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EARLY MUSLIM INVASIONS

The Arab Conquest of Sind • By the 8th Century AD, the Arabs had acquired a core position from Spain to India, connecting the trade of Mediterranean and the Indian Ocean. • During the early years of the 8th Century, the Umayyads reached the height of their power and created the largest ever-Mulsim state that existed. • Arabs were also attracted by the wealth of India. • However, the reason for the invasion of was to avenge the plunder of Arab Ships by pirates of Debol. King Dahir refused to punish the pirates. • Hajjaj the governor of Iraq despatched an army under Muhammad BinE Qasim. • At Rawar, in AD 712 Muhammad Bin Qasim attacked Dahir who was defeated. Dahir was caught and killed. R • Muhammad Bin Qasim now proceeded forward and within a short span he conquered various important places in Sind including Brahmanabad. O • Muhammad Bin Qasim conquered the major portion of Sind up to the lower . • Many Arabs settled down in Sind and established relationsC with the local population. The Arab influence continued for a long period with pockets of Muslim influence established in various parts of Sind. Mahmud of S • In all Mahmud Ghazni invaded India 17 times during AD 1000-1026. • Mahmud Ghazni was Son of , theS founder of Ghazni dynasty & Turkish slave commander. • Mahmud himself claimed descent from the Iranian legendary king Afrasiyab. • He was the first Muslim ruler to penetrateG deep into India. • He led 17 expeditions in all into India from A.D. 1000 to A.D. 1027. The initial raids were directed against the Hindusahi rulers who at the time held and the Punjab. • The chief motive of Mahmud invasions in India was the desire to secure its wealth. • On the north-western frontier of India there were three principal kingdoms. • The Brahmana dynasty of the Shahiyas ruled over a wide territory, extending from to and from Lambhan to Sarhind. • To the south of it lay the Shia kingdom of Multan, and the principality of Mansura where the Arab dynasty held authority. • Mahmud attacks on India were an attempt to fulfil his ambition to make Ghazni the formidable power in the politics of Central Asia. Notes

1 Notes • • • • • • • Ghori Muhammad • • • • • • 2 h Ganvd oqet f h Pna ad utn opeey hne te oiia stain n north in situation political the changed completely Multan and Punjab the of conquest Ghaznavid The with army.along India to of him corps accompanied had his India’ Into Enquiry An or ‘Kitabul-Hind wrote who Alberuni, laureate poet the was heroes, Iranian Mahmud. ancient the of glorified he which 1135. in AD Nama till Shah wrote continued who which Firddausi, Sind and Punjab of parts on control their to had him help The would which India Asia. of Central wealth in famous rule vast the his acquire consolidate to only were India into raids Mahmud’s et e atrd aoe dpsd hsu ai, h Ganvd rne ad nee Pna t his to Punjab annexed and prince, Ghaznavid the Malik, Khusru dominions. deposed , captured he Next subdued. was Sind of 1179- A.D. whole in the occupied A.D.1182, was Peshawar By pass. 80. Khybar using Punjab attacked Ghuri Muhammad that After Abu. Mount near Chalukya II, the Mularaja by routed , completely of and defeated ruler was but Gujarat into penetrate to tried he 1178, A.D. 1175. A.D. In in rulers Karmatia from Uchh and Multan conquered Ghori Muhammad Ghazni. of throne the ascended Ghori) In A.D. 1173, Shahabuddin Muhammad also known as Muizzuddin Muhammad bin Sam (called ground. Muhammed the to it burnt and Ghazni ravaged He burner’. ‘world the ‘Jahansoz’ or of title the earned who Alauddin under increased Ghurids the of power . The north-west in Ghur empire in Khwarizmi based the empire - Ghurid prominence the to and rose powers in new based two century twelfth the of middle the Towards in attacks of possibility Turks. opened the and by kingdoms future Indian of defence weak the exposed invasions Mahmud’s India.

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