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A Combined Record of Climatic Change and Surface Uplift

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A Combined Record of Climatic Change and Surface Uplift Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34 (2009) 532–543 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Journal of Asian Earth Sciences journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/jaes Late Quaternary river terrace sequences in the eastern Kunlun Range, northern Tibet: A combined record of climatic change and surface uplift An Wang a,b,*, Jacqueline A. Smith c, Guocan Wang a,b, Kexin Zhang a,b, Shuyuan Xiang a, Demin Liu a a Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China b State Key Laboratory of Geological Processes and Mineral Resources, China University of Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China c Department of Physical and Biological Sciences, The College of Saint Rose, Albany, NY 12203, USA article info abstract Article history: The Kunlun Range, a reactivated orogenic belt, constitutes the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. Received 5 February 2008 The extreme relief and major landforms of the Kunlun Range are a product of late Cenozoic tectonics Received in revised form 2 September 2008 and erosion. However, well-developed late Quaternary terraces that occur along the northern slope of Accepted 8 September 2008 the Kunlun Range probably resulted from climatic change rather than surface uplift. The terrace sequences formed in thick Quaternary valley fills and have total incision depths of 50–60 m. Optically stimulated luminescence dating was employed to place time controls on the valley fills and associated Keywords: terraces. Dating results suggest that periods of significant aggradation were synchronous between dif- River terrace ferent rivers and correspond to the last glacial stage. The abrupt change from aggradation to incision Climate Uplift occurred between 21.9 ± 2.7 and 16 ± 2.2 ka, coincident with the last glacial–interglacial transition. Quaternary Additional terraces developed during the late glacial period and early to middle Holocene. Based on Kunlun Range a broader set of chronological data in northern Tibet, at least four regional incision periods can be rec- Tibet ognized. Chronological data, terrace elevation profiles, and climate proxy records suggest that these ter- racing periods were triggered by cool and/or wet climatic conditions. A geometric survey of the riverbed longitudinal profile suggests that surface uplift serves as a potential dynamic forcing for long-term incision. A model is proposed for terrace formation as a response to climatic perturbation in an uplifted mountain range. Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. 1. Introduction 2008) have proposed that many river terrace sequences have a combined tectonic–climatic origin. Such river terraces provide River landforms have long been of interest to researchers from a information on both tectonic and climatic influences, although broad range of disciplines because their formation and evolution challenges arise in identifying their respective roles. are closely related to factors that include surface uplift, climatic The Kunlun Range (Fig. 1) has experienced both significant late change, and environmental change (Fisk, 1951; Vandenberghe, Cenozoic surface uplift (Cui et al., 1998; Wu et al., 2001; Wang 1995; Bridgland, 2000; Hsieh and Knuepfer, 2001; Starkel, 2003; et al., 2004b, 2006) and dramatic climatic change (Thompson Gao et al., 2005). Surface uplift is a common cause of terrace forma- et al., 1997; Yao et al., 1997) during the late Quaternary. Located tion in tectonically active regions (Brunnacker et al., 1982; Li et al., at the northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau in Central Asia 1996; Maddy et al., 2001). However, climatic change may be the (Fig. 1A), the Kunlun Range is influenced by both the Asian mon- most direct cause of terrace formation (Fisk, 1951; Chatters and soon and prevailing westerly winds. Modern mountain glaciers Hoover, 1992) because hydrological dynamic parameters that are scattered over the Range, which implies that more extensive dominate riverbed sediment aggradation and transportation (e.g., glacial and periglacial environments likely existed during the last flux and flow velocity) are directly related to climatic conditions glacial stage (LGS, 75–15 ka; Yao et al., 1997). Numerous late Qua- (Bull, 1991). Recent studies (Bridgland, 2000; Hsieh and Knuepfer, ternary terraces are a common feature of rivers along the Kunlun 2001; Maddy et al., 2001; Starkel, 2003; Bridgland and Westaway, Range, and thus provide a good opportunity for studying the rela- tionship of terrace formation to tectonic and climate forcing factors. Field work was conducted along four rivers draining the Kunlun * Corresponding author. Address: Faculty of Earth Sciences, China University of Range. Optically stimulated luminescence (OSL) dating was used to Geosciences, Wuhan 430074, China. Tel.: +86 027 67885099x8405; fax: +86 027 establish terrace chronologies. Riverbed and terrace longitudinal 67883002. E-mail addresses: [email protected], [email protected] (A. Wang). profiles of the Kunlun River were measured in the field. The goal 1367-9120/$ - see front matter Ó 2008 Elsevier Ltd. All rights reserved. doi:10.1016/j.jseaes.2008.09.003 A. Wang et al. / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34 (2009) 532–543 533 81˚0’0"E 84˚0’0"E 87˚0’0"E 90˚0’0"E 93˚0’0"E 96˚0’0"E 99˚0’0"E 102˚0’0"E 105˚0’0"E Duanjiasha River Km 050 100 200 300 400 Shule River Yan dan tu R iver 39˚0’0"N 39˚0’0"N Keriya River Tengger Desert Tarim Basin 4642 Tulanhujia River Yaziquan River 4269 Qaidam Basin Ateatekan River 4473 Qinghai Lake Yutian 5257 Xining 6748 Lanzhou Jinshui River 6973 Golmud 36˚0’0"N 36˚0’0"N 6880 6920 Kunlun Range Wanchuan River Hongshui River Jialu River Kunlun River Halaguole River Guliya Ice Core 6036 Hatu River Kunlun Range 81˚0’0"E 84˚0’0"E 87˚0’0"E 90˚0’0"E 93˚0’0"E 96˚0’0"E 99˚0’0"E 102˚0’0"E 105˚0’0"E Fig. 1. (A) Digital elevation model of the Tibetan Plateau (Data from SRTM), in which the rectangle indicates the region discussed in the article. (B) A simplified geological and drainage distribution map of the study area. Yellow and blue areas indicate unspecified Quaternary sediments and lakes respectively, filled stars indicate rivers studied in this project, and hollow stars indicate additional rivers discussed in this paper. was to examine the influence of tectonic and climate factors in ter- 3. Methods race formation. 3.1. Field work and OSL dating 2. Geological background For the purpose of examining terrace structure and sedimenta- The Kunlun Range extends approximately 3000 km along the tion, section surveys were carried out on segments with consecu- northern margin of the Tibetan Plateau. The highest peak altitudes tive and laterally continuous terraces. Along each river, terraces exceed 7 km (Wang et al., 2005a). The modern climate in the were numbered sequentially from the riverbed upward. The num- Kunlun area is cold and arid, with an annual temperature of 0– bers thus label a relative chronologic sequence for each river ter- 10 °C and mean annual precipitation of 20–300 mm (Zheng, 1999). race sequence and are useful in identifying local terraces in the The study area (92°000–97°300E, 35°400–36°200N; Fig. 1) in- field without knowing their absolute ages. As a result, the same cludes four prominent rivers in the eastern Kunlun Range: Kunlun terrace numbers between different rivers do not necessarily have River, Hongshui River, Hatu River, and Halaguole River. The four concordant absolute ages. rivers share broad similarities in geographic setting. They originate The sampling procedure for OSL dating of terrace and valley fill from the nearby Range crest, transect the northern slope of the sediments was as follows: Range, and finally converge in the Qaidam Basin at an altitude of 2800–3000 m. Within the source area for the rivers, peaks above 1. Before sampling, 30–40 cm of surface sediment was removed. 5300 m are generally capped by glaciers that supply meltwater 2. Well-sorted fine-sand sediments were located and drilled with to these rivers. metal pipes that could effectively prevent light exposure. As is typical in regions of high topographic relief, the four rivers 3. Light-tight aluminum foil was used to seal pipe ends to prevent are characterized by steep gradients, with elevation drops com- light exposure and water content change during later monly exceeding 1000 m over 100 km. The present vertical uplift transportation. rate in the eastern Kunlun Range was estimated by leveling mea- surements at 7–15 mm/a relative to the Qaidam Basin (Wang The OSL dating was performed at the State Key Laboratory of et al., 2004b). Significant Pliocene to Quaternary surface uplift Earthquake Dynamics, Institute of Geology in China Earthquake was also documented (Cui et al., 1998; Wu et al., 2001; Wang Administration in Beijing. The sample preparation method was et al., 2006). based on Lu et al. (1988) and Frechen et al. (1996), in which 534 A. Wang et al. / Journal of Asian Earth Sciences 34 (2009) 532–543 <90 lm fractions were extracted by dry-sieving. H2O2 (30%) and HCl (37%) were then used to remove organic compounds and car- × ) H=C-K bonates, respectively. Afterwards fine-grained polymineral mate- ) H H rial (4–11 lm) was obtained by static sedimentation based on lnL Stokes’ Law. Aliquots were then made by mounting polymineral suspension dissolved by acetone on stainless steel discs; each ali- quot contained 1 mg of polymineral sample. Altitude ( A Altitude ( B Luminescence measurements were carried out on a Daybreak River length (L) River length (L) 1100A system. Luminescence signal was stimulated by Post-IRSL (470 ± 5 nm, 38 mW/cm2) for 300 s at 125 °C with 10 s preheat- 5 b Fault ing at 260 °C. The OSL signal was detected by a photomultiplier tube (EMI QA9235) and two U-340 glass filters.
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