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Integration of Commercial Mobile Satellite Services Into Naval Communications Calhoun: The NPS Institutional Archive Theses and Dissertations Thesis Collection 1997-09 Integration of commercial mobile satellite services into naval communications Stone, Cary Reese Monterey, California. Naval Postgraduate School http://hdl.handle.net/10945/8544 DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY NAVAL POvSTGRaDUATE SCHOOL MONTEREY CA 93943-5101 NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL Monterey, California THESIS INTEGRATION OF COMMERCIAL MOBH-E SATELLITE SERVICES INTO NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS by Gary Reese Stone September, 1997 Thesis Advisor: Brij Agrawal Second Reader: Donald v Z. Wadsworth Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited =-= REPORT DOCUMENTATION PAGE Form Approved OMBNo. 0704-0188 Public reporting burden for this collection of information is estimated to average 1 hour per response, including the time for reviewing instruction, searching existing data sources, gathering and maintaining the data needed, and completing and reviewing the collection of information. Send comments regarding this burden estimate or any other aspect of this collection of information, including suggestions for reducing this burden, to Washington headquarters Services, Directorate for Information Operations and Reports, 1 21 5 Jefferson Davis Highway, Suite 1204, Artington, VA 22202-4302, and to the Office of Management and Budget, Papenwork Reduction Project (0704-0188) Washington DC 20503. 1. AGENCY USE ONLY (Leave blank) 2. REPORT DATE 3. REPORT TYPE AND DATES COVERED September 1997 Master's Thesis S. 4. TITLE AND SUBTITLE Integration of Commercial Mobile Satellite Services into Naval FUNDING NUMBERS Communications 6. AUTHOR(S) Stone, Cary Reese 8. PERFORMING 7. PERFORMING ORGANIZATION NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) ORGANIZATION REPORT Naval Postgraduate School NUMBER Monterey, CA 93943-5000 9. SPONSORING / MONITORING AGENCY NAME(S) AND ADDRESS(ES) 10. SPONSORING/MONITORING AGENCY REPORT NUMBER 11. SUPPLEMENTARY NOTES The views expressed in this thesis are those of the author and do not reflect the ofificial policy or position of the Department of Defense or the U.S. Government. 12a. DISTRIBUTION / AVAILABILITY STATEMENT 12b. DISTRIBUTION CODE 11 Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited. ABSTRACT (maximum 200 words) Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) need to be integrated into Naval Cominunications. DoD SATCOM military- owned systems fall well short of meeting DoD SATCOM requirements in general and mobile SATCOM specifically. This thesis examines DoD SATCOM requirements, especially those affecting communications on the move. From these requirements, three systems ~ Inmarsat, Iridium and Globalstar ~ are identified and evaluated for potential use in Naval Communications. An overview of space communications and each of the three systems is provided to identify general operational capabilities, system strengths and system weaknesses. The Naval narrowband functional requirements process is explored and DoD SATCOM and Commercial MSS ability to satisfy those requirements is assessed. Potential Naval MSS communications missions are examined and possible DoD enhancements are considered for each system as well as the impact these enhancements will have on each system. Recommendations are provided as to which Naval communications missions are best suited for these enhanced MSS. 14. SUBJECT TERMS 15. NUMBER OF MSS, PCS, Naval Narroband Functional Requirements, Space Communications, Inmarsat, Iridium, PAGES Globalstar. DoD SATCOM, LEO, MEO, GEO 168 16. PRICE CODE 18. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 20. LIMITATION 17. SECURITY CLASSIFICATION OF 19. SECURITY CLASSIFI- CATION THIS PAGE OF ABSTRACT REPORT OF ABSTFfACT Unclassified Unclassified Unclassified UL NSN 7540-01-280-5500 Standard Form 298 (Rev. 2-89) Prescribed by ANSI Std. 239-18 u Approved for public release; distribution is unlimited INTEGRATION OF COMMERCIAL MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES INTO NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS Gary Reese Stone Lieutenant, United States Navy B.S., University of Mississippi, 1992 Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of MASTER OF SCIENCE IN SPACE SYSTEMS OPERATIONS from the NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL September 1997 //^^//J .# DUDLEY KNOX LIBRARY NAVAL POSTGRADUATE SCHOOL ABSTRACT MONTEREY CA 93943-6(ij( Mobile Satellite Services (MSS) need "to be integrated into Naval Communications. DoD SATCOM military-owned systems fall well short of meeting DoD SATCOM requirements in general and mobile SATCOM specifically. This thesis examines DoD SATCOM requirements, especially those affecting communications on the move. From these requirements, three systems ~ Inmarsat, Iridium and Globalstar ~ are identified and evaluated for potential use in Naval Communications. An overview of space communications and each of the three systems is provided to identify general operational capabilities, system strengths and system weaknesses. The Naval narrowband functional requirements process is explored and DoD SATCOM and Commercial MSS ability to satisfy those requirements is assessed. Potential Naval MSS communications missions are examined and possible DoD enhancements are considered for each system as well as the impact these enhancements will have on each system. Recommendations are provided as to which Naval communications missions are best suited for these enhanced MSS. VI . TABLE OF CONTENTS I. INTRODUCTION 1 A. BACKGROUND 1 B. PURPOSE 4 C. ORGANIZATION 4 1 Chapter II . Naval Narrowband Functional Requirements 4 2. Chapter III. Overview of Commercial Mobile Satellite Services .. 4 3. Chapter IV. Integration of Commercial Mobile Satellite Services into Naval Communications Architecture 5 4 Chapter V. Conclusions and Recommendations 5 n. NAVAL NARROWBAND FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS 7 A. NAVAL OPERATIONS 7 1. Forward ...From the Sea 7 2. Peacetime Forward Presence Operations 7 3. Naval Operations — Other than War 8 4. Sealift 9 5. Naval Operations in War 9 6. Joint Operations 10 B. DOD SATCOM FUNCTIONAL REQUIREMENTS DOCUMENT 11 1. Requirements Databases 11 2. Requirements Characteristics and Functional Areas 12 3. Operational Deployment Scenarios 14 a. Peacetime Scenario 15 vii 5 b. CombinedMajor Regional Conflict Scenario (CMRC) .... 1 c. Multiple Lesser Regional Conflict Scenario (MLRC) 16 4. Capacity Estimates 17 a. Composite Capacity 17 b. Highly Protected Capacity 18 c. Protected Capacity 19 d. Minimally Protected Capacity 20 e. Terminal Capacity 20 C. DOD SATCOM SYSTEM LIMITATIONS 21 1. Replenishment of DoD-Owned Capability 22 2. Connectivity 23 3. Protection 24 4. Access and Control 24 5. Interoperability 25 6. Flexibility 25 7. Quality of Service 26 D. MOBILE USER STUDY REQUIREMENTS (MUS) WORKING INTEGRATED PRODUCT TEAM (WIPT) 26 1. MUS WIPT Overview 27 2. MUS WIPT Requirements 27 3. MSS Satisfying MUS WIPT Requirements 28 E. SELECTION OF MSS FOR FURTHER STUDY 29 F. DOD UHF SYSTEMS VS MSS 30 viii III. OVERVffiW OF COMMERCIAL MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES 33 A. SPACE COMMUNICATIONS 33 1. Space Segment 33 2. Ground Segment 37 3. Multiple Access Methods 38 a. Frequency Division Multiple A ccess (FDMA) 39 h. Time Division Multiple Access (TDK4A) 40 c. Code Division Multiple Access (CDMA) 41 B. INMARSAT 43 1. System Overview 43 a. Space Segment 44 b. Ground Segment 47 2. System Strengths 51 3. System Weaknesses 54 C. IRIDIUM 56 1. System Overview 56 a. Space Segment 58 h Ground Segment 62 2. System Strengths 66 3. System Weaknesses 67 D. GLOBALSTAR 70 1. System Overview 70 IX . a. Space Segment 73 b. Ground Segment 77 2. System Strengths 83 3. System Weaknesses 86 IV. INTEGRATION OF COMMERCIAL MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES INTO NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS 89 A. MSS POTENTIAL NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS MISSIONS 89 1. Polar Communications 90 2. VIP/Flag Communications 91 3. GBS Orderwire Communications 92 4. Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR) Communications 93 5. Command and Control (C2) of Tactical Forces Communications. 94 6. Maritime Operations Command Communications 95 7. Special Operations Communications 96 8. Naval Surface Fire Support (NSFS) Ship-to-Shore Communications 97 9. Logistics Support Communications 98 10. Moral Support Communications 99 1 1 Peace Keeping and Humanitarian Operations Communications. 1 00 12. Military Support to Civilian Authorities Communications 101 B. POTENTIAL DOD ENHANCEMENTS TO COMMERCIAL MOBILE SATELLITE SERVICES 102 1. Inmarsat 102 2. Iridium 104 3. Globalstar 108 C. DOD UHF SYSTEMS AND DOD-ENHANCED MSS ABILITY TO SATISFY DOD/NAVAL REQUIREMENTS Ill D. INTEGRATION OF INMARSAT INTO NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS 113 E. INTEGRATION OF IRIDIUM INTO NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS 115 F. INTEGRATION OF GLOBALSTAR INTO NAVAL COMMUNICATIONS 119 V. CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS 123 A. CONCLUSIONS 123 B. RECOMMENDATIONS 125 APPENDIX A UHF SATCOM'S ABILITY TO SATISFY MRC REQUIREMENTS 127 APPENDIX B. ACRONYMS 131 APPENDIX C. GLOSSARY 135 LIST OF REFERENCES 139 INITIAL DISTRIBUTION LIST 143 XI xu LIST OF FIGURES Figure 2-1. Current MILSATCOM Life Expectancy 22 Figure 3-L Typical GEO Satellite Coverage Area 34 Figure 3-2. Numerous LEO Coverage Areas within GEO Footprint 35 Figure 3-3. Frequency Division Multiple Access 40 Figure 3-4. Time Division Multiple Access 41 Figure 3-5. Code Division Multiple Access 42 Figure 3-6. FDMA, TDMA and CDMA in the Time-Frequency Plane 43 Figure 3-7. Inmarsat Satellite Coverage Areas 45 Figure 3-8. Inmarsat III Spot Beams 46 Figure 3-9. Inmarsat A and B Standard Configuration 49 Figure 3-10. Comsat Fiber Relay Network 53 Figure 3-11. Overview of Iridium System 58 Figure 3-12. Iridium Instantaneous Coverage Areas 59 Figure 3-13. Iridium Satellite Constellations 59
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