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E-Kampanie Prezydenckie W USA Iw Polsce

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E-Kampanie Prezydenckie W USA Iw Polsce e-kampanie-STRONY-1+2+3_2017 18-02-08 13:55 Page 1 E-kampanie prezydenckie w USA i w Polsce e-kampanie-STRONY-1+2+3_2017 18-02-08 13:55 Page 2 e-kampanie-STRONY-1+2+3_2017 18-02-08 13:55 Page 3 KONRAD OŚWIECIMSKI DOTYCHCZAS UKAZAŁY SIĘ: MIROSŁAW LAKOMY Anna Krzynówek, Rozum a porządek polityczny. Wokół sporu o idee i instytucje demokracji deliberatywnej Paweł Kaźmierczak, Dietrich von Hildebrand wobec narodowego socjalizmu Radosław Rybkowski, Upadek stopni — stopnie upadku. Problemy amerykańskiego szkolnictwa wyższego Mirosław Lakomy, Rynek radiowy w Polsce E-kampanie Konrad Oświecimski, Grupy interesu i lobbing w amerykańskim systemie politycznym Paweł Armada, Szkoła myślenia politycznego Leo Straussa The Problem of Political Theology, ed. by Paweł Armada, Arkadiusz Górnisiewicz, Krzysztof C. Matuszek prezydenckie w USA Agnieszka Puszkow-Bańka, Polska i Polacy w myśli narodowej demokracji na przełomie XIX i XX wieku (Jan Ludwik Popławski, Zygmunt Balicki, Roman Dmowski) Mirosław Lakomy, Demokracja 2.0. Interakcja polityczna w nowych mediach Rafał Lis, Ku społeczeństwu cywilnemu i bogactwu narodów. Główne koncepcje polityczne i prawne szkockiego i w Polsce Oświecenia Konrad Oświecimski, Lobby etniczne a polityka zagraniczna USA — wybrane przykłady Problemy demokracji, redakcja naukowa Mirosław Lakomy i Maria Nowina-Konopka Mirosław Lakomy, Leszek Porębski, Natalia Szybut, Polityka 2.0. Aktorzy polityczni w świecie nowych technologii Aleksandra Pohl, Autorytaryzm. Studium psychologiczne NetoDEMOkracja: Web 2.0 w sferze publicznej, redakcja Konrad Oświecimski, Aleksandra Pohl, Mirosław Lakomy Zarządzanie i nowe technologie ICT w sferze publicznej, redakcja Mirosław Lakomy, Konrad Oświecimski WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE AKADEMII IGNATIANUM W KRAKOWIE WYDAWNICTWO WAM seria pod redakcją KRAKÓW 2017 Włodzimierza Bernackiego Wita Pasierbka Bogdana Szlachty e-kampanie-STRONY-1+2+3_2017 18-02-08 13:55 Page 2 e-kampanie-STRONY-1+2+3_2017 18-02-08 13:55 Page 3 KONRAD OŚWIECIMSKI DOTYCHCZAS UKAZAŁY SIĘ: MIROSŁAW LAKOMY Konrad Oświecimski, Mirosław Lakomy Anna Krzynówek, Rozum a porządek polityczny. Wokół sporu o idee i instytucje demokracji deliberatywnej Paweł Kaźmierczak, Dietrich von Hildebrand wobec narodowego socjalizmu Radosław Rybkowski, Upadek stopni — stopnie upadku. Problemy amerykańskiego szkolnictwa wyższego Mirosław Lakomy, Rynek radiowy w Polsce E-kampanie Konrad Oświecimski, Grupy interesu i lobbing w amerykańskim systemie politycznym Paweł Armada, Szkoła myślenia politycznego Leo Straussa The Problem of Political Theology, ed. by Paweł Armada, Arkadiusz Górnisiewicz, Krzysztof C. Matuszek prezydenckie w USA Agnieszka Puszkow-Bańka, Polska i Polacy w myśli narodowej demokracji na przełomie XIX i XX wieku (Jan Ludwik E-kampanie prezydenckie w USA i w Polsce Popławski, Zygmunt Balicki, Roman Dmowski) Mirosław Lakomy, Demokracja 2.0. Interakcja polityczna w nowych mediach Rafał Lis, Ku społeczeństwu cywilnemu i bogactwu narodów. Główne koncepcje polityczne i prawne szkockiego i w Polsce Oświecenia Konrad Oświecimski, Lobby etniczne a polityka zagraniczna USA — wybrane przykłady Problemy demokracji, redakcja naukowa Mirosław Lakomy i Maria Nowina-Konopka Mirosław Lakomy, Leszek Porębski, Natalia Szybut, Polityka 2.0. Aktorzy polityczni w świecie nowych technologii Aleksandra Pohl, Autorytaryzm. Studium psychologiczne NetoDEMOkracja: Web 2.0 w sferze publicznej, redakcja Konrad Oświecimski, Aleksandra Pohl, Mirosław Lakomy Zarządzanie i nowe technologie ICT w sferze publicznej, redakcja Mirosław Lakomy, Konrad Oświecimski Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Ignatianum w Krakowie Wydawnictwo WAM Kraków 2017 WYDAWNICTWO NAUKOWE AKADEMII IGNATIANUM W KRAKOWIE WYDAWNICTWO WAM seria pod redakcją KRAKÓW 2017 Włodzimierza Bernackiego Wita Pasierbka Bogdana Szlachty © Akademia Ignatianum w Krakowie, 2017 Recenzent dr hab. Krzysztof Koźbiał, prof. UJ Publikacja dofinansowana ze środków przeznaczonych na działalność statutową Wydziału Pedagogicznego Akademii Ignatianum w Krakowie Redaktor prowadzący Roman Małecki Projekt okładki i stron tytułowych PHOTO DESIGN – Lesław Sławiński Opracowanie techniczne Jacek Zaryczny ISBN 978-83-7614-351-4 (WN AIK) ISBN 978-83-277-1559-3 (WAM) Wydawnictwo Naukowe Akademii Ignatianum w Krakowie ul. Kopernika 26 • 31-501 Kraków tel. 12 39 99 620 [email protected] http://wydawnictwo.ignatianum.edu.pl Dystrybucja: Wydawnictwo WAM tel. 12 62 93 254-256 • faks 12 62 93 496 e-mail: [email protected] Druk K&K • Kraków SPIS TREŚCI Wstęp 7 Rozdział 1 Zarys ewolucji internetu 11 Rozdział 2 Internet w prezydenckich kampaniach wyborczych – przykład Stanów Zjednoczonych 25 1. Kampania wyborcza 1992 roku 25 2. Kampania wyborcza 1996 roku 28 3. Kampania wyborcza 2000 roku 44 John McCain 56 Bill Bradley 58 Steve Forbes 60 Ralph Nader 63 Al Gore 66 George W. Bush 69 4. Kampania wyborcza 2004 roku 76 Wesley Clark 82 Howard Dean 85 John Kerry 95 George W. Bush 102 5. Kampania wyborcza 2008 roku 116 John McCain 123 Mike Huckabee 129 Ron Paul 133 Hillary Clinton 136 Barack Obama 143 6. Kampania wyborcza 2012 roku 163 Mitt Romney 168 Barack Obama 179 6 Spis treści Rozdział 3 Internet w prezydenckich kampaniach wyborczych – przykład Polski 193 1. Internet w Polsce 193 2. Wyborca 2.0 i problem gotowości do głosowania 197 3. Transformacja ustrojowa w Polsce – wybory parlamentarne i prezydenckie 205 4. Tranzycja ustrojowa – kampania wyborcza 1990 roku 225 5. Kampania wyborcza 1995 roku 232 6. Kampania wyborcza 2000 roku 238 7. Kampania wyborcza 2005 roku 243 8. Kampania wyborcza 2010 roku 250 9. Kampania wyborcza 2015 roku 256 Zakończenie 265 Bibliografia 273 WSTĘP Relacje polsko-amerykańskie, głównie z powodu kontekstu tragicz- nych zaszłości historycznych z naszymi sąsiadami ze Wschodu (Ro- sja) i Zachodu (Niemcy), mają szczególny charakter. Stany Zjedno- czone stanowią dla nas, obok NATO, główny filar bezpieczeństwa narodowego, zwłaszcza w kontekście kryzysu na Ukrainie oraz ros- nącej roli Niemiec w Unii Europejskiej (Pax Germanica). Z łatwością przyswajamy także w Polsce kulturę amerykańską, muzykę, film, język oraz nowoczesne technologie komunikacyjne, opracowywa- ne w USA. Nasze stosunki, choć mocno asymetryczne, mają dłu- gą historię. Warto zatem przypomnieć, nieznanego powszechnie, biskupa poznańskiego, Wawrzyńca Goślickiego (1538-1607), który swoją twórczością zainspirował Ojców Założycieli Stanów Zjedno- czonych. Jego najważniejsze dzieło – De optimo senatore (O doskona- łym Senatorze) – miało charakter polityczny. Zdaniem Macieja Brzezińskiego, książka [ta] była głosem w dyskusji nad stworzeniem najlepszego ustroju państwowego. Dzieło to jednak nie odnosiło się wyłącznie do spraw polskich, lecz miało charakter ogólnoeuropejski, stąd jego po- pularność za granicą […]. Autor prezentował obraz idealnego władcy, księcia, rycerza, senatora, szlachcica, posła, dworzanina, itd. W książ- ce prezentowano zestaw cnót, jakie powinien posiadać przedstawiciel profesji lub stanu, opisywany właśnie w tym utworze […] Adresatem byli oczywiście przedstawiciele elit Rzeczpospolitej 1. 1 M. Brzeziński, Poznańskie historie, <http://epoznan.pl/blogi-blog-19-4852> (dostęp: 31.01.2017). 8 E-kampanie prezydenckie w USA i w Polsce Strona tytułowa De optimo senatore z 1568 roku. Źródło: <http://books.google. com/books?id=ztPCNnYcMP4C&hl=&source=gbs_api>. Jak wiadomo, w Polsce pod koniec XV wieku ukształtowała się tzw. demokracja szlachecka oparta na modelu parlamentarnym. Sejm walny tworzyły trzy stany: król, senat (reprezentował interesy magnaterii) oraz izba poselska (średnia szlachta reprezentująca po- szczególne regiony Polski). Obserwując ówczesne realia polityczne, Maciej Brzeziński uznał, że Goślicki na długo przed Monteskiuszem dokonał podziału władzy na ustawo- dawczą, wykonawczą i sądowniczą. Opowiadał się za równowagą wła- dzy króla, senatu i izby poselskiej, broniąc zwłaszcza senatu przed za- kusami szlachty. Uznawał monarchię, ale przeciwstawiał się absolutnej władzy królów, uważając, że panujący powinni być odpowiedzialni za Wstęp 9 swoje czyny. Popierał zasadę wolnej elekcji królów, opowiadał się także za nietykalnością osobistą i majątkową obywateli, wolnością przekonań, odpowiedzialnością prawną urzędników i zabezpieczeniem przed samo- wolą możnych. Przywileje nie powinny, zadaniem biskupa, przynależeć z racji urodzenia, a posiadania cnót moralnych i obywatelskich. Oczywi- ście w skład narodu, czyli warstwy dopuszczonej do rządów w kraju, po- winna wchodzić tylko szlachta, ale pozostała część społeczeństwa, czyli mieszczanie i chłopi powinni znajdować się pod opieką prawa 2. Te nowoczesne, jak na tamte czasy, poglądy w kwestiach prawno- -ustrojowych spotkały się z odzewem w Anglii, skąd dotarły do Stanów Zjednoczonych w czasie ożywionej dyskusji o przyszłym ustroju tego państwa i znalazły odbicie w przyjętej w 1787 roku konstytucji. Oba narody kultywują pamięć Kazimierza Pułaskiego i Tade- usza Kościuszki, dwóch polskich bohaterów, którzy wzięli udział w wojnie o niepodległość 13 brytyjskich kolonii. Trwająca w latach 1775-1783 wojna z Królestwem Wielkiej Brytanii doprowadziła do utworzenia pierwszej w nowoczesnym świecie demokratycznej re- publiki konstytucyjnej. Narodziny nowego państwa wolnych obywateli zainicjowały falę emigracji, która rozpoczęła się już z początkiem XIX wieku. Pierw- sza fala, nazywana emigracją „za chlebem”, miała przyczyny eko- nomiczne oraz polityczne i trwała aż do I wojny światowej 3. Polska wówczas znajdowała się pod zaborami, co ułatwiało dokonywanie tych trudnych wyborów. Większość ówczesnych
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