Hitler Versus Hindenburg: the 1932 Presidential Elections and the End of the Weimar Republic Larry Eugene Jones Index More Information

Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02261-4 - Hitler Versus Hindenburg: The 1932 Presidential Elections and the End of the Weimar Republic Larry Eugene Jones Index More information

Index

Abegg, Wilhelm, 124, 297 Bavarian Middle Party, 232 Adolf Friedrich Duke of Mecklenburg, 121 Bavarian People’s Party (BVP), 24, 27, 36, Alvensleben, Bodo von, 81, 236 154, 159, 298, 315, 323, 338, Anhalt 315 346, 349 antisemitism, 42–43, 45–46, 48 and Brüning, 132, 186 redemptive antisemitism, 48 and Hindenburg, 300 in the 1932 presidential elections, 248 support for presidential candidacy judeo-Bolshevism, 47 1925, 27, 30–31, 186, 210, 232, Ostjude, 43 276 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 47 elections Aretin, Erwein von, 233 Reichstag 1928, 72 Arnim-Boitzenburg, Dietlof von, 174 Reichstag July 1932, 346 Association of Christian Peasant Unions, Bavarian Rural League (BLB), 269, 286 211 Bechly, Hans, 160, 188, 272 and Hindenburg, 272 Badt, Hermann, 189 and Hitler, 138 Baltrusch, Fritz, 188, 202 Behrens, Franz, 178, 188 banking crisis 1931, 101 Below, Otto von, 209 Bäumer, Gertrud, 154 Bentheim-Treklenburg-Rheda, Albert zu Bausch, Paul election as marshal of DAG, 270 “Was ist Wahrheit?”, 302–3 Berghahn, Volker, 3 Bavaria Bernhard, Walter, 222 and Hindenburg’s election to the Reich Bertram, Cardinal Adolf, Bishop of presidency 1925, 32 Breslau, 210–11 Bavarian Hindenburg Committee, 158, Betz, Anton, 233 232 Bolz, Eugen, 203 civil defense leagues (Einwohnerwehren), Borck, Eldor, 151 159 Bornewasser, Franz Rudolf, Bishop of Trier elections and the Catholic aristocracy, 210 Landtag 1932, 9, 243, 275, 315, 359 Bose, Herbert von, 109 Munich Soviet, 46, 48 Brandi, Ernst, 224, 234 paramilitary Right, 46, 232 and Hindenburg, 221

395

© in this web service Cambridge University Press www.cambridge.org Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02261-4 - Hitler Versus Hindenburg: The 1932 Presidential Elections and the End of the Weimar Republic Larry Eugene Jones Index More information

396 Index

Braun, Otto, 25, 191, 238, 316, 319, 322, and Hugenberg, 68, 73, 105, 120–21, 324, 334 144, 150 and Hindenburg’s candidacy for the meeting August 1931, 122 Reich presidency, 189–90, 212 and industry, 76, 78, 120 and Sahm committee, 177 and national opposition, 105–6, 120–21, Brauweiler, Heinz, 103, 243 130, 134, 136, 144, 150, 203, Bredt, Johann Victor, 134, 336 207–8 Breitscheid, Rudolf, 203 and NSDAP, 137, 149, 203, 207, 344 Briefe nach Ostdeutschland, 218 and Reichswehr, 344 Bruch, Karl, 277 and restoration of monarchy, 61 Brüning cabinet, 4, 8, 62, 64–66, 72–73, and Schleicher, 61, 64, 121, 150, 344, 352 78–79, 82, 86, 90, 94, 96, 101, and SPD, 77, 83–84, 97, 120, 344 108, 116–17, 186, 217, 255, and Westarp, 121 269, 271, 332, 334, 339 and young conservative movement, 63 and agricultural crisis, 67, 74–75 as chancellor and banking crisis 1931, 75–76, 101 agrarian crisis, 74 collapse of Adustrian Credit Institute, appointment as chancellor, 69 75, 101 dissolution of the Reichstag 1930, 70 collapse of Danat-Bank, 76, 101 ﬁscal conservatism, 343 and national opposition, 132 fourth emergency decree, 148 Groener’s resignation as defense minister, government by emergency decree, 73 342 reform agenda, 8, 61, 68–69 reorganization of cabinet October 1931, reorganization of cabinet October 121, 126–29, 134 1931, 128–29 second emergency decree June 1931, resignation, 9, 343 101 use of Article 48, 69, 344 Brüning, Heinrich, 2, 4, 6, 61, 66–67, 84, foreign policy, 345 164, 314, 349, 360 political assets, 62 and 1930 Reichstag elections, 70 Brunswick and 1932 presidential elections, 8–9, and Hitler’s citizenship, 203 205 feud between DNVP and NSDAP, 107 and business community Büchner, Fritz, 233 manifesto of September 1931, 123 Bullock, Alan, 4 and Center Party, 63, 138 Burghart, Georg, 234 and Christian labor movement, 62 Business Party (WP), 36, 71, 92, 117–18, and DNVP, 64, 68–69, 120, 131, 149, 132–34, 185–86, 240, 300, 332, 203 335 and efforts to unite the parties of the and Brüning, 73, 133–34, 186 middle and moderate Right and Hindenburg, 186, 299 1930, 72 defections to DNVP, 152, 186 and German party system, 72, 124 elections and Groener, 150, 341 Reichstag 1928, 72 and Harzburg Front, 133 Reichstag 1930, 277 and Hindenburg, 122, 127, 149, 156, Reichstag July 1932, 346 161, 203, 342 referendum for the dissolution of the campaign for reelection, 207–8, 298 Prussian Landtag, 97–98, 100 parliamentary extension of Hindenburg’s term of ofﬁce, Carolo-Wilhelmina Technical Institute, 142, 144, 149 Brunswick, 159 and Hitler, 73, 131, 138, 144, 147, 150, Catholic Association for National Politics, 208 326

Index 397

Catholic associational life, 211–12 Claß, Heinrich, 34, 106, 263, 327 Association for Catholic Germany, 211 and Harzburg rally, 116 Catholic Workers’ Associations, 211 speech, 114 Catholic conservatism, 102 and Hindenburg, 106, 263 Central Commission of Sports and Physical and Hitler, 262, 285 Hygiene, 214 and Hugenberg, 284 Chamberlain, Houston Stewart, 46, 49 Coalition of Catholic Germans (AKD), 325 charisma, 9–10, 13, 30, 51, 54, 354, 359–61 Combat Bloc Black-White-Red, 241, 251 and Hitler, 51 Communist Party of Germany (KPD), 176, and the 1932 presidential elections, 360–61 190, 251, 274, 322–23, 337–39 as a political construct, 17 and 1932 presidential elections, 190, 205 Christian labor movement, 62–63, 77, 137, visual imagery, 255 213, 216 runoff election and Hindenburg, 37, 187, 209 defection of Thälmann voters to German Trade-Union Federation (DGB), Hitler, 308, 323 63 voting abstention by Thälmann National Association of Farm Workers, voters, 310 178, 188 and SPD, 188, 190, 319, 321 Union of Christian Mine Workers, 187 elections United Federation of Christian Trade Prussian Landtag 1932, 320 Unions (GCG), 187 referendum for the dissolution Christian-National Peasants and Farmers’ of the Prussian Landtag, Party (CNBLP), 71, 74, 92, 101, 103 117, 124–26, 132–33, 154, conservative elites, 7, 357 202, 240, 259, 267–69, 333, and Brüning, 129 335–36 and Hindenburg, 86 and Brüning, 73, 133, 180 and National Socialism, 134 and Hindenburg, 71, 182–83, 300 taming strategy, 86 and national opposition, 132–33 Conservative People’s Party (KVP), 71, 81, and United Hindenburg Committees, 216 181, 335 elections and Hindenburg, 71 Reichstag July 1932, 236 elections Reichstag 1928, 72 Reichstag 1930, 182 referendum for the dissolution of the Cossmann, Paul Nicholas, 233 Prussian Landtag, 98–100 Cramon, August von, 168 secession from the Reichstag, 75, 96, 99 Crispien, Arthur, 248 Christian-Social People’s Service (CSVD), Cuno, Wilhelm, 123, 127, 264 71, 125, 154, 202, 234–35, 240, Curtius, Julius, 122, 127, 223 333, 335 and Brüning, 183, 235 Darmstadt and National Bank, 221 and Christian People’s Service, 234 Darré, R. Walter, 259 and Christian-Social Reich Association, Der Landbürger, 219 234 Der Ring, 236–37 and Hindenburg, 71, 182, 235, 299, 302 Deutsche Handels-Wacht, 272 and Hitler, 302 Diels, Rudolf, 297 and United Hindenburg Committees, Dietrich, Hermann, 128, 217, 229, 238 183, 235 as DStP party chairman, 186, 214 elections Hindenburg campaign Reichstag 1928, 72 ﬁnances, 229–30 referendum for the dissolution of the Dingeldey, Eduard, 98–99, 154, 184, 223, Prussian Landtag, 100 330–32, 335

398 Index

Dingeldey, Eduard (cont.) elections and Brüning, 133 1932 presidential elections and Hindenburg, 184–85 significance in the history of the as DVP party chairman, 224 Weimar Republic, 10 Ditfurth, Wilhelm, 26–27 Reichstag 1928, 73 Dittmann, Wilhelm, 248 Reichstag 1930, 4, 70, 72, 235 Döbrich, Friedrich, 133, 202 state elections Dorpalen, Andreas, 3 Bavarian Landtag 1932, 9 Drewitz, Hermann, 335 Prussian Landtag 1932, 9 Drexler, Anton, 48, 50 Württemberg Landtag 1932, 9 Drumont, Edmond, 46 Epp, Franz von, 170, 196 Duesterberg, Theodor, 89–90, 107, 130, Escherich, Georg, 158, 160, 177 162, 164–65, 195, 219, 241–42, Esser, Hermann, 50 243–44, 263, 265, 267–68, 270, Eulenburg-Hertefeld, Prince Friedrich 275, 278, 286, 300, 303, 305–6, Wend zu, 197 308, 311, 327, 347 Eyck, Erich, 4 and 1932 presidential elections endorsement of Hindenburg, 283–84 Falkenhayn, Erich von, 16 results of first ballot, 274–75, 277 Falter, Jürgen, 308, 311–12 and Harzburg rally, 108 Faulhaber, Michael, bishop of Munich, speech, 114 211 and Hindenburg, 166–67, 169, 241 Feldmann, Otto von, 29 and Hitler, 88, 95, 150 Fischer, Hermann, 154 and Hugenberg, 166, 283 Flick, Friedrich, 228 and NSDAP, 107–8 Forster, Albert, 272 as a candidate for the Reich presidency, Franke, Hans, 291 172–73, 192–93, 195, 220, Free Corps, 48 240–42, 358 Freud, Sigmund, 11 as a German Volksführer, 242 Freudenthal, Berthold, 20 campaign financing, 242 Frick, Wilhelm, 106, 144, 196 lack of financial resources, 242 and Harzburg rally, 113 strategic objective, 278 Friedländer, Saul, 48 withdrawal from the second Friedrich von Berg-Markienen, presidential ballot, 304 174, 270 resignation from the DOB, 284 Friedrich Wilhelm I, King of Prussia, 58 resignation from the VVVD, 284 Füssel, Wilhelm, 152 Duisberg, Carl, 7, 38, 160, 178, 304, 306 as president of the RDI, 79 Gayl, Wilhelm, 22, 30, 342 Hindenburg campaign and Hindenburg’s candidacy 1925, 29 as chairman of the Hindenburg Gereke, Günther, 99, 178, 181, 207, 217, Curatorium, 178 219, 267, 300, 304, 306, 333, finances, 230 336 solitation of contributions from and Brüning government, 180 German industry, 226–27 and CNBLP, 179 and DNVP, 179 Eberhardt, Wilhelm Magnus von, 110 and German Chamber of Rural Ebert, Friedrich, 20–23 Municipalities, 179 Eckener, Hugo, 295 and Schleicher, 306 Eckhart, Dietrich, 50 and United Hindenburg Committees, Einem, Karl von, 174, 206 178–79, 183, 226 and Hindenburg’s candidacy, 167 Hindenburg campaign and Hugenberg, 167 finances, 225

Index 399

German Center Party, 24–25, 36, 60–61, and Duesterberg as a candidate for the 63–65, 67, 71–72, 87–88, 93, Reich presidency, 173, 195 97, 102–3, 105, 118, 126–28, and Harzburg rally, 109, 113, 117 132, 137, 141, 154, 188, 213, and Hindenburg, 26, 28–29, 30–31, 34, 215, 217, 247, 264, 273, 298, 156, 166, 185, 193 314–15, 319, 322–23, 331–33, and Hitler, 171, 173 335, 337–39, 346, 349, 352 and NSDAP, 93, 106, 109, 137, 281 and Brüning, 70, 132, 298 and Schleicher, 355 and Catholic working class, 325 and Stahlhelm, 95, 104, 169, 192, 281, and Hindenburg, 187, 208–9, 299–300 283, 347 and NSDAP, 353 Bavarian Middle Party, 232 and SPD, 325 elections and United Hindenburg Committees, Prussian Landtag 1932, 326, 329–30 182 alliance with Stahlhelm, 192, 243, elections 281, 327 Prussian Landtag 1932, 325 and the NSDAP, 328 and national opposition, 326 financial difficulties, 327 challenge from the Right, 325–26 Reichstag 1928, 40, 72 Reichstag 1928, 72 Reichstag 1930, 91, 235 Reichstag July 1932, 346 Reichstag July 1932, 347 German Chamber of Commerce and Reichstag September 1930, 275 Industry, 123–24 internal crises, 59, 69, 235 German Chamber of Rural Municipalities, secession of party moderates 1929, 60, 178–79, 219 64 German Conservative Party, 180 party finances, 242 German Democratic Party (DDP), 24, referendum for the dissolution of the 70–72, 213 Prussian Landtag, 93, 97, 100, German Lords’ Club (DHK), 80–82, 236 102 and DNVP, 81 Reich Catholic Committee, 102, 325 and Hindenburg, 236 secession from the Reichstag 1931, 75, and June Club, 80 96 German National People’s Party (DNVP), Stettin party congress 1931, 107–8, 126 20–22, 24, 26, 32–33, 35–37, German National Union of Commercial 39–40, 60–61, 64, 67–69, 71– Employees (DHV), 137–38, 74, 81, 84–85, 87, 89–92, 95, 188, 223, 262, 271–72 100, 104–5, 109, 115, 130–31, German Nobles’ Society (DAG), 174, 216, 144, 151, 159, 166–67, 173, 270 178, 224, 241–43, 259, 263, German Officers’ League (DOB), 34, 284 265, 269, 271, 275, 278, 319, German People’s Party (DVP), 20, 23–24, 326, 330, 332, 334–35, 337, 26, 36, 65, 71, 90, 92, 98, 347, 350, 356 117–18, 125, 128, 133–34, 154, and 1932 presidential elections 184, 217, 223–24, 240, 332–35, results of first ballot, 278 337–38 comparison to results in the and Brüning, 125, 184, 223 1930 Reichstag elections and Btüning, 134 East Prussia, 275 and DNVP, 185 Frankfurt an der Oder, 275 and heavy industry, 132 Mecklenburg-Strelitz, 275 and Hindenburg, 28, 71, 185, 299 Potsdam II, 275 and national opposition, 125, 132, 184 stab-in-the-back by ADV, 285 and NSDAP, 185 and Brüning, 69–70, 84, 122, 126, 132 and United Hindenburg Committees, and Dawes Plan, 21, 34 216

400 Index

German People’s Party (DVP) (cont.) campaign for the Reich presidency elections attack on Hindenburg’s Jewish Reichstag 1928, 72 supporters, 248 Reichstag 1930, 276 elections Reichstag July 1932, 346 Prussian Landtag 1932 referendum for the dissolution of the and the Catholic Church, 319 Prussian Landtag, 97–98, 100 Goerdeler, Carl, 328, 350 German Reich Warriors’ Kyffhäuser League and Hindenburg, 221 (DRKB), 155, 157, 163, 173, Goldschmidt, Jakob, 76 270, 272, 348 Goltz, Anna von der, 3 and Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Goltz, Rüdiger von der, 162, 193, 264–65, Reich presidency 1932, 158, 284 163, 169, 173 and Harzburg rally, 116 and Stahlhelm, 163 speech, 115 German Right, 5, 7, 21–23 and Hitler, 284 elections Göring, Hermann, 146, 171–72, 192 Prussian Landtag 1932, 314 and Hindenburg, 140–41 internal divisions, 2, 5, 10, 119 and Hitler, 140, 171–72 referendum for the dissolution of the as Hitler’s political deputy, 140, 171, 198 Prussian Landtag, 103 Görlitz, Walter, 3 strategic objectives, 97 Graßmann, Peter, 214 German State Party (DStP), 71, 124–25, Grimm, Hans, 279–80 155, 185, 215, 217, 230, 237, Groener, Wilhelm, 6, 20, 64, 68, 74, 124, 240, 332–33, 337–38 128, 142, 153, 160, 164, 207, and Brüning, 132 229, 340–42, 348–49 and Hindenburg, 71, 185–86, 214 and Brüning, 342 elections and Hindenburg, 340–41 Reichstag 1928, 72 and Hitler, 141, 143 Reichstag 1930, 276 and Reichswehr, 340 Reichstag July 1932, 346 and Schleicher, 57 German Workers’ Party (DAP), 48, 50 and Weimar Republic, 56 Gessler, Otto, 24, 160, 177 as defense minister, 66 Gilsa, Erich von, 117, 224 and SA ban, 316–17, 322, 344 Glatzel, Frank, 223 appointment, 57 Gleichen, Heinrich von, 80, 82, 236 resignation, 341–42, 344 Goebbels, Joseph, 52, 85, 138, 143, 147, Grzesinski, Alfred, 248 153, 170, 248–51, 312 Guérard, Theodor von, 36 and Brüning, 246 and Harzburg rally, 129 Habermann, Max, 137, 271–72 and Hindenburg, 201, 248, 250 and Brüning, 137 and Hitler, 153, 201, 246, 249, 358 and Hitler, 138 campaign for the Reich presidency, and Strasser, 138 248 Hamann, Brigitte, 42 campaign strategy, 170, 244–45 Hamburg declaration of Hitler’s candidacy, elections 196, 201, 244, 246 Senate 1932, 315 Hitler myth, 249 Hamilton, Richard, 312 and national opposition, 107 Hamm, Eduard, 124 and secession from the Reichstag, 96 Hammerstein-Equord. Kurt von, 121, 340 as NSDAP Reich propaganda leader, 245 meeting with Hitler, 110

Index 401

Hansa-Bund for Commerce, Trade, and Hindenburg, Oskar von, 7, 38, 106, 110, Industry 163, 176, 339, 348, 354–55 manifesto of September 1931, 123 Hindenburg, Paul von, 1–3, 13, 16, 19, 25, Harburg-Wilhelmsburg 30, 37, 105, 120, 352, 354 and campaign for the 1932 presidential and “stab-in-the-back-legend”, 18–19, 45 elections, 299 and 1925 presidential elections, 25–27, 29 Harrer, Karl, 48, 50 and 1932 presidential elections, 1, 3, 8, Harzburg Front, 3, 148, 174, 176, 196, 213, 121, 149, 162, 205–6, 220, 299, 244, 265, 328, 357–58 348, 357 and 1932 presidential elections, 171, 191 results of first ballot, 274, 276 and Brüning cabinet, 134 results of runoff election, 308 Harzburg rally, 4, 115, 117, 119, 123, 129, three pillars of Hindenburg’s camaign, 191, 262 298 preparations, 106–7, 109–10 and ADV, 41, 263 Hauenschild-Tscheidt, Wolfgang, 126, 154, and Brüning, 65–67, 106, 127, 136, 183 148–49, 156–57, 161, 174 Heidigger, Martin, 11 parliamentary extension of Reich Heim, Georg, 160 president’s term of office, 141 Heimsoth, H. G., 297 reorganization of Brüning cabinet Held, Heinrich, 24, 27, 52 October 1931, 127 Hellpach, Willy Hugo, 24–25 and charisma, 10, 15, 17, 30, 53, 86, 357, Hepp, Karl, 74, 99 361 Hergt, Oskar, 20 and conservative elites, 86 Herwegen, Ildefons, abbot of Maria Laach, and defeat of 1918, 16 210 and DHK, 236 Hess, Joseph, 325 and DNVP, 20, 60 Hess, Rudolf, 50, 98 and DRKB, 156–57, 168 Hesse, Hermann, 11 and Duesterberg, 167 Hierl, Konstantin, 113 and German Right, 1–2, 21, 41, 56, 168 Hindenburg campaign and Harzburg Front, 174–75 and appeal to German Protestants, 303 and Hitler, 41, 53, 104, 147, 153, 160, and German press, 230, 232 353, 355 conservative intelligensia meeting with Hitler October 1931, 112 historians’ appeal, 237–38 and Hugenberg, 61, 84, 104, 121, 174 deployment of the Hindenburg myth, and Kaiser Wilhem II, 16 238, 238 and national opposition, 106, 121, 168, finances, 225, 228–29 174 inner discord, 217 and NSDAP, 143 runoff election and Papen, 351, 354 strategic objectives, 276, 308 and paramilitary Right, 33, 157 use of film and radio, 216 and Prussian tradition, 15, 53, 56, 238, visual imagery, 307–8 359 Glass, Franz Paul, 252 and Reichswehr, 56, 340 Goldman, Eric:, 307 and Sahm committee Ivtatejko, Theo, 307 acceptance of nomination for the Reich Riemer, Walter, 307 presidency, 173, 176 Hindenburg myth, 9, 15–17, 20, 30, 32, and Schiele, 67 41, 70–71, 73, 90, 159, 238, and Schleicher, 160, 164–65, 355 249–50, 359 and Stahlhelm, 31, 156–57, 164–65, 168, as the “hero of Tannenberg”, 15–16, 19 172–73, 241

402 Index

Hindenburg, Paul von (cont.) preparations, 110 and Weimar Constitution, 33–34, 41 speech, 114 and Westarp, 60 and Hindenburg, 15, 41, 53, 112, 139, and Wilhem II, 16 146, 150, 358 and World War I, 16 and parliamentary extension of and Young Plan, 34, 64–65 Hindenburg’s term of office, as icon of republican stability, 34, 53 141–47 as Reich president meeting with Hindenburg October dream of national unity, 121 1931, 113 formation of fourth Marx cabinet, 36 open letter to Hindenburg, 246 formation of the Brüning cabinet, 66 and Hugenberg, 88, 94, 104, 106–7, 130, reorganization of national government, 142–43, 146–47, 153, 193 121 and national opposition, 107, 171, 191 celebration of 80th birthday, 37 and non-Nazi Right, 2, 4, 308, 358 parliamentary initiative to extend his term and Papen, 355 of office, 135 and Reichswehr, 50 personal history meeting with Hammerstein-Equord, ement from active political life, 20 110 military career, 16 and Ruhr heavy industry, 197 noble pedigree, 15 and Schleicher, 111, 142, 169, 306, 349 retirement from active political life, 20 and “stab-in-the-back legend,” 45 social pedigree, 41 and Stahlhelm, 92, 104, 244 victory at Tannenberg, 17 and taming strategy, 356, 358 political credo, 18–19 and Weimar Constitution, 152 Hintzmann, Ernst, 177 and women voters, 311 Hirschfeld, Hans, 297 antisemitism, 42–43, 45–46, 48–49, 52 Hitler myth, 9, 43, 50, 359 Jewish-Bolshevik symbiosis, 46–47 Hitler as the prototypical front soldier, 42 racial theory of history, 46 Hitler, Adolf, 1, 10, 13, 22, 52, 162, 192, the Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 47 233, 245, 289 Vienna years, 42–43 and 1932 presidential elections, 291 appointment as chancellor, 1, 5, 9–10, and Hindenburg, 291 355 Hitler as the candidate of national as leader of NSDAP, 50, 52–53, 85 unity, 292 Beer Hall putsch, 21, 51, 53 Hitler campaign propaganda, 291 negotiating tactics, 143, 145, 170, 195 results of first election, 274–76 party’s refounding 1925, 52 runoff election rejection of putschism, 53 defections from the KPD, 310 strategic goals 1931-32, 118 Duesterberg voters, 312 campaign for the Reich presidency, 3–4, results, 308 9, 153, 171, 357–58 and Brüning, 73, 131, 139, 144, 148, and Hindenburg, 247–49 152, 160–61, 306 and SPD, 247 and charisma, 10, 15, 17, 40, 50–52, 361 campaign objectives, 195 and conservative elites, 140, 196, 198, 357 declaration as a candidate, 196 and DAP, 50 Deutschland-Flug, 293, 295 and DNVP, 102, 107 negotiating tactics, 138–39, 145 and Goebbels, 138 political strategy, 139, 153, 170 and Groener, 142, 160 speeches, 318 and Harzburg rally, 110, 113–14, strategic situation, 240 129–30, 135, 358 campaign for the Reich presidency 1932, friction with Stahhelm, 113 220

Index 403

personal history, 42 and Brüning, 88, 104–5, 110, 135, 145, Germany’s military defeat, 45–46 151–52, 161, 163, 357 Landsberg prison, 51 meeting with Brüning, 122 military service, 15 and Center, 97, 279 political comeback, 53 and Claß, 285, 287 postwar Munich, 45–46, 48–49 and DNVP Vienna years, 43 internal dissent over failure to support World War I, 43, 45 Hindenburg, 283 pledge of legality, 52–53, 85, 140, 142, Stettin party congress 1931, 107 196, 306, 344 and Duesterberg, 107, 193 publications and Groener, 163 Der Weg zum Wiederaufstieg, 197 and Harzburg Front, 281, 328, 358 Mein Kampf, 42, 45, 52 and Harzburg rally, 113–14, 130 referendum against the Young Plan, 41, 88 and Hindenburg, 64, 105, 122 referendum for the dissolution of the Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Reich Prussian Landtag, 92–95, 98, 102 presidency, 150–51 speech before the Düsseldorf Industry parliamentary extension of Club, 196, 199–200 Hindenburg’s term of ofﬁce, world view, 45, 48, 52 143, 146 Hoegen, Jesko von, 3 and Hitler, 88, 102, 104–7, 130, 135, Hofmannstahl, Hugo von, 12 143, 146–47, 151–53, 160, 164, Höltermann, Karl, 14, 213, 297 169–71, 193, 195, 241, 278, Horn, Rudolf von, 158, 173, 270–71 280, 283, 328–29 and Hindenburg’s candidacy for the letter of 20 March 1932, 280–81 Reich presidency, 173 and national opposition, 161, 164, 191 and Hugenberg, 163 and NSDAP, 108, 110, 135, 145, 191, and Schleicher, 155, 163 279–80 and Stahlhelm, 164–65 and paramilitary Right, 166 Hubatsch, Walther, 3 and referendum against the Young Plan, Hugenberg, Alfred, 6, 41, 60–61, 64, 66, 41 69, 71, 73–74, 81, 84, 87, and Reusch, 327 89–90, 95, 102, 104–5, 107–10, and RLB, 287 112, 114, 118–19, 130–31, 137, and Ruhr heavy industry 142, 146, 155, 162, 167, 178, challenge for leadership of DNVP, 191, 193, 236, 242–43, 263, 287–88 265, 271, 285, 300, 327, and Schleicher, 135, 162, 169 330–32, 347, 350, 355–56, 358 and spirit of Harzburg, 151 1932 presidential elections and spring 1932 elections, 279, 283 instructions to abstain in the the second and Stahlhelm, 93, 95, 104, 108, 161, round of voting, 280, 284 166, 242, 282–83, 327 strategic situation, 240 and the ﬁght against Marxism, 114 and Harzburg rally, 113 as DNVP party chairman, 40, 59, 88, and 1932 presidential elections, 206 126, 179, 181, 347, 356 and Duesterberg, 275 election, 59, 180 implications for future political course, as putative leader of the national 278 opposition, 105 instructions for the second round of elections voting, 280, 283–84 Prussian Landtag 1932, 329–30 proposal to cancel the runoff election, and middle parties, 288, 329–30 279–80 and NSDAP, 328–29 and ADV, 40, 285, 287, 327 press empire, 231

404 Index

Hugenberg, Alfred (cont.) and Harzburg rally referendum against the Young Plan, 41 speech, 114 referendum for the dissolution of the and Hindenburg, 218, 266 Prussian Landtag, 93–95 and Hitler, 266–67, 285 search for a unity candidate of the Kapler, Hermann, 234, 303 national opposition for the Kapp, Wolfgang, 22 Reich presidency, 192 Kardorff, Siegfried von, 223, 334 Hülser, Gustav, 302, 335 Kastl, Ludwig, 79 Kautsky, Karl, 189 I. G. Farben, 304–5 Kempner, Franz, 176–78, 226, 229 Imbusch, Heinrich, 187, 389 and United Hindenburg Committees, industry 177–78 and Brüning, 77, 120 Kershaw, Ian, 4, 10, 42 and Harzburg rally, 116 Keyserlingk, Robert, 285 and Hindenburg campaign, 227 Kirdorf, Emil, 197–98, 200 and Hitler, 198 Klein, Fritz, Sr., 159, 230–31 and the purchase of Neudeck for Klotz, Helmuth, 297 Hindenburg, 38 Der Fall Röhm, 297 Gelsenkirchen Mining Corporation, 197, Ehren-Rangliste, 297 228 Körner alt, Theodor, 268, 287 HAPAG Shipping Lines, 123 Krosigk, Lutz Schwerin von, 355 I. G. Farben, 38 Krupp von Bohlen und Halbach, Gustav, ﬁnancial support for Hindenburg, 79, 181, 226, 228, 231, 305, 331 227 ﬁnancial support for Hindenburg, 227–28 Osram Electrical Works, 228 Ruhr heavy industry Lambach, Walther, 236 and bourgeois consolidation, 71 Landsberg-Steinfurt, Engelbert von, 160 Langnamverein, 78 League Bavaria and Reich, 232 Ruhr industrial elite Leipart, Theodor, 324 press policy, 233 and Sahm committee, 177, 189 United Steel Works, 78, 221, 228 Lemmer, Ernst, 154 Iron Front, 213–14 Lersner, Kurt von, 161–62 Levetzow, Magnus von, 139 James, Harold, 5 Liebenfels, Lanz von, 43 Jarres, Karl, 23–24, 30, 160, 177 List, Guido, 43 as a candidate for the Reich presidency Litzmann, Karl, 249 1925, 25–28, 31 Loebell Committee, 25–26 Jaspers, Karl, 11 Loebell, Friedrich von, 23, 25, 28, 30 June Club, 81 and Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Jung, Carl Gustav, 11 Reich presidency 1925, 29 Jung, Edgar Julius, 52 Lossau, Georg, 326 and Harzburg rally, 109 Ludendorff, Erich, 16 Lüninck, Ferdinand von, 102 Kaas, Ludwig, 97, 105, 186, 351 and Harzburg rally, 117 and Hindenburg, 209 Lüninck, Hermann von, 164, 193 Kaiser, Hermann, 152 and Harzburg rally, 117 Kaiser, Jakob, 209 Luther, Hans, 82, 116 Kalckreuth, Eberhard von, 74, 162, 219, Luther, Martin, 303 265, 267–69, 286–87, 342 Lutheran Church, 234, 303 and 1932 presidential elections, 266 Lutheran Supreme Church Council, 234, and Duesterberg, 266 303

Index 405

Mackensen, August von, 168, 174, 206 224, 237, 240–41, 263–65, 270, and Harzburg rally, 109 277, 284, 314–16, 328, 335–36, and Hindenburg, 167, 221 346–48, 358 and Hitler, 284 and Harzburg rally, 130 and VVVD, 284 National Political Alliance, 218 Mahnken, Heinrich von, 106 National Rural League (RLB), 8, 67, 74, Mahraun, Artur, 160 114, 162, 179, 218, 265–70, and Hindenburg, 153, 185 272, 286, 342 Mann, Thomas, 11 and 1932 presidential elections Marcks, Erich, 237 conflict over endorsement of Hitler, 285 Mariaux, Franz, 109 election appeal for the first round of Marx, Wilhelm, 24, 32, 37, 40, 67 voting, 285 as a candidate for the Reich presidency endorsement of Hitler for the second 1925, 25–28, 31–32, 210 ballot, 286–87 as chancellor, 36–37, 40 opposition to Hindenburg as a candidate as Reich chancellor, 36 for the Reich presidency, 183, 219 Mayr, Karl, 46 and CNBLP, 132 Meinecke, Friedrich, 237 and Duesterberg, 219, 266 Meinhardt, Wilhelm, 228 and Harzburg rally, 109, 265 Meissner, Otto, 64, 112, 145, 154–55, 161– and Hitler, 219, 266 62, 167, 172–73, 177, 185, 206, and national opposition, 75 225, 339, 348, 354–55 and NSDAP, 265 and DNVP, 144 and Schleicher, 355 and Hitler, 145 break with the Brüning cabinet, 217 and proposal to cancel the runoff election, leadership change 1930, 74 279 National Socialist German Workers’ Party Mendelssohn, Franz von (NSDAP), 5, 9, 40, 49–50, 72–73, financial support for Hindenburg, 228 75, 83, 85, 87–88, 92–93, 95, Michael, Horst, 234, 237, 303 99–100, 106, 108–9, 112, 130, and Hindenburg as a chandidate for the 136–38, 141, 145, 150, 166, 170, Reich presidency, 216 185, 192, 196, 236, 242, 244, Lutheran theology, 304 248–49, 253, 258, 260, 263–65, Mommsen, Hans., 4 267, 272–73, 294, 297, 306, Morocowicz, Elard von 311–12, 326, 328, 333, 335–40, and “Fürstenwald Hate Declaration”, 90 342, 344, 346–47, 353, 355, Müller, Hermann, 40, 64–66 358–59, 361, 375–76, 391 Twenty-Five Point Program, 50, 52 National Committee for the German Agrarian Political Apparatus, 259 Referendum and 1932 presidential elections, 170, 206, and Hitler, 88 241, 247 and struggle against Young Plan, 88 and KPD, 245 National Federation of German Industry and SPD, 245 (RDI), 8, 38, 77–78, 123, 178, campaign against Hindenburg, 246 226 campaign strategy, 245 National Federation of the German circulation of propaganda, 299 Artisanry, 262 control of public space, 299 National Front of German Estates, 335 response to defeat in the first ballot, 289 national opposition, 4, 9–10, 75, 88, 93, 95, runoff election, 291 98–99, 104–6, 108–12, 117, strategic objectives, 280, 289, 291, 308 123, 127, 129–30, 134, 136, and Brüning, 111, 139, 146, 298, 342 141–42, 155, 171–72, 184, 217, and Center, 353

406 Index

National Socialist German Workers’ Party Reich Propaganda Leadership (RPL), (NSDAP) (cont.) 245–46, 248, 250–51 and DHV, 272 and 1932 presidential elections and DNVP, 106, 109 campaign propaganda, 243, 250 and Duesterberg, 244 conduct of Hitler’s campaign, 245 and Harzburg rally, 109–10, 113, 117, pamphlets 129–30 Dagobert Dürr, Adolf Hitler, der and Hindenburg, 153 deutsche Arbeiter und Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Reich Frontsoldat, 251 presidency, 156 Tatsachen und Lügen um Hitler, 251 parliamentary extension of secession from the Reichstag, 75, 96 Hindenburg’s term of ofﬁce, 152 SS (Schutzstaffel der NSDAP), 316–17 and National Committee for the German Storm Detachments (SA), 316–17 Referendum, 88 and Harzburg rally, 109 and national opposition, 88, 107, 147 raid by Prussian state police, 317 and non-Nazi Right, 9, 88, 107, 244, 358 Naumann, Friedrich, 360 and search for a unity candidate for the Neurath, Konstantin von, 355 Reich presidency, 192 Neven DuMont, Kurt, 159, 230 and Stahlhelm, 92, 95, 104, 129 newspapers Department of Economic Policy (WPA), 261 Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitung, 120, 159, elections 230–31, 234 Hessian Landtag 1931, 138 Frankischer Kurier, 305 Prussian Landtag 1932, 316 Fränkischer Kurier, 232 and Center, 318–19 Kölnische Zeitung, 159, 230 and DNVP, 319 Münchner Neueste Nachrichten, 232, 234 and KPD, 319 and Hindenburg’s candidacy, 233 and SPD, 318 Rheinisch-Westfälische Zeitung, 234 and Stahlhelm, 319 Vorwärts, 211 appeal to the civil service, 320 North German Wool Carding and Worsted appeal to the farmer, 320 Spinning Company appeal to the peasantry, 319 and collapse of Danat-Bank 1931, 76 appeal to the worker, 319 Noske, Gustav, 160 campaign strategy, 318 November Revolution, 2, 23, 32, 46–47, 56 Reichstag 1928, 53, 72 NSDAP campaign Reichstag 1930, 91 Franke, Heinz Reichstag November 1932, 354 Warum Hindenburg?, 250 state elections April 1932, 9, 348 Hitler campaign Oldenburg-Januschau, Elard von, 37–38, appeals to farmers, 259 174, 288, 332, 342 appeals to urban middle class, 261–62 and Hindenburg, 174 appeals to women, 292 and Hugenberg, 97, 288 campaign strategy, 243, 250, 276 purchase of Neudeck for Hindenburg, visual imagery, 251–52, 255 37–38 Albrecht, Felix, 255, 259 Oncken, Hermann, 160 Flechtner, Otto, 252 Oskar, Prince of Prussia Hitler as the last hope of the German and Harzburg rally, 109 people, 255 Otte, Bernhard, 188 Schweitzer, Hans Herbert/Mjölnir, 252 referendum for the dissolution of the Pan-German League (ADV), 34, 40, 106, Prussian Landtag, 92–93, 95, 114, 262–63, 265, 284–86, 327 97–98, 100, 102 and 1932 presidential elections, 284

Index 407

endorsement of Hitler in the runoff Reich Association of German Industry election, 285 (RDI), 78–80 and DNVP, 35 Reich Banner Black-Red-Gold, 213, 230, and Duesterberg, 284 340 and Harzburg rally, 109 and SPD, 213 and Hindenburg, 34–35, 41, 106 Reich Bloc, 25–30 and Hitler, 284 Reich Citizens’ Council, 23 and Locarno, 35 and Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Papen, Franz von, 351–52, 354–55, 357 Reich presidency 1925, 29 and Center Party, 351–52 Reich School Bill, 40 and formation of the Hitler cabinet, 355 Reichswehr, 6, 8, 25, 46, 57, 110, 306, 340, and Hindenburg, 351 344, 354 and Hitler, 355 accommodation to the Republic, 56 and NSDAP, 353 and Brüning, 120 paramilitary Right, 7, 22, 24, 32, 88–89, and Hitler, 50 165, 271, 347 and threat of a SA coup, 296 and Hindenburg, 35 leadership People’s Bloc (Volksblock), 25, 210 aversion to modernity, 56 People’s Conservative Association (VKV), Leipzig trial of three junior officers, 140 82, 100, 125, 154, 185 Reichswehr leadership and Brüning, 132 and Hindenburg, 306 and Hindenburg, 182, 299 reparations, 84, 127 and Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Reusch, Paul, 79, 177, 305, 327, 331 Reich presidency, 183 and Bavarian conservative press, 232 referendum for the dissolution of the and Brüning, 79 Prussian Landtag, 100 and Frankischer Kurier, 305 People’s Justice Party, 300 and Gilsa, 117 and Hindenburg, 300 and Hindenburg, 221, 227, 232 People’s National Reich Association (VNR), and Hitler, 233, 305 202 and Hugenberg, 287 and Brüning, 132 and Münchner Neuste Nachrichten, 233 and Hindenburg’s candidacy for the and Schacht, 116 Reich presidency, 185 Rhenish Peasants’ League, 193 Philipps University, Marburg, 159 Ribbentrop, Joachim von, 355 Planck, Erwin, 84 Ring Movement, 63 Planck, Max, 160 Röhm purge, 53 Pomeranian Rural League, 74 Röhm, Ernst, 85 Prussia homosexuality as a campaign issue, 297 elections Rohr-Demmin, Hansjoachim von, 74 Landtag 1932, 9, 243, 275, 314–15, 359 Rosenberg, Alfred, 46, 50, 302 referendum for the dissolution of the Ruge, Wolfgang, 3 Prussian Landtag 1931, 93–95, Ruhr heavy industry, 77, 128, 225, 234 100–3 and Brüning, 79–80, 128 Pünder, Hermann, 69, 158, 207, 229, 341 and Deutsche Allgemene Zeitung, 231 Pyta, Wolfram, 3 and Hugenberg, 287, 327 and NSDAP, 199 Quaatz, Reinhold, 144, 171, 347 and RDI, 78–79 economic difficulties, 227 Rees, Laurence, 10 Langnamverein, 78 Reetsma, Philipp Ruhrlade, 79 financial support for Hindenburg, 228, 306 taming strategy, 85

408 Index

Sachsenberg, Gotthard, 117 and Hugenberg, 61, 110, 136, 160–62, Sahm committee, 154–55, 176–77, 272 164, 169 and the Hindenburg myth, 159 and meeting between Hindenburg and petition in support of Hindenburg as a Hitler, 112 candidate for the Reich and national opposition, 136, 141 presidency, 160 and NSDAP, 85, 354 Sahm, Heinrich, 154, 158–60, 173, 178, SA ban, 340 207, 231 taming strategy, 85, 139–40, 205, 340, and Sahm committee, 154, 158, 177 342, 344, 348–50 and Stahlhelm, 155 and Papen, 351, 354 and the paramilitary Right, 155 and paramilitary Right, 58, 155, 163 Salm-Horstmar, Prince Otto zu, 123, 127, and political strategy 263 Brüning cabinet, 83–84 Schacht, Hjalmar, 7 and rapprochement between Brüning and and Harzburg rally, 114–17 Hitler, 136 speech, 114–16 and Sahm, 158 and Hitler, 115 and Sahm committee, 155 and Reusch, 115–16 and socialist labor movement, 354 Schäffer, Fritz, 187 and SPD, 59 Schäffer, Hans, 352 and Stahlhelm, 150, 163–64, 169 Scheer, Reinhard, 121 and Treviranus, 60 Scheubner-Richter, Max Erwin von, 46, 50 and young conservative movements, 80 Schiele, Martin, 8, 33, 66–67, 69, 75, 124, government by presidential decree, 8 128, 132, 267 military career, 57 and RLB, 74 political strategy, 58, 60–61, 64, 67, 69, as minister of agriculture, 74–75 306, 352 Schlange-Schöningen, Hans, 207 Schmidt-Hannover, Otto, 105, 165, 171, 330 and Hindenburg, 27 and Harzburg rally dismissal as Reich Commissar for Eastern preparations, 109 Relief, 345 and Hindenburg, 27 efforts to create a united bourgeois front and Stahlhelm, 165, 243 (fall 1931), 124–25 Schmidt-Pauli, Edgar, 326 rural resettlement, 343 Scholz, Ernst, 61, 65, 128 Schleicher, Kurt von, 6, 8, 61, 64, 74, 80, Schorlemer, Wilhelm von, 326 82, 84, 110, 121, 135, 138, Schroeder, Kurt von, 355 140–41, 148, 150, 162, 229, Schulte, Karl, bishop of Cologne, 211 339–42, 344, 348–52, 354 Schwertfeger, Bernhard, 299 and 1932 presidential elections, 205 Seeckt, Hans von 1931, 25, 117 and Brüning, 61, 64, 83, 122–23, 136, Seisser, Hermann von, 158 162, 203, 344–45 Seldte, Franz, 88–90, 98, 130, 162, 164–65, and DHK, 80 171, 243, 355 and DNVP, 59, 111 and Harzburg rally and DRKB, 163 speech, 114 and German Right, 59 and Hindenburg, 157 and Gleichen, 83 and Hitler, 95, 150 and Groener, 57, 341, 344 and Hugenberg, 157, 193, 283 and Hindenburg, 59, 111, 306–7, 355 referendum for the dissolution of the Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Reich Prussian Landtag 1931, 91, 95 presidency, 155 Severing, Carl, 84, 229, 296, 316–17, 319, and Hitler, 111, 136, 138, 141–43, 195, 322, 324, 334 306, 349, 353 and Hugo Eckener, 189

Index 409

and NSDAP, 229 alliance with the DNVP 1932, 243 exposure of alleged SA coup, 296 and “Fürstenwald Hate Declaration”, 90 Hindenburg campaign and 1932 presidential elections, 206 finances, 229 failure to support Duesterberg, 277 Sieber, Karl Heinrich, 99 instructions to abstain in the second Siemens, Carl Friedrich von, 226, 305, 331 round of voting, 282, 284 financial support for Hindenburg, 227–28 results of first ballot Simons, Walter, 178, 303 implications for future political Simpfendörfer, Wilhelm, 154, 202, 235–36, course, 278 302 strategic situation, 240 Social Democratic Party of Germany (SPD), and DNVP, 94, 151, 275, 282, 347 25, 32, 40, 47, 60, 64–67, 69– abrogation of alliance for the 1932 71, 73, 77, 80, 83, 88, 91, 93, Prussian Landtag elections, 283 97, 121, 140–41, 177, 191, 213, and Duesterberg’s nomination as a 215, 217, 238, 247, 255, 264, candidate for the Reich 296, 298, 314–16, 323, 333, presidency, 192, 195 337–40, 356 and DVP, 90 and 1932 presidential elections, 84, 182, and Harzburg Front, 358 188, 205 and Harzburg rally, 109, 113, 117, and Brüning, 73, 132, 321, 344 129–30 and fears of a Hitler victory, 296 and Hindenburg, 30, 33–35, 150, 157, and Hindenburg, 296, 321 165, 172, 191, 241–42 Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Reich celebration of Hindenburg’s 80th presidency, 178, 190, 211–12, birthday, 38 214 critique of failure to remove Brüning as and KPD, 188, 190, 214 chancellor, 241 and the Reichswehr, 36 Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Reich elections presidency, 158, 159, 165–66, Prussian Landtag 1932, 323, 325 172 appeals to small farmers, 324 and Hindenburg’s candidacy 1932, 169 defense of the republic, 324 and Hitler, 91, 95, 108, 150, 172, 241 Reichstag 1928, 40 and Hugenberg, 90, 104, 108, 192 Reichstag 1930, 276 and NSDAP, 92, 94, 98, 107, 117, 151, logic of the lesser evil, 189, 211, 321 192, 244 socialist labor movement, 230, 324 and Sahm committee, 155 and Hindenburg as a candidate for the and Schleicher, 169 Reich presidency, 213 and Young German Order, 31 General German Trade-Union Federation efforts to unite the German Right, 87–88, (ADGB), 188, 213–14 91–93, 95–96, 103, 108 and 1932 presidential elections, 188 elections crisis conference April 1932, 324 Prussian Landtag 1932 Spahn, Martin, 280 alliance with DNVP, 193, 281–82 Spengler, Oswald, 11 in Bavaria, 232 Springorum, Fritz, 77–79, 305, 331–32 political strategy and Hindenburg, 221, 227 Hinein in die Politik, 90 stab-in-the-back legend, 18–19, 45, 47 referendum against Young Plan, 157 effect on political legitimacy of the referendum for the dissolution of the Weimar Republic, 19 Prussian Landtag 1931, 91–100, Stahlhelm, 96, 102–3, 106, 108–9, 151, 103 192, 236, 241–42, 272, 282, reform of Weimar Constitution, 92 319, 326, 347, 358 strategic goal 1931-32, 117

410 Index

Stegerwald, Adam, 62–63, 67, 124, 128, and young conservative intelligentsia, 236 187, 209, 324, 343 Bavarian Hindenburg Committee, 232 Stephani, Franz von, 244 ﬁnances, 230, 304, 306 Strasser, Gregor, 52, 88–89, 106, 138, 199 organization, 215 and Harzburg rally, 113 steering committee, 178 Strasser, Otto, 52 strategic objectives, 304, 305 Stresemann, Gustav, 20, 24, 26, 31, 34–35, United Patriotic Leagues (VVVD), 92, 115, 40, 55, 90, 360 162, 193, 262, 264–65, 284–85 and Hindenburg’s candidacy for the and Harzburg rally, 109 Reich presidency 1925, 25, 28 endorsement of Hitler in the runoff Sybel, Heinrich von, 99, 117 election, 284, 286

Thälmann, Ernst, 320 Veidt, Karl, 335 and 1932 presidential elections Vielmetter, Johannes results of the ﬁrst ballot, 274 ﬁnancial support for Hindenburg, 228 runoff election Vögler, Albert, 78 results, 308 and Hindenburg, 227 as candidate for the Reich presidency, 191, 321–23 Wagener, Otto, 261 attack on the SPD as an ally of the and the conquest of the middle class, 261 NSDAP, 322 NSDAP social and economic plan, 261 Thiel, Otto, 223 Wagner, Siegfried, 59, 92, 136, 151, 172 Thule Society, 48 and Hindenburg’s candidacy for the Thuringian Rural League (TLB), 269, 286 Reich presidency, 165 rejection of Hitler’s candidacy, 286 and Harzburg rally, 109 Thyssen, Fritz, 198 Warmbold, Hermann, 128 and Harzburg rally, 116 Weber, August, 124, 203 and Hitler, 198, 200 Weber, Hugo, 152 invitation to speak at the Düsseldorf Weber, Max Industry Club, 199 Politics as a Vocation, 360 and Hugenberg, 152 on charisma, 13–14 and the creation of a united national switchmen of history, 6 front, 198 typology of political legitimation, 14 Treviranus, G. R., 60, 64, 68, 128, 144 Weber, Thomas, 43, 45 Wegener, Leo, 106, 170, 347 Ulbrich, Else, 236 Weimar Constitution, 1, 31, 52, 61, 66, 70, United Hindenburg Committees, 178–79, 80, 87, 96, 136, 322, 344, 355 181–82, 205–8, 214–16, 219, Article 41, 141, 144 225, 238, 240, 251, 267, 277, Article 48, 61, 64, 66, 70, 72, 80, 322, 344 279, 298, 300, 302, 304, 306–7 Weimar political culture and German agricultural community, 217 conservative revolution, 12 and Hindenburg as a candidate for the feeling of anomie, 13 Reich presidency, 215 longing for spiritual regeneration, 12 and Hindenburg as a man of faith, 301 longing for Volksgemeinschaft, 12 and Hitler, 301 messianic impulse, 12–13 and Hitler campaign, 299 sense of cultural despair, 11 and Lutheran Church, 234, 303 Weimar Republic and NSDAP, 301 economic crisis, 8 and propaganda, 215 foreign policy and runoff campaign for the Reich collapse of the German-Austrian presidency, 295 customs union project, 122

Index 411

Dawes Plan, 21, 356 referendum for the dissolution of Prussian Lausanne conference 1932, 345, 350 Landtag, 100 Locarno, 34–35 taming strategy, 85 Rhineland Wildung, Fritz evacuation of Allied troops 1930, 55 and Iron Front, 214 Young Plan, 40, 60–61, 64–65, 88, Wilhelm II, Kaiser, 16, 121 115, 157, 263–64, 330 opposition to Crown Prince Wilhelm’s paralysis of parliamentary institutions, 8 candidacy for the Reich political deligitimation, 10 presidency, 290 political paralysis, 56 Wilhelm, Crown Prince of Prussia reparations, 40 and Hitler, 290 systemic breakdown, 6 and NSDAP, 290 Weitz, Eric, 4 and the German Right, 289–90 Wels, Otto as a candidate for the Reich presidency, and Iron Front, 214 282, 289 Wendhausen, Albrecht, 75, 99 Willikens, Werner, 265 and Harzburg rally, 117 Willisen, Friedrich Wilhelm von, 64 Werdermann, Oskar, 109 Wilmowsky, Tilo von, 178, 183, 331–32 Westarp, Kuno von, 32, 36, 125–26, 154, Winckler, Friedrich, 29, 32 178, 180–81, 207, 217, 300, Winkler, Heinrich August, 4, 189 304, 306, 312, 331, 333, 335 Winterfeld, Detlof von and Brüning, 181 and United Hindenburg Committees, 178 and DNVP, 41, 180–81 Wirth, Joseph, 62, 67–68 and Hindenburg, 154, 202, 350 Württemberg Hindenburg campaign, 183, 216, 219, elections 221 Landtag 1932, 9, 243, 275, 315, 359 meeting with Hindenburg January Württemberg Burgher Party (WP), 315 1930, 60 Württemberg Peasants and Wine-Growers’ petition for Hindenburg, 181–82, 220, League (WBWB), 268–69, 286, 268 315 and Hitler, 301 and Hugenberg, 181 Young German Order, 24, 31, 71, 153, 160, and KVP, 181 207, 210 and National Polical Alliance, 218 and Hindenburg, 32–33 and NSDAP, 100 celebration of Hindenburg’s eightieth and Prussian conservatism, 180 birthday, 38 and Sahm committee, 181 and United Hindenburg Committees, 216 and United Hindenburg Committees, 178–79, 217 Zechlin, Walter, 207