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Role-Playing and Self-Actualization in Iphigenia at Aulis the Climactic Change of Mind in Euripides' Iphigenia at Aulis
Role-Playing and Self-Actualization in Iphigenia at Aulis The climactic change of mind in Euripides’ Iphigenia at Aulis (extensively discussed by Gibert 1995: 222-54) is notorious both for representing such an absolute reversal of Iphigenia’s views and for being considerably delayed: her final speech “contains a series of points, virtually all of which could equally well have been made by Iphigeneia fifty lines earlier” (Sansone 1991: 164). This paper addresses both issues by analyzing her reversal as an example of role-playing that is meant to impose one’s own vision on reality; Zeitlin’s important article on Orestes’ role- playing as an attempt to escape from his own myth provides a starting point (cf. Siegel 1980, Luschnig 1988, who speaks of roles in IA, though without much definition). This brand of role- playing appears first in IA in the figures of Clytemnestra and Achilles, who continue to play the roles of mother of the bride and prospective husband even after Iphigenia’s engagement to Achilles has been revealed as a fabrication. When Iphigenia agrees to the sacrifice, she assumes a new role as active heroine of her own story and, like Clytemnestra and Achilles, forces that fiction to become a reality. Her reversal is delayed because her monody and the stichomythic exchange between Clytemnestra and Achilles are needed to illustrate why other possible roles are unsatisfying or untenable. Throughout the play, Iphigenia’s dilemma is framed as a question of whom she should marry: Hades or Achilles. Helene Foley (1985: 68-78) has argued that on the level of ritual marriage is at least as important as sacrifice for negotiating the social tensions explored in the play. -
An Examination of the Correlation Between the Justification and Glorification of War in Charles Mee's Iphigenia
An Examination of the Correlation Between the Justification and Glorification of War in Charles Mee’s Iphigenia 2.0: A Director’s Approach Caroline Donica Table of Contents Chapter One: Charles Mee and the History Behind Iphigenia 2.0 4 Introduction 4 The Life and Works of Charles Mee 4 Just War 8 Production History and Reception 11 Survey of Literature 13 Conclusion 15 Chapter Two: Play Analysis 16 Introduction 16 Synopsis 16 Given Circumstances 24 Previous Action 26 Dialogue and Imagery 27 Character Analysis 29 Idea and Theme 34 Conclusion 36 Chapter Three: The Design Process 37 Introduction 37 Production Style 37 Director’s Approach 38 Choice of Stage 38 Collaboration with Designers 40 Set Design 44 Costumes 46 Makeup and Hair 50 Properties 52 Lighting 53 Sound 55 Conclusion 56 Chapter Four: The Rehearsal Process 57 Introduction 57 Auditions and Casting 57 Rehearsals and Acting Strategies 60 Technical and Dress Rehearsals 64 Performances 65 Conclusion 67 Chapter Five: Reflection 68 Introduction 68 Design 68 Staging and Timing 72 Acting 73 Self-Analysis 77 Conclusion 80 Appendices 82 A – Photos Featuring the Set Design 83 B – Photos Featuring the Costume Design 86 C – Photos Featuring the Lighting Design 92 D – Photos Featuring the Concept Images 98 Works Consulted 102 Donica 4 Chapter One Charles Mee and the History Behind Iphigenia 2.0 Introduction Charles Mee’s Iphigenia 2.0 is a significant work in recent theatre history. The play was widely recognized and repeatedly produced for its unique take on contemporary issues, popular culture, and current events set within a framework of ancient myths and historical literature. -
Oracle of Apollo Near Oroviai (Northern Evia Island, Greece) Viewed in Its Geοlogical and Geomorphological Context, Βull
Mariolakos, E., Nicolopoulos, E., Bantekas, I., Palyvos, N., 2010, Oracles on faults: a probable location of a “lost” oracle of Apollo near Oroviai (Northern Evia Island, Greece) viewed in its geοlogical and geomorphological context, Βull. Geol. Soc. of Greece, XLIII (2), 829-844. Δελτίο της Ελληνικής Γεωλογικής Εταιρίας, 2010 Bulletin of the Geological Society of Greece, 2010 Πρακτικά 12ου Διεθνούς Συνεδρίου, Πάτρα, Μάιος 2010 Proceedings of the 12th International Congress, Patras, May, 2010 ORACLES ON FAULTS: A PROBABLE LOCATION OF A “LOST” ORACLE OF APOLLO NEAR OROVIAI (NORTHERN EUBOEA ISLAND, GREECE) VIEWED IN ITS GEOLOGICAL AND GEOMORPHOLOGICAL CONTEXT I. Mariolakos1, V. Nikolopoulos2, I. Bantekas1, N. Palyvos3 1 University of Athens, Faculty of Geology, Dynamic, Tectonic and Applied Geology Department, Panepistimioupolis Zografou, 157 84, Athens, Greece, [email protected], [email protected] 2 Ministry of Culture, 2nd Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, L. Syggrou 98-100, 117 41 Athens, Greece, [email protected] 3 Harokopio university, Department of Geography, El. Venizelou 70 (part-time) / Freelance Geologist, Navarinou 21, 152 32 Halandri, Athens, Greece, [email protected] Abstract At a newly discovered archaeological site at Aghios Taxiarches in Northern Euboea, two vo- tive inscribed stelae were found in 2001 together with hellenistic pottery next to ancient wall ruins on a steep and high rocky slope. Based on the inscriptions and the geographical location of the site we propose the hypothesis that this is quite probably the spot where the oracle of “Apollo Seli- nountios” (mentioned by Strabo) would stand in antiquity. The wall ruins of the site are found on a very steep bedrock escarpment of an active fault zone, next to a hanging valley, a high waterfall and a cave. -
Iphigenia in Aulis by Euripides Translated by Nicholas Rudall Directed by Charles Newell
STUDY GUIDE Photo of Mark L. Montgomery, Stephanie Andrea Barron, and Sandra Marquez by joe mazza/brave lux, inc Sponsored by Iphigenia in Aulis by Euripides Translated by Nicholas Rudall Directed by Charles Newell SETTING The action takes place in east-central Greece at the port of Aulis, on the Euripus Strait. The time is approximately 1200 BCE. CHARACTERS Agamemnon father of Iphigenia, husband of Clytemnestra and King of Mycenae Menelaus brother of Agamemnon Clytemnestra mother of Iphigenia, wife of Agamemnon Iphigenia daughter of Agamemnon and Clytemnestra Achilles son of Peleus Chorus women of Chalcis who came to Aulis to see the Greek army Old Man servant of Agamemnon, was given as part of Clytemnestra’s dowry Messenger ABOUT THE PLAY Iphigenia in Aulis is the last existing work of the playwright Euripides. Written between 408 and 406 BCE, the year of Euripides’ death, the play was first produced the following year in a trilogy with The Bacchaeand Alcmaeon in Corinth by his son, Euripides the Younger, and won the first place at the Athenian City Dionysia festival. Agamemnon Costume rendering by Jacqueline Firkins. 2 SYNOPSIS At the start of the play, Agamemnon reveals to the Old Man that his army and warships are stranded in Aulis due to a lack of sailing winds. The winds have died because Agamemnon is being punished by the goddess Artemis, whom he offended. The only way to remedy this situation is for Agamemnon to sacrifice his daughter, Iphigenia, to the goddess Artemis. Agamemnon then admits that he has sent for Iphigenia to be brought to Aulis but he has changed his mind. -
Archaic Eretria
ARCHAIC ERETRIA This book presents for the first time a history of Eretria during the Archaic Era, the city’s most notable period of political importance. Keith Walker examines all the major elements of the city’s success. One of the key factors explored is Eretria’s role as a pioneer coloniser in both the Levant and the West— its early Aegean ‘island empire’ anticipates that of Athens by more than a century, and Eretrian shipping and trade was similarly widespread. We are shown how the strength of the navy conferred thalassocratic status on the city between 506 and 490 BC, and that the importance of its rowers (Eretria means ‘the rowing city’) probably explains the appearance of its democratic constitution. Walker dates this to the last decade of the sixth century; given the presence of Athenian political exiles there, this may well have provided a model for the later reforms of Kleisthenes in Athens. Eretria’s major, indeed dominant, role in the events of central Greece in the last half of the sixth century, and in the events of the Ionian Revolt to 490, is clearly demonstrated, and the tyranny of Diagoras (c. 538–509), perhaps the golden age of the city, is fully examined. Full documentation of literary, epigraphic and archaeological sources (most of which have previously been inaccessible to an English-speaking audience) is provided, creating a fascinating history and a valuable resource for the Greek historian. Keith Walker is a Research Associate in the Department of Classics, History and Religion at the University of New England, Armidale, Australia. -
The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae
historia 68, 2019/4, 413–435 DOI 10.25162/historia-2019-0022 Jeffrey Rop The Phocian Betrayal at Thermopylae Abstract: This article makes three arguments regarding the Battle of Thermopylae. First, that the discovery of the Anopaea path was not dependent upon Ephialtes, but that the Persians were aware of it at their arrival and planned their attacks at Thermopylae, Artemisium, and against the Phocians accordingly. Second, that Herodotus’ claims that the failure of the Pho- cians was due to surprise, confusion, and incompetence are not convincing. And third, that the best explanation for the Phocian behavior is that they were from Delphi and betrayed their allies as part of a bid to restore local control over the sanctuary. Keywords: Thermopylae – Artemisium – Delphi – Phocis – Medism – Anopaea The courageous sacrifice of Leonidas and the Spartans is perhaps the central theme of Herodotus’ narrative and of many popular retellings of the Battle of Thermopylae in 480 BCE. Even as modern historians are appropriately more critical of this heroizing impulse, they have tended to focus their attention on issues that might explain why Leo- nidas and his men fought to the death. These include discussion of the broader strategic and tactical importance of Thermopylae, the inter-relationship and chronology of the Greek defense of the pass and the naval campaign at Artemisium, the actual number of Greeks who served under Leonidas and whether it was sufficient to hold the position, and so on. While this article inevitably touches upon some of these same topics, its main purpose is to reconsider the decisive yet often overlooked moment of the battle: the failure of the 1,000 Phocians on the Anopaea path. -
THANASSIS CHRISTOU Assistant Professor of Modern And
THANASSIS CHRISTOU Assistant Professor of Modern and Contemporary History Department of History, Archaeology and Cultural Resources Management of the Faculty of Humanities and Cultural Studies University of the Peloponnese Thanassis Christou is a historian. He was born in 1963 in Thespies of Thebes and he studied Modern and Contemporary History at the Philosophical Faculty of the University of Thessaloniki, Munich and Athens. Today he serves as Assistant Professor of Modern and Contemporary History at the Department of History, Archaeology and Cultural Resources Management of the Faculty of Humanities and Cultural Studies (Kalamata), University of the Peloponnese. His studies and articles focus on the history of the Modern Greek State (from 1830 to the present) and specifically the formation of the political institutions, the foundation of the University of Athens, the development of the student movement, the writing of biographies of important figures who left their mark on Greek society. At the heart of his most recent research interests is the illumination of the unknown aspects of the history of the German occupation and Greek resistance according to the German archives. Also, the formation of the ideological waves in Greece as well as in Europe during the 19th and 20th centuries. His scientific work is comprised of 10 books and 100 studies. He is the scientific director of the research program “The role of the Young People at the Front, the Occupation and the Resistance (1940-1944)”, materialized in the University of the Peloponnese and sponsored by the General Secretary of Lifelong Learning and Youth of the Ministry of Education. Since 2004, he regularly teaches the course of the Modern and Contemporary History in the University of the Peloponnese. -
Roman Relief Bowls from Corinth
ROMAN RELIEFBOWLS FROM CORINTH The excavations at Corinth over a period of years have yielded a large number of fragments of the type of clav vessel herein described as Roman Relief Bowls.' Among those who have published this particular kind of bowl are Courby,2 Pagen- stecher,3 Kern,4 Orsi,5 Baur,6 and Philadelpheus.7 The quantity of fragments, the quality of the fabric and glaze, and particularly the discovery of a mould, combine with other factors to support the hypothesis that Corinth itself was an important centre of production of these bowls. NTowhereelse have specimens been found in such abundance as at Corinth.8 No adequate proof of manufacture elsewhere has as yet been established. It is conceivable then that Corinth's commercial energy may have been responsible both for the origin and for the wide distribution of this ware. The following notes on the examples from Corinth also throw interesting light on the period in which the ware was made. And finally, in further substantiation of the 1I am indebted to Charles H1. Morgan, former Director of the American School of Classical Studies, for permission to publish this material from Corinth. Many helpful criticisms and sug- gestions during the course of its preparation were offered by Oscar Broneer, Gladys Davidson, Arthur Parsons, and Lucy Talcott, and I am very grateful to each of them for their patience and advice. Wulf Schaefer drew the profiles in Fig. 2. A corpus of this ware is to be published by F. Eichler of the Kunsthistorisches Museum in Vienna. Therefore the content of this article is confined to material from Corinth with supple- mentary reference to similar material from museums or excavations in other places, namely, Athens, Eleusis, Patras, Nikopolis, Delphi, Tanagra, Melos, Antioch, Alexandria, Pergamon, Spalato, Syracuse, Rome, Klagenfurt, Paris, Brussels. -
The Delphi Method: Techniques and Applications from the Foreword by Olaf Helmer
The Delphi Method Techniques and Applications Edited by Harold A. Linstone Portland State University Murray Turoff New Jersey Institute of Technology With a Foreword by Olaf Helmer University of Southern California ©2002 Murray Turoff and Harold A. Linstone I. Introduction I. Introduction HAROLD A. LINSTONE and MURRAY TUROFF General Remarks It is common, in a book of this kind, to begin with a detailed and explicit definition of the subject- the Delphi technique. However, if we were to attempt this, the reader would no doubt encounter at least one contribution to this collection which would violate our definition. There is in addition a philosophical perspective that when something has attained a point at which it is explicitly definable, then progress has stopped; such is the view we hold with respect to Delphi. In 1969 the number of Delphi studies that had been done could be counted in three digits; today, in 1974, the figure may have already reached four digits. The technique and its application are in a period of evolution, both with respect to how it is applied and to what it is applied. It is the objective of this book to expose the richness of what may be viewed as an evolving field of human endeavor. The reader will encounter in these pages many different perspectives on the Delphi method and an exceedingly diverse range of applications. For a technique that can be considered to be in its infancy, it would be presumptuous of us to present Delphi in the cloak of a neatly wrapped package, sitting on the shelf and ready to use, Rather, we have adopted the approach, through our selection of contributions, of exhibiting a number of different objects having the Delphi label and inviting you to sculpt from these examples your own view and assessment of the technique. -
Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle: Divination and Democracy Hugh Bowden Frontmatter More Information
Cambridge University Press 0521823730 - Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle: Divination and Democracy Hugh Bowden Frontmatter More information CLASSICAL ATHENS AND THE DELPHIC ORACLE The Delphic oracle was where, according to Greek tradition, Apollo would speak through his priestesses. This work explores the import- ance placed on consultations at Delphi by Athenians in the city’s age of democracy. It demonstrates the extent to which concern to do the will of the gods affected Athenian politics, challenging the notion that Athenian democracy may be seen as a model for modern secular democratic constitutions. All the known consultations of the oracle by Athens in the period before 300 BC are examined, and descriptions of consultations found in Attic tragedy and comedy are discussed. This work provides a new account of how the Delphic oracle func- tioned and presents a thorough analysis of the relationship between the Athenians and the oracle, making it essential reading both for students of the oracle itself and of Athenian democracy. HUGH BOWDEN is Lecturer in Ancient History at King’s College London. He is the author of numerous articles on Greek religion and history and is editor of the The Times Ancient Civilizations (2002). © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 0521823730 - Classical Athens and the Delphic Oracle: Divination and Democracy Hugh Bowden Frontmatter More information CLASSICAL ATHENS AND THE DELPHIC ORACLE Divination and Democracy HUGH BOWDEN © Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org -
Rock Falls in Delphi Archaeological Site, in Greece
Rockfalls occurred in the archaeological site of Delphi, Greece B. Christaras Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Lab. of Engineering Geology and Hydrogeology, e-mail: [email protected] K. Vouvalidis Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, School of Geology, Dept. of Physical & Environmental Geography, e-mail: [email protected] M. - F. Papakonstantinou Ministry of Culture, Chief Archaeologist of I’ Ephorate of Prehistoric and Classical Antiquities, Delphi, e-mail: [email protected] ABSTRACT: In the present investigation, the safety of the northern slope of Delphi’s archaeological site in Greece was investigated against rockfalls. The area consists of limestone lying over flysch. Three possible rockfall rebound tracks, passing through the ancient stadium, and the theatre, were studied for different rock dimensions and tracks resulting that the more dangerous and difficult in retention rockfall track is that which crosses the stadium. The use of barriers was investigated accepting, finally, that a 2.5m-high metallic barrier could be installed along the northern steep slope for the protection of the archaeological site. KEY WORDS: ROCKFALLS, DELPHI, SLOP STABILITY, RESTRAINING BARRIERES 1. INTRODUCTION In the middle of September 2009, prolonged rainfall activated rockfalls from the upper sections of the archaeological site’s northern slope and fall downslope, out of the enclosure wall of the Sanctuary of Apollo, north of the Portico of Attalus. Rockfalls also occur in the stadium from 2003 onwards (Figure 1). The slope, consisting of limestone, is steep and heavily broken as a result of the existing tectonics. The rockfalls created dangerous conditions in the archaeological site regarding the safety of tourists, the staff of the ephorate and the protection of the monuments. -
Das Ahnenerbe in Greece //Ethniko.Net
Das Ahnenerbe in Greece //ethniko.net © Ethniko.net All rights reserved //ethniko.net Das Ahnenerbe in Greece The Ahnenerbe Forschungs und Lehrgemeinschaft Delphi, Eretria, Rhamnus, Thorikon, Aegina, Korinth, (Ancestral Heritage Research and Teaching Society), Epidavros, Nafplio, Argos, Sparta, Megalopolis, was founded in July 1935 by Heinrich Himmler, Olympia and Herakleion in Crete. In these endeavors, Hermann Wirth and Richard Walter Darré. The the Germans counted on the collaboration of Greek society was originally devoted to scientific and authorities as well as the German Institute of pseudo-scientific researches concerning the Archeology in Athens. anthropological and cultural history of the German ethnic group, and to identify the wellsprings of the The Delphi treasure Aryan race. The Ahnenerbe was also investigating the Delphi Before and during World War II, expeditions were oracle, but no one seems to know what exactly. sent to a number of countries in most continents, Some accounts claim that the Ahnenerbe was from South America to the Tibet. In Europe, looking for the Delphi fabled treasure. According to archaeological expeditions were sent to Bulgaria, ancient sources, the Delphi temple held a marvelous Croatia, Iceland, Greece, France, Cyprus, Finland, treasure which consisted of the gold, silver and Poland, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Norway and precious stones offers that believers gave the priests Scandinavia among others. so that the Oracle would be generous with them. One of the countries where the Ahnenerbe was In 279 BCE, the Celtic chief Brennus led 200,000 more interested in was Greece, where it organized soldiers into Greece to raid the Delphi treasure. On several investigations.