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The Christian Martyr Movement of 850S Córdoba Has Received Considerable Scholarly Attention Over the Decades, Yet the Movement Has Often Been Seen As Anomalous
The Christian martyr movement of 850s Córdoba has received considerable scholarly attention over the decades, yet the movement has often been seen as anomalous. The martyrs’ apologists were responsible for a huge spike in evidence, but analysis of their work has shown that they likely represented a minority “rigorist” position within the Christian community and reacted against the increasing accommodation of many Mozarabic Christians to the realities of Muslim rule. This article seeks to place the apologists, and therefore the martyrs, in a longer-term perspective by demonstrating that martyr memories were cultivated in the city and surrounding region throughout late antiquity, from at least the late fourth century. The Cordoban apologists made active use of this tradition in their presentation of the events of the mid-ninth century. The article closes by suggesting that the martyr movement of the 850s drew strength from churches dedicated to earlier martyrs from the city and that the memories of the martyrs of the mid-ninth century were used to reinforce communal bonds at Córdoba and beyond in the following years. Memories and memorials of martyrdom were thus powerful means of forging connections across time and space in early medieval Iberia. Keywords Hagiography / Iberia, Martyrdom, Mozarabs – hagiography, Violence, Apologetics, Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain – martyrs, Eulogius of Córdoba, martyr, Álvaro de Córdoba, Paulo, author, Visigoths (Iberian kingdom) – hagiography In the year 549, Agila (d. 554), king of the Visigoths, took it upon himself to bring the city of Córdoba under his power. The expedition appears to have been an utter disaster and its failure was attributed by Isidore of Seville (d. -
Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, C.850-C.1050 1. Introduction Like Any Family, the Carolingian Dynasty Which
1 Shadow Kingdom: Lotharingia and the Frankish World, c.850-c.1050 1. Introduction Like any family, the Carolingian dynasty which ruled continental Western Europe from the mid-eighth century until the end of the ninth had its black sheep. Lothar II (855-69) was perhaps the most tragic example. A great-grandson of the famous emperor Charlemagne, he belonged to a populous generation of the family which ruled the Frankish empire after it was divided into three kingdoms – east, west and middle – by the Treaty of Verdun in 843. In 855 Lothar inherited the northern third of the Middle Kingdom, roughly comprising territories between the Meuse and the Rhine, and seemed well placed to establish himself as a father to the next generation of Carolingians. But his line was not to prosper. Early in his reign he had married a noblewoman called Theutberga in order to make an alliance with her family, but a few childless years later attempted to divorce her in order to marry a former lover called Waldrada by whom he already had a son. This was to be Lothar’s downfall, as his uncles Charles the Bald and Louis the German, kings respectively of west and east Francia, enlisted the help of Pope Nicholas I in order to keep him married and childless, and thus render his kingdom vulnerable to their ambitions. In this they were ultimately successful – by the time he died in 869, aged only 34, Lothar’s divorce had become a full-blown imperial drama played out through an exhausting cycle of litigation and posturing which dominated Frankish politics throughout the 860s.1 In the absence of a legitimate heir to take it over, his kingdom was divided between those of his uncles – and with the exception of a short period in the 890s, it never truly existed again as an independent kingdom. -
DOCUMENTING MIRACLES in the AGE of BEDE by THOMAS EDWARD ROCHESTER
SANCTITY AND AUTHORITY: DOCUMENTING MIRACLES IN THE AGE OF BEDE by THOMAS EDWARD ROCHESTER A thesis submitted to the University of Birmingham for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Department of History School of History and Cultures College of Arts and Law University of Birmingham July 2017 University of Birmingham Research Archive e-theses repository This unpublished thesis/dissertation is copyright of the author and/or third parties. The intellectual property rights of the author or third parties in respect of this work are as defined by The Copyright Designs and Patents Act 1988 or as modified by any successor legislation. Any use made of information contained in this thesis/dissertation must be in accordance with that legislation and must be properly acknowledged. Further distribution or reproduction in any format is prohibited without the permission of the copyright holder. Abstract This doctoral dissertation investigates the writings of the Venerable Bede (673-735) in the context of miracles and the miraculous. It begins by exploring the patristic tradition through which he developed his own historical and hagiographical work, particularly the thought of Gregory the Great in the context of doubt and Augustine of Hippo regarding history and truth. It then suggests that Bede had a particular affinity for the Gospel of Luke and the Acts of the Apostles as models for the writing of specifically ecclesiastical history. The use of sources to attest miracle narratives in six hagiographies known to Bede from Late Antiquity are explored before applying this knowledge to Bede and five of his early Insular contemporaries. The research is rounded off by a discussion of Bede’s use of miracles in the context of reform, particularly his desire to provide adequate pastoral care through his understanding of the ideal bishop best exemplified by Cuthbert and John of Beverley. -
The Scenography of Power in Al-Andalus and the ʿabbasid
Medieval Medieval Encounters 24 (2018) 390–434 Jewish, Christian and Muslim Culture Encounters in Confluence and Dialogue brill.com/me The Scenography of Power in Al-Andalus and the ʿAbbasid and Byzantine Ceremonials: Christian Ambassadorial Receptions in the Court of Cordoba in a Comparative Perspective Elsa Cardoso Researcher of the Centre for History, University of Lisbon Faculty of Arts of the University of Lisbon, Alameda da Universidade 1600 Lisbon, Portugal [email protected] Abstract This essay considers ceremonial features represented during Christian diplomatic re- ceptions held at the court of Cordoba, under the rule of Caliphs ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III (912‒961) and al-Ḥakam II (961‒976), in a comparative perspective. The declaration of the Umayyad Caliphate of the West by ʿAbd al-Raḥmān III marked the institution- alization of a carefully elaborated court ceremonial, reaching its greatest develop- ment under the rule of al-Ḥakam II. Detailed official ambassadorial ceremonies will be addressed, such as receptions of ambassadors from Emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos, and King Otto I, or the reception and submission of Ordoño IV, deposed king of Leon, accounted by both Muslim and Christian sources. Such cer- emonies will be compared with ʿAbbasid and Byzantine similar receptions, analyzing furthermore the origin and symbology of those rituals within the framework of diplo- matic and cultural exchanges and encounters. Keywords Al-Andalus ‒ Umayyads of Cordoba ‒ ceremonial ‒ diplomacy ‒ Madīna al-Zahrāʾ ‒ ʿAbbasids ‒ Byzantium -
The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus
The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus ‘A thesis submitted to the University of Wales Trinity Saint David in fulfilment of the requirements for the degree of Doctor of Philosophy’ 2016 Jillian Mitchell For Michael – and in memory of my father Kenneth who started it all Abstract for PhD Thesis in Classics The Religious World of Quintus Aurelius Symmachus This thesis explores the last decades of legal paganism in the Roman Empire of the second half of the fourth century CE through the eyes of Symmachus, orator, senator and one of the most prominent of the pagans of this period living in Rome. It is a religious biography of Symmachus himself, but it also considers him as a representative of the group of aristocratic pagans who still adhered to the traditional cults of Rome at a time when the influence of Christianity was becoming ever stronger, the court was firmly Christian and the aristocracy was converting in increasingly greater numbers. Symmachus, though long known as a representative of this group, has only very recently been investigated thoroughly. Traditionally he was regarded as a follower of the ancient cults only for show rather than because of genuine religious beliefs. I challenge this view and attempt in the thesis to establish what were his religious feelings. Symmachus has left us a tremendous primary resource of over nine hundred of his personal and official letters, most of which have never been translated into English. These letters are the core material for my work. I have translated into English some of his letters for the first time. -
Diplomacy Between Emperors and Caliphs in the Tenth Century
86 »The messenger is the place of a man’s judgment«: Diplomacy between Emperors and Caliphs in the Tenth Century Courtney Luckhardt* Travel and communication in the early medieval period were fundamental parts of people’s conceptions about temporal and spiritual power, which in turn demonstrated a ruler’s legit imacy. Examining the role of messengers and diplomatic envoys between the first Umayyad caliph of alAndalus, ‘Abd alRahman III, and his fellow tenthcentury rulers in Christian kingdoms, including the Byzantine emperor Constantine VII Porphyrogennetos and the first Holy Roman emperor, Otto I, illuminates internal and external negotiations that defined the pluralistic Iberian society in the early Middle Ages. Formal religious and ethnic differences among Muslim rulers and nonMuslim messengers enhanced the articulation of political le gitimacy by the caliph. Diplomatic correspondence with foreign rulers using the multiplicity of talents and ethnoreligious identities of their subjects was part of the social order provided by the Andalusi rulers and produced by those they ruled, demonstrating the political autho rity of the Umayyad caliphate. Keywords: diplomacy, messengers, al-Andalus, political authority, ‘Abd al-Rahman III, Muslim- Christian relations »The wise sages have said… the messenger is the place of a man’s judgment, and his letter is the place of his intellect.« So related Ibn alFarra’ in the Rasul al-muluk, a treatise on diplomacy commissioned by the caliph of alAndalus in the second half of the tenth century.1 Political and diplomatic connections between elite groups and protostates happened at the personal and individual level in the early medieval period. -
Al-Andalus -- an Andalucian Romance
June 29, 20181 Al-Andalus -- An Andalucian Romance A script by Marvin Wexler 30 The Esplanade New Rochelle, NY 10804 (914) 632-8110 [email protected] 1 Also available at www.andalucianromance.org and www.poetryfortheelderly.org. An earlier version appeared on that website on December 2, 2016. DM1\8800968.1 A script by Marvin Wexler 30 The Esplanade New Rochelle, NY 10804 (914) 632-8110 [email protected] Al-Andalus -- An Andalucian Romance This is an historical romance about the culture of Covivéncia in 10th Century Muslim- ruled al-Andalus, a/k/a Southern Spain. It takes place mainly in Córdoba, the capital of al- Andalus, with a few scenes in 10th Century Barcelona, one scene at the Roman ruins in Tarragona (west of Barcelona) and a few opening scenes in the Tabernas Desert, at nearby Cabo de Gata and in the countryside in Almería (all of which are on or near the coastal road to Tarragona). The principal theme is the historical reality of intimate and constructive relations between Muslims, Jews and Christians in al-Andalus at that time. What they shared was a culture – a culture that placed high value on, among other things, learning, on beauty, and on what today we might call moral character development. Other themes include: -- The beginnings of the Renaissance in Europe, in a Western European land under Muslim rule. -- The power of poetry, including Arabic poetry, and the development of Hebrew poetry through Arabic poetry. -- The importance, both personally and for faith systems, of both engaging The Other and looking within. -
The Roman Martyrology
The Roman Martyrology By the Catholic Church Originally published 10/2018; Current version 5/2021 Mary’s Little Remnant 302 East Joffre St. Truth or Consequences, NM 87901-2878 Website: www.JohnTheBaptist.us (Send for a free catalog) 2 TABLE OF CONTENTS The Sixteenth Day of the Second Month ............. 23 LITURGICAL DIRECTIONS AND NOTES ......................... 7 The Seventeenth Day of the Second Month ........ 23 FIRST MONTH ............................................................ 9 The Eighteenth Day of the Second Month .......... 24 The Nineteenth Day of the Second Month ......... 24 The First Day of the First Month ........................... 9 The Twentieth Day of the Second Month ........... 24 The Second Day of the First Month ...................... 9 The Twenty-First Day of the Second Month ....... 24 The Third Day of the First Month ......................... 9 The Twenty-Second Day of the Second Month ... 25 The Fourth Day of the First Month..................... 10 The Twenty-Third Day of the Second Month ...... 25 The Fifth Day of the First Month ........................ 10 The Twenty-Fourth Day of the Second Month ... 25 The Sixth Day of the First Month ....................... 10 The Twenty-Fifth Day of the Second Month ....... 26 The Seventh Day of the First Month .................. 10 The Twenty-Sixth Day of the Second Month ...... 26 The Eighth Day of the First Month ..................... 10 The Twenty-Seventh Day of the Second Month . 26 The Ninth Day of the First Month ...................... 11 The Twenty-Eighth Day of the Second Month .... 27 The Tenth Day of the First Month ...................... 11 The Eleventh Day of the First Month ................. 11 THIRD MONTH ......................................................... 29 The Twelfth Day of the First Month .................. -
The Skyline of Rome
The Skyline of Rome An archaeological interpretation of high-rises in Rome in the beginning of the Third Century AD By means of the Forma Urbis Romae and archaeological sources. Julius Pilzecker Figure 1: Fragment 10g of the Forma Urbis Romae(http://formaurbis.stanford.edu). The Skyline of Rome An archaeological interpretation of high-rises in Rome in the beginning of the third century AD by means of the Forma Urbis Romae. Author: Julius Pilzecker, S1520202 Bachelor thesis: 1043SCR1Y-17-18ARCH Supervisor: M.K. Termeer Ph.D. Specialisation: Classical & Mediterranean Archaeology University of Leiden, Faculty of Archaeology Leiden, 15-06-2018, Final version 1 2 Table of Contents Chapter 1 Introduction ........................................................................................................ 4 1.1 Background ............................................................................................................... 4 1.2 Aim of the thesis ....................................................................................................... 7 1.3 Methodology ............................................................................................................. 8 1.4. Structure of the research ....................................................................................... 11 Chapter 2 The staircases on the FUR ................................................................................ 12 2.1 A typology of the V-shapes ..................................................................................... 12 -
Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 0521834872 - Politics and History in the Tenth Century: The Work and World of Richer of Reims Jason Glenn Index More information INDEX Aachen, 97, 173, 217, 229, 243, 245, 246 see also Gerbert, on Arnulf; Richer, on councils of 816 and 817, 27–28, 41, 51, 78, Arnulf 84, 243–244 Arnulf, bishop of Orleans,´ 98, 105, 106, 163, see also Institutio Canonicorum 277 Abbo, bishop of Soissons, 217 Arnulf, prince of Flanders, 146, 148, 286 Abbo, abbot of Fleury, 62, 62 (n. 37), 65, 274 Arnulf of Corinthia, king, 192 Achery, Jean-Luc d’, 272, 273 Artold, archbishop of Reims, 71, 215, 218, Spicilegium, 272, 273 220 (n. 27), 219–221, 224, 224 (n. 47), 225, Adalbero, archbishop of Reims, 2, 8, 25, 28, 225 (n. 50), 227 (n. 56), 227–228, 229–234, 29 (n. 18), 30–35, 36–37, 39–41, 42, 62, 234 (n. 77), 235, 236, 241 63 (n. 39), 64, 72–84, 85, 89, 110, see also Flodoard of Reims, on Artoldus: 118–119, 122, 123–124, 147, 148, 149, Flodoard of Reims, Libellus Artoldi 151, 160, 243–244, 274, 285, 289, 292 Augustine of Hippo, 40 see also Notre-Dame, cathedral of Reims; Auxerre, 60, 61, 217 Richer, on Adalbero of Reims; Richer, Gesta Adalberonis Baldwin, prince of Flanders, 185, 199, Adalbero, bishiop of Laon, 28, 29, 29 (n. 18), 201 (n. 98), 204 63, 63 (n. 39), 65, 75 (n. 29), 79, Bamberg, Hist. 5, Richer’s autograph 79 (n. 47), 91, 95, 96, 115–121, 147, 148 manuscript, 4, 8–9, 128–165 see also Richer, on Adalbero of Laon bifolium 33:44, 151, 293 Adalbero, archbishop of Metz, 28, 29 bifolium 33◦:44◦, 293 Adalgerus, canon in Reims, 101, 102, 166, 281 bifolium 34:35, 137, 151, 285, 292, 293 Adele, countess of Vermandois, 218 (n. -
BBG : PIERRE DE LABRIOLLE , Le Démon De Midi , “ALMA” 9, 1934, 46-54
d: a] lettera usata nella tradizione musicale con significato a1] melodico ( deprimitur ); a2 ] strutturale ( duplicatur ): indica la ripetizione di alcuni incisi all’interno dei *melismi; b] sigla che nei *calendari designa i * dies aegyptiaci . Daemonium meridianum : BBG : PIERRE DE LABRIOLLE , Le Démon de Midi , “ALMA” 9, 1934, 46-54. Dalmatica linea = Tunicella. Dalmatica minor = Tunicella. Dalmatica puerorum : veste liturgica dei ragazzi ministranti. Dalmatica subdiaconalis = Tunicella. Dalmatica : veste liturgica del *diacono a forma di tunica con ampie maniche corte (chiuse nell’uso romano, aperte nella parte inferiore nell’uso transalpino), ornata da due fregi per tutta l’altezza sul davanti e sul retro ( clavi ). BBG : LP 89-100. DALMAZZO di Pedona : santo. BBG : NICHOLAS EVERETT , The Hagiography of Lombard Italy , “Hagiographica” 7, 2000, 49-126: 74-79. DAMASO : santo, vescovo di Roma († 384). BBG : GIOVANNI GIACOMO PANI , Ecclesia Mater: Fonti epigrafiche romane e fonti patristiche aquileiesi , in KAquileia 1986, 275-287. Damnatio aeterna Iudicii : BBG : MANZ 1941 nr. 228. Daniele : profeta e libro profetico della *Bibbia ebraica. Cfr . Ludus Danielis. BBG : MARCELLO MAZZETTI - LIVIO TICLI , Prassi esecutiva del Canto Fratto in alcuni trattati italiani (secoli XVI-XIX) , in Radda 2008 , 89-110 ( Nabuchodonosor rex : lettura della *Veglia pasquale). DANTE ALIGHIERI : poeta e politico († 1321). BBG : THOMAS H. CONNOLLY , The Antiphon Cantantibus organis and Dante’s Organi Del Mondo, in FsHughes 1995, 59-85. Danza macabra : BBG : REINHOLD HAMMERSTEIN , Ein altelsässischer Totentanz als musikgeschichtliche Quelle , in FsMüllerBlattau 1966, 97-110; Tanz der Toten - Todestanz. Der monumentale Totentanz im deutschsprachigen Raum. Ausstellung des Museums für Sepulkralkultur Kassel 19. 9 - 29. 11. 1998 , Dettelbach 1998; GUNHILD ROTH , Das Warburger Totentanzfragmet , “Gutenberg-Jahrbuch” 2006, 71-84. -
England and Spain During the Reign of King Æthelred the Unready
England and Spain during the reign of King Æthelred the Unready Simon Keynes Historians of Anglo-Saxon England might once have been predisposed, of their nature, towards an ‘insular’ outlook on the past.1 Of course it has long since become axiomatic that any aspect of the subject is best approached not only in its British context but also in wider dimensions. It is in part a matter of direct contact: of Englishmen crossing the channel on journeys to foreign parts, under a variety of circumstances, and for whatever reason; or of missionaries, envoys, learned men and merchants travelling to England, again for one reason or another. It is also a matter of indirect influence: the impact on the English of whatever had been seen, absorbed, or brought in from overseas. It is a matter, furthermore, of analogies, contrasts, and similarities; of observing what questions or methods are driving historical enquiry in one context, and of considering whether anything similar might apply in England. The importance of the ‘continental’ dimension is self-evident already in the fifth century, and it remains so thereafter, indeed until the English eventually succumbed to it to 1066. England and Spain about the year 1000 An historian of Anglo-Saxon England could venture overseas to Italy, France, Germany, the Low Countries, Scandinavia, Hungary, Byzantium, Jerusalem, even India — and find something to say (in certain contexts a great deal) about contacts, connections, contrasts, and analogies. Yet what about England and Spain? Although the works of Isidore, bishop of Seville (d. 636), of Julian, archbishop of Toledo (d.