Historical Aquaculture in Northern Europe
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Historical Aquaculture in Northern Europe Historical AQUACULTURE NORTHERN IN EUROPE How were fishponds introduced, farmed and spread in Scandinavia and the Baltic Region in early modern times? What was their economic, social and religious importance? Which fish species were significant and why? This book uncovers a long, now broken, tradition that barely left traces in the written record or physical environment. Its broad and multidisciplinary scope highlights the situation from medieval times until the late nineteenth century. Besides Scandinavia and the Baltic States, insights from England are also introduced. Several socio-cultural domains have been identified: late medieval monastic fishponds; late medieval aristocratic fish- ponds associated with castles and manors; seventeenth and Bonow, Olsén & Svanberg Bonow, eighteenth century ponds rectory ponds as well as urban ponds from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century. Edited by Madeleine Bonow Håkan Olsén Ingvar Svanberg Distribution: Södertörns högskola www.sh.se/publications [email protected] Historical Aquaculture in Northern Europe Historical Aquaculture in Northern Europe Edited by Madeleine Bonow Håkan Olsén and Ingvar Svanberg Södertörn University The Library SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications © The authors Cover image: Pond Crucian Carp (Dammruda) from Mörkö, illustrated by Wilhelm von Wright and taken from Skandinaviens fiskar: målade efter lefvande exemplar och ritade på sten Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner, 1836–1857 Cover: Jonathan Robson Graphic Form: Per Lindblom & Jonathan Robson Printed by Elanders, Stockholm 2016 Research Report 2016:1 ISBN 978–91–87843–62–4 Contents Preface ............................................................................................................................................. 9 Introduction ................................................................................................................................. 11 Ornamental fishponds ......................................................................................................... 13 The future of cyprinid culture ............................................................................................ 16 CHAPTER 1 – James Bond Fishponds in the Monastic Economy in England .................................................................. 29 Fish in the monastic diet ...................................................................................................... 30 The chronology of monastic fishponds ............................................................................. 32 Monastic precinct fishponds: layout and form ................................................................ 35 Fishponds on monastic manors and granges ................................................................... 39 Stocking and management of ponds .................................................................................. 41 Fish-houses and associated buildings ................................................................................ 43 Amenity and symbolism ...................................................................................................... 44 Excavated monastic fishponds ............................................................................................ 45 The monastic contribution to fish farming ...................................................................... 46 Monastic fishponds after the dissolution .......................................................................... 48 CHAPTER 2 – Stanisław Cios The History of Aquaculture in Poland .................................................................................... 59 Carp culture ........................................................................................................................... 59 Changes in pond culture ...................................................................................................... 64 Crucian carp culture ............................................................................................................. 66 Trout culture ......................................................................................................................... 68 CHAPTER 3 – Erik Hofmeister From Carp to Rainbow Trout Freshwater Fish Production in Denmark .......................... 77 The Danish monasteries and carp ...................................................................................... 78 Fish farming in the early modern period (1500–1800s) ................................................. 79 Destruction and prosperity ................................................................................................. 82 Decline of common and crucian carp farming ................................................................ 83 Modern fish farming ............................................................................................................. 83 The Danes’ taste for freshwater fish ................................................................................... 84 CHAPTER 4 – Madeleine Bonow and Ingvar Svanberg Historical Pond-Breeding of Cyprinids in Sweden and Finland .......................................... 89 Early evidence ........................................................................................................................ 90 Monastic pond-culture ......................................................................................................... 92 Fish taxa kept in the ponds .................................................................................................. 93 After the reformation ........................................................................................................... 97 Fishponds in manorial culture ............................................................................................ 98 Rectory fishponds.................................................................................................................. 99 Urban fishponds .................................................................................................................. 101 Construction and management of ponds ........................................................................ 103 Farmed fish for food ........................................................................................................... 105 The end of an era ................................................................................................................. 106 A renewed interest in aquaculture .................................................................................... 108 Final remarks ....................................................................................................................... 110 CHAPTER 5 – Anne Karin Hufthammer and Dagfinn Moe Fishponds and Aquaculture in Historical Times in Norway .............................................. 121 Carp and crucian carp in Norway .................................................................................... 122 Zooarchaeological evidence ............................................................................................... 124 Ponds and lakes ................................................................................................................... 127 CHAPTER 6 – Madeleine Bonow, Stanisław Cios and Ingvar Svanberg Fishponds in the Baltic States Historical Cyprinid Culture in Estonia, Latvia and Lithuania ............................................................................................. 139 The monasteries .................................................................................................................. 140 City ponds ............................................................................................................................ 141 Manorial pond culture during Swedish rule ................................................................... 142 Fishponds at Estonian and Livonian manors after 1710 ............................................... 144 Carp ponds on Lithuanian estates .................................................................................... 145 Modernisation of aquaculture ........................................................................................... 147 CHAPTER 7 – James Bond The Increase of those Creatures that are Bred and Fed in the Water Fishponds in England and Wales .................................................................... 157 The investigation of fishponds .......................................................................................... 158 The terminology of medieval fishing and fishponds ..................................................... 159 Edible freshwater fish in medieval Britain ...................................................................... 160 The origins of artificial fishponds in Britain ................................................................... 162 Royal fishponds ................................................................................................................... 163 Episcopal fishponds ............................................................................................................ 165 Baronial and manorial fishponds ..................................................................................... 166 The construction of fishponds .......................................................................................... 167 The size and form of medieval fishpond