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Stem Cells and Ion Channels Stem Cells International Stem Cells and Ion Channels Guest Editors: Stefan Liebau, Alexander Kleger, Michael Levin, and Shan Ping Yu Stem Cells and Ion Channels Stem Cells International Stem Cells and Ion Channels Guest Editors: Stefan Liebau, Alexander Kleger, Michael Levin, and Shan Ping Yu Copyright © 2013 Hindawi Publishing Corporation. All rights reserved. This is a special issue published in “Stem Cells International.” All articles are open access articles distributed under the Creative Com- mons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Editorial Board Nadire N. Ali, UK Joseph Itskovitz-Eldor, Israel Pranela Rameshwar, USA Anthony Atala, USA Pavla Jendelova, Czech Republic Hannele T. Ruohola-Baker, USA Nissim Benvenisty, Israel Arne Jensen, Germany D. S. Sakaguchi, USA Kenneth Boheler, USA Sue Kimber, UK Paul R. Sanberg, USA Dominique Bonnet, UK Mark D. Kirk, USA Paul T. Sharpe, UK B. Bunnell, USA Gary E. Lyons, USA Ashok Shetty, USA Kevin D. Bunting, USA Athanasios Mantalaris, UK Igor Slukvin, USA Richard K. Burt, USA Pilar Martin-Duque, Spain Ann Steele, USA Gerald A. Colvin, USA EvaMezey,USA Alexander Storch, Germany Stephen Dalton, USA Karim Nayernia, UK Marc Turner, UK Leonard M. Eisenberg, USA K. Sue O’Shea, USA Su-Chun Zhang, USA Marina Emborg, USA J. Parent, USA Weian Zhao, USA Josef Fulka, Czech Republic Bruno Peault, USA Joel C. Glover, Norway Stefan Przyborski, UK Contents Stem Cells and Ion Channels, Stefan Liebau, Alexander Kleger, Michael Levin, and Shan Ping Yu Volume 2013, Article ID 238635, 3 pages Modelling Human Channelopathies Using Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Comprehensive Review, Martin Muller,¨ Thomas Seufferlein, Anett Illing, and Jorg¨ Homann Volume 2013, Article ID 496501, 7 pages Definitive Endoderm Formation from Plucked Human Hair-Derived Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells and SK Channel Regulation, Anett Illing, Marianne Stockmann, Narasimha Swamy Telugu, Leonhard Linta, Ronan Russell, Martin Muller,¨ Thomas Seufferlein, Stefan Liebau, and Alexander Kleger Volume 2013, Article ID 360573, 13 pages Microarray-Based Comparisons of Ion Channel Expression Patterns: Human Keratinocytes to Reprogrammed hiPSCs to Differentiated Neuronal and Cardiac Progeny, Leonhard Linta, Marianne Stockmann, Qiong Lin, Andre´ Lechel, Christian Proepper, Tobias M. Boeckers, Alexander Kleger, and Stefan Liebau Volume 2013, Article ID 784629, 25 pages Neurally Derived Tissues in Xenopus laevis Embryos Exhibit a Consistent Bioelectrical Left-Right Asymmetry, Vaibhav P. Pai, Laura N. Vandenberg, Douglas Blackiston, and Michael Levin Volume 2012, Article ID 353491, 16 pages Ion Flux Dependent and Independent Functions of Ion Channels in the Vertebrate Heart: Lessons Learned from Zebrafish, Mirjam KeSSler, Steffen Just, and Wolfgang Rottbauer Volume 2012, Article ID 462161, 9 pages Bioelectric State and Cell Cycle Control of Mammalian Neural Stem Cells, Julieta Aprea and Federico Calegari Volume 2012, Article ID 816049, 10 pages The Flatworm Macrostomum lignano Is a Powerful Model Organism for Ion Channel and Stem Cell Research, Daniil Simanov, Imre Mellaart-Straver, Irina Sormacheva, and Eugene Berezikov Volume 2012, Article ID 167265, 10 pages Ion Channels in Hematopoietic and Mesenchymal Stem Cells, Serena Pillozzi and Andrea Becchetti Volume 2012, Article ID 217910, 9 pages Ion Channel Activities in Neural Stem Cells of the Neuroepithelium, Masayuki Yamashita Volume 2012, Article ID 247670, 6 pages Large Pore Ion and Metabolite-Permeable Channel Regulation of Postnatal Ventricular Zone Neural Stem and Progenitor Cells: Interplay between Aquaporins, Connexins, and Pannexins?, Leigh E. Wicki-Stordeur and Leigh Anne Swayne Volume 2012, Article ID 454180, 9 pages Hindawi Publishing Corporation Stem Cells International Volume 2013, Article ID 238635, 3 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/238635 Editorial Stem Cells and Ion Channels Stefan Liebau,1 Alexander Kleger,1 Michael Levin,2 andShanPingYu3 1 University of Ulm, 89081 Ulm, Germany 2 Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155-4243, USA 3 Emory University School of Medicine, Atlanta, GA 30322, USA Correspondence should be addressed to Stefan Liebau; [email protected] Received 9 May 2013; Accepted 9 May 2013 Copyright © 2013 Stefan Liebau et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Once the zygote has formed by the fusion of the sperm cellular mechanisms during development, including germ cell with the oocyte, the early embryo quickly races through layer generation, cell fate determination, migration, and stem development, thereby gaining and losing several stages and cell differentiation. Moreover, the voltage gradients produced types of stem cells. Only stem cells until the morula stage by several families of ion channels serve as instructive cues (∼16–32 cell stage) are called totipotent which means the for positional information and organ identity during mor- ability to form a complete, new organism. In contrast, the phogenesis having been implicated in left-right asymmetry, famous embryonic stem cell derived from the inner cell craniofacial patterning, eye induction, and other roles in a mass (embryoblast, ICM) exhibits pluripotency, resembling range of model systems. Interestingly, not only the “simple” the differentiation capacity to form all cells of the organism, conductance of ions through biological membranes, but also besides the extraembryonic structures when transplanted. the modulation of downstream signaling cascades linking These characteristics can also be found in the set-aside bioelectrical events to changes in cell behavior is part of ion germline stem cells. Subsequently, after the formation of the channel activity. Of note, many of these ion channel-mediated three germ layers during gastrulation, germ layer stem cells mechanisms are conserved throughout phylogenesis. are responsible for the generation of cells from the respective To this end, we have selected a series of beautiful studies, germ layer until gaining full functionality in the mature tissue whichhaveinvestigatedtheroleofionchannelswithinthe network. The mature organism is full of various adult stem development and stem cell differentiation. This includes not cells, also referred to as tissue-specific stem cells, which are only relevant developmental model organism such as the mostly responsible for the cell turnover and regeneration in Xenopus laevis, Macrostomum lignano,orthezebrafish,but tissues. also the whole spectrum of different stem cell populations Ion channels are represented by numerous families of being relevant to study differentiation. pore forming structures which allow for the exchange of D. Simanov and colleagues describe and discuss the role ions between the intra- and extracellular spaces or between of ion channels during regeneration in the nonvertebrate the cytoplasm and organelles. These channel molecules vary, flatworm Macrostomum lignano.Theyestablishthisanimal among others, in their ion specificity and conductance, as a versatile model organism for addressing these topics. their gating mechanisms, their subunit conformation, their They discuss biological and experimental properties of M. downstream signaling including modulation of/by interact- lignano, provide an overview of the recently developed exper- ing molecules, or their expression profiles. Although ion imental tools for this animal model, and demonstrate how channels have been thoroughly investigated in mature tissues manipulation of membrane potential influences regeneration and cells, their roles during development have remained in M. lignano. The authors show that modulation of ion elusive.Nevertheless,duringrecentyears,ithasbecomemore channels in the worm greatly influences the regeneration and more evident that ion channels are involved in various of tissues and development of head-associated structures. 2 Stem Cells International These findings implicate that distinct ion channels and ion several channel proteins involving calcium channels, ligand- current adjustments are involved in the developmental events gated ion channels, and sodium and potassium channels of invertebrates, making them an interesting model to study mediate an ion equilibrium of the membrane and even the ion channel-mediated mechanisms throughout regeneration. nuclear envelope. Calcium is thereby able to influence electric Going further in phylogenic evolution, V. P. Pai et al. coupling of neighbored cells and is involved in the cell cycle provideevidencethationchannel-drivenrestingpotential by influencing DNA-synthesis during the S-phase. differences in key cell groups underlie consistent left-right The influence and role of large pore channels on neural patterning of neural tissues and organs in the developing stem cells (NSCs) and progenitor cells (NPCs) of the sub- Xenopus larvae. They show that the striking hyperpolariza- ventricular zone of the brain are summarized by L. E. Wicki- tion of transmembrane potential demarcating eye induction Stordeur and L. A. Swayne. They bring together knowledge usually occurs in the right eye field first. This asymmetry about the interplay and individual functions of certain is randomized by perturbing pathways that regulate left- connexins, aquaporins, and pannexins in this cell system. rightpatterningoftheheartandvisceralorgans,suggesting
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