Point Cloud-Oriented Inspection of Old Street's Sustainable Transformation from the Ceramic Industry to Cultural Tourism

sustainability

Article Point Cloud-Oriented Inspection of Old Street’s Sustainable Transformation from the Ceramic Industry to Cultural Tourism: A Case Study of Yingge, a Ceramic Town in Taiwan

Naai-Jung Shih * , Wen-Tse Hsu and Pei-Huang Diao Department of Architecture, National Taiwan University of Science and Technology, 43, Section 4, Keelung Road, Taipei 106, Taiwan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +886-02-2737-6718

Received: 25 July 2019; Accepted: 28 August 2019; Published: 30 August 2019

Abstract: Yingge, a ceramic-producing town in Northern Taiwan, has experienced three development stages in the 50 years since 1970. The town’s fabric and the second contour evolved through the transformation of its former manufacturing industry into cultural tourism on Old Street. This process of evolution is evidenced through chronological changes of overlaid sections, skylines, and horizontal sections along Old Street since 1970. The street fabric has been shaped by its historical background, government planning strategies, commercial activities, cultural identity, and living patterns. Three-dimensional (3D) scans supported our analysis by capturing and segmenting the vocabularies and overlaid sections with special characteristics and changes. Commercial spaces and open street spaces were found to be mutually inﬂuential. A ﬂexible and sometimes hidden spatial structure of fabric was elucidated. Yingge has become a large-scale shopping mall and important window into cultural tourism, with its fabric and contours redeveloped to be consistent with the identity of nearby cities. 3D scanning data were combined with documentation and maps to create a referable connection between reality and chronological data. An augmented reality (AR) application was used to simplify the inspection process through a productive connection between as-built scans and user interactions.

Keywords: urban fabric; second contour; 3D laser scan; ceramic industry; cultural tourism; skyline

1. Introduction Yingge, Taiwan, formerly named Jingde (also Jindezhen), was renowned for its ceramic industry. This industry, which originated in China during the Qing Dynasty, spread to Tuzihkend, Yingge, where local soil, wheel-thrown pottery devices, snake kilns, and fuel were used for small- or medium-scaled products. The manufacturing sites were spread to Jianshan due to its black ceramic soil. Local industry and transportation experienced major developments and transformations during the period of Japanese rule. For example, a major railroad was installed and monopolies of expertise were forbidden, with the introduction of new industrial regulations regarding the sharing of ceramic manufacturing knowledge. Later, a new coal-fueled square kiln design was introduced, which considerably improved the product quality, enabling the creation of intricate textures. A major structural transformation occurred to the industry and urban fabric of Yingge. The number of factories grew dramatically from 50 to 247 between 1950 and 1980 [1]. A chimney-ﬁlled skyline developed where the square kilns were located at an approximate height of two to three stories. In the late 1980s, a depression occurred when wages rose and China’s market opened. Another major industry transformation started in 1990 when the government committed itself to the promotion of

Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749; doi:10.3390/su11174749 www.mdpi.com/journal/sustainability Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 2 of 25 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 2 of 26

Another major industry transformation started in 1990 when the government committed itself to the ceramic culture tourism. With the renovation of Old Street in 1990 and the completion of a new ceramic promotion of ceramic culture tourism. With the renovation of Old Street in 1990 and the completion museum in 2000, Yingge has gradually developed into a well-known town for tourism based on its of a new ceramic museum in 2000, Yingge has gradually developed into a well-known town for ceramic culture. tourism based on its ceramic culture. According to the Tourism and Travel Department of the New Taipei City Government, Yingge According to the Tourism and Travel Department of the New Taipei City Government, Yingge District Oﬃce [2], and local tour guides, Old Street of the Yingge district consists of ﬁve main streets District Office [2], and local tour guides, Old Street of the Yingge district consists of five main streets (Figure(Figure1). 1). The The streets streets are are popular popular tourist tourist locationslocations (Figure(Figure 22),), beingbeing repletereplete with ceramic-related merchandise,merchandise, do-it-yourself do-it-yourself (DIY) (DIY) facilities, facilities, andand exhibitions.

FigureFigure 1. 1.(a )(a) Old Old Street, Street, (b )(b) the the connection connection between between the th ceramice ceramic museum museum (lower (lower right right corner) corner) and and the entrancethe entrance to Old to Street, Old Street, (c–e) the (c–e) relationship the relationship between between the skywalk the skywalk and Old and Street, Old Street, (f) an aerial(f) an imageaerial of Oldimage Street, of andOld Street, (g) the and locations (g) the of locations scans along of scans the along street. the street. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 3 of 25 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 3 of 26

FigureFigure 2. 2.Iconic Iconic street street scenesscenes in in the the point point cloud cloud model. model.

2. Related2. Related Work Work The transformationThe transformation of of industrial industrial structures structures andand urban urban environments environments is closely is closely correlated correlated with with the environmentthe environment of aofcity a city [3 ].[3]. The The transformationtransformation represents represents th thee rise, rise, prosperity, prosperity, recession, recession, and and evolutionevolution of local of local industry, industry, while while exerting exerting aa persistentpersistent impact impact on on the the city‘s city‘s urban urban fabric. fabric. WithWith the the aim ofaim preserving of preserving historical historical heritage heritage and andOld Old Street,Street, cultural cultural tourism tourism has has evolved evolved andand is associated is associated with sustainable strategies to redevelop unused space. Redevelopments create new meanings for with sustainable strategies to redevelop unused space. Redevelopments create new meanings for old old buildings, integrate local industrial characteristics, and create identities and responsibilities for buildings, integrate local industrial characteristics, and create identities and responsibilities for local local people and organizations. The heritage and Old Streets also require continual maintenance. In peopleYingge, and organizations. the transformation The heritagechanged and the Oldlocal Streets urban also fabric require and continualsecond contour maintenance. from an In old Yingge, the transformationmanufacturing industry changed to the cultural local urbanceramic fabric tourism. and A second reputable contour commercial from an district old manufacturing has been industrycreated to culturalwith unique ceramic characteristics tourism. for A the reputable sustainable commercial development district of local has culture been createdand tourism. with unique characteristicsSustainable for the development sustainable in development policy-making of localhas profound culture and implications tourism. for the practice and Sustainablepolitics of urban development and regional indevelopment policy-making [4]. A sustainable has profound city can implications improve satisfaction for the with practice city and politicslife ofby urbanoffering and many regional positive development experiences and [4]. pe Arspectives sustainable [5–7]. city Cultur cane improve and heritage satisfaction are now with city lifewidely by operceivedﬀering manyto be importan positivet experiencescontributors andto a perspectivessustainable development [5–7]. Culture [8]. The and economic, heritage are environmental, and social components of sustainable development are interdependent and now widely perceived to be important contributors to a sustainable development [8]. The economic, mutually reinforced [9]. Based on the historical changes of urban fabric around Old Street from 1970 environmental, and social components of sustainable development are interdependent and mutually to 2017, significant development on Old Street has been constantly occurring as part of the economic reinforceddevelopment. [9]. Based Considering on the the historical interdependence changes of the urban three fabric sustainable around components, Old Street economic from 1970 to 2017,development signiﬁcant developmenthas to be connected on Old with Street social has de beenvelopment constantly and environmental occurring as protection part of the as economicwell. development. Considering the interdependence of the three sustainable components, economic development has to be connected with social development and environmental protection as well. The level of interdependence and mutual reinforcement, which may vary between cities, provides a trail of local history. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 4 of 25

The Japanese architect, Ashihara Yoshinobu, defined the second contour as objects and temporary installations protruded from building enclosures, in contrast to those of the original state and appearance, which are the first contour [10]. Yingge’s Old Street is full of commercial activities and residential needs that contribute to the creation of the second contour and the characteristic street space. The differences have also extended to temporary installations in festivals, as well as the space layout during both business and non-business hours. All the modifications of fabric and second contour represent an attempt to sustainably evolve the culture-related spatial structure, developed and managed by local efforts and government promotions. The development of skylines can be related to the changing urban fabric using building information noted on cadastral maps. A skyline is a unique pattern of a city, from which mentalities, diversity, and cultures are perceived [11]. This uniqueness expresses an abstraction of a city’s image and identity in terms of its spatial, historical, social, cultural, and economic structures over time [12]. The transformation of an industrial city, which is part of sustainable development, is reflected by the profile of a skyline [13]. A skyline can be considered a collection of entities that have evolved and can be used to chronologically examine a city‘s path of sustainability. These changes can also be found in Yingge, where the transformation included profile changes from low-rise bungalows to multi-layered skylines with characteristic cultural and commercial images. Three-dimensional (3D) scans have been used for data collection in large areas to create urban models. The point cloud can be used to analyze urban open space, buildings, and landscapes [14–18]. The as-built information at full-scale provides a high level of precision for measurement with detailed components. In contrast to drawings or maps that are not currently updated, 3D scans provide an efficient and effective on-site data collection approach for 3D configurations that are usually unavailable. Augmented reality (AR) has been widely applied in recent years. It enables real and virtual information in a real environment to be combined, registered, and interacted with in real-time [19–21]. AR applications have been successfully implemented in navigation, education, industry, and medical practice [22–26]. In tourism, AR can provide tourists with detailed local information [27–30]. A user can explore reality with new layers of information using mobile AR applications for a new, interactive, and highly dynamic experience [31,32]. With a geological view of relics and associated landscapes, social awareness of culture can also be enhanced, and geological heritage can be protected [33].

3. Research Goal The goal of this study was to inspect the transformation of a ceramic-producing town in Taiwan, Yingge, from ceramic industry to cultural tourism, using the 3D scans of Old Street as-built scenes. The point-cloud-oriented spatial analysis of Old Street should facilitate the illustration of the cultural character and space experience of tourists. The analysis needs to present the structural composition and symbolic expressions of façades, the characteristic vocabularies of street, the second contour types and their distribution, the distribution of shop types and display patterns, the possible hidden fabric between business and non-business hours, and a substantiated perception of skylines. The urban fabric and second contour evidence a city’s development. The composition of both can verify the details of demolition and new construction according to the stages promoted by the government or local residents. A sustainable development process is correlated with today’s fabric, often through diﬃculties that the town has experienced. As Yingge has undergone three stages of development, it is necessary to explore achievement based on interrelationships between the as-built scenes and old maps or documentation. Point clouds, which are usually considered to be as-built descriptions of an environment, actually feature a representation system that links the past and the present. The data function as a spatial framework reference in terms of elements, patterns, forms, and changes. This major advantage should be productively applied to interpret the development history of Yingge. The feasibility of correlating a comparison between the past and present should be veriﬁed. An illustration and solid quantitative estimation should be provided of the changes that have occurred. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 5 of 26

advantage should be productively applied to interpret the development history of Yingge. The feasibility of correlating a comparison between the past and present should be verified. An illustration and solid quantitative estimation should be provided of the changes that have occurred. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 5 of 25 4. The Three Development Stages of Old Street 4. TheThe Three transformation Development of StagesYingge of urban Old Street fabric occurred in three main stages: (1) The major reconstructionsThe transformation of street blocks of Yingge and skylines urban fabric(1970–1997), occurred (2) a in reputable three main commercial stages: district (1) The created major reconstructionsby the implementation of street blocks and anddevelopment skylines (1970–1997), of government (2) a reputable projects commercial (1997–2005), district and created (3) new by theconstructions implementation (2005 and developmentafter). of government projects (1997–2005), and (3) new constructions (2005 and after). 4.1. Major Reconstruction of Street Blocks and Skylines (1970–1997) 4.1. MajorThe ceramic Reconstruction industry of technology Street Blocks in and Yingge Skylines change (1970–1997)d in the late 1960s due to a new coal-burning prohibitionThe ceramic policy industry and the technology adoption of in new Yingge kiln changed technology. in the The late government 1960s due to provided a new coal-burning loans that prohibitionwere free of policy interest and for the the adoption replacement of new of old kiln squa technology.re kilns with The gas government kilns that providedwere smaller, loans more that wereefficient, free and of interest produced for theless replacement air pollution. of Chimneys old square were kilns also with torn gas down kilns thatdue wereto safety smaller, concerns. more eThesefficient, modifications and produced removed less air the pollution. skyline formed Chimneys by towering were also chimneys torn down and duethe former to safety square concerns. kilns Theseunder modificationsthe chimneys. removed A new plan, the skyline which formedwas initiated by towering between chimneys 1960 and and 1994, the former was introduced square kilns to underdemolish the old chimneys. buildings, A reconstruct new plan, which street blocks was initiated with straighter between boundaries, 1960 and 1994, and wasbroaden introduced the street. to demolishA chronological old buildings, comparison reconstruct of the street cadastral blocks withmaps straighter, with properties boundaries, marked and broaden by floor the numbers, street. A chronologicalreveals the variations comparison in the of theskyline cadastral across maps, these with decades. properties marked by floor numbers, reveals the variations in the skyline across these decades. 4.2. The Redevelopment of the Reputable Commercial District (1997–2005) 4.2. The Redevelopment of the Reputable Commercial District (1997–2005) In 1996, the Department of Commerce, Ministry of Economic Affairs, initiated the Shopping StreetIn Development 1996, the Department Promotion of Project Commerce, and the Ministry Reputable of Economic Commercial Affairs, District initiated Shaping the ShoppingProject to Streetpromote Development local businesses Promotion through Project improvement and the Reputableof the commercial Commercial environment. District Shaping New renovations Project to promotewere completed local businesses in the through pedestrian improvement walking ofarea, the commercialwith new environment.pavement, building New renovations styles, street were completedfurniture, lighting in the pedestrian facilities, walking navigation area, systems, with new landscapes, pavement, buildingfixed and styles, moveable street furniture,vehicle stoppers, lighting facilities,manhole navigationcovers, and systems, shop signage. landscapes, In addition fixed andto the moveable straightened vehicle street stoppers, blocks, manhole more detailed covers, andenhancements shop signage. were In additioncompleted to thein straightenedthis area with street developed blocks, more facilities detailed and enhancements installations werethat completedcontributed in to this the areaappearance with developed and the second facilities contour. and installations that contributed to the appearance and the second contour. 4.3. New Construction Period (2005–Now) 4.3. New Construction Period (2005–Now) Many popular attractions that have been added to Old Street since 2005 (Figure 3) have redefinedMany street popular scenes. attractions Satellite that images have beenshow added that new to Old shopping Streetsince malls 2005 were (Figure added3 )to have the redefinedstreet and streetcontributed scenes. to Satellite the changes images in showthe skyline. that new Major shopping attractions malls include were added a new to skywalk the street that and connects contributed Old toStreet the changesand the innew the ceramic skyline. museum, Major attractions a new shopping include mall a new that skywalk combines that the connects cultural Old and Street creative and theindustry new ceramicand exhibitions, museum, and a new a new shopping coffee mall shop that chain combines that integrates the cultural interior and creativedecoration industry with andYingge exhibitions, ceramic characteristics. and a new coffee Although shop chain the thatscale integrates of individual interior attractions decoration is limited, with Yingge consumption ceramic characteristics.patterns have changed Although substantially. the scale of The individual attractions attractions also form is limited,part of the consumption urban fabric patterns and second have changedcontour, substantially.which features The more attractions straightforward also form connections part of the to urban local fabricculture, and especially second contour, as revealed which by featuresthe scanned more data. straightforward connections to local culture, especially as revealed by the scanned data.

Figure 3. Historical changes in the urban fabric around Old Street from 1970 to 2017. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 6 of 26 Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 6 of 25

Figure 3. Historical changes in the urban fabric around Old Street from 1970 to 2017. Since the challenge created by the transformation of the ceramic industry that occurred in the Since the challenge created by the transformation of the ceramic industry that occurred in the 1990s,1990s, tourism tourism of ceramic of ceramic culture culture has beenhas been actively actively promoted promoted by the by government.the government. The The second second contour has changedcontour has due changed to government due to government promotion promotion projects (Figure projects4) (Figure as follows 4) as [ 34follows]: (1) 1997:[34]: (1) designation 1997: and constructiondesignation and of pedestrianconstruction walking of pedestrian areas; walking (2) 1999: areas; First (2) stage 1999: of First detailed stage designof detailed for thedesign pedestrian for walkingthe areapedestrian was completed walking area to improvewas completed pavement, to improve architectural pavement, style, architectural street furniture, style, navigationstreet systems,furniture, landscape, navigation and systems, lighting landscape, facilities; and (3) lightin 2004:g Third facilities; stage (3) 2004: of construction Third stage of was construction completed to improvewas pavement,completed to lighting improve facilities, pavement, and lighting ﬁxed facilities, moveable and vehicle fixed moveable stoppers; vehicle (4) 2005: stoppers; Fourth (4) stage construction2005: Fourth was stage completed construction to unify was shop completed front signage, to unify moveable shop front vehicle signage, stoppers, moveable and vehicle manhole stoppers, and manhole covers; and (5) 2009: An additional stage of the pedestrian walking area covers; and (5) 2009: An additional stage of the pedestrian walking area project was completed to project was completed to reconstruct the skywalk that connects Old Street and the new ceramic reconstructmuseum. the skywalk that connects Old Street and the new ceramic museum.

FigureFigure 4. The 4. The new new second second contour contour (in(in black)black) and the the former former one one (in (in gray) gray) (above), (above), and andcurrent current as-scannedas-scanned Old Old Street Street scenes scenes (bottom). (bottom).

5. 3D5. Scans 3D Scans of Old of Old Street Street ScansScans were were recorded recorded of of Old Old Street Street and and thethe connectingconnecting paths paths in in 68 68 scan scan locations, locations, for a for total a totalof of 15.7 GB15.7 and GB and 1,072,398,483 1,072,398,483 points, points, in ina a rangerange approximately approximately 320 320 m wide m wide and and150 m 150 long m (Figures long (Figures 1, 2, 1, and 4). The elevated terrain and crowds of tourists contributed a certain degree of difficulty to the 2 and4). The elevated terrain and crowds of tourists contributed a certain degree of di fficulty to scanning. the scanning. Compared to photogrammetric modeling achieved by unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV) or Comparedunmanned aircraft to photogrammetric system (UAS), a mi modelingd-range 3D achieved scanner, Faro by Focus unmanned 3D® (FARO aerial Technologies vehicle (UAV) Inc., or ® unmannedStuttgart, aircraft Germany), system was (UAS), used ato mid-range capture wires, 3D scanner,light poles, Faro landscapes, Focus 3D installations(FARO Technologies on building Inc., Stuttgart,façades, Germany), etc., with wasdetailed used geometries to capture that wires, were light sufficiently poles, landscapes,clear to facilitate installations inspection on of buildingthe façades,second etc., contour. with detailed A point geometries cloud model, that which were suweffi wereciently able clear to use to facilitateto identify inspection subjects that of the were second contour.closely A point related cloud to the model, second whichcontour, we was were also able able to touse create to identifya mesh model subjects for AR that user were interaction. closely related to the secondThe contour,point cloud was model also ablewas toma createnipulated a mesh with model CloudCompare for AR user® (EDF interaction. R&D, Paris, French), ® TheGeomagic point Studio cloud model(former was Raindrop manipulated Geomagic with Inc., CloudCompare North Carolina,® (EDFUSA, now R&D, 3D Paris, Systems French), Company, State of South Carolina, USA), Meshlab®(Visual Computing Lab – ISTI – CNR, Pisa, Italy), Geomagic Studio® (former Raindrop Geomagic Inc., North Carolina, USA, now 3D Systems Company, and Autodesk Revit® software (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, California, USA) to retrieve sections, State of South Carolina, USA), Meshlab®(Visual Computing Lab – ISTI – CNR, Pisa, Italy), and skylines, ground floor plans, and images or vector drawings for analysis. Autodesk Revit® software (Autodesk Inc., San Rafael, California, USA) to retrieve sections, skylines, ground floor plans, and images or vector drawings for analysis. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 7 of 25 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 7 of 26

6. A Point Cloud-Oriented Spatial Analysis of Old Street’s Cultural Character and Experience 6. A Point Cloud-Oriented Spatial Analysis of Old Street’s Cultural Character and Experience The combinationThe combination of the of ceramic the ceramic town and town Reputable and Reputable Commercial Commercial District created District distinguishing created culturaldistinguishing characteristics cultural and characteristics living styles. and The living derivative styles. The spatial derivative structure spatial has structure altered has street altered patterns street patterns and influenced tourists’ experience of space. and inﬂuenced tourists’ experience of space. 6.1. Structural6.1. Structural Composition Composition of of Old Old Street Street Façades Façades We analyzedWe analyzed space space composition composition via via direct direct projection, projection, angular angular cuts, cuts, and and unfolds. unfolds. The The entire entire region was dividedregion was into divided five sections into five by sections referring by to referring existing to street existing names. street The names. projected The projected elevations elevations of all sections (Figureof 5all) were sections categorized (Figure 5) by were shops categorized with repetitive by shop ands with rhythmic repetitive sun and shades rhythmic (street sun Section shades1 )(street or highly elevatedSection chimneys, 1) or highly gables, elevated shopping chimneys, malls, gables, or apartments shopping (streetmalls, or Section apartments2). Section (street5 isSection an elevated 2). Section 5 is an elevated connecting trail and skywalk that creates an interesting approach view to the connecting trail and skywalk that creates an interesting approach view to the entrance of Old Street. entrance of Old Street.

Figure 5. Elevation of Old Street and connecting paths. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 8 of 26

Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 Figure 5. Elevation of Old Street and connecting paths. 8 of 25

We used a special approach with an angular cut through the entire town (Figure 6) to continuouslyWe used aillustrate special approach the themes with of an Old angular Street cut through: through the(1) entireConnections town (Figure between6) to continuouslytrails, street, railroad,illustrate theand themes skywalk, of Old and Street (2) through: the connections (1) Connections between between sightseeing trails, street, locations railroad, and and uniquely skywalk, characteristicand (2) the connections buildings. between sightseeing locations and uniquely characteristic buildings.

Figure 6. TwoTwo angular cut sections through Old Street.

The third approachapproach ofof creating creating sections sections was was applied applied to to follow follow the the tourists’ tourists’ paths paths (Figure (Figure7). All 7). theAll thesections sections illustrate illustrate integrated integrated images images and and interrelationships interrelationships between between the space,the space, structure, structure, terrain, terrain, and andlocal local characteristics. characteristics. This approachThis approach assisted assisted us to clarify us to theclarify new the symbolic new symbolic façade expressions façade expressions with rich variationswith rich variations created by created commercial by commercial and residence and spaces. residence The unfoldingspaces. The approach unfolding enabled approach the thorough enabled theandSustainability thorough intuitive 2019 inspectionand, 11, intuitivex FOR PEER of theinspection REVIEW traditional of the Old traditional Street structure. Old Street structure. 9 of 26

6.2. Overlay of Old Street Sections We performed a fundamental analysis on the spatial structure of Old Street. Since curved streets are full of complicated subjects, the retrieval of contour geometries should provide more accurate measurements of dimensions and proportions than photographs or field surveys. The most straightforward approach is to overlay the street from a sectional perspective to identify the special enclosed configuration of open street space and geometries in terms of types, characteristics, allocations, and level of extrusions. In addition to the entire cloud model, each street was divided into 1.5 m thicknesses at 4-m intervals. All the sections were aligned by street centerlines. The overlays not only summarize pedestrians’ perspective during the walking experience, but also provide a full scale (1:1) definition of each type (Figure 8). The overlays facilitated the discovery of characteristic and representative vocabularies as different types of responses for each stage of the transformation of street blocks and skylines due to cultural and urbanFigure evolution. 7. Four unfold The cuts iconic through vocabula Old Street ries include in four routes railroads, (from leftalee to trees, right).right). skywalks, and pedestrian arcades recessed from shop fronts. The building enclosures and vocabularies have 6.2. Overlay of Old Street Sections created shapes that are similar to silhouettes of the letter W, sandglass, the letter U, squares, and an upside-downWe performed letter T a (Figure fundamental 9). The analysisshapes were on the extended spatial to structure different of varieties Old Street. resulting Since from curved the combinationstreets are full of ofvocabularies complicated and subjects, the construction the retrieval of new of contourbuildings geometries with heights should and recessed provide fronts more onaccurate the ground measurements floor on ofboth dimensions sides. Diversity and proportions is also determined than photographs by the landscape, or field surveys. contributed The most by formerstraightforward promotion approach projects, is which to overlay defines the a streetsoftened from boundary a sectional on perspectivethe sideways to and identify skylines. the special enclosed configuration of open street space and geometries in terms of types, characteristics, allocations, and level of extrusions. In addition to the entire cloud model, each street was divided into 1.5 m thicknesses at 4-m intervals. All the sections were aligned by street centerlines. The overlays not only summarize pedestrians’ perspective during the walking experience, but also provide a full scale (1:1) definition of each type (Figure8).

Figure 8. The process and 34 outcomes of overlays on street section 1.

Types W Sandglass □ + U Upside Down T U

Point cloud Point cloud Contour Contour

Vocabularies Vocabularies

Section 1-A

Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 9 of 26

Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 9 of 25 Figure 7. Four unfold cuts through Old Street in four routes (from left to right).

Figure 7. Four unfold cuts through Old Street in four routes (from left to right).

Figure 8. The process and 34 outcomes of overlays on street Sectionsection 11..

TypesThe overlays facilitated W theSandglass discovery of characteristic□ + U and representative Upside Down vocabularies T as U different types of responses for each stage of the transformation of street blocks and skylines due to cultural and urban evolution. The iconic vocabularies include railroads, alee trees, skywalks, and pedestrian arcades recessed from shop fronts. The building enclosures and vocabularies have created shapes Point cloud Point cloud that are similar to silhouettes of the letter W, sandglass, the letter U, squares, and an upside-down letter T (Figure9). The shapes were extended to di fferent varieties resulting from the combination of vocabularies and the construction of new buildings with heights and recessed fronts on the ground Contour Contour floor on both sides. Diversity is also determined by the landscape, contributed by former promotion projects, which definesFigure a softened8. The process boundary and 34 onoutcomes the sideways of overlays and on skylines. street section 1.

Types W Sandglass □ + U Upside Down T U Vocabularies Vocabularies

Section 1-A

Point cloud Point cloud

Contour Contour

Vocabularies Vocabularies

Section 1-A

Figure 9. Cont. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 10 of 25 SustainabilitySustainability 2019, 112019, x ,FOR 11, x PEER FOR PEERREVIEW REVIEW 10 of 10 26 of 26

SectionSection 1-B 1-B

SectionSection 1-C 1-C

SectionSection 2 2

SectionSection 3-A 3-A

SectionSection 3-B 3-B

SectionSection 4 4

FigureFigureFigure 9.9. Characteristic 9. Characteristic vocabularies vocabularies of sections of sections and majormajor and major typestypes types ofof eacheach of streetstreeteach street section.section. section.

6.3.6.3. The6.3. Second SecondThe Second Contour Contour Contour CommercialCommercialCommercial activities activities and residentialresidentialand residential needsneeds needs contributedcontri contributedbuted toto thethe to creationcreation the creation ofof thethe of secondsecond the second contourcontour contour andand thetheand characteristiccharacteristic the characteristic streetstreet street spacespace space ofof Yingge’sYingge’s of Yingge’s OldOld Street.Street.Old Street. DueDue toDueto dailydaily to daily livingliving living needs,needs, needs, locallocal local residentsresidents residents remodeledremodeledremodeled buildingbuilding building façadesfaçades façades toto installinstall to install commercialcommercial commercial oror air-conditioningair-conditioning or air-conditioning facilities.facilities. facilities. Six typestypesSix types cancan bebecan be identifiedidentifiedidentified (Figure(Figure (Figure 1010)) basedbased 10) based onon thethe on scalescale the scale andand thetheand constructionconstruction the construction methodsmethods methods used.used used. TheThe. firstfirstThe type,firsttype, type, whichwhich which essentiallyessentiallyessentially fulfillsfulfills fulfills daily daily lifedaily life needs, needs life needs includes, includes, includes balconies balconies balconies and and steel steeland window steelwind window grating. grating.ow grating. The The second, second,The third,second, third, and third, fourthand fourthand types fourth types represent types represent represent three three ratios three ratios of façade, ratios of façade, of which façade, wh areich wh used areich toused are install used to install advertising to install advertising advertising panels panels or shop panels or signsshop or shop onsigns thesigns on limited the on limited the space limited availablespace space available on available building on building on fronts building tofronts attain fronts to aattain competitiveto attain a competitive a competitive advantage advantage overadvantage other over shops overother other onshops theshops on same the on street. same the same street. The fifthstreet. The type fifthThe constitutes fifthtype typeconstitu extrudedconstitutes extrudedtes panels. extruded panels. The panels. sixth The type sixthThe includessixth type typeincludes sheet includes metalsheet sheet formetal additionalmetal for additional for spaceadditional needsspace space onneeds the needs on roof the on level. roof the Basedrooflevel. level. onBased the Based on observed the on observed the distribution observed distribution distribution patterns, patterns, Old patterns, Street Old Old isStreet repleteStreet is replete with is replete various with withvarious types various of types shop types of renovations shop of shop reno vations thatreno contributevations that thatcontribute to contribute the diversified to the to diversifiedthe second diversified contour second second appearance,contourcontour appearance,especially appearance, especially in Sectionespecially in1 .Section in Section 1. 1.

Figure 10. Cont. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 26 Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 11 of 25 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 11 of 26 second contour

second contour

Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6 Type 1 Type 2 Type 3 Type 4 Type 5 Type 6 Figure 10. (Top) The distribution of second contour on each street section and (bottom) the six local FiguretypesFigure of 10. the10.(Top) second(Top) The The contour. distribution distribution of of second second contourcontour on each street street section section and and (bottom) (bottom) the the six six local local typestypes of of the the second second contour. contour. The second contour exhibits highly dynamic vitality in terms of patterns and creativities that significantlyTheThe second second contribute contour contour to exhibits localexhibits cultural highlyhighly identities. dynamicdynamic Thevitali vitality Oldty in inStreet terms terms second of of patterns patterns contour and and originated creativities creativities from that that the significantlymixedsignificantly use of contribute residentialcontribute to to and locallocal commercial cultural identities. identities. spaces. The Re The sidentialOld Old Street Street floors second second are contour located contour originated above originated commercial from the from theareasmixed mixed and use usecontain of of residential residential panels, booths,and and commercial commercial sun shades, spaces. spaces. or landscapes. Re Residentialsidential The floors floors second are are located contour located above includes above commercial commercial both fixed areas and contain panels, booths, sun shades, or landscapes. The second contour includes both fixed areaselements and and contain temporary panels, installation booths, suns. shades, The former or landscapes. mainly originated The second from contour the remodeled includes parts both fixedfrom elements and temporary installations. The former mainly originated from the remodeled parts from elementsthe Reputable and temporary Commercial installations. District Project. The formerThe desi mainlygn determined originated the from current the remodeledconsistent appearance parts from the Reputable Commercial District Project. The design determined the current consistent appearance theof the Reputable commercial Commercial district. DistrictThe temporary Project. Theinstallations design determined were derived the from current local consistent festival appearanceactivities or of the commercial district. The temporary installations were derived from local festival activities or ofmerchandise the commercial displays, district. which The are temporary allocated installations in different weretime derivedperiods fromand alter local the festival configuration activities orof merchandise displays, which are allocated in different time periods and alter the configuration of merchandisestreet space through displays, lanterns which are during allocated the Lantern in different Festival time periodsor during and business alter the hours. configuration The commercial of street street space through lanterns during the Lantern Festival or during business hours. The commercial space through lanterns during the Lantern Festival or during business hours. The commercial activities activitiesactivities and and associated associated installationsinstallations on the ground floorfloor changechange pedestrians’ pedestrians’ perceptions perceptions of ofthe the andskyline,skyline, associated in in which which installations the the real real skyline skyline on the isis ground modifiedmodified floor and change suppressedsuppressed pedestrians’ by by the the second perceptionssecond contour contour of elements the elements skyline, and and in whichresultsresults the in in a real amarkedly markedly skyline different isdifferent modified profile. profile. and suppressed by the second contour elements and results in a markedly different profile. 6.4.6.4. Commercial Commercial Space Space in in Old Old Street Street 6.4. Commercial Space in Old Street OurOur field field survey survey revealed revealed thatthat thethe shop fronts cancan bebe categorized categorized into into concealed, concealed, open, open, and and semi-opensemi-openOur field types types survey of of entrances, entrances, revealed with with that merchandizemerchandize the shop fronts displayeddisplayed can be stacked, stacked, categorized in in booths, booths, into on concealed, on display display racks, open,racks, or andaor a semi-opencombinationcombination types thereof. thereof. of entrances, TheThe typetype with ofof merchandizemerchandisemerchandise is displayedis closelyclosely related stacked,related to to inthe the booths, pattern pattern on of display ofdisplay. display. racks, The The or acombination combinationcombination of of thereof.both both contributes contributes The type toto of thethe merchandise dynamics ofof is thethe closely street street relatedspace space and and to thetourist tourist pattern interactions interactions of display. (Figure (Figure The combination11).11). Based Based on ofon the both the survey, survey, contributes most most to shopsshops the dynamics choose a of clcl theosedosed street shopshop space front. front. and However, However, tourist interactionsopen open and and semi-open (Figuresemi-open 11 ). Basedtypestypes of on of shop the shop survey, fronts fronts mostenrich enrich shops the the streetstreet choose spacespace a closed of YinYin shopggegge with front.with various various However, displays displays open that andthat function semi-open function as astourist types tourist of shopattractions.attractions. fronts enrich the street space of Yingge with various displays that function as tourist attractions.

Figure 11. Cont. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 26 Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 12 of 25 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 12 of 26

Figure 11. The distribution of shop types and display patterns in Old Street (top), and the different

Figuretypes of 11. shopThe distribution fronts (bottom of shop left) types and and mercha displayndise patterns displays in Old Street(bottom (top), right) and thein dibusinessfferent types and ofFigurenon-business shop 11. fronts The (bottomhours. distribution left) and of merchandiseshop types and displays display (bottom patterns right) in inOld business Street and(top), non-business and the different hours. types of shop fronts (bottom left) and merchandise displays (bottom right) in business and 6.5. Horizontal non-business Street hours. Section Analysis of thethe Open Space Structure inin thethe HiddenHidden FabricFabric Commercial spacesspaces andand street street open open spaces spaces are are mutually mutually influential. influential. To To illustrate illustrate this this influence, influence, an 6.5. Horizontal Street Section Analysis of the Open Space Structure in the Hidden Fabric overviewan overview of the of horizontalthe horizontal section section was conductedwas conducted to remove to remove the part the of part buildings of buildings above theabove second the floor.secondCommercial In floor. contrast In contrast tospaces the projected toand the street projected solid open building solidspaces building propertyare mutu property orally boundary influential. or boundary lines To shown illustrate lines inshown satellite this ininfluence, satellite images oranimages cadastraloverview or cadastral maps,of the the maps,horizontal point the cloud point section model cloud was revealedmodel conducted reve thataled to an removethat open an shop openthe frontpart shop of can front buildings extend can extend open above spaceopen the sidewayssecondspace sideways floor. from In the contrastfrom street the andto street the create projected and links create betweensolid links building be exteriorstween property andexteriors interiors or boundary and into interiors a lines flexible into shown and a flexible sometimesin satellite and hiddenimagessometimes spatialor cadastral hidden structure spatial maps, of structure fabricthe point (Figure of cloud fabric 12 model). (Figure reve 12).aled that an open shop front can extend open space sideways from the street and create links between exteriors and interiors into a flexible and sometimes hidden spatial structure of fabric (Figure 12).

Original point cloud Satellite image

Point cloud of ground floor Shop boundary on ground floor

Figure 12.12. CloudCloud and and trimmed trimmed cloud cloud (top (top left left and and bottom bottom left), left), a satellite a satellite image image (top right), (top andright), hidden and Point cloud of ground floor Shop boundary on ground floor fabrichidden on fabric the ground on the ground floor (bottom floor (bottom right). right). Figure 12. Cloud and trimmed cloud (top left and bottom left), a satellite image (top right), and Thehidden point fabric cloud on the enabled ground the floor identificationidentification (bottom right). of a dramaticdramatic didifferencefference in spatialspatial structure betweenbetween business andand non-businessnon-business hours hours (Figure (Figure 13 13).). The The connection connection between between exterior exterior and and interior interior spaces spaces are usuallyare usuallyThe defined point defined cloud by steel by enabled steel rolling rolling the shutters identification shutters during during non-business of a non-businessdramatic hours. difference hours. The diTheinff sperence diatialfference instructure the in area the between of area these of spacesbusinessthese spaces is 18.3%and isnon-business (Figure18.3% (Figure14), hours which 14), (Figure shows which the13). shows prevailing The theconnection prevailing types andbetween types numbers exteriorand ofnumbers open and andinterior of semi-openopen spaces and shoparesemi-open usually fronts, shopdefined particularly fronts, by steel particularly in Section rolling1 .shutters Thisin Section di duringfference 1. This non-business also difference occurs in hours. also Section occurs The2 at di 15.6%,infference Section where in 2the at recessed area15.6%, of pedestrianthesewhere spaces recessed arcades is pedestrian18.3% exist. (Figure The arcades average 14), exist.which diff Theerence shows average is 11.3%.the difference prevailing is types11.3%. and numbers of open and semi-open In general, shop Section fronts,1 particularlywas the first in part Section of town 1. enrolledThis difference in the remodeling also occurs project in Section of the 2 reputableat 15.6%, commercialwhere recessed district. pedestrian This opportunity arcades exist. attracted The average many difference shops with is 11.3%. a wide variety of patterns in the spaces. The former intensive bungalow layout was remodeled into a series of concentrated business spaces. Section2, which features numerous shopping malls and apartments built since 2003, has recessed pedestrian arcades and open spaces designed for public access and leisure needs. This section was full of old large-scale ceramic factories. The difference in the space contour during non-business hours is less significant, given the presence of shops with less open or semi-open access. A significant difference was also identified between satellite images and cloud sections of former periods and Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 13 of 25 non-business hours in Section4, due to the new construction of an art center with a large recessed arcade on the ground floor. Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 26

Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 13 of 26 Difference behind front door Difference behind glass panel Difference behind front door

Difference behind glass panel Solid interface TransparentSolid interface interface Transparent interface

Space behind glass Space behind glass Business hours Non-business hours Business hours Non-business hours Section 1 A Section 1 A

Section 1 B Section 1 B

Section 2 Section 2

Section3Section3 A A

Section4Section4

FigureFigureFigure 13. 13. 13.The The The variations variations variations inin in spatialspatial spatial structure structure between between business business business and and and non-business non-business non-business hours. hours. hours.

FigureFigure 14. The 14. numberThe number of shops of shops and and area area diff erencedifference between between business business hours hours and and non-business non-business hours. Figurehours. 14. The number of shops and area difference between business hours and non-business Inhours. summary, the above-mentioned differences were determined by the sale patterns of ceramics and recessedIn general, arcades, Section or open 1 was spaces, the first due part to the of newtown constructions.enrolled in the Theremodeling renewed project business of the design reputable commercial district. This opportunity attracted many shops with a wide variety of paradigm,In general, whosetransformation Section 1 was originatedthe first part from of the town Reputable enrolled Commercial in the remodeling District Project,project ledof tothe the patterns in the spaces. The former intensive bungalow layout was remodeled into a series of modificationreputable commercial of contours, district. followed This by theopportunity creation ofattracted new characteristics many shops for with Old a Street. wide variety of patternsconcentrated in the business spaces. spaces.The former Section intensive 2, which febungaturesalow numerous layout shoppingwas remodeled malls and into apartments a series of concentratedbuilt since 2003,business has recessedspaces. Section pedestrian 2, which arcades fe aturesand open numerous spaces designedshopping for malls public and access apartments and builtleisure since needs. 2003, This has sectionrecessed was pedestrian full of old arcades large-sc aleand ceramic open spaces factories. designed The difference for public in the access space and contour during non-business hours is less significant, given the presence of shops with less open or leisure needs. This section was full of old large-scale ceramic factories. The difference in the space semi-open access. A significant difference was also identified between satellite images and cloud contour during non-business hours is less significant, given the presence of shops with less open or semi-open access. A significant difference was also identified between satellite images and cloud Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 14 of 25

6.6. Substantiated Perception of Skylines A substantiated perception of skylines, or boundaries, represents the real visual or perceptional boundary of an environment. Although section overlays and projected street elevations assist with deﬁning a boundary, real perception can be limited by tree crowns at a lower altitude. By referring to Sustainabilitythe real skyline, 2019, 11 a, x substantiated FOR PEER REVIEW perception of the skyline was drawn (Figure 15). 15 of 26

Original skyline Substantiated skyline

Figure 15. The difference in the original skyline or boundary (top left) and the perception of the Figuresubstantiated 15. The skyline difference or boundary in the original (top right) skyline in each or street boun sectiondary (top (bottom), left) and with the diff perceptionerent line weights. of the substantiated skyline or boundary (top right) in each street section (bottom), with different line weights.The substantiated perception of the skyline varies according to the unique spatial structure in each street section (Figure 15, bottom). For example, the uniform alee trees and sun shades, which created the representative visual image of Section1, define the perceptional boundary. Section3 inherits a relatively smooth skyline with less deviation in altitude due to the lower tree crown. The diversified building styles and elements with a lack of alee trees in Sections2 and4 create layers of skyline in different depths. Overall, the variation in each section’s space structure can be observed through the substantiated skyline, further illustrating the integrity of the original planning strategy (Figure 16 top) in a contrastive fashion. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 15 of 25 Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 16 of 26

Smoother profile Contrasting profile

FigureFigure 16. The16. The schematic schematic classiﬁcation classification ofof substantiatedsubstantiated skyline skyline types types in ina smoother a smoother or contrasting or contrasting proﬁleprofile (top), (top), and and the the types types or or breaks breaks in in each each street street sectionsection (bottom). (bottom).

The7. The remodeling Evolution of of Old each Street street Skyline section Profiles was completed over Decades under different schedules or over various periods ofThe time. 3D-scanned The project-defined cloud model items, was whichcombined were with not consistentlyhistorical cadastral designed, data contribute to define to the diversitiesdecade-based of patterns skyline (Figure profiles. 16, The bottom). purpose The was inconsistency to elucidate chronological of the second changes contour, by such recovering as the alee treesthe or theold allocated skyline to sun illustrate shades, the created changes street-based that occurred experiences during withdifferent versatile time periods. perception The patterns data of the substantiatedincluded as-built skyline. scans Infrom other 2018 words,, as well government as drawings derived promotion from projects the story are numbers closely indicated associated on with the layeredcadastral composition maps from of2005 the and second 1970. contour. Figure 17 The illu substantiatedstrates the changes perception that occurred of the skyline in each mirrors street the section. planning integrity of the street. As a result, the government planning strategy directly influenced how the local identity developed.

7. The Evolution of Old Street Skyline Profiles over Decades The 3D-scanned cloud model was combined with historical cadastral data to define decade-based skyline profiles. The purpose was to elucidate chronological changes by recovering the old skyline to Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 16 of 25 illustrate the changes that occurred during different time periods. The data included as-built scans from 2018, as well as drawings derived from the story numbers indicated on cadastral maps from 2005 andSustainability 1970. Figure 2019, 1117, x illustrates FOR PEER REVIEW the changes that occurred in each street section. 17 of 26

Figure 17. The chronological changes of Old Street skyline profiles in street Section3 based on cadastral mapsFigure (top), 17. the The increased chronological percentage changes of projectedof Old Street area inskyl eachine streetprofiles section, in street and Section the chart 3 ofbased increased on amountscadastral (bottom). maps (top), the increased percentage of projected area in each street section, and the chart of increased amounts (bottom). To understand the level of changes, the increased area was estimated between 1970 and 2005 (FigureTo 17 ,understand bottom, blue) the andlevel 2005 of changes, and 2018 the (Figure increased 17, bottom, area was red). estimated The first between time period 1970 revealsand 2005 that (Figure 17, bottom, blue) and 2005 and 2018 (Figure 17, bottom, red). The first time period reveals most of the elevation has changed. The renovated area increased 50–80% due to the improvement of that most of the elevation has changed. The renovated area increased 50–80% due to the the economy in street Sections1 and3. Section3 increased 207%, in which the industrial transformation improvement of the economy in street Sections 1 and 3. Section 3 increased 207%, in which the featured many old factories that were remodeled into apartments. Most of the street underwent a industrial transformation featured many old factories that were remodeled into apartments. Most of significant magnitude of change. A number of new construction projects occurred between 2005 and the street underwent a significant magnitude of change. A number of new construction projects 2018occurred in Section between3 with 2005 79.1% and 2018 and 23.3%in Section increases 3 with in79.1% shopping and 23.3% malls increases and apartments, in shopping respectively; malls and Sectionapartments,4 with 80%respectively; and 90.5% Section increases 4 with in 80% shopping and 90.5% malls increases and art in centers, shopping respectively; malls and andart centers, Section 1 A2respectively; with a 7.5% and increase Section in 1 hotels. A2 with Some a 7.5% of theincrease increases in hotels. were Some due to of illegal the increases construction were due that to was addedillegal to construction existing buildings. that was added to existing buildings. TheThe development development of of the the Old Old StreetStreet revealedrevealed a su sustainablestainable development development process process that that was was subject subject toto economic economic recovery recovery and and government government promotionpromotion projects. Remodeling Remodeling in in the the 1970s 1970s changed changed the the townscapetownscape of of factories factories and and bungalows. bungalows. The The industry industry transformation, transformation, starting starting in in1990, 1990, and and the the governmentgovernment promotion, promotion, starting starting in 1997,in 1997, dramatically dramatically reshaped reshaped the skyline the skyline twice. twice. The spatial The spatial structure is constantlystructure is evolving, constantly although evolving, some although part ofsome the skylinepart of the may skyline be created may outbe created of context. out of With context. limited concernWith limited about concern the environment, about the environment, the development the development process now process involves now involves creating creating spaces forspaces more for more sustainable programming of local ceramic culture in promotion, education, or exhibition, by means of galleries, DIY workshops, or classrooms. Instead of traditional photos and documentation, we assessed the analysis of the skyline profile from 3D as-built street scans and cadastral maps. Although scans of the old townscape do not exist, the skyline of early days was estimated from the story numbers indicated on local cadastral maps. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 17 of 25 sustainable programming of local ceramic culture in promotion, education, or exhibition, by means of galleries, DIY workshops, or classrooms. Instead of traditional photos and documentation, we assessed the analysis of the skyline profile from 3D as-built street scans and cadastral maps. Although scans of the old townscape do not exist, Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 18 of 26 the skyline of early days was estimated from the story numbers indicated on local cadastral maps. WithWith anan additional additional reference reference to boundariesto boundaries in satellite in satellite images, images, a new a chronological new chronological record of record changes of couldchanges be createdcould be to created illustrate to theillustrate evolving the process evolving of process urban fabric of urban in a broaderfabric in hierarchy a broader by hierarchy co-relating by toco-relating the developing to the developing footage on maps.footage on maps.

7.1.7.1. ChronologicalChronological ChangesChanges inin StreetStreet SectionsSections WithWith thethe reference reference of of historical historical photos photos and and documentation, documentation, we subtractedwe subtracted part ofpart the of point the cloudpoint modelcloud tomodel recover to recover the configuration the configuration of the old of space. the ol Newd space. buildings New buildings after promotion after promotion projects continued projects reshapingcontinued the reshaping contour andthe contour profile of and Old profile Street. of This Old subtraction Street. This method subtraction revealed method that demolition revealed andthat constructiondemolition and most construction directly influenced most directly the skyline. influenced The the new skyline. construction The new of construction chimneys created of chimneys a local highlight.created a local In contrast, highlight. some In restorationscontrast, some of buildingrestorations enclosures of building had littleenclos influence.ures had Thislittle evolutioninfluence. involvedThis evolution reinstallation involved and reinstallation reminiscence and of the reminisc old localence identity, of the even old thoughlocal identity, its primary even purpose though was its toprimary improve purpose the profits was ofto localimprove businesses. the profits With of the loca assistancel businesses. of the With cloud the editing assistance function, of the most cloud of theediting new buildingsfunction, ormost facilities of the were new removed buildings to enableor facilities a real-scale were comparison removed to (Figure enable 18 ).a However,real-scale thecomparison process was(Figure limited 18). by However, one-way editingthe process without was the limited reinstallation by one-way of former editing demolished without parts. the Althoughreinstallation the comparisonof former demolished applied cadastral parts. dataAlthough for estimation the comparison purposes, applied the correlation cadastral of data as-built for detailedestimation geometries purposes, with the cadastral correlation data of produced as-built detailed archived geometries data that evolved with cadastral with opened-up data produced access ofarchived interpretation. data that evolved with opened-up access of interpretation.

1 5

2008 2018 2002 2018

2 6

2007 2018 2008 2018

3 7

2015 2018 2008 2018

4 8

2017 2018 2009 2018

FigureFigure 18.18. Chronological changeschanges ofof streetstreet sectionssections inin eighteight importantimportant sightseeingsightseeing locations.locations.

7.2. Three Types of Interdependence in Space Developments Creative ceramic activities or classes are designed in association with different levels of the reuse, remodeling, or reconstruction of old spaces. Since government promotion was mainly limited to infrastructure, the local development efforts show different types or interpretations of interdependence between the three dimensions of sustainable development in terms of original old building spaces, remodeled spaces, and newly constructed spaces. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 18 of 25

7.2. Three Types of Interdependence in Space Developments Creative ceramic activities or classes are designed in association with different levels of the reuse, remodeling, or reconstruction of old spaces. Since government promotion was mainly limited to infrastructure, the local development efforts show different types or interpretations of interdependence between the three dimensions of sustainable development in terms of original old building spaces, remodeled spaces, and newly constructed spaces.

7.2.1. Original Old Building Spaces An old kiln was reused as a ceramic DIY workshop with a refurbished building enclosure. Other than kiln setting, many shops on Old Street also oﬀer similar DIY experiences.

7.2.2. Remodeled Spaces Pedestrian arcades were added as a physical buﬀer between the shops and the street, or a soft interface reached out between the local residents and tourists. The arcade is sometimes used as DIY space.

7.2.3. Newly Constructed Spaces New buildings were designed for better programming of space eﬃciency for ceramic-related activities. In addition to the government initiated ceramic museum, a new private gallery was initiated as a multi-functioned gallery for education, exhibition, lectures, workshops for local artists, and creative artworks. The museum or gallery represents a new image in a new era. New apartments with better designed living conditions were built for local people and those working in nearby cities.

8. AR for Contour Interaction AR for the interaction of contour display was created as an integrated system of satellite images and point cloud data. The ﬂowchart of the AR application is presented in Figure 19. We created 28 images for front and back display in Photoshop® (Adobe Inc., San Jose, California, USA), using seven sets of overlaid cloud images, and all was exported to SketchUp® (Google Inc., Mountain View, California, USA) to create models. The app was created in Unity® (Unity Technologies, San Francisco, California, USA) using ARKit SDK (Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, USA). The interacted items and system interface of the app included the design of buttons, satellite images, and section overlays. As shown in Figure 20, buttons were provided on both sides of the screen: Buttons on the left select satellite images, and buttons on the right select section overlays. All the contents can be selected individually or cumulatively. Pressing the “New” button will bring up Yingge as-built section overlays, indicated by the buttons numbered from one to seven. For the section overlay, old and new street sections can be selected and displayed. As shown in Figure 20 (bottom left), pressing the “Section5” button will bring up that section to illustrate the aligned overlaid result of the street sections. As shown in Figure 20 (bottom right), satellite images can be projected on a table using one or multiple buttons to display the image for the desired year to facilitate stage-wise inspection of the development of the urban fabric. A satellite images and overlaid images can be combined by displaying Old Street images above satellite images or cadastral maps (Figure 20, top and middle). Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 19 of 26

7.2.2. Remodeled Spaces Pedestrian arcades were added as a physical buffer between the shops and the street, or a soft interface reached out between the local residents and tourists. The arcade is sometimes used as DIY space.

7.2.3. Newly Constructed Spaces New buildings were designed for better programming of space efficiency for ceramic-related activities. In addition to the government initiated ceramic museum, a new private gallery was initiated as a multi-functioned gallery for education, exhibition, lectures, workshops for local artists, and creative artworks. The museum or gallery represents a new image in a new era. New apartments with better designed living conditions were built for local people and those working in nearby cities.

8. AR for Contour Interaction AR for the interaction of contour display was created as an integrated system of satellite images and point cloud data. The flowchart of the AR application is presented in Figure 19. We created 28 images for front and back display in Photoshop® (Adobe Inc., San Jose, California, USA), using seven sets of overlaid cloud images, and all was exported to SketchUp® (Google Inc., Mountain View, SustainabilityCalifornia,2019 USA), 11, 4749 to create models. The app was created in Unity® (Unity Technologies, 19San of 25 Francisco, California, USA) using ARKit SDK (Apple Inc., Cupertino, California, USA).

Sustainability 2019, 11, x FOR PEER REVIEW 20 of 26

Figure 19. Augmented reality (AR) application creation diagram (top) and operational interface (bottom).

The interacted items and system interface of the app included the design of buttons, satellite images, and section overlays. As shown in Figure 20, buttons were provided on both sides of the screen: Buttons on the left select satellite images, and buttons on the right select section overlays. All the contents can be selected individually or cumulatively. Pressing the “New” button will bring up Yingge as-built section overlays, indicated by the buttons numbered from one to seven. For the section overlay, old and new street sections can be selected and displayed. As shown in Figure 20 (bottom left), pressing the “Section 5” button will bring up that section to illustrate the aligned overlaid result of the street sections. As shown in Figure 20 (bottom right), satellite images can be projected on a table using one or multiple buttons to display the image for the desired year to facilitate stage-wise inspection of the development of the urban fabric. A satellite images and overlaid images can be combined by displaying Old Street images above satelliteFigure images 19. Augmented or cadastral reality maps (AR) (Figure application 20, top creation and diagrammiddle). (top) and operational interface (bottom).

FigureFigure 20. 20.Screenshots Screenshots of of section section overlay overlay overover satellitesatellite images with with chronological chronological changes changes (top (top and and middle)middle) and and satellite satellite images images of of di differentﬀerent eras eras (bottom).(bottom).

9. Discussion The inspection, with the entire Old Street façade revealed, facilitates understanding from both micro and macro perspectives. The section across the entire Old Street region differentiated the weight distribution of development. While a comparison was made by year, diagrams placed side by side showed the trail of the development sequence in the region. Accordingly, an analysis was performed from a macro to micro scale, in terms from satellite images, plans, skylines, facades, and sections. Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 20 of 25

9. Discussion The inspection, with the entire Old Street façade revealed, facilitates understanding from both micro and macro perspectives. The section across the entire Old Street region diﬀerentiated the weight distribution of development. While a comparison was made by year, diagrams placed side by side showed the trail of the development sequence in the region. Accordingly, an analysis was performed from a macro to micro scale, in terms from satellite images, plans, skylines, facades, and sections.

9.1. Large-Scale Shopping Mall or Important Window to Cultural Tourism Commercial patterns usually mirror local cultural identity. Even souvenirs, which are often used to promote local identity, represent formulated subjects that originate from a long-term evolution of local culture. All of Yingge is a large-scale shopping mall of ceramic-related objects and cultural experiences. Compared to the inspection of individual characteristics of a shop or a street from the bottom up, a whole study was conducted from a macro perspective integrated with the top-down process. Yingge is also an important window into cultural tourism. Part of the footage in cultural development is determined by the substantiated subject of representatives. The two-way inspection between macro and micro views confirms the role and development process in local cultural evolution. Consequently, all the overlays that contrast the differences in multiple dimensions verify the configuration and distribution of changes from macro and micro perspectives, or, for example, the changes to the urban fabric from a macro view, or the remodeling that occurred to the plans, elevations, or skylines from a micro perspective.

9.2. The Second Contour The second contour of Old Street was programmed, designed, and evolved with local characteristics under the goal of creative management of commercial space. The shop signs, sun shades, and alee trees created the symbolic structure of the contour and enhanced the walking experience under the substantiated skylines. The modified boundary of perception produced a distinct commercial image that extends local ceramic culture from the manufacturing industry to sustainable tourism. The identity of Old Street is mainly determined by local cultural characteristics. A clear definition of those characteristics can impress people, aiding the long-term development of tourism. The ceramic image clearly defines the local identity, and is further enhanced by the second contour originated from the patterns of sales, shop fronts, and displays. The consensus and responsibility of the government and local residents created a type of constraint to maintaining and protecting the old identity. As a result, the development of the second contour followed the consensus for a characteristic interpretation that can be temporary, but flexible or adaptable enough, for existing fabrics. For example, an atmosphere is usually created during the Lantern Festival with a new substantiated skyline defined by red lanterns. The consistent cultural characteristics of the second contour have attracted tourists by establishing a long-lasting tourism memory. In other words, the sustainability of local tourism can be created by the contour or fabric setting that has a flexible yet appropriate interpretation of identity on different occasions. Not only is the entire town engaged in some form of selling, but each store operates in the same way by using many forms of media to promote individual characteristics through the second contour. This contour was one of the media modalities used and continually modified during the three stages of development. The collective images of each street or the even the entire Old Street continue to create an integrated image that contributes to the transformation from industry to cultural tourism. Although the vocabularies may not always be consistent, the process constitutes a consistent pace of evolution.

9.3. Joint Identity with Nearby Cities In addition to the daily-use bathrooms and kitchenware, Yingge has created a number of ceramic artists dedicated to the preservation or creation of traditional art in modern times, with hands-on Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 21 of 25 experiences provided by museums, community classrooms, and workshops. Old Street has joined the surrounding ceramic museum, parks, and workshops to form an enlarged cultural region of identity. A skywalk was also installed to connect Old Street and the ceramic museum in 2009 during the process of the second stage fulfillment of the Central Pedestrian Zone Project. The connection between the two main popular locations was considered successful in promoting sustainable tourism and integrating commercial activity and exhibitions. Multiple shop types, openness, and front displays have diversified correspondence with the old cultural identity in a new era. The cultural diversity has become incorporated with the identity of nearby cities to form a larger integrated cultural neighborhood, which not only enriches the characteristics of each city, but enhances tourists’ comprehension of regional development. The differentiation and integration of local culture has augmented the Old Street image and simultaneously illustrated the importance of past promotion in cultural infrastructure and economy.

9.4. Old Street Sustainability Planning integrity and the incorporation of the local government are critical factors in Old Street’s sustainable development. The project for Old Street commercial remodeling successfully transformed the local manufacturing industry into ceramic culture tourism. This sustainable effort was extended to project-defined street elements with the clearly defined identification of the second contour, and successfully contributed to the important tourists’ views of the street. The substantiated skyline also constitutes a symbolic identity with a modified street fabric. The project-defined elements, such as plants and shades, at each street section are not consistent with each other and lead to a sudden disruption of the skyline. This inconsistency resulted from individual street section-dependent attempts to fulfill function needs. To sustainably preserve heritage, an appropriate strategy must be developed to redeem unused space with novel meanings and roles. This development must also consider local cultural identity and industry characteristics with the involvement of the government and the commitment of local residents. Yingge’s industry transformation has altered old business types by combining ceramic culture and the Reputable Commercial District. Sustainability in tourism can be represented by the changes in urban fabric, as shown in the structure and configuration of the second contour and skyline. The evolving configuration of the skyline can be considered evidence of changes that occurred during different urban fabric development stages. The transformation of an industrial city is part of the sustainable development process that was achieved through the demolition and reconstruction of buildings. Changing low bungalows and factories to diversified configurations with higher altitudes involves a long-term effort. The remodeling efforts or reconstructions were mainly initiated by the owners who, at a certain point in time, were motivated by the promotions and considered possibly being involved in a program of ceramic-related activities. The detailed displacement of original factory workers was untraceable. However, considering the ceramic history and business scale in early days, the majority of the workers were temporary employees from local areas. The displacement of the workers due to the shutdown of factories might be limited based on their own residence, but worse in the long term since the recession started. The new skyline, comprised of chimneys and buildings with gables, which originated from reminiscent images of the old townscape, can be recognized as a clear illustration of the commitment to creative tourism with the sustainable awareness of local culture and identity. Although the new construction may not be considered a perfect process of evolution, and the factories can be remodeled for reuse for creative culture products, the local cultural image was applied during the design of building elements, such as façades and shop fronts. The designated effort and emphasis resulted in different approaches and outcomes. Eventually, the remodeling regained the recognition of tourists, and the transformation was ultimately successful. The key factors in the Old Street development included existing space redevelopment, resident involvement, characteristic categorization, planning integrity, and government promotion. Most Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 22 of 25 of the factors are related to programming of recreated value through the redevelopment of space, reconstruction of buildings, and the restructure of urban fabric. For example, a local shop was renovated into a new Starbucks, with a second contour composed of old building vocabularies. The combination of cultural elements and a major coffee shop chain created a successful representation of local image and achieved a high level of exposure and popularity among new generations. The old factories, which were redeveloped into shopping malls offering merchandise and local designers’ products, are typical instances of industry transformation during the creative development of local culture and identity, in terms of an environment removed or improved, and the space suitable for social interactions.

9.5. Creativity or Sustainability How the intensive changes to the urban fabric meet the specific needs of local culture remains to be seen. However, the highly polluted kilns in the old days were removed to eliminate the concerns about environmental protection and provide space for more versatile social development. The remodeling or reconstruction, which is usually considered a negative indicator of the environmental dimension in sustainable development, was completed in several patterns that connect to cultural tourism. The local development efforts have presented different types of interdependence between the three dimensions in sustainable development in terms of old buildings, remodeled spaces, and newly constructed spaces. In general, the ceramic-related culture activities on Old Street include DIY workshops, exhibitions, and the Ceramic God Festival. The former requires space. The latter is held yearly on Old Street or open space nearby. Fortunately, cultural activities, which occur in a space with a temporary deployment of fabric, have been running for years as some of the most sustainable social events. So why do we need remodeling or reconstruction when the cultural sustainability can be achieved outdoors? Creative tourism could offer development opportunities for smaller communities [35]. The promotion of ceramic culture involves many aspects that originated from traditional culture, legends, religion, or fabric. The social development between the local people and tourists occurs in many types of interactions; e.g., cultural exhibition, education, or entertainment. For example, the Ceramic God Festival is held with a parade or lanterns along Old Street. The festival attracts many tourists every year. No permanent constructions are created. The temporary parade or festival installations positively fulfill the sustainability in creative tourism. Can this festival activity be held in any location without the Old Street fabric setting? The answer is no. The long-term evolvement of the fabric has contributed a significant setting that facilitates the related activities under the background of cultural sustainability. The cherished local identity and history has created a new social dimension that combines ceramic culture in creative industry and business.

10. Conclusions A purposely selected display of sustainability can be achieved using a database system to enable a typical architectural analysis, including the use of traditional drawing types and maps as a link between the vertical and horizontal hierarchy of temporal models. The scanned point clouds serve as a time-stamp framework that can be used to interpret and collaborate with other data sources in a vertical hierarchy. The point cloud database provides a collaborative environment for data integration and AR interface for versatile layers of related maps in a horizontal hierarchy and multi-purposed pedagogical or tourist navigation in vertical hierarchy. The real world can be analyzed with the support of the point cloud, creating a more effective AR interface. In addition, the point cloud facilitates a qualitative and quantitative analysis the local culture evolution in terms of fabric and the second contour. The point-cloud-oriented spatial analysis of Old Street was used to illustrate the cultural character of the area and the spatial experience in cultural tourism. The results showed the structural composition and symbolic expressions of façades, the characteristic vocabularies of street sections, the six local types of second contour and their distribution in each street section, the distribution of shop types and display patterns on shop fronts, the open space structure in the hidden fabric between business and Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 23 of 25 non-business hours, and substantiated perception of skylines. The analysis of the evolving Old Street skyline, profiled over decades, illustrates the chronological changes and the increased percentage of projected area in eight important sightseeing locations. Three types of interdependence in space were developed. The second contour illustrated dynamic vitality in terms of patterns and creativity that significantly contributed to local cultural identities. Shopping space and open street spaces are mutually influential. A flexible and sometimes hidden spatial fabric structure exists. The commercial activities and associated installations on the ground floor change pedestrians’ perceptions of skylines, in which the real skyline is modified and suppressed by the second contour elements into a markedly different profile. The transformation of the Old Street fabric was studied under the influence of government projects, commercial activities, local culture identity, commercial and living patterns, and historical stages of development. 3D scans were used to correlate a series of analyses using vocabularies, and overlaid sections to examine special characteristics and changes. The analyses discovered that the second contour determined the profile of Old Street. Due to the high density of commercial activity, commercial and living elements contributed to the configuration of the second contour through façade decorations, shop signs, product displays, window covers, and balconies. The government reform project for Reputable Commercial District, also programmed the scope and elements to promote historical street images and reactivate cultural identity from the past. The alee trees and unified form of the sun shades also contribute to the configuration of the second contour. The second contour, which may be time dependent, varies its appearance within each day as a response to local commercial routines during business and non-business hours. The high density commercial activity determines the structure of Old Street. Based on the sections constructed in different orientations, perceptions of street boundaries are defined by the design or planning of shop front openness and product displays on the ground floor. Differences also exist in the substantiated perception of the street skyline, which is determined by the second contour. The multi-layered vertical and horizontal perceptions are strongly related to the new commercial buildings and a series of government promotion projects. A substantiated perception of skyline mirrors the planning integrity of the street. Consequently, the government planning strategy directly influenced how the local identity developed. The evolution of the Old Street fabric was explored through changes to the skyline and sections. We discovered that combining 3D scan data with documentation and maps is beneficial for identifying referable connections between reality and chronological data. Skylines from various time periods were simulated by trimming the point cloud for partial space recovery. This is feasible for regions experiencing major demolitions and new construction occurring within the same property line by the original owners. This remodeling, due to industrial transformation with the support of government projects, has contributed to the major skyline reconstruction in the past, which is an on-going process. Application of the cloud model is more precise and straightforward than the application of traditional photos and documentation. The point cloud, which should be continuously created for paired comparisons, provides a reference that can be correlated with exploration in vertical and horizontal hierarchies. The environment dimension in sustainable development remains to be explored. The recovery from polluted factories attracted many remodeling and new construction projects, and, consequently, more investments from local residents or outside enterprises. Many shops along Old Street are rented from local residents. The new shops, with new business models, may gradually diminish the ceramic culture to a more commercially-oriented pattern. Whether the evolving model interacts with the social dimension remains to be seen. Whether the interdependence to the environment will evolve into a new conversation pattern between the owner and the tourist also remains to be explored in the future. The three dimensions in sustainable development will be mutually reinforced into a Yingge-specific pattern. Old Street, which was sustainably transformed using much cleaner economic activities, brought wealth to the community and preserved the traditional ceramic culture. Cultural tourism, as a successful Sustainability 2019, 11, 4749 24 of 25 complimentary economic activity, has been developed with rich programming of spaces and with more environmentally-friendly awareness and technologies. Overall, the sustainability of local tourism can be represented by contours or fabric settings that have a flexible yet appropriate interpretation of identity on different occasions. Future studies should be conducted using return scans of Old Street as a long-term chronological record that will provide a more detailed interpretation of the evolved footage. Scans of dynamic scenes of festivals should also be captured for a more vivid description of local cultural events and strategies to promote tourism.

Author Contributions: Most of the conceptualization, methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, resources, 3D scan data curation, visualization, original draft preparation, reviewing and editing, supervision, and project administration were conducted by N.-J.S. Additional methodology, validation, formal analysis, investigation, 3D scan data curation, drawing creation, and visualization were conducted by W.-T.H. AR software was programmed by P.-H.D. AR data curation was conducted by all authors. Funding: This research was funded by the Ministry of Science and Technology of Taiwan, grant number MOST 107-2221-E-011-029-MY3 (the first year). Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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