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Investigation of Drought Effects on Vegetation Cover of Sistan, Iron Leila Fozooni Graduate of the Dedesertification, Zabol University

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Investigation of Drought Effects on Vegetation Cover of Sistan, Iron Leila Fozooni Graduate of the Dedesertification, Zabol University 12917 Leila Fozooni/ Elixir Meteorology 54A (2013) 12917-12919 Available online at www.elixirpublishers.com (Elixir International Journal) Meteorology Elixir Meteorology 54A (2013) 12917-12919 Investigation of drought effects on vegetation cover of sistan, iron Leila Fozooni Graduate of the Dedesertification, zabol university ARTICLE INFO ABSTRACT Article history: In recent decades, drought events caused many adverse effects on humans and environment, Received: 29 September 2012; notably in arid and semi-arid regions of the world. This many worsen the desertification Received in revised form: process and throw away many opportunities. Several droughts have been occurred in Sistan 2 January 2013; plain south eastern Iran, and the most recent one (1999-2006) said to be the worst drought in Accepted: 10 January 2013; the past 600 years and has much negative environmental, economical and social effects. In this study, changes of vegetation cover was assessed using the pre and past drought data. Keywords After interpreting the results, it was found that quantity and quality of plants reduced by Drought, Sistan, 100% and that much of changes occurred in abandoned lands. Moreover, it was discovered Plan cover, that the main causes of plant cover desertification are natural factors and human factor of Capacity, mismanagement. Trent, desertification. © 2013 Elixir All rights reserved. Introduction Arzani et al (1999) studied the effect of enclosure on In creasing population growth, limited resources and rangelands of Posht Kuh Yazd for 1986-1996 period. They disturbance of ecologic balance all brings some problems to the reported a slow gradual change in plant cover of arid region. world and in turn to Iran. Some of these problems include They orgued that it is necessary to desighn a monitoring system destructive floods, severe storms, wind erosion and which records changes of soil and plant cover. Delkhosh (2006) desertification in arid and semi-arid region.[6] till now many studied the effects of drought on plant cover of Sistan- definitions have been propused for desert of which UNEP s Baluchistan province. They found that forage preduction definition appears to be the best and more comprehensive which reduced by 100%. They also obserred that maternal stands of stated in 1997. according to this definition, a desert is a stands of studied species were reduced 30 to 70 percent. Shafie deteriorated ecosystem with low or without plant(biomass) (2007) assessed plant cover of Sistan using RS and GIS and productivity. Common characteristic of all deserts is sparse reported a negative trend in quantity of plant cover. vegetation. The word desertification refer to land degradation in Materials and Methods: arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid (which totally they are called Study area: dry lands) due to climate change and human activities[4]. The study area covers 47560 ha between 61°32´ E to 61°56´ Because of recent severe drought Sistan we decided to examin E and 31°11´ N to 31°20´ N lies in Hamun Saberi lake bed its effects on plant cover (biological production) of this area. whithout any noticeable feature. Because of harsh climate, therefore the required data were gathered, plant cover area of precipitation events is rare with annual average of 60.8 mm and 1997 and 2007 was determined and then changes were detected. average temperature of 21.8 C. maximum absolute temperature Harasheh and Tateishi (2003) investigated the changes in plant is 51 and minimum absolute is -12. cover of west Asia and found that 8.5% of that area was subject Generally, conclusions that were made in this study are to "very sever degradation". UNEP 1 (2006) studied the plant based on the data which provided by Natural Resources cover of Sistan using ETM, TM and MSS images. Then plant Management Borea. In this study first we euamined the plant cover was classified according to selected thresholds. cover and then animal husbandry using available data of drought Delf hydraulics with collaboration of ITC 2(2007) period. conducted a project of IWRM (integrated water resource Plant cover of the study area: management) in Sistan under the supervision of Iranian water Geographical distribution of plant cover: research institute in part of this study, negative changes of plant Depend on soil type and texture, climate adaptability and cover of human lakes was reported. moisture availability, arrangement of plant composition is as Smith et al (2008) studied the longterm changes that follow: occurred in plant cover and soil of England. Results showed - Hydrophill species mostly around human lake including positive plant cover change in 1996-2004 period. Soil changes phragmites and Typha laiifolia L occored because of legume growth and plant diversity. - Hydrophill community Aeluropos lagopoides and Cressa critica in fringes of lands located on the edage of the lake. Water is a major necessity for these species and today lake of water leads to reduction of these species. Determining canopy cover percentage: We measured canopy cover percentage of trees, shrubs, annuals. Canopy of trees calculated based on mean diameter and Tele: E-mail addresses: [email protected] © 2013 Elixir All rights reserved 12918 Leila Fozooni/ Elixir Meteorology 54A (2013) 12917-12919 Table1: floristic list of the study area Scientific name Family Life form Application Aeluropos lagopoides Gremineae permanent forage Ae.litoralis Gremineae permanent forage Cressa critica Cypraceae permanent Soil coservation Cyprus sp Cypraceae permanent Soil coservation Phragmites comonis Gremineae permanent forage forage - Soil Salsola foetida Chenopodiaceae perenial coservation forage - Soil Suaeda fruticosa Chenopodiaceae perenial coservation windbreak -Soil Tamarix spp Chenopodiaceae perenial coservation Table 2: plant types in droughts and normal conditions Cover Area A.U.M/ha 4months capacity Condition Trend Type percentage Climate Habitat (ha) normal droughts normal droughts normal droughts normal droughts normal droughts Aeluropos Very About a Alluvial litoralis 5608/38 11/6 0 2/9 0 medium fixed negative 40 desert poor zero plain Very Flood Ta.Spp_Al.la 10475/87 4 0 1 0 poor fixed negative 34 10 desert poor plain Phragmites Wetland Very comonis+flood 3363/87 320 0 80 0 good fixed negative 50 5 desert and poor land lagoon Very 19448/12 335/6 0 0 medium fixed negative desert poor number per hectar and for other forms such as shrubs or annuals, conditions, type condition is medium, trend is constant and we consider density and life form plus that we employed 1×1 to capacity is equal to 2.9 AUM per hektar. Associate plant species 5×5 quadrates. include: Tammarix Spp, Suaeda Fruticosa, Salsola foetida, Carring Capacity: lyprus sp, cressa critica, aeluropos lagopoides. Carring capacity or grazing capacity in annual specices was Lagopoides type: Tamarix spp-AE. determined using cutiogand weightiog method. This type covers lake edges with area of 22.07% of total study In shrublands and woodlands with optical estimation the level of area. Tamarisk trees also suffer from droughts and their buds annual usage considering animal composition was determined. and browses were dried but lower part of trees remain alive and Range condition and trend: green thanks to humidity of accumulated sands. Aelorupus Trends in annual and shrub species were explored. Those lagopoides also have some off-springs. Generally this type have species used as rangeland. We ignored regarding the aridity of no productivity and capacity with negative trend and very poor study area and lake of climax condition in studied plant condition. In normal climate condition it has 1 AUM capacity, communities, we employed four-factor method. With four constant trend and poor condition. factors including soil (erosion and plant residual), plant cover ( Type of humid zone (Pheragmites comonis- Flood land) live canopy percentage), plant composition and plant viability, This type covers 7.08% of the study area and in normal weather, the rangeland condition was assessed. We also used trend ... to is a wetland or flooded area. In carrent situation Afghanistan determine rangeland trend. don’t let water to enter Iran so Hamun lakes start to drying up Results: and phragmites stands begin to be devastated. At present this Because of recent droughts, plant species just can be seen type don’t has productivity and capacity, its trend is negative randomally and in tiny spots. Their growth rate is abnormally and its condition is very poor but in normal and favourable very low with lower viability so that superficically they are seem climatic condition trend turn to be positive, range condition will to be alive but indeed they are dead plants and should be be good and capacity is equal to 80 AUM per month. considered as dead. Table 1 shows the floristic list of the study In addition to above mentioned types, there are other lands such area. as: Due to the drought in the last ten years, it is not possible to - Agricultural lands of humid edge with 1532.68 ha equal to make any classification of types. Although a few types have 3.23% of study area. been seen which are presented in table2: - Pure agricultural land with area of 12718.6 ha or 26.8% of Aeluropos litoralis type: study area. This type have covered 11.82% of the study area and includes - Lowlands and depressions with 4670.45 ha or 9.84% of some parts of lake shore after tides. At present this type have no total study area. productivity and carring capacity with negative trend and weak - Bare lands with 8822.18 ha, or 18.55% of total area. condition. But according to the case studies in normal climate 12919 Leila Fozooni/ Elixir Meteorology 54A (2013) 12917-12919 Discussion and conclusion References: Regard that the study area is sort of a desert ecosystem, its 1- Arzani, H. Abdollahi,J. 2002 . Investigation of condition range not true to consider every factor as a destructive agent.
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