THE COLD WAR… WITH HOTSPOTS 1945-1991 WHO WAS INVOLVED??? • THE UNITED STATES (and Western Europe)

Vs.

• U.S.S.R –SOVIET UNION (and Satellite Nations) UNITED STATES – TEAM DEMOCRACY • POLTICAL CHARACTERISTICS: • People controlled • Voting used to elect leaders • Freedoms and liberties protected • ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS: • Free enterprise/capitalism SOVIET UNION– TEAM COMMUNISM • POLITICAL CHARACTERISTICS: • Dictator • Limited freedoms and liberties • ECONOMIC CHARACTERISTICS: • Government controlled • Equal distribution of wealth U.S. RESPONSES • TRUMAN DOCTRINE- aid to Greece and Turkey • CONTAINMENT POLICY- stop the spread of communism • MARSHALL PLAN- extended financial aid to war torn Europe • NATO/COLLECTIVE SECURITY- US initiated defense alliance for containment • DOMINO THEORY- one country in Southeastern Asia becomes communist the rest will follow • EISENHOWER DOCTRINE- extended financial aid to middle east for containment SOVIET RESPONSES • WARSAW PACT- Soviet Union response to NATO (defense alliance) • SATELLITE NATIONS- Soviet Union created a wall of countries to protect against invasions and act as buffer to West (Poland, East Germany, Hungary) • Trade and contact between Eastern and Western Europe cut off IRON CURTAIN- EUROPE AND SOVIET UNION • MARSHALL PLAN- United States financial aid extended to Europe • BERLIN AIRLIFT- Soviet Union blockaded entrance to West Berlin because Br, Fr, and US merged occupation zones. US sent in massive air lift to feed and supply city • BERLIN WALL- built in late 60s, cut off access to the West for East Berliners SOVIET UNION

• SPUTNIK- 1957 First satellite in space /USSR • SPACE RACE -- led the way in space race with first satellite and 1st man in space • ARMS RACE – after war, competition to defend countries using nuclear weapons. Developed their own weapons to compete with US • BREAK UP OF USSR– 1991 Communism collapses around Europe CHINA

• MAO ZEDONG—1949– overthrew Chinese nationalists • IMPACT? • Large population of Asia under communist control • Lost markets in China until Nixon and normalizes relations • REASONS- KOREA (1950-1953) • North Korea– communist • South Korea –democratic, West • North Korea invaded South Korea over 38th parallel

• OUTCOME- • US and United Nations aid South Korea • China aids North Korea • Armistice (stayed at 38th parallel) • CONTAINMENT SUCCESSFUL • FIDEL CASTRO- dictator of Cuba • BAY OF PIGS INVASION- CUBA • WHO? Led by JFK, trained Cuban refugees • WHY? Tried to overthrow Castro • Failed Invasion

LED TO… • CUBAN MISSILE CRISIS • Soviet Union placed missiles in Cuba to protect from US • JFK on brink of all out nuclear war with Soviet Union • Result—hotline between countries , removal of missiles, limited test ban treaty UNITED STATES • SPACE RACE AND EDUCATION—increased math and science programs • MOON LANDING– Neil Armstrong and John Glenn (JFK 1969) • ARMS RACE– development of nuclear weapons by US and USSR • RED-SCARE– fear of communism in US • HUAC—investigated Hollywood • MCCARTHISM – Joseph McCarthy accused gov’t officials and military of communism • Making allegations with no evidence • ROSENBERG TRIALS- atomic spies from Soviet Union, executed • VENONA PAPERS– released in 1991 and proved there had been spies in US • DÉTENTE (limited test ban treaty) RELAXING OF TENSIONS WITH SOVIET UNION • STAR WARS– Reagan’s plan of Peace through Strength. Discourage war by building up nuclear defense systems • ARMS REDUCTION – end of Cold War US PRESIDENTS– COLD WAR

• TRUMAN-CONTAINMENT (Korean War) • EISENHOWER-DOMINO • KENNEDY-FLEXIBLE RESPONSE (Cuban Missile Crisis/Berlin Wall) • JOHNSON- DOMINO (Vietnam) • NIXON- DÉTENTE_ SALT 1 / NORMALIZATION (Vietnam) • FORD-DÉTENTE (SALT II) • CARTER- NEGOTIATION/HUMAN RIGHTS • REAGAN-REAGAN DOCTRINE (Iran Contra/ Tear down of Berlin Wall ) • BUSH- END OF COLD WAR (Fall of communism in Europe) VIETNAM • DOMINO THEORY – all Southeast Asia would fall to communism • GULF OF TONKIN RESOLUTION-1st event of Vietnam, US ships attacked, LBJ given power to use any force necessary against Vietnam • ESCALATION/COMBAT– Nixon increased combat to Cambodia • ROY BENAVIDEZ– medal of honor during Tet Offensive (rescue mission and survived) • TET OFFENSIVE- North Vietnam invasion into South Vietnam ( America realized war was far from over) – shifted public support • ANTI-WAR MOVEMENT– led by college students (teach-ins, demonstrations, Kent-State) • VIETNAMIZATION– training of South Vietnam troops to eventually withdraw all of American ground troops • FALL OF SAIGON– capital of South Vietnam falls to communism • WAR POWERS RESOLUTION – Congress declares President must have congressional approval to expand fighting