speculative morbidities, 527 Inflammatory/neuropathic and malignant bone prevention and management pains, 1148 considerations, 531 Inhalants psychiatric disorders in inhalant users, history, 313 527–528 sudden sniffing deaths, 313 inhalant abuse and dependence, 528 mechanism of action, 313–314 inhalant-induced anxiety disorder, 530 dopamine, 314 inhalant-induced mood disorder, 530 gamma-aminobutyric acid, 314 inhalant-induced persisting dementia, 529 N-Methyl-D-Aspartate, 314 inhalant-induced psychotic disorder, 530 other receptors and ion channels, 314 inhalant intoxication and inhalant smooth muscle relaxation, 314 intoxication delirium, 528–529 volatile alkyl nitrites, 313 types of inhalants being abused, 525 pharmacodynamics, 315 alkyl nitrites, or poppers, 525 pharmocokinetics, 315 Group I, volatile solvents, 525 toxicology, 315–316 Group II, nitrous oxide, 525 volatile organic solvent abuse, 315 Group III, volatile alkyl nitrites, 525 Inhalant abuse and dependence, 528 nitrous oxide, or laughing gas, 525 bupropion (Wellbutrin R ) or atomoxetine pharmacologic classification and common (Strattera R ), 528 street names, 526 buspirone (BuSpar R ) and risperidone Inhalant-induced anxiety disorder, 530 (Risperdal R ), 528 anxiety symptoms, 530 impulsive behaviors, 528 course and treatment, 530 lamotrigine (Lamictal R ), 528 features, 530 naltrexone or acamprosate (Campral R ), 528 sedative medications, 530 polysubstance dependence, 528 Inhalant-induced mood disorder, 530 research with animal models, 528 course and treatment, 530 Inhalant addiction, clinical aspects of, 525–531 prominent and persistent disturbance in epidemiology, 525–526 mood, 530 1586 Index

Inhalant-induced (cont.) effects of shyness and alienation, 683 depressed mood, 530 instant messaging use and academic elevated/expansive or irritable mood, 530 performance decrement, 683–684 suicide risk assessments, 530 symptoms among teenagers, 682–683 Inhalant-induced persisting dementia, 529 technological addiction, 678 differential diagnoses, 529 Instant messaging addiction symptoms fat solvents, 529 escape, 683 neurocognitive deficits, 529 loss of control, 683 Inhalant-induced psychotic disorder, 530 loss of relationships, 682 carbamazepine (Tegretol R ), 530 preoccupation with instant messaging, 682 clinical evidences, 530 Instrumental conditioning, 256–258, 261, 264 haloperidol (Haldol R ), 530 Integrating genomic studies, 1528 psychotic symptoms, 530 Integrative Neuroscience Initiative on treatment of medical complications, 530 Alcoholism, 1512 Inhalant intoxication and inhalant intoxication INTERACT, 366 delirium, 528–529 Internalized heterosexism, 1356–1357, 1367, concomitant intoxication, 529 1368–1370 differential diagnosis, 529 Internalized homophobia, 1357, 1363–1364, intravenous injection of dextrose and 1370 naloxone (Narcan R ), 529 International Agency for Research on Cancer medical complications, 529 tobacco smoking, 417, 567, 1132 polysubstance dependence, 529 International Life Sciences Institute, 573 sedative medications, 529 International Statistical Classification of signs of inhalant intoxication, 528–529 Diseases and Related Health Insomnia, 105, 292–293, 298, 319–322, 385, Problems, 1063, 1530 404, 411, 433, 470, 476–477, 497, 10th Revision, 26, 98–105, 994–995, 1063, 511, 513–514, 517–519, 541, 1092, 1530 559–560, 608, 801–804, 862, 865, Internet-based self-help programs, 813 868, 982, 986, 995, 1088, 1125, 1161, Internet-related disorder, 679 1243, 1250, 1390, 1402, 1480 Internet resources Instant messaging addiction among teenagers for alcohol, 813 definition, 677 internet-based self-help programs, 813 internet addiction, 679 Self-helpWeb sites, 813 alienation and internet use, 680–681 Internet-based interventions, 812 “avid Internet users,” 679 Internet self-help Web sites and brief eight criteria, 679 interventions, 812 instant messaging addiction, 679 for nicotine, 812–813 internet use and academic performance, commercial and free smoking cessation 681–682 Web sites, 812 Net generation, 679 short-term abstinence, 812 shyness and internet use, 679, 680 for other substances, 813 synchronous-communication quitting smoking, 812 environment, 679 Webliographies, 812 and internet penetration in China, 678 Interpersonal intervention, 712–714 messaging tools, impact of, 678 Interpersonal skills of therapists, 717 studies in China Interpersonal theory, 710, 714 demographics and instant messaging Intoxication and overdose, 513–514 use, 684 alcohol intoxication, 513 Index 1587

benzodiazepines and intoxication, 514 DSM criteria, 605–606 buprenorphine, 513 tolerance and withdrawal, 606 CNS depressants, 513 epidemiology, 604 dopamine activity, 513 intoxication fatal overdose, 514 DSM criteria, 608 flumazenil, 514 management, 607 non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, 514 physiological effects, 606 substance use disorder, 513 psychological effects, 606 Intoxication, cocaine pharmacology definition/diagnostic criteria, 402–403 mechanism of action, 603–604 -induced delirium routes of administration, 604 definition/diagnostic criteria, 406–407 street names, 604 neurobiology, 407 See also Phencyclidine treatment approaches, 407 Ketoconazole, 1031, 1037 neurobiology, 403 Kleptomania and compulsive buying disorder, treatment approaches, 403–404 relationship between, 654 Intoxication delirium, 527–530, 608–610, 1050 Knockins in, addiction studies Intraperitoneal injection, 1052, 1066–1067, Brain-Derived Neurotrophic Factor (BDNF) 1067 Met Allele Intra-ventricular injection, 1067 associations with substance abuse, 191 Investigational New Drug Application, 1532 Bdnf knockout mice, 192 Ion-exchange chromatography, 365 influences, 191 Ionotropic glutamate receptors, 169, 259, 371 infusion of, 191 Ion transport, 362 nicotinic Acetylcholine Receptor (nAChR) Iowa Gambling Task, 622 α4 subunit Isoelectric point, 362–363, 365, 370 activation of, 192, 193 Isradipine, 144, 146 study on Leu9’Ala knockin mice, 193 ITRAQ multiplex quantitation strategy, 365 α4 subunit, necessity of, 193 Knockouts in, addiction studies J double-knockout Jackson’s hydraulic theory, 76 cocaine, reinforcing effects, 190 Jerking syndrome, 1125 investigation reports, 190 Joint anomalies, 1415 monoamine transporters, 190 Joint Commission on Accreditation of Health neurotransmitter dopamine, signaling Care Organizations, 11 effects, 190 Junk foods, 635 genes and addictive traits circadian rhythm genes, 190 K functions, 189 Kainate glutamate receptor antagonist, phenotypic traits, 190 954–957, 1000 Knockouts/knockins, mouse models topiramate, 1000 addiction studies, 188–195 Kappa-opioid receptors, 468, 1107 gene targeting, basics of affinity for opioid agonist ketazocine, 468 embryonic stem cells, manipulation of, antagonists (naloxone and naltrexone), 468 185–186 overdoses of pentazocine, 468 gene-targeted mice, generation of, 186 K-cramps, gastric pains, 606, 611 targeting construct, 183–185 Ketamine, 603–611 and transgenesis, 186–187 abuse and dependence, 605 gene targeting, strategies of 1588 Index

Knockouts/knockins (cont.) prohibition of alcohol in 1919, 86 conditional, 188 smokers’ rights, 87 knockin, 187–188 taking history seriously, 88–90 knockout, 187 Lifestyle interventions, 776 Korsakoff’s syndrome, 1122–1123, 1125 Ligand-gated ion channels, 192, 202, 260, 271, 1106, 1514 L Limbic circuitry, 261, 264, 267, 273 Lamotrigine, 528, 987 Limbic terminal fields, 1056 Landmark Shwartz study, 1246–1247 Lipid theory, 1512–1513 Lasers/emission filters, 365 Liquid chromatographic separation Laws and law enforcement: drugs techniques, 362 datas from US college studies, 34 Liver reduced supply of specific drugs, 34 alcohol, 1116–1117 Lazabemide, 1000 acute alcohol hepatitis, 1117 Leadership on National Drug Policy, 1393 alcoholic liver disease, 1116 Learned behavior, 97, 259, 652, 734, 767, 890 hepatic features with substance abuse or Leu9’Ala knockin mice, 193 dependence, 1116 Leukoencephalopathy, or “chasing the dragon” liver damage, 1116 syndrome, 1124 liver fibrosis, 1116 Levacetylmethadol, 1534 medications, 1116–1117 Levo-alpha acetyl methadol, 471, 479 steatosis/alcoholic hepatitis and black-box warning, 479 cirrhosis, 1116 long-acting derivative of methadone, 479 amphetamine, 1118–1119 Licit mind-altering drugs cholestatic chronic liver damage, 1118 The Cult of Pharmacology, 86 or methylenedioxymethamphetamine, definition of alcoholism, 85 1118 diagnosis of ADHD, 85 benzodiazepines, 1119 diagnosis of depression, 85 cholestatic hepatotoxicity, 1119 lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 84–85 chronic enzymatic induction, 1119 prescription medication use, 85 cocaine, 1118 rhetoric and reality, 87–88 nicotine, 1117–1118 addictive behaviors, 87 and alcohol consumption, effects characteristic rhetoric, addictive of, 1117 substances, 87–88 cigarette smoking, risk factor, 1118 licit and illicit categories, 87 orthotopic liver transplantation, 1118 marijuana smoking, 87 opioids, 1118 opium smoking, 87 extrahepatic clinical features, 1118 skepticism of addiction historians, 88 hepatitis C virus syndrome, 1118 Ritalin R , 85–86 intravenous drug abusers, 1118 selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, 85 intravenous heroin addicts, 1118 risks factors, 85 Lorazepam, 320, 501, 512, 515, 607–608, 865, smoking and nicotine, 86–87 983–987, 1091, 1480 average smoker, 86 Loss-chasing behavior, 623 biological effects of tobacco, 86 Lung toxicity, 1072 The Cigarette Century, 86 Lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD), 25, 58–59, drug pushers, 86 81, 84, 133, 299–303, 466, 586–596, health consequences of smoking, 86 1083–1085, 1089, 1092–1094, 1512, health risks, 87 1514 Index 1589

M abstinence-oriented treatment, 1043 Magnetic resonance imaging, 111, 172, 209, antagonist-precipitated withdrawal, 1044 216, 496, 604, 623, 691, 893, 952, naltrexone treatment, 1044 1056 with opioid agonists, 1043–1044 ma hung (Ephedra vulgaris), 290–291 dihydrocodeine, 1044 Maintenance agonist treatment of opioids, short-term buprenorphine treatment, 1044 1030–1042 tramadol, 1044 adjunctive treatment in agonist maintenance use of α-2 adrenergic agonists, 1044 programs, 1041–1042 α-2-adrenergic agonists, 1044 contingency management, 1042 clonidine-based treatment, 1044 dental treatment, 1042 elevated heart rate, 1044 infectious diseases, 1042 hypotension, 1044 pain management, 1042 lofexidine, 1044 psychiatric problems, 1042 noradrenergic overactivity, 1044 buprenorphine maintenance, 1037–1039 sympathetic arousal, 1044 clinical use of, 1038 Management of unhealthy drug and alcohol use, erectile dysfunction, 1039 854–861 evidence for effectiveness of, 1038–1039 brief intervention, 854 pharmacology of buprenorphine and patient-centered counseling, 854 naloxone, 1037–1038 counseling in primary care, 858 QTc prolongation, 1039 Biopsychosocial evaluation, 858 methadone maintenance, 1030–1037 BRENDA, 858 clinical use of methadone, 1031–1034 COMBINE study, 858 evidence for effectiveness of, 1034–1035 confrontational style, 858 pharmacology of methadone, 1031 health behavior change counselors, 858 problems associated with, 1036–1037 medical management, 858 other opioid agonists, 1039–1041 motivational enhancement therapy, 858 diacetyl morphine, 1041 12-step-facilitation, 858 first-pass metabolism, 1040 management of nondependent unhealthy levo-alpha-acetylmethadol, 1039–1040 alcohol and drug use, 854–856 low oral bioavailability, 1040 alcohol epidemiology, 855 morphine-3-glucuronide, 1040 crack cocaine, 856 morphine-6-glucuronide, 1040 meta-analyses, 855 slow – release oral morphine, 1040–1041 multi-contact interventions, 855 Maintenance antagonist treatment of opioids, smoked free-base, 83 1042–1043 management of opioid dependence: depot and implant formulations, 1043 pharmacotherapy, 859–860 evidence of effectiveness, 1042–1043 buprenorphine, 859 naltrexone, 1042 buprenorphine/naloxone tablets, 859 pharmacology of naltrexone, 1042 Drug Abuse Treatment Act, 859 6-β naltrexol, 1042 Drug Enforcement Administration, 860 problems associated with use of naltrexone, methadone maintenance programs, 859 1043 opioid maintenance/opioid agonist side effects, 1043 therapy, 859 Maladaptive beliefs (irrational beliefs), 731 physician qualifications for prescribing Mallory-Weiss syndrome, 1119 buprenorphine for opiate Mallory-Weiss tears, 386 dependence, 859 Management of opioid withdrawal, 1043–1044 management of tobacco use, 858–859 1590 Index

Management (cont.) MAPK signaling pathway, 249 nicotine replacement therapies, 858 Marchiafava-Bignami syndrome, 1472, 1474 patients in recovery, 860–861 Marijuana, 445–457, 1063, 1102, 1250 problem-solving, 860 abuse, criteria for, 448 recovery enhancement discussions, 860 -associated antinociceptive, 1074 pharmacotherapy, 856–857 Cannabis sativa, 445 acamprosate, 856, 857 classification and disorders, 447–449 aldehyde dehydrogenase, 857 abuse and dependence, 448 aversive treatment, 857 marijuana dependence syndrome, 448 cognitive behavioral therapy, 857 substance use disorders, 448 disulfiram, 856, 857 clinical issues relevant to practitioners, basic gamma-aminobutyric acid receptor, 857 competencies, 456–457 gastrointestinal side effects, 857 brief motivational interventions, 456 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor, 857 counseling core skills, 456 naltrexone, 856 goal-oriented targets, 456 placebo-controlled trials, 857 historical and current factors, 456 renal insufficiency, 857 intake (or initial assessment), 456 referral to specialty care, 860 level of clinical comfort, 456 local counseling resources, 860 ongoing assessment, 456–457 Management of withdrawal from alcohol and psychoeducational facts, 456 other drugs, 863–866 skill domain, 456 alcohol withdrawal, 864–865 systems-oriented care, 457 blood alcohol level, 864 dependence, criteria for, 448 chlordiazepoxide, 865 motivational bases, 449–450 Clinical Institute Withdrawal Assessment enhancement/conformity/expansion/ for Alcohol scale, 864 coping/social motives, 449 comorbid acute medical, surgical or Marijuana Motives Measure, 449 psychiatric illness, 864 motivation to quit, 453–454 complex hospitalization, 864 cardinal features of addiction to hard concomitant sedative use, 864 drugs, 453 desmethyl diazepam, 865 Drug Abuse Reporting Program, 453 diazepam, 865 life impairment and negative head trauma, 864 consequences, 453 hypoalbuminemia/coagulopathy, 865 marijuana treatment outcome studies, 453 opioid withdrawal, 865–866 more pure tetrahydrocannabinol, 453 long-acting oral drugs, 865 multiple marijuana quit, 454 methadone or buprenorphine maintenance self-quit behavior, 454 therapy, 866 treatment-seeking behavior, 453 opioid replacement, 866 unsuccessful quitters, 454 sublingual drugs, 865 withdrawal symptoms, 453 symptoms or signs and medications used nature of use to treat, 865 acute intoxication features, 447 Mania and bipolar disease, 1183 pharmacokinetics, 446–447 comorbid hepatitis C/HIV, 1183 negative correlation and disorders, 450 cyclical moods, 1183 health-related problems, 450–451 features of mania, 1183 psychological problems, 451–453 high rates of sexual risk behaviors, 1183 social problems, 451 Manic or hypomanic episodes, 545 prevalence, 446 Index 1591

daily users, 446 social problems, 451 misusing drug, 446 fatal traffic accidents and general driving rates of conditional dependence, 446 impairment, 451 spinal cord injury used marijuana, 446 gateway theories, 451 reasons for quitting, 454 risk-taking behavior and impaired anxiety or depressive symptoms, 454 judgment, 451 to gain more self-control over MASCOT, 368, 370 lives, 454 Mass analyzers, types -related intoxicating effects, 1069 Fourier transform-ion cyclotron success in quitting, 454–455 resonance, 367 cognitive-behavioral therapy, 455 ion trap, 367 difficulty in remaining abstinent, 454 quadrupole, 367 early lapses, 455 time of flight, 367 level of self-efficacy, 455 Mass spectrometry, 367–369 motivational individualized ion source, 367 intervention, 455 electrospray ionization, 367 no medications approved for medications fast ion bombardment, 367 by FDA, 455 matrix assisted laser desorption personal stressors, 455 ionization, 367 Marijuana dependence syndrome, 448 nanospray ionization, 367 Marijuana, frequent smokers, 1069 mass analyzers, 367–368 Marijuana Motives Measure, 449 radio frequencies, 368 Marijuana use, negative correlation and types exist, 367 disorders of mass/charge ratio, 367 health-related problems, 450–451 protein identification, 368–369 benefits for marijuana use, 451 DNA sequence databases, 368 chronic bronchitis, 450 Edman protein sequencing, 369 impaired immune system functioning, 450 immunoblotting, 369 improved disease symptoms, 450 MASCOT, 368 increased bronchitis symptoms, 450 multidimensional protein identification risk of lung cancer, 450 technology, 369 psychological problems, 451–453 peptide mass fingerprinting, 368 adolescent-onset use and dependence, ProFound, 368 452–453 protein sequence databases, 369 anxiety sensitivity, 452 shotgun sequencing, 369 intoxication, 452 tandem mass spectrometry, 369 lack of motivation, 452 tandem mass spectrometry, 367 marijuana-psychotic-spectrum problem Matching Alcoholism Treatment to Client association, 451 Heterogeneity (MATCH), 482, 709, marijuana use/abuse and 719, 738, 746, 772, 865, 927, dependence, 452 930–932, 935, 937, 1108, 1226, 1231, neuroimaging studies, 451 1292, 1294, 1531 psychotic-spectrum disorders, 451 Materialism and youth, levels of, 652 risk of schizophrenia or Maternal alcohol (ethanol) consumption, schizophrenia-like psychotic, 1414–1419 increased, 452 animal models for alcohol-induced schizophrenia and psychosis, 451 embryopathy, 1418–1419 use in early adolescence, 452 anophtalmia, 1419 1592 Index

Maternal (cont.) visit shooting gallery, 1498 decreased fetal body weight and bone infectious diseases, 1498–1499 length, 1419 Centers for Disease Control and decreased skeletal maturity, 1419 Prevention, 1499 delayed skeletal ossification, 1419 hepatitis B carrier/exposure, 1499 fetal alcohol syndrome-like craniofacial hepatitis C seropositive, 1499 malformations, 1419 syphilis exposure, 1499 holoprosencephaly, 1419 lack of exercise, 1498 hypothalamic oxidative stress, 1419 lack of preventive health care, 1498 olfactory bulb mitral cell, 1418 poor diet, 1498 post-mitotic Purkinje cells, 1418 Medically-indicated replacement therapy, 535 effects on developing embryo and fetus, Medical management, 791–792 1414–1417 adherence to medication regimen, 791 anomalies of other organs, 1415–1417 BRENDA, 792 fetal alcohol syndrome and alcohol COMBINE study, 792 effects, 1414–1415 education program, 791 mechanism of alcohol teratogenicity, pharmacotherapy trials for alcohol 1417 dependence, 791 history of alcohol effects in pregnancy, 1414 for support to aid recovery, 791 prevention and treatment, 1417–1418 Medical management of people with unhealthy of alcohol-exposed pregnant animals, alcohol and drug use, 866–870 1418 baclofen, 870 lactation, 1418 carisoprodol, 870 prevention, 1417–1418 challenges in medical situations, 870 treatment during pregnancy, 1418 colonoscopy, 870 MATLAB, high-level programming language, Health Insurance Portability and 1285 Accountability Act, 870 Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization, 364, mandatory reporting laws, 870 367, 370, 372–373 medical facilities, 871 -time of flight mass spectrometry, 364, 370, medication injection, 870 372–373 phlebotomy, 870 McKinney Homeless Assistance Act, 1489 clonidine, 870 Mechanisms of action of Motivational cyclobenzaprine, 870 Interviewing, 719, 720–721 drug-hunger, 869 Medial forebrain bundle, 258, 268, 338, 1056 euphorogenic effects, 870 Medial prefrontal cortex, 170, 262, 274, face-to-face visits, 869 623–624, 1051, 1152–1153 gabapentin, 870 Medical coverage, 1466–1468 hydroxyzine, 870 impact of legislation requiring mental health managing medical consequences in face of and addiction parity, 1468 ongoing substance use, 867–868 impact of past policy on treatment, alpha-adrenergic effects, 868 1467–1468 beta- and alpha-adrenergic tone, 868 medicaid managed care, 1467 cerebrovascular accident, 868 Medical illness, 1498–1499 chronic esophagitis symptoms, 868 HIV/AIDS, 1498 cytopenias, 868 borrow injection equipment, 1498 endoscopy, 868 housed injection drug users, 1498 flu-like syndrome, 868 risky sexual behaviors, 1498 gastro-esophageal reflux, 867 Index 1593

hypercholesterolemia, 867 neurokinin-1 antagonist, 1526 hypertension/cardiac ischemia, 868 pharmacological effects, 1527 liver failure or hepatocellular clinical trials, 1530–1535 carcinoma, 868 cholera toxin-B-subunit protein, 1534 pancoast tumor, 867 heterogeneous disorder, 1530 pharmacologic management, 867 impulse-dyscontrol behaviors, 1530 primary marrow dyscrasia, 868 levacetylmethadol, 1534 proton pump inhibitors, 868 methadone, 1534 subdural hematoma, 868 modafinil, 1533 vasoconstriction, 868 naltrexone, 1531 non-pharmacologic therapy, 869 ondansetron, 1530 pain management, 868–870 psychosocial treatment, 1531 preventive care, 866–867 randomized/double-blind/placebo- cervical cancer screening, 866 controlled clinical endocarditis, 866 trials, 1530 hepatitis B, 866 retrospective pharmacogenetic analyses, interpersonal violence, 866 1531 liver enzymes, 867 serotonergic system, 1530 osteoporosis screening, 866 serotonin-3 receptor antagonist, 1530 periodic electrocardiograms, 867 succinylnorcocaine, 1534 pneumococcal vaccination, 866 human laboratory studies, 1528–1530 serum creatinine, 867 molecular genetics, 1530 sexually transmitted diseases, 866 monoamine system, 1530 tuberculosis skin testing, 867 neuro-hormonal probes, 1530 vaccination, 866 pharmacodynamic effects, 1530 promethazine, 870 pharmacokinetic effects, 1530 quetiapine, 870 scaling of pharmacobehavioral safer sterile injection techniques, 866 response, 1529 toxicologic screening, 869 Memantine, 146, 954, 987 universal precautions, 868 Memory consolidation, 1517 urine toxicology testing, 869 Mental disorders Medications, 1103 HIV-related mental disorders, 1183 -finding process, 1527 medication-related mental disorders, 1183 metabolism, 1401 substance-induced mental disorders, 1183 transporters, 1104 Mental health care, standards for correctional, for treatment of, 504–505 1450 Medicines for treatment of addiction, Mental health problems, 287, 877, 1164, 1175, 1525–1535 1204, 1231, 1254, 1308–1309, 1350, animal studies, 1525–1528 1363, 1400, 1453 anti-reinforcing effects, 1526 Mental illness/substance abuse and HIV, triple cannabinoid-1 receptor, 1526 threat, 1181–1191 chronic naltrexone administration, 1526 assessment of triply diagnosed, 1189 cortico-mesolimbic dopamine theory, comorbid medical disorders 1525 cognitive disorders and dementia, corticotrophin-releasing factor, 1526 1185–1186 fingerprint, 1527 hepatitis C, 1185 gamma-aminobutyric acid, 1526 drug abuse disorders, 1182 molecular targets, 1525 psychiatric disorders, 1183 1594 Index

Mental illness (cont.) Methadone, 11, 226, 478–479, 879, 1107, in HIV infection, 1183–1185 1249–1250, 1534 risk-taking behavior, 1187–1188 acts as N-methyl-D-aspartate antagonist, 478 depression and injection risk behavior, and buprenorphine maintenance, outpatient 1187 treatment, 483 depression and sexual risk behavior, 1187 cognitive or supportive-expressive EXPLORE study, 1188 therapy, 483 increased sexual risk-taking behavior, drug counseling, 483 1188 drugs, 479 intravenous drug users, 1188 electrocardiograms, 479 link between mental health and long-term dosing, 479 risk-taking behavior, 1187 metabolized by CYP4503A4 system, 479 medical complications from treatment, 1107 methamphetamine abuse, 1188 withdrawal symptoms, increased dose poly-substance abuse, 1188 for, 479 risk of unsafe sexual encounters, 1188 Methadone maintenance, treatment of opioids, risk-reduction model, 1188 1030–1037 role of psycho stimulant abuse, 1188 clinical use of methadone, 1031–1034 role of mental illness and substances of cessation of methadone treatment, 1033 abuse, 1186–1187 commencement of maintenance active cigarette smoking, 1187 treatment, 1032 AIDS-related deaths, 1187 gradual dose reduction, 1033 antidepressant therapy, 1187 HIV, 1032 depression, 1187 illicit opioid, 1032 highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1186 managing adverse effects, 1033 mental health diagnoses, 1186 methadone effects, 1032 non-adherence in drug abuse group, 1186 methadone-induced respiratory scope of problem, 1182 depression, 1032 mental illness and substance use disorder, periodic stabilization of dose, 1033 1182 unsupervised dosing, 1033 psychiatric illness, 1182 evidence for effectiveness of, 1034–1035 substance use/abuse treatment, 1189–1191 benefit-cost ratio approaches, 1035 Mescaline (3,4,5-trimethoxyphenethylamine), cost-effectiveness, 1035 301–302 criminal involvement, 1034 Peruvian Torch cactus (Echinopsis good counseling support, 1035 peruviana), 301 HIV seropositivity, 1034 peyote cactus (Lophophora williamsii), 301 methadone pharmacokinetics, 1035 San Pedro cactus (Echinopsis pachanoi), 301 placebo treatment, 1034 See also Hallucinogens, predictors of success in, 1035 LSD/psilocybin/mescaline psychiatric comorbidity, 1035 Mesolimbic dopamine pathway, 370, 944 well-trained staff, 1035 Metabolic syndrome, 1265 pharmacology of methadone, 1031 Metabolomics hepatic cytochromes P450 enzyme gene function(s) and products, study, 240 family, 1031 human genome project, completion of, 238 kappa and delta receptors, 1031 Metabotropic glutamate receptors, 5, 172, mu-opioid receptor, 1031 272–273, 951–953, 1018 neuropathic pain, 1031 Metamemory techniques, 899 non-competitive antagonist, 1031 Index 1595

peak plasma concentration, 1031 methamphetamine abuse/dependence, plasma methadone concentrations, 1031 1052 R and S enantiomers, 1031 National Institute on Drug Abuse problems associated with, 1036–1037 Methamphetamine Clinical Trials chronic opioid administration, 1036 Group, 1053 comorbid conditions, 1036 open-label study, 1054 hypogonadism, 1036 phase II double-blind, 1053 inhibition of osteoblast function, 1036 placebo-controlled design, 1053 motor vehicle operation, 1036 intervention, 1208 psychomotor speed, 1036 intoxication, managing, 501 QTc interval, 1036 mechanisms of methamphetamine reward, visual orientation, 1036 1055–1057 Methaminodiazepoxide, 319 bipolar stimulating electrode, 1056 Methamphetamine, 1049–1057, 1249 drug self-administration, 1055 abuse, 1052 endogenous opioid peptide nociceptin, binge, 1051 1057 clinical use of methamphetamine, gamma-aminobutyric acid transaminase 1049–1050 inhibitor, 1057 Abbott Pharmaceuticals, 1050 glutamatergic acetylcholine receptors, American Academy of Child and 1056 Adolescent Psychiatry, 1049 iboga plant alkaloid ibogaine, 1057 American Academy of Pediatrics, 1049 magnetic resonance imaging analyses, amphetamine, 1049 1056 Desoxyn R Gradumet, 1049–1050 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 1056 exogenous obesity, 1049 placebo-controlled clinical trial, 1057 Food and Drug Administration, 1049 reinforcement, 1055 l-deprenyl(selegiline), 1050 γ-vinyl gamma-aminobutyric acid, 1057 methylphenidate, 1049 pharmacokinetics of methamphetamine, narcolepsy, 1049 1051–1052 Parkinson’s disease, 1050 bioavailability via intravenous route, 1052 dependence, 1052 intraperitoneal administration, 1052 diagnosis of methamphetamine abuse, 1050 intraperitoneal injection, 1052 anxiety disorders, 1050 p-hydroxymethamphetamine, 1052 mood disorders, 1050 plasma concentration, 1052 psychotic disorders, 1050 use and co-occurring disorders, 502–503 sleep disorders, 1050 Methamphetamine, clinical aspects of, 495–506 escalation of methamphetamine use, acute and chronic health effects, 497–498 1050–1051 acute coronary syndrome, 498 “binge and crash” pattern, 1051 cardiomyopathy and pulmonary complex frontal neurocircuitry, 1051 edema, 498 dopamine markers, 1051 cardiopulmonary consequences, 497 methamphetamine binge, 1051 cardiovascular symptoms, 498 postmortem sampling, 1051 “Meth mouth” and oral recreational pattern, 1050 complications, 498 human studies in treatment of, 1052–1055 skin excoriations or cutaneous ulcers, 498 acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, 1054 use/sexual behavior and communicable Addiction Research Center Inventory diseases, 498–499 subscales, 1054 affected populations 1596 Index

Methamphetamine (cont.) 1031, 1150, 1157–1158, 1160, criminal offenders, 500 1169–1170, 1513–1515, 1518 pregnant women and children, 500 Methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 9–10, 25, women, 499–500 108, 291, 1083, 1469 youth, 499 Methylphenidate, 58, 85–86, 121, 143, 146, clinical management 226, 505, 1019, 1049, 1107, 1480 managing acute methamphetamine Meyer-Overton hypothesis, 31313 psychosis, 501 Michaelis–Menten kinetics, 285 managing chronic methamphetamine Michigan Alcoholism Screening Test-Geriatric psychosis, 501–502 Version, 1405–1406 managing methamphetamine Microarray technology, 207–208, 240, intoxication, 501 247, 359 managing methamphetamine withdrawal, Microcephaly, 1415, 1426, 1429, 1481 501–502 Mindfulness-based strategies for relapse methamphetamine use and co-occurring prevention, 776 disorders, 502–503 Mindfulness meditation, 776 neurobiological impact, 496–497 Minimum blood alcohol level, 1272, 1274 abstinent methamphetamine abusers, 497 daytime, 1272 brain imaging studies, 496 night time, 1274 chronic and long-term use, 496 Minority stress, 1356, 1363–1364 functional magnetic resonance Mirtazapine, 505, 1053 imaging, 496 Moclobemide, 1000 loss of dopamine transporters, 496 Modafinil, 143, 147, 505, 1019–1020, 1023, magnetic resonance imaging, 496 1025, 1053, 1107, 1533 positron emission tomography, 496 Molecular genetics, 1101–1110 single photon emission computerized antipsychotics, 1102 tomography, 496 bipolar disorder, 1103 variations in glucose metabolism, 497 cutting edge approaches, 1103 treatment approaches, 503 depressive disorder, 1103 medications for treatment of, 504–505 genome-wide analyses, 1103 use/sexual behavior and communicable overview, 1101–1102 diseases, 498–499 environmental variables, 1101 communicable disease risk, 499 genetic variation, 1101 highly prevalent among men who have human genome, 1101 sex with men, 498 psychosocial variables, 1101 HIV risk, 498–499 pharmacogenetics/pharmacogenomics, Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 2005, 1103–1107 9–12, 291 alcohol, 1104–1105 Methamphetamine withdrawal, managing, cocaine, 1106–1107 501–502 codeine, 1104 female methamphetamine users, 502 genetic factors, 1103 homeless, chronically mentally ill genetic polymorphisms, 1104 individuals, 502 genome-wide association approaches, individuals under age of 21, 502 1103 injection methamphetamine users, 502 medication transporters, 1104 men who have sex with men, 502 nicotine, 1105–1106 N-Methyl-D-aspartate receptors, 172, 286, opiates, 1107 314–315, 371, 478, 603, 857, 954, opioid painkillers, 1104 Index 1597

phenotype-driven pharmacogenetics pharmacological range, 1512 approach, 1107–1108 serotonin0–0, 1514 aripiprazole, 1108 psychostimulants, 1512 craving, 1108 Monoamine oxidase A, 233, 621, 1123 optimizing psychosocial interventions, Monoamine transporters, 141, 189–190, 1057 1108 Montana criminal code, 1441 sedative effects, 1108 Montana Meth Project, 1207 translational phenotypes, 1107 Mood and anxiety disorders, 517–518, 1349 psychosocial treatments, 1108–1109 benzodiazepines, 517 cognitive behavioral therapy, 1108 cognitive behavioral therapy, 518 low-risk allele, 1108 depression or psychosis, 517 motivational enhancement therapy, 1108 long-term efficacy of benzodiazepines, 517 psychosocial interventions, 1109 non-benzodiazepine medications, 518 tag single nucleotide polymorphisms, strategies to manage acute anxiety, 518 1102 symptom relapse, 518 translating pharmacogenetic approaches into Mood disorder, cocaine-induced practice, 1109 definition/diagnostic criteria, 409 genetic testing, 1109 neurobiology, 409 pharmacogenetic testing, 1109 treatment approaches, 410 tricyclic antidepressants, 1102 Mood disorders, 409–410, 502, 512, 530, 537, Molecular level on new vistas, 1512–1514 546, 639, 653, 806, 1050, 1070, 1170, agonist-directed trafficking of receptor 1491, 1495–1496 stimulus, 1514 and compulsive buying, relationship ergotamine, 1514 between, 653 G-protein-coupled receptors, 1514 Mood-stabilizing medication, 1068 lysergic acid diethylamide, 1514 Moral emotion, 1210 paradoxical effects, 1514 Morphine, cough suppressant, 25 serotonin-2A receptor, 1514 Mothers Against Drunk Driving in 1980, 33 structural biology, 1514 Motivational enhancement therapy, 308, hallucinogens, 1512 481–482, 487, 544, 709, 715, monoaminergic transporters, 1512 718–719, 723, 754, 858, 871, 1108, nicotinic acetylcholine receptor, 1512 1217, 1226, 1292, 1339 primary targets of alcohol in CNS, Motivational interviewing, 697, 710–715 1512–1514 activator of emotions and openness, 711–712 Drosophila melanogaster, 1513 elicitation of positive emotion, 711 ethanol protein binding site, 1513 resolution of ambivalence, 711 gamma-aminobutyric acid-A, 1514 activator of intrinsic motivations and glutamate binding site, 1513 growth, 710 ion channels, 1512 grew up together, 711 ligand-gated ion channel, 1513 self-determination theory, 710 lipid theory, 1512 “Stages of Change” model, 711 L-type Ca2+ channels, 1514 definition, 705–708 LUSH protein, 1513 evidence about motivational interviewing, N-methyl-D-aspartate function, 1513 715–722 mid millimolar range, 1513 Brief Alcohol Screening/Intervention for neurotransmittergated ion channels, College Students, 718 1513 Empathy and Motivational Interviewing nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 1514 Spirit, 719 1598 Index

Motivational (cont.) method to move people through stages of file drawer problem, 716 change, 710–711 inconsistent behaviors, 717 method to reduce resistance and increase mechanisms of action of Motivational change talk, 714–715 Interviewing, 720–721 self-determination theory, 710 Motivational Interviewing Skill Code, 717 Motivational Interviewing Network of Trainers, relationships with outcomes, 716–722 709–710, 724 target behaviors, 716 Motivational Interviewing Skill Code, therapist interpersonal skills, 717 717–719, 721 history of, 708–710 Motivational withdrawal syndrome, 342 Bem’s self-perception theory, 709 Multidimensional liquid chromatographic Project MATCH., 709 separation, 365 self-determination theory, 708 Multidimensional protein identification interpersonal intervention, 712 technology, 365, 369 client-centered responses, 713 Multidisciplinary Association for Psychedelic client resistance, 714 Studies, 304, 586 therapist-centered and client-centered Multi-drug-resistant tuberculosis, 878 therapist behaviors, 713 Multielectrode recording, 1515 warm cold dominance, 714 Multi-item factor scales, 137 mechanisms of action of, 720–721 Multiple Choice Procedure, 135 method to move people through stages of Multisite COMBINE Study, 1105 change, 710–711 Mu-opioid receptors, 1031, 1102, 1107 method to reduce resistance and increase agonists, 468 change talk, 714–715 antagonists, 1000 implementation intentions, 715 naltrexone, 1000 resistance during counseling, 714 Asp40 variant G, abstinent than Asn40 new directions, 723–726 variant, 1004 definitions, 725–726 delta receptor, 468 Motivational Interviewing Network of gene, 1420 Trainers, 724 met-enkephalins and leu-enkephalins, 468 preparing therapists to use, 724 mu1/mu2, subtypes, 468 studying, 723–724 OPRM1 A118G variant, 1004 populations, settings, and applications Muscarinic M5 receptor ligands, 1018 United States Department of Justice, 722 Myelinization, 1414 principles, 707, 709 Developing Discrepancy, 707 N Expressing Empathy, 707 NADH2 dehydrogenase, 373 Rolling with Resistance, 707 Naltrexone, 11, 137, 139–140, 478, 1025, 1104, Supporting Self-Efficacy, 707 1294, 1531 self-determination theory, 710 development of 30-day depot strategies, 707 formulation, 478 theoretical concepts and emerging models, orally effective mu-opioid antagonist, 478 710–715 Nanospray ionization, 367 activator of emotions and openness, Narcolepsy, 290, 1049–1050, 1426 711–712 Narcotics anonymous, 401, 926–927, 929, 934, activator of intrinsic motivations and 937, 1243, 1251–1252, 1258, growth, 710 1392–1394 interpersonal intervention, 712–714 12-step programs, 401 Index 1599

Nasal spray nicotine replacement therapies, National Institute on Drug Abuse Collaborative 1106 Cocaine Treatment Study, 928, 931 National acupuncture detoxification association National Institute on Drug Abuse protocol, 1240–1243 Methamphetamine Clinical Trials clinical value, 1242–1243 Group, 1053 group setting, 1242 National Institutes of Health, 53, 188, 715, 811, technique of insertion, 1242 832, 835, 957, 1222, 1331, 1533 xu huo, condition of empty fire, 1242 National Labor Relations Board, 1456 Lincoln hospital experience, 1240–1242 National Meth Helpline, 809 five-point formula, 1241 National Survey of Homeless Assistance point locations, 1240 Providers and Clients, 1490 Wen’s method, 1241 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, 3–7, magnetic beads, 1243 14, 18, 26, 67, 296, 383, 399, 417, reverse shen men position, 1243 464–466, 473–474, 526, 587, 744, 12-step activities, 1243 876, 1084, 1400, 1480 National Advisory Council on Drug Abuse, 130 National Treatment Improvement Evaluation National Association on Alcohol, Drugs and Study, 917 Disability, 1461 National Youth Anti-Drug Media Campaign, 68 National Center on Child Abuse and Neglect, Needle-exchange programs, 60, 1494 1313 Nefazodone, 1022, 1070, 1072 National Centre for Biotechnology Nelfinavir, 1031 Information, 370 Neomycin, 184–186 National Collegiate Athletic Association, 1455 Neramexane, 954 National Commission on Correctional Health Nervous system Care, 11, 877, 1450 alcohol, 1122–1123 National Comorbidity Survey, 464, 472, 943, alcoholic peripheral neuropathy, 1123 1359, 1461 alterations in cerebellum, 1122 National Drug Control Policy Reauthorization alterations of frontal lobes, 1122 Act, 12, 54 alterations of limbic system, 1122 National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Korsakoff’s syndrome, 1122 Related Conditions study, 29–30, 37, neurological clinical symptoms, 1123 383, 464, 472–473, 512 thiamine deficiency, 1123 National Football League, 1455 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 1123 National Hockey League, 1455 amphetamine, 1124–1125 National Household Survey on Drug Abuse, 53, acute effects of, 1124 1357, 1359–1360 chronic methamphetamine use, 1125 National Institute of Mental Health, 53, 69, 83, cognitive and emotional effects, 1124 790, 1018, 1320, 1461 depletion/destruction of dopamine nerve National Institute on Alcohol Abuse and terminals, 1124 Alcoholism, 53, 63, 77, 381, 390, jerking syndrome, 1125 738, 804, 829, 832, 849–850, 853, benzodiazepines, 1125 1233, 1404, 1406, 1532 rebound anxiety, 1125 National Institute on Drug Abuse, 16, 17, 25, withdrawal, 1125 53–54, 57, 61, 63, 67–69, 76–77, 77, cocaine, 1124 131, 141, 143, 298–299, 496, 504, ischemic or hemorrhagic stroke, 1124 526, 604–605, 743, 759, 789, 829, multiple frontal areas, volumetric deficits 831, 834–835, 838, 915, 928, 931, in, 1124 1018, 1053, 1190, 1317, 1320, 1347 silent ischemia, 1124 1600 Index

Nervous system (cont.) neuroanatomical and functional aspects, Tourette’s syndrome, 1124 1507 nicotine, 1123 neuroimaging techniques, 1508 acute administration of nicotine or μ-opioid receptor gene, 1508 smoking, 1123 pharmacotherapies, 1507 cognitive impairment and dementia, 1123 9 tetrahydrocannabinol, 1508 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 1123 Neurobiological disorder vinyl chloride, risk factor for brain changes, 97–98 cancer, 1123 dopamine release effects, 98 opioids, 1123–1124 mental health and social complications, 98 chronic opiate abuse, 1123–1124 repetitive substance, forms of, 98 gluteal compartment syndrome, 1124 Neurobiology of pain, 1149–1151 leukoencephalopathy, or “chasing the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate dragon” syndrome, 1124 glutamate receptors, 1150 methadone, 1124 affective-motivational component of Neural substrates of drug conditioning pain, 1151 animal studies, results anociceptive mutations, 1149 amygdala/amygdaloid complex, 168 anterior cingulate cortex, 1151 basolateral amygdala and nucleus anti-inflammatory medications, 1151 accumbens core, interaction, 170 brain imaging, 1150 hippocampal formation, 170–171 central sensitization phenomenon, 1150 neuronal activation markers, 169 chronic pain arises, 1150 nucleus accumbens, functions, 169–170 classic pain pathway, 1149 prefrontal cortex, role, 170 congenital anociception, 1149 stimulus control over drug-seeking cross-talk, 1150 behavior, 168 fibromyalgia, 1149 ventral tegmental area, 171 mechanisms of pain, 1151 human imaging studies, results morphine binding, 1151 amygdala and ventral pallidum, increased nociceptive afferent pathways, 1149 activity, 171 pain-causing stimuli, 1151 drug craving, 171 pathologic pain, 1149 ventral striatum, activation of, 172 persistent pain, 1149 Neural tube defects, 1424, 1427, 1429 spinal neurons, 1150 Neurobehavioral effects, 500, 1051 stimuli-specific neurons, 1150 Neurobiological alcohol and drug abuse tissue injury, 1150 research, 1507–1508 wide dynamic range neurons, 1149 alcohol reinforcement, 1507 Neuroimaging in pharmacogenetics alcohol self-administration, 1507 amygdala activations modulated, 232 arachidonic acid, 1508 prefrontal cortex, activation, 232 brain reinforcement system, 1507 Neuroimaging techniques, 111, 905, 1056, 1508 cannabinoid receptor, 1508 Neurokinin-1 antagonist, 1526 endocannabinoid system, 1508 LY686017, 967 enkephalins, 1508 Neuroleptic malignant syndrome, 403 first opioid receptors, 1508 Neurological and mental state examination G-protein-coupled receptor, 1508 degree of rapport, 109 intravenous self-administration, 1507 key components, 109 molecular cloning, 1508 Neuronal activation markers, 169 naltrexone, 1508 Neuronal adaptation, 420–421 Index 1601

chronic use of drugs of abuse, 420 and neural circuitry cycle of escalating drug use, 420 antagonist effect, 259 increase in corticotropin-releasing associative circuitry connections, 261 factor, 420 brain endocannabinoid system, 261 microdialysis, 420 cannabinoid-1 receptors, 261 sensitization and counter adaptation, 420 cocaine and amphetamine, euphoric tolerance and withdrawal, 420 effects, 263 Neuronal network activity on new vistas, cortexbasal ganglia-cortex circuits, 1515–1517 functions, 261 animal brain imaging, 1516–1508 dopaminergic neuronal activity, 259 dopamine D3 antagonist, 1517 dopaminergic neurons, stimulation of, 264 gamma-aminobutyric acid, 1516 habitual responding, 263 glutamate spectroscopy, 1516 instrumental learning, 264 hemodynamic responses, 1516 intracranial self-stimulation, 258, 259 nigrostriatal connectivity, 1517 knockin and knockout techniques, 260 nigrostriatal pathway, 1517 ligand-gated ion channels, 260 nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopy, limbic circuitry, 261–263 1516 opiate drugs as agonists, 260 pharmacological magnetic resonance role of, 259 imaging, 1516 stimulus-response association, spectroscopy, 1516 promoting, 263 spiraling, striatonigro-striatal circuitry, substantia nigra neurons, activation 1517 of, 264 striato-midbrain-striatal serial norepinephrine, 992 connectivity, 1517 serotonin, 992 ultra high-field imaging, 1516 systems, 1083 multielectrode recording, 1515–1516 Nevirapine, 1031 drug-seeking behavior, 1516 New vistas in neurobiological alcohol and drug prefrontal cortex neurons, 1516 abuse research, 1508–1519 Neuropathic pain, 306, 1031, 1150, 1157–1160, acute and chronic effects of drug, 1509 1162, 1166, 1169 alcohol- and drug-induced synaptic Neuropeptide Y modulators, 189, 232–233, plasticity, 1514–1515 348, 420, 967, 1526 drug × gene × environment, 1509 Neuropharmacological systems, 348 genetic level on, 1509–1512 activation of brain stress systems, 348 convergent translational genomics acute withdrawal, 348 approach, 1511–1512 kappa-opioid antagonist, 348 forward genetics in preclinical research, neuropeptide Y, 348 1510–1511 Neuro-proteomics, 360, 362–363 genetics of addictive behavior, 1509–1510 Neurosteroids, 534, 987–988 reverse genetic approaches, 1512 alphaxalone, 987 molecular level on, 1512–1514 Neurotoxicity, 496, 505, 1051, 1124, 1478 agonist-directed trafficking of receptor Neurotransmitter(s), 992 stimulus, 1514 acetylcholine, 992 targets of alcohol in CNS, 1512–1514 γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA), 992 neuronal network activity, 1515–1517 analogues/substitutes, 634–635 animal brain imaging, 1516–1508 betaendorphin, 992 multielectrode recording, 1515–1516 glutamate, 992 reductionistic approach, 1509 1602 Index

New vistas (cont.) transdermal nicotine patch, 997–998 on studying alcohol and drug-related global health epidemic, 991–992 behaviors, 1517–1519 history, 308–309 reconsolidation of, 1517–1519 tobacco (Nicotiana)309 synaptic plasticity, 1509 -metabolizing enzyme, CYP2A6, 1003 Nicotine, 97, 120, 417–437, 745–746, neurobiology, 992 991–1006, 1105–1106 anhedonic state, 992 assessment, 994–995 burst firing of dopamine, 992 Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine mu-opioid receptors, 992 Dependence, 995 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 992 nicotine withdrawal, criteria, 995 subunits, 992 smokers criteria, 994 non-nicotinic treatments, 999–1000 biological/behavioral/cognitive aspects ad-lib smoking phase, 999 cognitive impairment, 421–423 bupropion sustained release, 999 genetics, 425–427 other potential medications, 1000 negative reinforcement in addiction, 424 varenicline, α4β2 receptor, 999–1000 neuronal adaptation, 420–421 pharmacodynamics, 310–311 nicotine and negative affect, 423–424 pharmacological effects, 310–311 reward pathway, 419–420 systemic effects, 311 chemical properties, 309 tissue effects, 311 conditioned rewarding factors, 994–995 pharmacokinetics, 309–310 denicotinized cigarette, 994 distribution/bioavailability, 310 neuroimaging studies, 994 metabolism/elimination, 310 dependence, 192 routes of administration, 309–310 diagnosis, 427–429 public policy, 1004–1005 smoking and psychiatric replacement therapies, 1003–1004, 1077, comorbidities, 429 1106 epidemiology, 417–419 spray, 138 etiology, 992–994 structure of, 309 ANKK1 gene, 993 therapeutic effects, 312–313 Asn40Asp polymorphism, 993 treatment for cessation of smoking, candidate gene approach, 994 312–313 CHRNB1 haplotype, 993 toxicological effects, 311–312 DRD4 gene, 993 acute, 311 enzyme CYP2A6, 993 cancer, 312 functional variant (Asp40 allele), 993 cardiopulmonary system, 311–312 gene coding variants, 993 stroke, 312 mu-opioid receptor (OPRM1), 993 withdrawal, 311 single nucleotide polymorphism, 993 treatment, 429–432 SLC6A3 gene, 993 nicotine agonists, 432 Taq1A A1 allele, prevalence of, 993 nicotine antagonists, 433–434 Val 158Met polymorphism, 993 nicotine partial agonists, 434–436 FDA-approved treatments, 995–999, 996 treatment response, individual differences, comparing and combining therapies, 1001–1004 998–999 depression, 1001–1002 nicotine inhaler, 998 gender, 1001 nicotine replacement therapies, 995 genes β-arrestin 1 and 2, 1002 rapid release gum, 997 genetic influences, 1003–1004 Index 1603

race, 1001–1002 colon, 567 taste receptor genes (TAS2Rs), 1002 lower urinary tract, 566 Nicotine-dependent adolescents, 893 other sites, 567 dopaminergic adaptations, 893 pancreas, 566–567 hippocampal damage, 893 maternal use of caffeine neuroimaging study, 893 pregnancy outcome, 568–569 Nicotine helplines teratology, 568 and transtheoretical model of change, 808 US FDA-warning to avoid coffee action/preparation/contemplation and consumption during pregnancy, pre-contemplation stages, 808 567–568 quitline intervention, 808 Non–nicotine-based medications, tobacco Nicotine, negative affect, 423–424 dependence heavy and nonheavy nicotine-dependent first-line therapies smokers, 423 bupropion-SR (Zyban or negative mood states, 423 Wellbutrin-SR), 429 neuroregulatory function on mood, 423 varenicline (Chantix), 429 pharmacological and behavioral second-line therapies approaches, 423 clonidine (Catapres), 429 pre and post-cessation negative affect, nortriptyline (Pamelor), 429 423–424 Non-substance psychiatric disorders, quitting smoking, 424 1495–1497 Nicotinic acetylcholine receptor (nAChR), anxiety disorders, 1496 192–193, 1056, 1106 generalized anxiety disorder, 1496 gene (CHRNA5), 226 panic disorder, 1496 CHRNA4, positive studies of, 232 post-traumatic stress disorder, 1496 missense allele in CHRNA5, 232 situational anxiety, 1496 α4 subunit (CHRNA4), 1106 mood disorders, 1495–1496 Nicotinic agents, 1000 clinically depressed treatment mecamylamine, 1000 populations, 1495 nicotine vaccine, 1000 Composite International Diagnostic Nifedipine, 144 Interview, 1495 Night terrors, see Sleep terrors (night terrors) depressive-like syndrome, 1496 Nimodipine, 144 diagnostic instruments, 1496 Nisoxetine, 190 Diagnostic Interview Schedule, 1495 Nitrous oxide, 313–316, 525–527, 1378–1379 miseries of homelessness, 1495 Nociceptin, 296, 469, 967, 1057, 1155–1156, social isolation, 1495 1160 standard treatments, 1495 Non-benzodiazepine structured clinical interview, 1495 drugs, 321 structured diagnostic interview, 1495 zolpidem/zaleplon and eszopiclone, 321 overall prevalence rates, 1497 hypnotics, 511 non-substance Axis I disorder, 1497 Non-cardiovascular disease, dietary caffeine personality disorders, 1497 and physical health, 566 antisocial personality disorder, 1497 adverse interactions between caffeine and axis II diagnosis, 1497 other drugs, 569 childhood conduct symptoms, 1497 cancer, 566 external environmental factors, 1497 all cancers, 566 poverty, 1497 breast, 567 racism, 1497 1604 Index

Non-substance (cont.) symptoms, 688, 695–697 sample met diagnostic criteria, 1497 Obsessive Compulsive Inventory, 693–694 sexism, 1497 Obsessive-compulsive spectrum, 618, 653 psychotic disorders, 1496–1497 Odds ratio, acupuncture, 1247 schizophrenia, 1496 detox admissions in year preceding index Non-therapeutic opioid use, 5, 1389 admission, 1247 Non-verbal techniques, 1258 function of primary drug, 1247 Noradrenalin, 1031, 1124, 1127–1128, Office of National Drug Control Policy, 60, 1133–1134, 1311 62, 65 Norberg’s alcohol clearance model, 1268 Olanzapine, 141–142, 625, 1094, 1105 Norepinephrine, 621, 1429 Older adults with substance dependence, neurons, 1161, 1294 alcohol interventions, 1406–1409 transporter, 189–190, 1019 abstinent/low-risk drinkers, 1406 Nortriptyline, 429, 435, 745, 1102 detoxification and withdrawal, 1407 Nucleus accumbens, 169, 259, 273, 370 alcohol withdrawal, 1407 Nutrition and body composition anxiety, 1407 alcohol, 1136–1138 autonomic hyperactivity, 1407 chronic alcohol abuse, 1137 disturbed sleep, 1407 dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, 1137 nausea, 1407 effect of ethanol on body weight, 1136 psychiatric illnesses, 1407 ethanol-induced vasoconstriction, 1137 restlessness, 1407 harmful fat for hypertension, 1136 tremor, 1407 high resting energy expenditure, 1137 formal substance abuse treatment outcomes increased thermogenesis, 1137 for older adults, 1407–1408 metabolic features with substance prospective studies, 1407 abuse/dependence individuals, 1137 treatment compliance studies, 1407 amphetamine, 1138–1139 impact of “baby boom” cohort, 1409 indirect fat-mobilizing action, 1139 demographic projections, 1409 benzodiazepines, 1139 non-medical use of prescription nicotine, 1138 medications, 1409 changes in body weight, 1138 use of illicit drugs, 1409 effects on pattern of distribution of body limitations of treatment outcome research, fat, 1138 1408 opioids and cocaine, 1138 binge drinking episodes, 1408 enhancement of catabolism, infections, consequences over time, 1408 1138 intoxication, 1408 heavy drug use, women with, 1138 physical and mental health status changes, illicit drug use, 1138 1408 malnutrition (wasting syndrome) in drug psychological distress changes, 1408 addicts, 1138 main goals of brief interventions, 1407 methadone maintenance program, 1138 new models for screening and treatment, Nutrition and lifestyle for healthy pregnancy 1408 outcome, 568 brief therapy, 1408 Nymphomania, 662 self management skills, 1408 “Omics,” 237 O Oncology Obsessive-compulsive disorder, 409, 535, alcohol, 1129 653–654, 658, 687–697 alcoholic cirrhosis, 1129 Index 1605

effects on basis of link between cancers ultra-rapid detoxification protocols, 478 and substances of abuse, 1130 withdrawal medication, 477 inactive ALDH2, 1129 younger individuals, medications for, 477 risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 1129 Opiates, 1107, 1248–1249 risks for development of cancers, 1129 analgesics effects, 136 amphetamine, 1131–1132 antagonists, 261 benzodiazepines, 1132 history, 295–296 brotizolam, quazepam, and zolpidem, endogenous opioidergic peptides, 296 1132 endorphin, 296 midazolam and zopiclone, 1132 heroin, 295 oxazepam, 1132 morphine-like alkaloids, 296 cocaine, 1131 morphine-related analogues, 295 nasal septum simulating angiosarcoma, noscapine/narceine, 295 1131 opioidergic receptors, 296 nicotine, 1129–1131 opium smoking, 295 breast cancer risk, 1131 “Opium Wars,” 295 immunosuppression, 1129 poppy plant (Papaver somniferum), 295 risk for liver cancer, 1131 thebaine, 295 risk for oral carcinoma, 1130 mechanism of action, 296–297 risk of adenocarcinoma, 1130 6-acetylmorphine and risk of bladder cancer, 1131 morphine-6-glucuronide, 297 risk of esophageal cancer, 1130 delta receptors, 296–297 risk of kidney and renal pelvis heroin, 297 cancers, 1131 International Union of Basic and Clinical risk of laryngeal cancer in smokers, 1130 Pharmacology (IUPHAR), 296 risk of non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, 1131 kappa receptors, 296–297 risk of pancreatic cancer, 1131 morphine, 297 smoking-related lung cancer, 1129 mu receptors, 296–297 opioids, 1131 NIDA Research Report—Heroin Abuse HIV/AIDS syndrome, 1131 and Addiction, 297 Ondansetron, 146, 505, 961–963, 967–968, opiate receptors, 297 1019, 1023, 1054, 1280, 1284–1288, UDP glucuronosyl transferase 2B7 1294–1296, 1298–1302, 1527, 1530, (UGT2B7), 297 1533 pharmacokinetics, 297 type B-like alcoholics, treatment, 963 routes of administration/metabolism, 297 Operant or instrumental conditioning, 256 structures of morphine and heroin, 296 Operant responding, 118, 315, 637, 965 toxicity, 298–299 Opiate, detoxification, 477–478 “chasing the dragon,” 298 buprenorphine, 477 dendritic cells, 299 Clinical OpiateWithdrawal Scale, 477 heroin-related death, 298 clonidine, 477 median lethal dose for non-addicts, 298 inpatient detoxification treatment, 478 neurologic complications for heroin medications for, 477 use, 298 methadone, 477 opiate withdrawal symptoms, 298 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor spongiform leukoencephalopathy, 298 antagonists, 478 Opiates and other illicit drugs, 81–84 naltrexone or naloxone, 478 addicted personality, 82 Objective Opiate Withdrawal Scale, 477 alcohol prohibition campaigns, 83 1606 Index

Opiates (cont.) semisynthetic opioid group, medications alcohol, recreational drug, 81 in, 463 anti-drug efforts, 84 Sumerian clay tablets, 463 anti-narcotic legislation, 82 synthetic opioid group, medications Center for Drug Addiction and benign in, 463 approach, 83 clinical management criminalization of drug use policy, 83 opiate overdose, 475–476 criminalizing marijuana use, 84 diagnosis, 471–472 Dark Paradise, 82 chronic users, 472 drug addiction, 82 opiate intoxication or withdrawal, 471 first methadone treatment center, 83 physical dependence, 472 Harrison Narcotics Act, 82 urine toxicology examination, 471–472 international drug control, 84 drug courts, 483 juridical addicts (innocent patients), 82 epidemiology lysergic acid diethylamide, 81 abuse of opioid analgesics, 465–466 medical (iatrogenic) addiction, 82 incidence of substance use disorders, medicalization and clinical treatment of 464–465 addicts, 83 opioid analgesics, risks with use of, National Institute of Mental Health, the 466–467 Addiction Research Center, 83 patternsofuse,464 opiate prohibition, 81 etiology, 464 paranoid response, 84 iatrogenic addiction, 474–475 post-war era, 84 managing co-occurring psychiatric disorders prohibition alcohol consumption, 83 incidence of, 484 prohibition of drugs, 82 substance-induced vs. independent The Pursuit of Oblivion, 84 disorders, 485 regulatory activism, 84 methadone and buprenorphine maintenance volitional addicts (criminals), 82 outpatient treatment, 483 Opiates and prescription drugs, 463–487 neurobiology, 467–469 biological effects of use, 469–471 abuse potential of opioids, analgesia and euphoria, 469 characteristics, 469 characteristics of spontaneous opioid buprenorphine, 469 withdrawal, 471 butorphanol, 468 characteristic withdrawal syndrome, 470 classical opioid receptors, 469 chronic opiate, 470 delta opioid receptors, 468 codeine and morphine, 469 heroin, 469 comparison of spontaneous intrinsic activity, 468 withdrawals, 470 kappa opioid receptors, 468 endorphin deficiency, 470 mu opioid receptors (mu1/mu2, methadone maintenance treatment, 469 subtypes), 468 overactive catecholaminergic system, 470 nociceptin/opioid receptor-like receptor in overdose situations, 469 system, 469 primary acute effects of opioids, 469 orphanin/nociceptin receptor or opioid short-acting opiates (heroin), 470 receptor-like receptor, 469 classification, 463–464 outpatient drug-free programs active alkaloids, 463 post-detoxification treatment, 481–483 endogenous opioids, 464 primary prevention, 486–487 papaver somniferum (opium poppy), 463 psychiatric comorbidity, 472–473 Index 1607

Environmental Catchment Area heroin, 464 Survey, 472 licit and illicit opioids, 464 heroin abuse and antisocial personality lifetime risk for heroin dependence, 464 disorder, 473 1990–1992 National Comorbidity Survey methadone maintenance treatment, data, 464 472–473 2000 National Survey on Drug Use and National Comorbidity Survey Health, 464 Replication, 472 risks with use of, 466–467 National Epidemiologic Survey on Bard Corporation, 466 Alcohol and Related Conditions Drug Abuse Warning Network, 467 study, 473 opioid maintenance therapy, 467 opioid use disorders and other conditions, oxycodone, 466 comorbidity between, 473 OxyContin R , 467 psychological effects of use, 471 sustained-release morphine (MST drug craving, 471 Continus R ), 466 history of opioid dependence, 471 Ultram R , 467 long-acting opioids, 471 unintentional overdose and annual non-tolerant users, 471 sales, 468 physical tolerance, 471 Opioid dependence, 1029–1030 psychosocial treatment, 484 disorders, 9 lifetime prevalence in opioid-dependent emotional distress and euphoria, 1029 individuals, 484 morphine, 1030 therapeutic communities, 483–484 μ-/κ-/δ-opioid receptors, 1029 benefits, 484 opium smoking, 1029 goal of, 483 short-acting agents, 1030 prison-based psychosocial treatments, 484 treatment for pain relief, 1030 vs. residential treatments, 483–484 withdrawal symptoms, 1030 Opiate withdrawal syndromes, 476–477 Opioid metabolizers, 1107 long-acting opioids, 476 Opioid painkillers, 1104 methadone and buprenorphine, 477 Opioid receptors, pharmacologic tolerance and short-acting opiates (heroin or hyperalgesia, 1159–1161 morphine), 476 increased cyclic adenosine monophosphate Opioid abstinence syndrome, 879, 1175 production, 1159 Opioid agonist therapy (or opioid maintenance), inflammatory pain, animal models, 1159 467, 859, 1030, 1037, 1039–1040, opioid-induced hyperalgesia, 1160 1153, 1172 opioid-induced hypersensitivity, 1160 Opioid analgesics phosphorylation by G-protein-coupled abuse of, 465–466 kinases, 1159 dependence or abuse of heroin, 466 signaling and recycling of opioid receptors, illicit drug problem, 466 1159 National Survey on Drug Use and Health, ultra-low dose naloxone, 1160 465–466 unwarranted chronic opioid treatment, risks new drug user patterns, 465 of, 1160 OxyContin R , 465 Opioids, heroin and prescription drugs, pentazocine (Talwin R ), 465 1029–1045 Talwin R and naltrexone (TalwinNX R ), maintenance agonist treatment, 1030–1042 combination of, 465 adjunctive treatment in agonist patternsofuse,464 maintenance programs, 1041–1042 1608 Index

Opioids (cont.) pain-transmission pathway, controls, 1154 buprenorphine maintenance, 1037–1039 placebo and conditioned analgesia, 1156 methadone maintenance, 1030–1037 primary and secondary cells, 1155 other opioid agonists, 1039–1041 stress-induced analgesia, 1155 maintenance antagonist treatment, switch off pain (OFF cells), 1155 1042–1043 switch on pain (ON cells), 1155 depot and implant formulations, 1043 top–down pain modulatory circuit, 1154 evidence of effectiveness, 1042–1043 Opioids/pain/mood, clinical correlates of, pharmacology of naltrexone, 1042 1162–1164 problems associated with use of anxiety, 1164 naltrexone, 1043 drug misuse and addiction, 1162–1163 management of opioid withdrawal, endogenous and exogenous opioids, 1163 1043–1044 higher rates of mediation, 1164 antagonist-precipitated withdrawal, 1044 mental health disorder, 1163 with opioid agonists, 1043–1044 misattribution of anxiety-related physical use of α-2 adrenergic agonists, 1044 symptoms, 1164 opioid dependence, 1029–1030 narcotic medications, 1164 Opioids in pain medicine, role of, 1169–1171 opioid medication beliefs, 1163 analgesic therapies used in multimodal pain opioids for chronic non-cancer pain, 1163 management, 1170 pain beliefs, 1163 bridging therapy, 1170 Opium, 25 chronic pain treatment, 1170 poppy Hul Gil/Joy Plant, 52, 463, 1030 etiology-specific analgesic therapies, use Wars, 295 of, 1171 Optimism, pharmacological, 1382–1385 long-term/short-term opioid analgesia, 1170 See also Health care professionals, etiology medication tapering, 1171 Oral naltrexone, 137, 792, 857, 879, 947, non-opioid analgesics, 1169 949–950 non-pharmacological therapies, 1170 Orexin, 1526 pharmacogenetics, 1169 -A receptor antagonists, 1018 selection of drugs, factors in, 1169 Organic brain syndrome, 1401 tricyclic antidepressants, 1169 Organized Crime Drug Enforcement Task Opioids, neurochemistry of, 1154–1156 Force, 66 “do not respond” decision, 1155 Organogenesis, 1413 dopamine-deficient mice display, 1156 Orphanin/nociceptin receptor, 296, 469, 1160 glutamate antagonists, 1155 Osler, Sir William (father of modern medicine), G-protein-coupled receptors, 1154 1238 kappa-opioid receptor agonists, 1155 Outpatient detoxification, 477–478, 828, 836, molecular imaging studies, 1156 865, 910, 1246–1247 mu-opioid agonists/receptors, 1154–1155 Outpatient drug-free programs nociceptin, 1155–1156 post-detoxification treatment, 481–483 OFF cells/ON cells and NEUTRAL cells, cognitive behavioral therapy, 481 1154 community reinforcement opioid-mediated painmodulatory circuits, approaches, 481 1156 contingency management, 481 δ−, κ-, and opioid receptor-like opioid family therapy, 482 receptors, 1154 group therapy, 482 pain-inhibiting and pain-facilitating states, individual psychotherapies, 481 1154 intensive outpatient programs, 482 Index 1609

motivational enhancement aberrant drug behaviors, 1168 interventions, 482 Addiction Severity Index, 1168 partial hospital programs, 482 American Pain Society, 1167 traditional outpatient treatment, 482 biopsychosocial or disease management twelve-step facilitation treatment, 482 model, 1166 voucher-based reinforcement therapy, 482 chronic pain, 1165 Overdose, opiate, 475–476 cognitive behavioral therapy, 1169 meperidine (Demerol R ) overdoses, 476 de novo addiction, 1165 opiate detoxification, 477–478 family cognitive behavioral therapy, 1169 buprenorphine, 477 intensifying pain management, Clinical Opiate Withdrawal Scale, 477 1166–1167 clonidine, 477 long-acting opioids, 1166 inpatient detoxification treatment, 478 management principles algorithm, 1166 medications for, 477 mental health and opioid abuse risk methadone, 477 assessment, 1167 N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor multidisciplinary models for chronic pain antagonists, 478 management, 1166 naltrexone or naloxone, 478 multimodal, multidisciplinary treatment Objective Opiate Withdrawal Scale, 477 strategy, 1166 ultra-rapid detoxification protocols, 478 opioid abuse risk stratification, 1167 withdrawal medication, 477 opioid-dependent pain patients, 1168 younger individuals, medications for, 477 opioid misuse, 1168 opiate pharmacotherapy, 477–478 opioid use disorder, 1168 buprenorphine, 479–480 prevalence of opioid treatment, 1167 levo-alpha acetyl methadol, 479 sedation and respiratory depression, 1169 methadone, 478–479 short-acting opioids, 1166 naltrexone, 478 substance abuse and opioid addiction, novel anticraving medications, 480–481 1168 psychosocial treatment, 481 toxicology screen, 1168 opiate withdrawal syndromes, 476–477 tramadol, 1169 long-acting opioids, 476 clinical correlates of opioids/pain/mood, methadone and buprenorphine, 477 1162–1164 short-acting opiates (heroin or diagnosis of addiction, 1164–1165 morphine), 476 incidences of, 1149 overdose with opioid antagonist, 476 2007 National Household Survey on Drug Overstressed youth syndrome, 1311 Use and Health, 1149 Over-the-counter medications, 790, 1400–1401 opioids, 1149 Oxazepam, 512, 865, 984, 1069, 1073, 1132 neurobiology of pain, 1149–1151 β-Oxidation of fatty acids, 362 neurochemistry of addiction, 1151–1154 Oxidative phosphorylation, 362 neurochemistry of opioids, 1154–1156 OxyContin R , 13, 465, 467 opioid receptors, pharmacologic tolerance and hyperalgesia, 1159–1161 P pain, 1148 Pain and addiction, 1147–1176 acute and chronic, 1148 addiction, 1148–1149 inflammatory, 1148 analgesic management of opioid substitution neuropathic and malignant bone pain, patients, acute pain, 1175–1176 1148 approaches to treatment, 1165–1169 physiologic and pathologic, 1148 1610 Index

Pain and addiction (cont.) Pancreatitis, 110, 386, 984, 1120–1121, 1129, physical dependence and withdrawal, 1161 1470 prerequisites in providing pain management, Paranoid (amphetamine) psychosis, 293 1165 Paranoid delusions, 293, 537, 1090, 1448 non-cancer pain (skepticism), 1165 Paraphernalia, 60, 137, 159, 604, 932, psychiatric disorders and opioid use, 1181–1182 1161–1162 Parkinson’s disease, 312, 552, 570–571, 620, role of glia in analgesia/pain and 625, 1050, 1476 nociception, 1156–1159 Paroxetine, 85, 624–625, 696, 960, 1000, 1104 role of opioids in pain medicine, Partial agonists, nicotine 1169–1171 cytisine, 435 screening tools, 1171–1172 Laburnum anagyroides, 435 substance use disorders and pain, clinical Tabex, 435 considerations, 1175 non-pharmacologic treatments, 436 universal precautions in pain medicine, other medications, 435–436 1172–1175 clonidine, 435 Painless syndrome, 391 NicAb, 436 Pain management purposes, 466, 722, 868–870, NicQb (by Cytos Biotechnology), 436 1042, 1107, 1147, 1164–1167, 1170, NicVAX, 436 1174–1176, 1219, 1376 nortriptyline, 435 Pain medicine, precautions in, 1172–1175 Quitpack R , combination of appropriate trial of opioid therapy with or mecamylamine plus without adjunctive medication, 1173 bupropion-SR, 435 documentation, 1174 rimonabant (Acomplia R ), cannabinoid-1 “Four A’s” for pain medicine, 1173–1174 receptor blocker, 435 informed consent, 1173 Ta-Nic (by Celtic Pharma), 436 make diagnosis with appropriate differential, topiramate (Topamax R ), 435 1173 varenicline, 434–435 multi-disciplinary, comprehensive, adverse effects, 435 interventional pain management alpha-7 nicotine cholinergic receptor, 434 center, 1174 chantix, 434 non-opioid pharmacological treatments, Partial fetal alcohol syndrome, 388 1174–1175 Pathological buying/buying disorder, see periodically review pain diagnosis and Compulsive buying (oniomania/urge comorbid conditions, 1174 to buy) pre- and post-intervention assessment of pain Pathological gambling level and function, 1173 biochemistry of, 619 prescription monitoring programs, 1174 genetics of, 621 psychological assessment including risk of neuropsychology of, 621–623 addictive disorders, 1173 psychiatric nosology of, 617–618 reassessment of pain score and functional Pathologic pain, 1148 level, 1173 clinical pain, 1148 short-acting opioids, 1174 inflammatory/neuropathic/malignant bone treatment agreement, 1173 pain, 1148 ultra-low-dose opioid antagonists, 1174 PathwayStudio pathway analysis software, 245 United States Federation of State Medical Pavlovian conditioning, 159–160, 257, 263, 268 Boards’ Guidelines, 1174 Pavlovian-instrumental transfer, 264, 267 weekly prescriptions without refills, 1174 Paw tremors, 1066–1067 Index 1611

Peak plasma concentration, 288, 302, 553, nicotine, 1105–1106 1031, 1040 bupropion hydrochloride, 1106 Pedophilia, 665 nicotine replacement therapy, 1106 Pelvic inflammatory disease, 878 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 1106 Pentobarbital, 121, 133, 316–317, 512 smoking cessation, 1106 Peptide mass fingerprinting, 368, 371 transdermal patch, 1106 Peptide N-termini, 366 opiates, 1107 Performance-enhancing drugs, see methadone treatment, 1107 Anabolic-androgenic steroids opioid metabolizers, 1107 Pergolide, 142, 620 pain management purposes, 1107 Pericyazine, 1053 Pharmacogenetics in treatment of addictions Pernicious-anemia-type syndrome, 527 functional OPRM1 polymorphism, 233 Peroxiredoxin 2, 371–372 genes identification, 233 Perphenazine and haloperidol, 403 multidimensional nature, 233 Persistent psychosis, 501–502, 590, 592 Pharmacogenomics of addiction Personality and temperamental factors, agent-specific and non-specific factors, gambling, 619 232–233 Personality disorder, 36, 96, 472, 513, 619, 641, effects independent of 654, 982, 1168, 1183, 1190, 1195, differences in level and pattern of 1318, 1401, 1497 use, 227 antisocial, 37, 472–473, 528, 619, 1152, gene/stress prediction of suicide risk, 228 1190, 1292, 1497 genetic modifiers, 227–228 Pharmacogenetic effects independent of teratogenicity and developmental effects, addiction 228–229 differences in level and pattern of use gatekeeper genes/allostatic example, 227 shifts/teratogenicity genetic variation, 227 epigenetic changes, 227 risks of intravenous drug users, 227 neuroadaptive changes, 227 genetic modifiers genes affecting pharmacodynamics, gene × criteria for abuse or dependence, 227–228 environment, 233 teratogenicity and developmental effects genetics of fetal alcohol syndrome, 228 alcoholism-linked region, 226 longitudinal studies, 229 gatekeepers for nicotine action, 226 Pharmacogenetics and pharmacogenomics, variations, 225 1103–1107 of intermediate phenotypes alcohol, 1104–1105 addiction-associated intermediate biobehavioral risk makers, 1105 phenotypes and endophenotypes, 229 DNA genotyping technology, 1105 alcohol-induced flushing, 229–231 double-blind, placebo-controlled alcohol response and laboratory, 1105 gamma-aminobutyric acid-A gene coding, 1104 receptor, 231 mesocorticolimbic structures, 1104 neuroimaging, 232 mu-opioid receptors (OPRM1), 1104 nicotinic acetylcholine receptors, 231–232 cocaine, 1106–1107 pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic agonist replacement agents, 1107 variation gamma-aminobutyric acid, 1107 addictive liability of drugs, 226 methylphenidate, 1107 examples, 226 pharmacogenetic investigations, 1107 treatment, 233–234 1612 Index

Pharmacokinetics, 446–447, 1055 for support to aid recovery, 791 cannabinoid-1 receptor, 447 Pharmacotherapy, alcoholism, 943–968 60 cannabinoids in marijuana, 447 acetylcholine, 963 consumed through smoking/ingestion, 446 varenicline, 963 smoking routes, 446 combination treatments, 967–968 tetrahydrocannabinol content, 447 COMBINE study, 967 Pharmacological agents, 958, 988, 1064, 1066, naltrexone, acamprosate combination, 967 1068, 1073, 1295, 1303 disulfiram, 964–965 Pharmacological optimism, 1382–1383 dopamine, 963–964 Pharmacology, anabolic-androgenic steroids receptor agonists, 963–964 chemical structure, 535 receptor antagonists, 963 C-17-alkyl-anabolic-androgenic gamma-aminobutyric acid-B receptor steroids, 535 agonist, 964 modifications/alkylation/esterification at baclofen, 964 C-17, 535 glutamate, 951–958 pharmacokinetics, 535–536 acamprosate, 951–954 aromatase/estradiol, formation of, 535 others, memantine and neramexane, 954 medically-indicated replacement therapy, topiramate, 954–957 535 opioids, naltrexone, 945–951 prohormone (testosterone), 535 alcohol induced subjective mood, urine testing, 536 reduction, 946 addiction treatment, 536 basic science, 945–947 mass spectrometry/gas beta-endorphin level, suppression, 947 chromatography, 536 clinical studies, oral and depot, 947–949 Pharmaco-magnetic resonance imaging, 604 corticomesolimbic dopamine system, 945 Pharmacotherapies, improving depotrex, 951 compliance/adherence to, 790 hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenocortical brief behavioral compliance enhancement axis, role, 946 treatment, 790–791 mu-opioid receptor, blockade, 946 advantages, 790 naltrel, 950 general treatment adherence, 790 opioid interactions, representation, 945 increased care for alcohol-dependent OPRM1 gene, Asp carriers, 946 individuals, 791 OPRM1 mu opioid receptor gene, initiation/maintenance and termination of differences, 946 treatment, 790 vivitrex/vivitrol, 949–950 manual-driven and standardized version potential treatments, 965–967 of, 790 cannabinoid-1 receptor antagonists, National Institute of Mental Health 965–966 collaborative trial on depression, 790 other neurochemicals, 966–967 side effects, 791 serotonin, 958–963 compliance enhancement, 792 reuptake inhibitors, 958–960 medical management, 791–792 serotonin-1 partial receptor agonist, adherence to medication regimen, 791 buspirone, 960–961 BRENDA, 792 serotonin-2 receptor antagonist, COMBINE study, 792 ritanserin, 961 education program, 791 serotonin-3 receptor antagonists, 961–963 pharmacotherapy trials for alcohol Pharmacotherapy, opiate, 477–478 dependence, 791 buprenorphine, 479–480 Index 1613

levo-alpha acetyl methadol, 479 Phenylisopropylamine, 290 methadone, 478–479 See also Amphetamine and naltrexone, 478 amphetamine-analogs novel anticraving medications, 480–481 (alpha-methylphenethylamine) psychosocial treatment, 481 Phenylpropanolamine, 10, 291 See also Individual Phosphodiesterase-5 inhibitors Phencyclidine, 603–611, 1092 sildenafil, tadalafil, or vardenafil, 411 abuse and dependence, 605 Physical dependence and withdrawal, 1161 DSM Criteria, 605–606 acute withdrawal symptoms, 1161 tolerance and withdrawal, 606 diazepam, 1161 epidemiology, 605 intermittent withdrawal phenomena, intoxication 1161 DSM criteria, 608 intoxication, 1161 management, 607–608 low-grade protracted abstinence syndrome, physiological effects, 607 1161 psychological effects, 607 neuroadaptation and neuroplasticity, 1161 intoxication delirium physiologic changes, 1161 agitated phase/mixed phase and resolution physiologic responses, 1161 phase, 608 symptoms of opioid withdrawal, 1161 clinical presentation, 608–609 Pierre-Robin syndrome, 1416 DSM criteria, 609 Piloerection, 470, 476, 589, 1066, 1088, 1161 management, 609–610 Plasmalemma dopamine transporter, 1056 stages of, 609 Plasma methadone concentrations, 1031, 1035 ketamine/dextromethorphan intoxication, Pluripotency, 185 1090 Podagra, 387 life-threatening hyperthermia, 607 Polyadenylation signal, 184–187 organic mental disorder Polymerase chain reaction, 185–186 addiction treatment, 611 Polymorphisms of monoamine chronic use, 610–611 oxidase-A-encoding genes, 621 pharmacology Portion-distorted embarrassment of food, 635 mechanism of action, 603–604 Positive and negative emotional states, 773 routes of administration, 604 Positron emission tomography, 111, 216, 496, street names, 604 691, 1018, 1051, 1056, 1162 urine acidification, 608 Post-fertilization, 1413–1414 Phenethylamine hallucinogens Post-translational modifications, 359–360, 360, chemical structures of, 587 363, 367, 371 mescaline, 593 Post-traumatic stress disorder, 433, 473, 482, 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, 484–485, 861–862, 877, 921, 933, (ecstasy) 944, 960, 968, 1168, 1175, 1184, adverse consequences, 596–597 1189, 1346, 1496 management of acute toxicity, 597 Potential pharmacotherapies for cannabis pharmacology, 594–595 dependence, 1063–1077 physiological and psychological effects, abstinence symptoms treatment medications, 595–596 1066–1073 street information, 595 effects on precipitated cannabinoid from United States Drug Enforcement withdrawal symptoms, 1066 Administration Website, 595 medication effects on marijuana Phenobarbital, 316–317, 319, 512, 515, 983 withdrawal symptoms, 1070 1614 Index

Potential (cont.) associated psychiatric conditions, 9 studies of human research participants, buprenorphine 1069–1073 abusers, 13 studies of laboratory animals, 1066–1069 use, 12 cannabinoid neuropharmacology, 1065–1066 clinicians role, 9 cannabinoid receptor 1/2 (CB1 and CB2), Combat Methamphetamine Epidemic Act of 1065 2005 dopaminergic transmission, 1065 chronic pain complaints, 10 microdialysis, 1065 methadone-related deaths, 11 tonic gamma-aminobutyric acid-ergic methamphetamine, prevalence of, 10 inhibition, 1065–1066 opioid treatment programs, 12 ventral tegmental area-nucleus pseudoephedrine, 9–10 accumbens pathway, 1066 risk factors for methadone mortality, 11 detoxification and relapse prevention or treatment strategies, 11 maintenance phase, 1064–1065 drug monitoring programs, 8 μ-opioid agonist, 1065 implications of, 7 nicotine replacement medications, 1065 intake of opioid analgesics, 8 psychoactive effects, 1065 pain relievers, misuse of, 7 future directions in medication development pain treatment in American society, 8 for, 1076–1077 Prescription medications, 85, 90, 132, 473, 476, relapse prevention medications, 1073–1076 802, 1174, 1375, 1378–1379, cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant, 1076 1383–1384, 1387–1389, 1393, doserelated reinforcing effects, 1073 1400–1401, 1409, 1469, 1476, endogenous opioid system, 1074 1479–1480 marijuana-associated antinociceptive, Prescription-type psychotherapeutics, 4 1074 specific categories of, 5 pharmacological agents, 1073 Prevention for adolescents, 1337–1338 tetrahydrocannabinol-positive urine media-based programs, 1337 screens, 1076 school-based programs, 1337–1338 Precipitation/aggravation of sleep apnea, 1401 Positive Youth Development Program, Precontemplation, 732, 734–735 1337 Prefrontal cortex, 891 Project ALERT, 1337 executive function, 891 Project CHOICE, 1337 deficiencies, 891 Prevention paradox, 783 goal-directed behavior, 891 Prevention programs, children of alcoholics, inhibitory control, 891 1315–1316 working memory, 891 community-based, 1316 principal function, 891 family-focused, 1316 spatiotemporal organization, 891 Cambridge and Somerville Program, 1316 Pregnancy, consumption of alcohol during, 388 school-based, 1315–1316 fetal alcohol spectrum disorders Primary anxiety disorder, 408–409 subcategories, 388 Primary care and non-specialist settings, drug fetal alcohol syndrome, 388 treatment in, 784–785 newborns, 388 at-risk drug users, 784–785 partial, 388 biological screening tests, 785 perinatal exposure to alcohol, 388–389 early-stage problem drug use, 784 Prenatal/postnatal growth deficiency, 1415 short screening tests, 785 Prescription drugs, non-medical use of Drug Abuse Screening Test, 785 Index 1615

10-item Alcohol Use Disorders Protracted abstinence, 335–336, 342–343, Identification Test, 785 346–348, 352, 497, 861, 1161, 1511 Prize-based contingency management, Pseudoaddiction, 516, 1149, 1165 757–761, 828–829 Pseudoephedrine, 9–10, 70, 291, 495–496, 1052 Problem-distracting behaviors, 733 Psychedelics, 83, 586, 1083 Problem drinking, 18, 709, 722, 927, 959, 1220, Psychiatric disorders, 1183 1314, 1333, 1360, 1362, 1399–1400, in HIV infection 1400, 1530 depression, 1184 Progressive relaxation mania and bipolar disease, 1183 techniques (yoga/regular exercise), 611 psychosocial issues, 1184–1185 training, 774 schizophrenia, 1183–1184 Prohormone (testosterone), 535 HIV-related mental disorders, 1183 ProICATTM, 366 medication-related mental disorders, 1183 Project COMBINE, 139–140, 140, 233, 738, mental disorders with HIV and substance 792, 858, 948, 953, 967, 1105, 1531 abuse, 1183 Project MATCH, 482, 709, 718–719, 738, 746, and opioid use, 1161–1162 772, 927, 930–931, 935, 937, 1108, amygdala, role of, 1162 1226, 1231, 1292, 1294, 1531 anxiety, 1162 Project Safe Neighborhoods, 65 anxiogenic effect in animals, 1162 Pro-Q R Diamond phospho-protein gel chronic pain and negative emotions, 1162 stain, 371 comorbid affective disorder, 1162 Prostaglandin E2, 1066–1068, 1157, 1159 delta-opioid receptor activation, 1162 Protein arrays, 369 depression and chronic pain, 1161–1162 proteomic chips/arrays, 369 neuropathic pain-like states, 1162 Protein fractionation, 360–363 substance-induced mental disorders, 1183 cell protein analysis, 360 Psychoactive medications, 722, 1401–1403 cellular domains, 361–363 Psychoactive substance, 95–101, 105–106, 303, cytoplasm, 361–362 381, 453, 551, 801, 1083, 1118, 1393 membrane, 362 Psychological and psychiatric complications mitochondria, 362 acute effects, 389–390 nucleus, 362 acute alcoholic myopathy, 390 signaling pathways, 361 alcohol-induced psychotic disorder or synaptosomes and postsynaptic density, alcohol hallucinosis, 389 362–363 blood alcohol concentration, 389 cerebrospinal fluid, 361 central pontine myelinolysis, 390 choroid plexus, 361 chronic hyponatremia, 390 disease biomarkers, 361 progressive effects of alcohol, 390 invasive biopsies, 361 chronic effects, 390–391 neural activity, 361 alcoholic dementia, 391 protein affinity columns, 361 alcoholic neuropathy, 391 ultrafiltration, 361 chronic alcoholic myopathy, 391 protein constituents, 360 Korsakoff’s psychosis, 391 proteome, 360 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 391 Protein-protein interactions, 243, 249–250, Psychopharmacology, caffeine withdrawal and 359–360 reversal Protein theory, 1512–1513 performance and mood, 556–558 Proteomics, 237, 359–361, 363–364, 366–367, acute and chronic effects of caffeine, 374, 1533 comparing and examining, 557 1616 Index

Psychopharmacology (cont.) Pulmonary dysfunction, 1064 long-term caffeine exposure and Punding, 1090 abstinencea, 557 Punishment-suppression effect, 263 long-term caffeine withdrawal studies, 557 Q pre-treatment/ad lib consumption QTc prolongation, 1039 studies, 557 Quantitative proteome analysis, 365 studies comparing consumers with Quantitative trait locus (QTL), 182 low/non-consumers, 557 Quasi-religious programs, 1451 sleep and wakefulness, 558–559 Quetiapine, 132, 301, 486, 863, 870, 963, 1054 acute (overnight) caffeine withdrawal, 558 R caffeine-induced sleep delay, 558 Randolph, T. G. (founder of environmental caffeine’s putative anti-soporific medicine), 634 effects, 558 Rapid-eye-movement, 318, 321, 411, 519 effects of sleep restriction on mood, 558 episodes/length, 1401 electroencephalographic activity, 558 Rates of conditional dependence, 446 Psychosis, 102, 105–106, 208, 292–293, 307, “Rate the State,” 33 319, 322, 391–392, 403, 408, 412, Rebound anxiety, 1125 446, 451, 484, 486, 498, 501–502, Recidivism, 484, 878, 881–883, 885, 920–921, 515, 517–519, 528–530, 545, 590, 1246–1247, 1250–1251, 1450, 1452 592, 609–610, 739, 1050, 1064, 1083, retention and, 1250–1251 1090, 1093–1094, 1183, 1202, 1209, Recombinant DNA technology, 182 1406, 1447, 1469, 1476, 1479–1480 Recovery as holistic system Psychostimulant drugs, 123, 260, 270 functions, 20 Psychotherapeutic medications, 1400, 1481 process of change, 20 Psychotherapies, 401, 406, 481, 485, 487, 518, Recreational doses, 300 592, 594, 640, 643, 666, 671, 674, Recurrent use, 28, 516, 543, 605, 853 710, 712, 715–716, 722–723, Recycling, 766 729–732, 735, 747, 754, 761, 769, Rediscovery of addiction, 634 789–790, 805, 807, 822, 824, 826, Refeeding syndrome, 387 862, 1021, 1083, 1094, 1171, 1176, Regulatory matters, 1452–1456 1251–1252, 1292, 1531 impairment and fitness to practice, Psychotic disorders, 105, 1050 1452–1454 cocaine-induced acute/sustained withdrawal syndrome, definition/diagnostic criteria, 407–408 1452 neurobiology, 408 addiction specialists, 1453 with delusions, 408 addictive illness, 1452 with hallucinations, 408 monitoring, 1453 Psychotomimetics, 1083 personality changes, 1453 Psychotoxicity, 1453 physician, 1453 Psychotropic agents, 293, 1293, 1414, 1424 psychotoxicity, 1453 Psychotropic drugs, 133, 1414, 1419 regulatory/licensing authorities, 1452 Public stigma, 1198, 1205–1207 sports, 1454–1456 three strategies, 1205 addiction, 1454 contact, 1205 anabolic androgenic steroids, 1454 education, 1205 cheating, 1454 protest, 1205 diuretics, 1454 Index 1617

elite athlete, 1454 Marlatt and Gordon’s Relapse Prevention Major League Baseball, 1455 Model, 768 massive supraphysiologic doses, Medical/Mutual Help or Twelve-Step 1454 Model, 767 tissue testing, 1454 social learning models, 768 commercial pilots, 1454 types of relapses, 768 Federal Aviation Administration, 1454 partial remission, 766 medical review officer, 1454 review of, 769 pre-employment screening, 1454 Relapse prevention medications for cannabis random testing, 1454 dependence, 1073–1076 Rehearsal and fantasies, relapse, 775 cannabinoid agonists, 1073 Reiki circle, 1243 cannabinoid antagonist rimonabant, 1076 Re-incarceration, 875, 882, 920, 1351 doserelated reinforcing effects, 1073 Reinforcement (negative) model, 160, 256–257, endogenous opioid system, 1074 269–270, 274, 334–335, 340, 348, marijuana-associated antinociceptive, 1074 350, 421–422, 424, 429, 653 non-blind conditions, 1076 Reinstatement paradigm, 118, 124, 166–167 pharmacological agents, 1073 Relapse tetrahydrocannabinol-positive urine on failure of relapse prevention, 777–778 screens, 1076 life course perspective on recovery, Religion/spirituality and meditation, 809–810 777–778 and alcohol, 810 successive approximations/recycling and definitions, 809–810 learning from past, 777–778 meditation and mindfulness-based prevention, see Relapse prevention approaches, 811–812 strategies for, see Strategies for relapse and nicotine, 810 prevention and other substances, 810–811 treatment recommendations, 779 Religiousness/spirituality and addiction, understanding concept of, 765–767 1217–1233 lapse and relapse, distinction, 766 community-based 12-step programs, 1229 precontemplation/contemplation, 766 abstinence, 1229–1230 successive approximations, 766 five spiritual axioms, 1229 viewed as failure, 766 conceptual models, 1221–1223 Relapse prevention, 767–772 psychometric properties, 1222 critical mechanisms for relapse prevention definitions, 1218–1219 coping, 771 empirical questions in addiction research, deficits in abstinence self-efficacy, 771 1223 motivation, 770 four conditions, 1223 self-efficacy, 771–772 four measures, 1221–1223 effectiveness studies across addictive Brief Multidimensional Measure of behaviors, 769 Religiousness, 1222 Abstinence Violation Effect, 769 Purpose in Life, 1223 models for Religious Beliefs and Behaviors, 1222 Abstinence Violation Effect, 768 Spiritual Coping Questionnaire, 1222 Alcoholics Anonymous, associated historical reticence, 1218 with, 767 intervention and outcome, 1223–1225 Factor analysis on the Reason for 13 modules, spiritual intervention, 1224 Drinking Questionnaire, 768 Vipassana meditation, 1225 guilt and low self-esteem, 768 moderator in 12-step therapy, 1227–1229 1618 Index

Religiousness (cont.) Rimonabant, 138, 271, 308, 435, 965, 1000, cognitive behavioral therapy, 1227 1065–1068, 1073–1074, 1076–1077 relationship, 1219–1220 Risperidone, 141, 145, 528, 591, 1054, 1091, spiritual practices, 1230–1231 1094 action steps, 1230 Ritanserin, 961 maintenance steps, 1230 Ritonavir, 596, 1031, 1037, 1190–1191 psychometric project, 1230 R-methadone, 1031 surrender steps, 1230–1231 Robust withdrawal syndrome, 318 12-step therapy, 1225–1227 The Role of Addictive Disorders in Developing Project MATCH, 1226 Disability, 1465, 1468–1481 Remifentanil, 121 Residential detoxification, 1246–1247 S Resilience, 76, 232, 1310–1311, 1314–1315, Safe food substance, 801 1320–1321 Safer sterile injection techniques, 866 Respiratory abnormalities, 108 Sampling period, 121, 349 Respiratory-depressant effects, 318, 321 Sanity and diminished capacity, 1446–1448 Retention and recidivism, 1250–1251 anterograde amnesia, 1448 Reversal learning, 1018–1019 chronic stimulant dependence, 1448 chronic cocaine users, 1018 cognitive test, 1447 noradrenergic medications, 1019 hallucinogen, 1447 pharmacotherapy, 1018–1019 imperfect self-defense, 1448 serotonin-6 receptor antagonist Ro 04–6790, involuntary intoxication, 1447 1018 paranoid delusion, 1448 Reverse genetics, 182, 1512 pathological/idiosyncratic intoxication, 1447 Reverse phase chromatography, 365–366 psychosis, 1447 Reverse tolerance, 294 settled psychosis, 1447 Reward deficiency syndrome, 638 volitional test, 1447 Rewarding action, 257 Saving Cognitions Inventory, 694 Reward pathway, 419–420 Saving Inventory-Revised, 694 amygdala, 419 Scaling of pharmacobehavioral response, 1529 cannabinoid-1 receptors, 420 Schedule II drug (Comprehensive Drug Abuse carcinogens, 419 Prevention and Control Act), 287 increase in dopamine neurons, 419 Schedules for Clinical Assessment in neurotransmitters and systems, 419–420 Neuropsychiatry, 106 nicotine, component of tobacco smoke, 419 Schizoaffective disorder, 1092 self-administration in laboratory Schizophrenia, 105, 877, 1092, 1103, animals, 419 1183–1184, 1195 Reward sensitivity, 638, 895, 897 poor HIV knowledge and increased Reward thresholds, 338 risk-taking behavior, 1183 acute intravenous cocaine serious and persistent mental illness, 1183 self-administration, 338 Schizophreniform disorder, 1092 electrical brain stimulation reward, 338 School-based prevention and intervention, rewarding/anti-rewarding effects, 338 adolescents, 889–901 Rhabdomyolysis, 290, 298, 407, 542, 596, 606, classroom-based programs, 898 608, 1118, 1124–1125, 1188, current practices, 895–897 1472–1473 cognitive-behavioral skills training, 896 cocaine-induced, 407 control signals poster, 895 Rifampicin, 1031 “I Can Problem Solve” program, 896 Index 1619

mindfulness-based interventions, 896 detoxification, 517 motivation-skills-decision-making DSM-IV, 516 model, 897 pseudoaddiction, 516 Promoting Alternative Thinking psychosocial deterioration, 516 Strategies, 895 with approximate dose equivalencies, 512 Reconnecting Youth program, 897 CNS depressants, 511 motivation enhancement, 899–900 cognitive disorders, 518 client-centered therapy, 899 intoxication and overdose, 513–514 cognitive behavioral therapy, 899 alcohol intoxication, 513 Project EX, 899 benzodiazepines and intoxication, 514 need for, 894–895 buprenorphine, 513 media campaign, 895 CNS depressants, 513 three specific personality-based, 895 dopamine activity, 513 potential intervention strategies, 900 fatal overdose, 514 reasons for prevention, 893 flumazenil, 514 school clinics, 897 non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, 514 student assistance programs, 898 substance use disorder, 513 treatment strategies, 898–899 mood and anxiety disorders, 517–518 metamemory techniques, 899 benzodiazepines, 517 precontemplation stage, 898 cognitive behavioral therapy, 518 restructuring memory associations, 899 depression or psychosis, 517 Screening tools, 1171–1172 long-term efficacy of Addiction Behaviors Checklist, 1172 benzodiazepines, 517 Addiction Severity Index, 1171–1172 non-benzodiazepine medications, 518 Chemical Coping Index Tool Evaluation, strategies to manage acute anxiety, 518 1171 symptom relapse, 518 Chronic Opioid Misuse Measure, 1172 older sedative-hypnotic and anxiolytic Diagnosis, Intractability, Risk, Efficacy agents, 511 score, 1172 psychotic manifestations, 518–519 Drug Abuse Screening Test, 1172 sexual dysfunction, 519–520 long-term opioid treatment, 1171 benzodiazepine use and side effects, Opioid Risk Tool, 1171 519–520 Prescription Drug Use Questionnaire, 1172 “black market,” 520 psychotherapy and rehabilitative approaches, drug-facilitated sexual assaults (date 1171 rape), 520 risk factors, 1172 flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), 520 Screener and Opioid Assessment for Patients related to new-generation with Pain, 1171 non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, 520 Second-degree murder, 1447–1448 sleep disorders, 519 Second Drug Enforcement Administration, 480 effects of short-term use of Secular sobriety organizations, 926–927, benzodiazepines, 519 932, 936 Eszopiclone, 519 Sedative-hypnotics and anxiolytics, 511–520 National Institute for Health and Clinical abuse and dependence, 516–517 Excellence, 519 anticonvulsants (carbamazepine and ramelteon (Rozerem R ), 519 valproate), 517 zaleplon, 519 benzodiazepine antagonist zolpidem (Ambien CR R ), 519 flumazenil, 517 zopiclone, 519 1620 Index

Sedative-hypnotics (cont.) connections between self-help groups and tolerance and withdrawal, 514–515 treatment, 929–931 acute withdrawal, 514 participation, 930 benzodiazepine or barbiturate treatment, 930–931 withdrawal, 515 treatment orientation, 931 CNS adaptation, 514 major types, 926–927 cross-tolerance, 514 alcoholics anonymous, 926 drug holidays, 514 moderation management, 927 intermediate acting benzodiazepines, narcotics anonymous and cocaine lorazepam, 515 anonymous, 926 protracted withdrawal, 514–515 secular sobriety organizations, 926–927 resembles alcohol withdrawal, 514 self-management and recovery symptom recurrence, 515 training, 927 Sedative/hypnotic withdrawal, 1090 participation and outcomes, 927–929 Selective breeding techniques, 304 attendance, 927–928 Selective serotonin reuptake inhibitor (SSRI), involvement, 928–929 85, 1000, 1293, 1300 other than substance use, 929 fluoxetine, 1000 personal factors, 931–936 hydrochloride (Prozac R ), 85 disease model beliefs, 932–933 paroxetine, 1000 Double Trouble in Recovery, 933 hydrochloride (Paxil R ), 85 individuals with psychiatric disorders, sertraline, 1000 933–934 hydrochloride (Zoloft R ), 85 older adults, 935 Selegiline, 144, 1000, 1023, 1050 race and ethnicity, 935–936 Self-administration paradigm, 120–121, 164, severity and impairment, 932 190, 266, 1518 women, 934 Self-determination theory, 708, 710 Self-management and recovery training, 927, Self-efficacy, 707, 733 932, 936 Self-exclusion programs, 625 4-point program, 927 Self-help Self monitoring, 773 benefits, 798 Self-quit behavior, 454 drug replacement Self starvation phenomenon, 258 and alcohol, 804 Self-stigma, 1200–1201 and caffeine, 801–802 coping, 1201–1202 and nicotine, 802–804 definition, 1200 empowering, 798 enacted stigma, fear of, 1201 maturation effects, 799–800 multiple stigmatized identities, 1202–1203 natural recovery, 799 medical condition, hepatitis, HIV, 1202 processes of change, 800 Semi-urban/rural communities, 1535 uses, 798 Sensorimotor circuit, 261–264, 263, 273–274 Self-help groups, substance use, Sentencing, 1448 925–938 aggravating/mitigating., 1448 active ingredients, 936–938 death penalty cases, 1448 abstinence-specific and general vehicular homicide case, 1448 support, 936 Serotonergic hallucinogens, 585–597 goal direction and structure, 936–937 classification, 587–588 involvement in rewarding activities, 937 indolealkylamines, 587 self-efficacy and coping, 937–938 phenethylamines, 587 Index 1621

history, 585–586 transporter, 1297 epidemiology, 586–587 blockade, 144, 190 indolealkylamine hallucinogens Serotonin transporter gene (SLC6A4), 233, lysergic acid diethylamide, 588–592 962–963, 1104 psilocybin, 592–593 Services Research Outcomes Study, 917 mechanism of action, 588 Sex addict and sexual compulsive, 662 drug-induced stimulus control, 588 Sex and race in psychiatric disorders among serotonin-2A receptors, 588 homeless, role of, 1497–1498 phenethylamine hallucinogens homeless Caucasian women, 1497 mescaline, 593 Sexual behavior as addictive/compulsive 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, phenomenon (ecstasy), 594–597 clinical criteria, 663–664 psychedelic, 585 anxiety and depression, 664 serotonin receptor, 588 sex as means of self-medication, 663 monoamine family of Don Juanism, 662 neurotransmitters, 588 etiology serotonin-2A/2C receptor, 588 Carnes’ Addiction model, 12-step Serotonergic system, 191, 260, 1478, 1530 approach, 665 Serotonin, 260, 620, 1031, 1294, 1429 Coleman’s compulsive sexual behavior -1A (somatodendritic autoreceptor), model, 665–667 1297–1298 Kalichman’s impulse control model, 667 -1B (terminal autoreceptor), 1297–1298 history of, 662 -3 (5-HT3) receptor, 1295 implications for clinical practice, 671–673 modulators, 1019 implications for future research, 673 -1 partial receptor agonist, 960–961 mechanism of mood regulation or -2 receptor antagonist, 961 self-medication, 673 dopamine neurotransmission, measurement suppression, 961 cognitive and behavioral outcomes of -3 receptor antagonist, 961, 1530 sexual behavior scale, 670–671 carbohydrate-deficient transferrin level, compulsive sexual behavior inventory, reduction, 962 667–668 DiMe-C7, inhibition, 961 sexual compulsivity scale, 668–670 ethanol, site of action, 961 nymphomania, 662 neurophysiological experiments, 961 sex outside norm, 662–663 pharmacobehavioral studies, 961 importance and meaning of out-of-control serotonin transporter gene, polymorphic models, 663 variation, 962 sex addict and sexual compulsive, 662 type B-like alcoholics, respond best, 962 unprotected intercourse, 662 reuptake inhibitors, 958–960 Sexual compulsivity scale, 667–670 citalopram, 958 12-step self-help recovery manual for sex Cloninger’s classification, 959 addicts, 668 decrease ethanol consumption, 958 Sexual dysfunction, 519–520, 1050 fluoxetine, 958 benzodiazepine use and side effects, 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid, 519–520 metabolite, 959 black market, 520 paroxetine, 960 drug-facilitated sexual assaults (date sertraline, 960 rape), 520 type A-like alcoholics, 959, 968 flunitrazepam (Rohypnol), 520 1622 Index

Sexual dysfunction (cont.) population of in silico subjects, related to new-generation 1283–1284 non-benzodiazepine hypnotics, 520 results, 1285–1287 Sexual dysfunction, cocaine-induced empirical findings, 1285–1286 definition/diagnostic criteria, subtypes, 410 modeling idiosyncratic treatment impaired arousal, 410 response, 1287 impaired desire, 410 in silico vs. in vivo responses, 1286 impaired orgasm, 410 Silver staining, 364, 369 sexual pain, 410 Single/candidate gene approach, 240 neurobiology, 410 Single-minded determination, 1456 treatment approaches, 410–411 Single-nucleotide polymorphisms, 181, 1103 Sexual masochism, 665 Single photon emission computerized Sexual sadism, 665 tomography, 139, 181, 207–208, Shame, 1209 211–213, 217, 250, 425–427, 496, definition, 1209 993, 1102–1103, 1105–1106, 1298, moral emotion, 1210 1510–1511, 1528 Shopping tendencies, differences in, 651 Size-exclusion chromatography, 365 Short palpebral fissures, 388, 1415 Skin diseases, excessive alcohol Shotgun sequencing, 369 consumption, 387 Signaling pathways, 189, 214, 239, 249, Sleep disorders 271–272, 361, 401, 1311, 1528 caffeine-induced, 559, 801 Signal transduction, 362–363, 371–372, 1121 cocaine-induced Signs of potential problems, 1402 confusional arousals, 411 Sildenafil, 411, 527, 1188 definition/diagnostic criteria, 411 Silicomodels, deterministic approach, hypersomnia type, 411 1265–1274 insomnia type, 411 methods, 1266–1271 neurobiology, 411 mathematical modeling, 1266–1269 parasomnia type, 411 Michaelis-Menten dynamics, 1268 sleep terrors (night terrors), 411 minimal model, 1269–1270 sleep walking (somnambulism), 411 model parameters identification, treatment approaches, 411–412 1270–1271 effects of short-term use of Widmark’s zero-order model, 1267 benzodiazepines, 519 results, 1271–1273 eszopiclone, 519 blood ethanol time-concentration, 1271 National Institute for Health and Clinical computer simulation, experimental Excellence, 519 setting, 1271–1273 ramelteon (Rozerem R ), 519 Silico models, stochastic approach, 1277–1288 sleep disturbances, 1401 combining biology and behavior, 1280 zaleplon, 519 human behavior and social conditioning, zolpidem (Ambien CR R ), 519 1279–1280 zopiclone, 519 Hawthorne effect, 1279 Sleep mix, 1243, 1249 methods, 1280–1285 Sleep patterns, age-associated changes in, 1401 behavioral and social conditioning, Sleep terrors (night terrors), 411 1282–1283 Sleep walking (somnambulism), 411 bio-behavioral process, 1280–1281 Slow-wave sleep, 318, 321, 411, 519 computational algorithms, 1284–1285 Smokeless tobacco, 310, 312, 430, 808, ethanol metabolism, 1281–1282 1126–1127 Index 1623

Smoking, 417 abuse, 543, 809, 1479 -attributed annual deaths, 418 compounds cessation, 1106, 1533 corticosteroids, 533 cigarette, 417 estrogens, 533 and psychiatric comorbidities, 429 mineralocorticoids, 533 adult smokers, 429 Steroids (anabolic-androgenic), screening and current smoking rates, 429 assessment FDA approved dosage/prescription for history, 539–541 pharmacologic agents, 431 assessment, 541 guideline recommendations, 430 screening, 541 non-dependent and dependent current labs, 542 smokers, 429 analysis of urine, 542 smokers with mental disorder, 429 blood count, 542 tobacco, 417 electrocardiogram and Social-cognitive theory, 97 echocardiogram, 542 Social dysfunction, 680, 1401 liver enzymes, elevated, 542 Socialization theory, 34 mass spectrometry/gas Social Security Disability Insurance and chromatography, 542 Supplemental Security Income, 1443, muscle enzymes, elevated, 542 1465–1466 sperm analysis, 542 Social selection theory, 34 mental status, 542 Society for the Advancement of Sexual Health, body image disorder, 542 667, 670–671 paranoid ideation or delusions, 542 Society of General Internal Medicine, 13 suicidal and/or homicidal ideation, 542 Sodium valproate, 983–984 physical, 541–542 adverse effects, 984 abdomen, 542 bipolar disorder, 988 appearance and skin, 541–542 increased gamma-aminobutyric acid extremities, 542 levels, 983 eyes and chest, 542 lower liver transaminase levels, 983 urinogenital system, 542 standardized multidimensional alcohol rating vital signs, 541 scales, 984 Stigmatization, 1197 “Soma,” 585 Stimulant medication, 85, 143, 147, 698, 1049 Somnambulism, see Sleep walking Stimulus control, 165, 167, 169–171, 260, 263, (somnambulism) 588, 642, 776 Southern blotting, 185–186 Stimulus-outcome learning, 264–265, 267 South Oaks Gambling Screen, 618, 621 Strategies for relapse prevention, 773–774 Spectrum-of-use approach, 1402–1403 assessment, 772–777 Sphincter of Oddi dysfunction, 1121 high-risk situations, 773 Spiraling, striatonigro-striatal circuitry, 1517 positive and negative emotional Sprouting, 1414 states, 773 Standard drink, 103, 108, 287, 381, 391, 851, self monitoring, 773 1266–1267, 1269–1271, 1273, behavioral coping skills, 774 1334–1335, 1404–1405 coping imagery, 775 The 21st Statistical Survey Report on Internet cognitive strategies, 775 Development in China, 678 cognitive restructuring, 775 Stepped-care approach, 745 labeling and detachment, 775 Steroids rehearsal and fantasies, 775 1624 Index

Strategies (cont.) DSM-IV, 26 support for abstinence and recovery, 775 International Statistical Classification of coping imagery, 775 Diseases and Related Health insight and awareness, 774 Problems (10th revision), 26 cue exposure, 774 Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services progressive relaxation training or Administration’s Center, 4–8, 11–12, mindfulness meditation, 774 12, 14–15, 17–19, 25–26, 53, 61, lifestyle interventions, 776 67–68, 322, 468, 475, 487, 789, 832, stimulus control techniques, 776 834, 852, 859, 920, 1084, 1241, 1364, substitute indulgences, 776 1408, 1461 medications for relapse prevention, 777 Substance abuse and people with disabilities, naltrexone and acamprosate added to 1462, 1481–1482 disulfiram, 777 Substance abuse comorbidities, 876–879 mindfulness-based strategies for relapse psychiatric disorders, 877 prevention, 776 sexually transmitted infections, 877–878 mindfulness meditation, 776 smoking, 876–877 stimulus control techniques, 776 Substance abuse, effects of stimulus control techniques, 776 alcohol use disorders, 238–239 substitute indulgences, 776 economic impact, 238 Stress and cue-induced cocaine craving, 405 Substance abuse in adolescence/emerging Stroop tasks, 621–623, 622 adulthood, 1329–1340 emotional, drug, or gambling, 622 emerging adulthood, 1332–1336 Structured Clinical Interview, 1349, 1406, 1495 binge drinking, consequences, 1333–1336 Structured diagnostic interview, 1495 other, drug use, 1334–1335 Student Drug-Testing Institute, 68 other health risk behaviors, consequences, Subjective effects in abuse liability, role of 1336 discriminative stimulus procedures, 133 risk behaviors, 1333 factor analysis, 133 epidemiology and risk factors, 1329–1330 measuring self-administration behavior, prevention, 1337–1338 importance of adolescents, 1337–1338 self-administration procedures, variations drinking and substance use, delay, 1337 in, 134 emerging adults, 1338 substance abuse/dependence, core feature risk behaviors, 1330–1332 of, 134–135 binge drinking, 1330 profile of mood states, 133 manifestations in adolescents vs. adults, psychoactive effects, 133 1330–1331 subjective euphoria, role marijuana use, 1331 euphoric mood scale, 134 prevention efforts, 1332 Suboxone R , 13, 463, 475, 479, 1534 sexual risk behavior, 1332 Substance abuse and dependence tobacco use, 1331 disorders, categorical/dimensional trait treatment, 1338–1340 psychometric analyses, 29 cognitive-behavior therapy, 1339 DSM, 27–29 community reinforcement approach, 1339 abuse criteria and dependence, family interventions, types of, 1339 distinction, 27 motivational enhancement therapy, 1339 abuse/harmful use criteria, 28 parent-training programs, 1339 dependence criteria, 27 Substance abuse in African Americans, two major nomenclatures 1345–1351 Index 1625

Substance abuse leads to addiction substance dependence genes, document compounds with abuse potential, 239 evidence failure domino effect, 239 chromosome 15 gene markers, 203 increase in dopamine signaling, 239 flushing syndrome, 203 neurophychological changes, 239 linkage-based analyses, 203 Substance abuse research, proteomic secondary pharmacogenomic effect, 203 approaches in, 359–374 substance dependence in individuals, genetic implementation for drug abuse studies, architecture 369–374 genetic heterogeneity, 205 proteomic analysis of alcohol, 372–374 polygenic models, 204 proteomic analysis of cocaine, 369–372 substance-specific influence, 205 technology and methods for expression substantial polygenic heritability for proteomics, 360–369 addiction, support mass spectrometry, 367–369 adoption, 202 protein arrays, 369 family, 202 protein fractionation, 360–363 twin studies, 202 separation, 363–367 twin data document Substance abuse services, 884 pharmacogenomics and jails, 884 pharmacogenetics, analysis, 202 prisons, 884 post-receptor drug responses, 202 Substance abuse treatment services, Substance-abusing parents, children of, utilization of 1307–1322 need of treatment, 15 addiction, higher risk, 1309–1310 social determinants of health alcoholics children, drug abusers children, conceptual model, 15 differences, 1308–1309 illicit drug addiction, 15 children’s feelings, 1308 various factors to promote health, 15 effective prevention programs, 1319–1322 Substance abuse, vulnerability educational interventions, 1321–1322 allelic variants, nature emotional management, 1321 balancing selection, 206 to increase cognitive resilience, 1321 brain disorders, 207 to increase emotional resilience, genetic selection, 206 1320–1321 rare variants, 206 to increase social competency, 1320 cell adhesion-related genes, focus family, 1312–1313 identified in multiple genome-wide environmental impact, 1312 association studies, 210–211 risk and protective factors, 1312–1313 epigenetics and individual differences family-based prevention, treatment, genetic architecture of human dependence, 1316–1319 models core content, 1319 genetic and environmental terms, genetic risks, 1310 interactions, 203 genes involved, 1310–1311 G × G interactions, 204 phenotypes of children, 1311 influenced by, 203 impact on parenting, 1313–1314 genome-wide association results, 207–212 child abuse potential, 1313–1314 high-density genotyping of individuals, outcome, diversity of, 1311–1312 ethical issues prevalence, 1308 combined DNA index system prevention programs, children of alcoholics, (CODIS), 213 1315–1316 1626 Index

Substance-abusing (cont.) level of response, 36 community-based, 1316 temporal and geographical, availability family-focused, 1316 outlet density, 32 school-based, 1315–1316 political events, 31–32 protective and resilience factors, 1314–1315 Substance-induced mental disorders Substance dependence syndrome, 97, 109 amnesic syndrome, 105–106 Substance disorders, etiology of delirium animal models diagnostic criteria of delirium early-life rearing stressors, 35 tremens, 105 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 35 psychotic disorder, 105 cognition/personality Substances of abuse, neurobehavioral personality traits, 36 toxicology of, 283–323 substance expectancies and motivations, amphetamine and amphetamine-analogs 35–36 history, 290–292 early stressors and drug use in humans, 35 and MDMA, structures of, 291 factors affecting, 31 mechanism of action, 292–293 genetics pharmacokinetics, 293 epidemiology studies and gene toxicity, 293–295 environment interaction, 37–38 barbiturates family and twin studies, 37 chemical properties, 317 parental modeling of history, 316–317 influential factors, 34 pharmacodynamics, 318–319 parenting practices, 34 pharmacokinetics, 317–318 peers structure of barbituric acid, 317 socialization theory, 34 benzodiazepines social selection theory, 34 chemical properties, 320 twin studies, 34 history, 319–320 pricing/laws/advertising pharmacodynamics, 321–323 alcohol marketing and advertising, 33 pharmacokinetics, 320–321 beer tax, 32 structure of diazepam, 320 grass-roots efforts, 33 cannabis, 312–313 laws and law enforcement: drugs, 34 chemical properties, 303–304 minimum-age drinking laws, 32–33 history, 303 related to drinking and driving, 32 pharmacodynamics, 305–307 state distribution policies, 33 pharmacokinetics, 304–305 state-level price and per-capita structure of cannabinoid-1/-2 consumption, relationship, 32 receptors, 306 psychiatric comorbidity structure of 9-tetrahydrocannabinol, 304 association with antisocial personality toxicological effects, 307–308 disorder, 37 cocaine indication of adult twin studies, 37 and benzoylecgonine, structures of, 289 internalizing disorders, 37 and cocaethylene, structures of, 289 National Epidemiologic Survey on history, 287–288 Alcohol and Related Conditions mechanism of action, 288 survey estimation, 37 pharmacokinetics, 288–290 religiosity, 35 toxicity, 290 stress, 34–35 ethanol (alcohol) subjective reactions chemical properties, 284 Index 1627

history, 283–284 potential data-driven intervention models, pharmacodynamics, 285–287 1190 pharmacokinetics, 284–285 ritonavir, 1190 structure of, 285 Substance use among older adults, prevalence toxicology, 287 and impact of, 1399–1402 hallucinogens, LSD/psilocybin/mescaline comorbidities, 1401–1402 history, 299–300 alcohol/medication/illicit drug pharmacodynamics, 300–302 misuse/abuse, 1401 pharmacokinetics, 302 decreased sleep latency, 1401 structures of, 299, 301 decreased stage IV sleep, 1401 toxicity, 303 precipitation/aggravation of sleep apnea, inhalants 1401 history, 313 rapid eye movement episodes/length, mechanism of action, 313–315 1401 pharmacodynamics, 315 sleep disorders/sleep disturbances, 1401 pharmocokinetics, 315 medication misuse, 1400 toxicology, 315–316 psychotherapeutic medications, 1400 nicotine sedative hypnotics, 1400 chemical properties, 309 tranquilizer prescriptions, 1400 history, 308–309 vulnerabilities for substance use problems, pharmacodynamics, 310–311 1400–1401 pharmacokinetics, 309–310 adverse drug reactions, 1401 structure of, 309 blocked blood vessels, 1401 therapeutic effects, 312–313 medication metabolism, 1401 toxicological effects, 311–312 prescription medications, 1400 opiates Substance use disorders, 23, 448, 484, 666, 730, history, 295–296 1492–1493 mechanism of action, 296–297 alcohol and drug use disorder comorbidity, pharmacokinetics, 297–298 1493 structures of morphine and heroin, 296 non-substance psychiatric disorder, 1493 toxicity, 298–299 association between other risk factors and Substance use/abuse treatment, homelessness and, 1492 1189–1191 direct unidirectional causality, 1492 antiretroviral therapy, 1189 psychiatric disorders, 1492 buprenorphine programs, 1190 course of cocaine treatment program, 1189–1190 evidence and studies, 31 Department of Health and Human Services maturing out process, 30 guidelines, 1189 National Epidemiologic Survey on highly active antiretroviral therapy, 1190 Alcohol and Related Conditions, 30 HIV-seropositive drug abusers, 1189 onset, 30 injection drug users, 1189 telescoping phenomenon, 31 lopinavir, 1190 prevalence and incidence of methadone maintenance treatment programs, current and lifetime alcohol disorders, 1190 percentage comparison, 29 National Institute on Drug Abuse HIV inversely related to age groups, 30 testing and counseling protocol, 1190 structured/diagnostic interview, 29 non-methadone maintenance treatment prevalence rates, 1492–1493 programs, 1190 DSM, 1492 1628 Index

Substance (cont.) approach to history, 107 systematic shelter-selected samples, 1493 distinction between research and practice, See also Alcohol and drug disorders, 106–107 epidemiology of experiences indicating dependence, 108 Substance use disorders and pain, clinical key factors on physical examination, considerations, 1175 108–110 buprenorphine, 1175 problems/consequences, 108 co-occurring pain, 1175 quantification, 107–108 drug-seeking behavior, pain drives, 1175 Substance use disorders, incidence of, 464–465 effective pain treatment, 1175 drug abuse category, 464 opioid abstinence syndromes and opioid Environmental Catchment Area Survey therapy, 1175 combined data, 464 pain avoidance behaviors, 1175 National Comorbidity Survey, 464 pattern of substance abuse, 1175 2001–2002 National Epidemiologic Survey post-traumatic stress disorder, 1175 on Alcohol and Related pseudoaddiction, 1175 Conditions, 464 relief-seeking behaviors, 1175 nonmedical prescription opioid drug use, 465 Substance use disorders, diagnosis and rates of abuse and dependence, 465 classification Substance use disorders in health care DSM-IV and International Statistical professionals, see Health care Classification of Diseases and Related professionals, substance use disorders Health Problems (10th revision), Substance use in United States diagnoses alcohol consumption diagnostic orphans, 104 archeological records show alcohol harmful use, 102 formation, 24 hazardous use, 103–104 per-capita consumption levels worldwide, laboratory tests, 109–111 24–25 neurological and mental state prohibited time period, 24 examination, 109 drug use non-dependent repetitive substance heroin in late 1960s, 25 use, 101 historical analysis, 25 other diagnostic entities, 102–103 innovations in pharmacological substance abuse, 101–102 knowledge in 20th century, 25 substance dependence, 99 morphine as cough suppressant, 25 substance-induced mental disorders, opium, 25 104–106 US youth since 1975, yearly surveys, 25 substance-related problems, 104 public health problem substance withdrawal syndrome, 99–101 adverse outcomes of excess substance nature of use, 26 achieving synthesis, 98 preventable mortality/disability clinical syndrome, 97 worldwide, causes, 25–26 disease concept, 96 Substance use stigma, 1195–1210 epidemiological and sociological concept, 1196–1198 formulations, 96–97 basic verbal/cognitive processes, learned behavior, 97 1196–1197 neurobiological disorder, 97–98 cultural practices, 1197–1198 personality disorder, 96 definitions, 1196 practical approaches prejudice, 1197 Index 1629

stereotype, 1196 series of phases, 908 stigmatizing thoughts are resistant to Synapse formation, 1414 change, 1197 Synaptic plasticity, 191, 194, 261, 264, impact, 1200–1203 272–273, 363, 371–372, 1154, 1509, courtesy stigma, 1203 1514–1515, 1519, 1528 friends and family, stigmatizing attitudes, Syntaxin binding protein 3, 372 1203 Syphilis, 287, 498, 878, 1499 self-stigma, 1200–1201 SyproRubyTM dye, 364 interventions, 1205–1210 Systems biology approach, 238, 250, 1509, emotion of shame, 1209–1210 1519 empowering those in recovery, 1208–1209 T 3,4-methylenedioxymethamphetamine, Tabex, 435 1208 Tactile hallucinations, 1090, 1407 public stigma, 1205–1207 Tadalafil, 411 12-session group, 1209 Tag single nucleotide polymorphisms, 1102 six-session group, 1209 Tamoxifen, 195, 1255 stigma in health care system, 1208–1210 Tandem mass spectrometry, 365–369, 369 need to study, 1199–1200 Tandem repeat polymorphism, 993, 1105, 1109 treatment settings, 1203–1205 Telescoping phenomenon, 30–31, 398, 619 barrier to initial treatment engagement, Temporomandibular joint syndrome, 498 1203–1204 Teratogenicity, 226–229, 234, 389, 568, 1413, stigmatizing attitudes and behavior, 1417–1418 professional staff, 1205 Testosterone, 470, 533–538, 542–545, treatment retention and outcome, 1204 1133–1136, 1455 types and levels, 1198–1199 male hormone, 533 enacted stigma, 1198 See also Anabolic-androgenic steroids perceived stigma, 1198 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol, 35, 271–272, public stigma, 1198 304–307, 339, 347, 1063–1064, 1077, self-stigma, 1198 1424–1425 structural/institutional, 1198 -lofexidine combination, 1075 Substance withdrawal syndrome, 99–101, 105 Therapeutic community, 905–922 Substantia nigra pars compacta, 258–259, coming of age, 915–916 261–262, 264 research, three major outcomes, 916 Substitute indulgences, 776 early expansion, 908–910 Sub-syndromal forms of depression, 1002 Daytop Lodge, research project, 908 Subutex R , 13, 463, 479 ex-addict, 909 Success, concept of, 651 Jaffe, J. first White House director, 909 Successful vs. unsuccessful quitters, 426 redemption, 908 bupropion, 426 early studies, 916–918 nicotine replacement, 426 treatment of adolescents, 917–918 Succinylnorcocaine, 1025, 1534 formative years, 910–915 Sudden infant death syndrome, 1420 admissions, 910–911 Sudden sniffing death syndrome, 527, 531 encounter sessions, 913 Sugar withdrawal, 636 family role, 911 Superstitious behaviours, 618 general meeting, 914 Synanon, 906–910, 913 hierarchy roles, 911–912 organization, 906 intellectual exchange, 913 1630 Index

Therapeutic (cont.) gamma-aminobutyric acid-A, interactive healing life, 912–913 facilitation, 954 small group interventions, 913–914 potassium conductance, activation, 954 treatment duration, 914–915 sodium channels, reduces depolarization origins, 905–908 and excitability, 954 democratic therapy, 906 sulfamate-substituted fructopyranose open system of communication, 906 derivative, 954 Qumran Community, 905 anti-diabetic agent, 986 twenty first century, 918–922 dose-escalation schedule, 957 changing practices, 919–922 hepatic enzymes, not induced, 987 key/crest program, 920 inhibition, 986 Kyle/New Vision program, 921 lamotrigine vs. diazepam, 987 outpatient drug-free, 918 low binding to plasma proteins, 986 twin threats, 919 neuronal hyperexcitability, 987 Therapeutic community institutionalization, 909 neuroprotective effect, 986 Thiamine deficiency, 373, 1123 pharmacokinetic properties, 987 Thin vermilion border of upper lip, 1415 plasma gamma-glutamyl transferase, 956 Threshold effects, 561, 563 potassium conductance activation, 986 Thrombocytopenia, 984, 1471 serum cotinine levels, 957 Tiagabine, 144, 411–412, 412, 955, 986, sodium and calcium channels, blockade, 987 1021–1022, 1107 sulfamate-substituted derivative of Tiapride, 984–985 fructopyranose, 986 Tobacco, 787–788, 1250 sympathetic nervous system, overactivity “5 A’s” (Ask, Advise, Assess, Assist, reduction, 987 and Arrange) intervention, 788 syndrome of acute bilateral myopia, brief interventions by nursing staff, 788 associated with, 956 consumers, 1063 titration, 986 rate of cessation, 788 tonic-clonic seizures, treatment, 987 “5 R’s” (Relevance, Risks, Rewards, TOUCAN package, 247 Roadblocks, and Repetition) Tourette’s syndrome, 88, 622, 1124–1125 intervention, 788 Trace amine-associated receptors, 293 smoking cessation interventions, 788 Tranquilizers, 5, 56, 83, 322, 466, 512, 594, US guidelines, 787 604, 1389, 1400, 1480 Tobacco Etiology Research Network, prescriptions, 1400 1334–1335 Transcription regulatory network Tobacco Free Initiative, 573 construction of Tolerance and withdrawal, 334, 420, 427, 472, interaction databases, progression, 243 515, 606–607, 618, 635–636, 636, molecular network, 250 1404 static network, 249 See also Binge eating disorder factor and regulatory elements modeling Topiramate, 140, 411, 986–987, 1294, 1526 bioinformatics tools, 248 action mechanism, 986 cis-regulatory modules, 248 adverse effects, 956 cyclic AMP responsive element alcohol withdrawal symptoms, binding, 248 reduces, 956 Tph1 gene product, 248 acute and chronic alcohol, hypothesized generated workflow, 246 effects, 955 gene selection and literature analysis CA-II and CA-IV, weak inhibitor, 954 physical interactions, 247 Index 1631

Transdermal patch, 312–313, 995, 1106 management of alcohol dependence, Transient movement disorder, 1124–1125 856–857 Transvestic fetishism, 665 management of nondependent unhealthy Treatment accountability for safer communities, alcohol and drug use, 854–856 880, 882–885 management of opioid dependence: Treatment barriers pharmacotherapy, 859–860 access to recovery management of tobacco use, 858–859 integral part of recovery process, 16 patients in recovery, 860–861 recovery support services, 16 referral to specialty care, 860 screening/brief intervention/referral management of withdrawal from other drugs, alcohol-related injuries, reports, 17 863–866 National Alcohol Survey for alcohol withdrawal, 864–865 year 2005, 17 myocardial infarction, 863 performance data, 19 opioid withdrawal, 865–866 predicated treatment, 18–19 safe symptom-driven, 864 recommendation by primary care self tapering schedules, 864 settings, 18 urine toxicology panel, 864 Treatment Outcomes Prospective Study, 916 withdrawal syndrome, 863 Treatment retention, 143, 503, 730, 811, 825, medical management of people with, 881, 1020, 1033, 1204, 1227–1228, 866–870 1238, 1249, 1251, 1350 managing medical consequences in face Tricarboxylic acid cycle, 362 of ongoing substance use, 867–868 Tricyclic antidepressants, 85, 409, 435, 862, other challenging medical situations, 870 1102, 1166, 1169–1170 pain management, 868–870 Triggers, gambling, 619 preventive care, 866–867 TrkB receptor (tyrosine kinase receptor), 191 screening, 848–853 Trypsin, 368, 370, 372 for alcohol use, 848–849 Twelve-step programs, 1392, 1450 for other drug use, 852–853 twelve traditions, 927 for tobacco use, 852 emphasis on spirituality, 937 unhealthy alcohol use, definitions, 849–851 U treatment of psychiatric comorbidity, Ulcerative colitis (UC), 1120–1121 861–863 Ultrafiltration, 361 abate during abstinence, 862 Ultra rapid detoxification, 478, 1107 abstinence-oriented therapy, 862 Unconditioned stimulus, 160, 256 anergia, 861 Unhealthy alcohol and drug use in primary care, anhedonia, 861 847–871 citalopram, 862 assessment, 853–854 fluoxetine, 862 cardinal elements, 853 hypersomnolence, 862 criteria for diagnosis of dependence, 853 insomnia, 862 psychiatric comorbidity, 853 mood stabilizer/sedating chronic behavioral health problems, 848 antipsychotic, 863 confidentiality, 870–871 non-pharmacologic care, 862 Institute of Medicine, 848 post-traumatic stress disorder, 861 management of, 854–861 psychologic distress, 861 brief intervention, 854 psychostimulants, 861 counseling in primary care, 858 self-pharmacotherapy, 861 1632 Index

Unhealthy alcohol (cont.) recent congressional bills, 63–64 serotonin reuptake inhibitor, 862 research, 69 supportive counseling, 862 treatment, 68–69 topiramate, 863 federal penalties for drug trafficking, 59 tricyclic antidepressants, 862 history, 51–60 Unhealthy alcohol and drug use, screening Advisory Commission on Narcotics and of, 848–853 Drug Abuse, 56 morbidity/mortality, 848 anti-alcohol temperance movement, 55 screening for alcohol use, 848–849 Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1986, 57 brief intervention, 849 Anti-Drug Abuse Act of 1988, 60 cholesterol screening, 849 Boggs Act of 1951, 56 mammography screening, 849 Comprehensive Crime Control Act of osteoporosis screening, 849 1984, 57 United States Preventive Services Task Controlled Substances Act of 1970, 57 Force, 849 designer drugs, 57 screening for other drug use, 852–853 Domestic Council Drug Abuse Task CAGE-AID, 852 Force, 57 THE DAST-10, 852 Drug Abuse Control Amendments of screening questionnaire, 852 1965, 56 street drug use, 852 Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment and Substance Abuse and Mental Health Rehabilitation Act of 1979, 57 Services Administration, 852 Federal Bureau of Narcotics, 56 screening for tobacco use, 852 George W. Bush Administration, 60 unhealthy alcohol use: definitions, 849–851 Harrison Narcotics Tax Act of 1914, 55 alcohol use disorders identification test, Marihuana Tax Act of 1937, 56 850–851 milestones in federal drug control policy, epidemiologic literature, 849 52–54 single-occasion cut-offs, 850 Narcotic Control Act of 1956, 56 system-based approaches, 849 Narcotics Division of the Prohibition Unit telephone or web-based instruments, 849 of the Internal Revenue Service, 55 World Health Organization, 850 Narcotics Manufacturing Act of 1960, 56 United Nations Office on Drugs and Crime, 66 National Narcotics Leadership Act., 57 United States Congress, 1455 Obama Administration, 60 United States Department of Health and Human Porter Narcotic Farm Act of 1929, 56 Services, 429, 1445, 1454 Pure Food and Drug Act of 1906, 55 United States Department of Justice, 304, Smoking Opium Exclusion Act of 722, 1451 1909, 55 United States Federal Drug Policy issues in policymaking, 69–70 federal drug-control operations, 60–69 muddled wars, 70 congressional subcommittees with drug picking battles, 69 policy oversight, 62 setting minimum standards for domestic law-enforcement efforts, 66 evidence, 70 fiscal year 2009 budget and activities, 61 schedule of controlled substances, 58 law enforcement, 65–67 United States Preventative Services Task policymaking and budgeting, 62–65 Force, 18 prevention, 67–68 United States 5+/4+ standard drink Programs of Regional and National criterion, 103 Significance, 68 5 Upstream regulatory region, 1104 Index 1633

Urea cycle, 362 Wernicke-Korsakoff syndrome, 372, 1123, Urine toxicology, 471, 477, 753, 864, 869, 1125, 1474 1021–1022, 1076, 1090, 1093 Wernicke’s encephalopathy, 391–392, 1123 USA Patriot Act, 61 Western blotting, 364 Wet-dog shakes, 1066 V Widmark Model, 1267, 1278 Val66Met, 191–192 Winick’s theory, 1383 Valproic acid, 863, 957, 984 See also Health care professionals, etiology bipolar disorder, 957 Winsberg simulation experiments, 1278 Vardenafil, 411 cellular automata, 1278 Varenicline, 138, 963, 1077, 1106 discretization techniques, 1278 alpha-4/beta-2 nicotinic acetylcholine Monte Carlo method, 1278 receptor, affinity to, 963 Wisconsin Card Sorting Task, 622 cortico-mesolimbic dopamine activation, 963 Withdrawal, cocaine Venereal disease, 1481 definition/diagnostic criteria, 404 Ventral tegmental area, 89, 167, 169, 171, neurobiology, 404 258–259, 261–265, 268, 271–272, treatment approaches, 404–405 286, 288, 314, 338, 370–371, 401, Women for Sobriety, 926, 934, 936 403–405, 419, 470, 637, 945, 955, World Anti-Doping Agency, 534 966, 992, 1000, 1056, 1066, World Health Organization, 15, 18, 20, 28, 1152–1153, 1162, 1515 98–99, 102–104, 382, 573, 784–785, Vesicular monoamine transporter, 292, 295, 806, 850–851, 856, 994, 1318, 1405 1056–1057, 1057 Vietnam Era Twin registry, 621 Vigabatrin, 412, 505, 986, 1018–1020, 1107 X γ-Vinyl gamma-aminobutyric acid, 1057 XPRESS, 366 Volitional addicts, 82 Voucher-based contingency management, Y 753–754, 757, 759, 761 Yale-Brown Obsessive Compulsive Scale, 656, Voyeurism, 665 658, 693–697 W Youth Risk Behavior Surveillance System, War on Drugs, 57, 919 993, 1336 Washington State Institute for Public Policy, 883 Z Wen, Dr. H. L. (first to use acupuncture), Zieve’s syndrome, 1120 1243, 1248 Zombie-like gait abnormality, 1090