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The Diplomatic Battle for the United States, 1914-1917
ACQUIRING AMERICA: THE DIPLOMATIC BATTLE FOR THE UNITED STATES, 1914-1917 Presented to The Division of History The University of Sheffield Fulfilment of the requirements for PhD by Justin Quinn Olmstead January 2013 Table of Contents Introduction 1: Pre-War Diplomacy 29 A Latent Animosity: German-American Relations 33 Britain and the U.S.: The Intimacy of Attraction and Repulsion 38 Rapprochement a la Kaiser Wilhelm 11 45 The Set Up 52 Advancing British Interests 55 Conclusion 59 2: The United States and Britain's Blockade 63 Neutrality and the Declaration of London 65 The Order in Council of 20 August 1914 73 Freedom of the Seas 83 Conclusion 92 3: The Diplomacy of U-Boat Warfare 94 The Chancellor's Challenge 96 The Chancellor's Decision 99 The President's Protest 111 The Belligerent's Responses 116 First Contact: The Impact of U-Boat Warfare 119 Conclusion 134 4: Diplomatic Acquisition via Mexico 137 Entering the Fray 140 Punitive Measures 145 Zimmerman's Gamble 155 Conclusion 159 5: The Peace Option 163 Posturing for Peace: 1914-1915 169 The House-Grey Memorandum 183 The German Peace Offer of 1916 193 Conclusion 197 6: Conclusion 200 Bibliography 227 Introduction Shortly after war was declared in August 1914 the undisputed leaders of each alliance, Great Britain and Gennany, found they were unable to win the war outright and began searching for further means to secure victory; the fonnation of a blockade, the use of submarines, attacking the flanks (Allied attacks in the Balkans and Baltic), Gennan Zeppelin bombardment of British coastal towns, and the diplomatic search for additional allies in an attempt to break the stalemate that had ensued soon after fighting had commenced. -
“Ełk - a History Driven by Trains” - Exhibition Scenario
“Ełk - a history driven by trains” - Exhibition Scenario Date: June - October 2019 Historical Museum in Ełk, ul. Wąski Tor 1 1. “Long Middle Ages” The settlement, out of which Ełk developed, was founded in 1425 near a guardhouse built around 1398 - later to become a castle. The inhabitants lived according to the rhythm of the changing seasons. People of the Middle Ages were dependent on nature. Existence was conditioned by favourable (or not) natural factors such as good harvest or famine, floods, fires, and severe winters. People lived in constant fear of potential epidemics or diseases resulting from malnutrition or poor hygiene. No machines existed to improve tillage. The economy depended on the strength of human and animal muscles. Faith in miracles and supernatural powers was widespread. The end of the Middle Ages is traditionally marked in the second half of the 15th century. The events that would give rise to a new era included the invention of printing in 1452 and the fall of Constantinople in 1453. However, did these factors influence the life of the inhabitants of Ełk and Prussia (in which the town was located at the time)? People kept using the same tools and animals in farming. The population was constantly at risk of hunger and diseases, about which almost nothing was known and for which practically no medicines existed. Historic turning points, such as the invention of printing, only impacted the lives of the few elite of society in those times. The average person lived the same way in the year 1400 as in 1700. -
Hitler Versus Hindenburg: the 1932 Presidential Elections and the End of the Weimar Republic Larry Eugene Jones Index More Information
Cambridge University Press 978-1-107-02261-4 - Hitler Versus Hindenburg: The 1932 Presidential Elections and the End of the Weimar Republic Larry Eugene Jones Index More information Index Abegg, Wilhelm, 124, 297 Bavarian Middle Party, 232 Adolf Friedrich Duke of Mecklenburg, 121 Bavarian People’s Party (BVP), 24, 27, 36, Alvensleben, Bodo von, 81, 236 154, 159, 298, 315, 323, 338, Anhalt 315 346, 349 antisemitism, 42–43, 45–46, 48 and Brüning, 132, 186 redemptive antisemitism, 48 and Hindenburg, 300 in the 1932 presidential elections, 248 support for presidential candidacy judeo-Bolshevism, 47 1925, 27, 30–31, 186, 210, 232, Ostjude, 43 276 The Protocols of the Elders of Zion, 47 elections Aretin, Erwein von, 233 Reichstag 1928, 72 Arnim-Boitzenburg, Dietlof von, 174 Reichstag July 1932, 346 Association of Christian Peasant Unions, Bavarian Rural League (BLB), 269, 286 211 Bechly, Hans, 160, 188, 272 and Hindenburg, 272 Badt, Hermann, 189 and Hitler, 138 Baltrusch, Fritz, 188, 202 Behrens, Franz, 178, 188 banking crisis 1931, 101 Below, Otto von, 209 Bäumer, Gertrud, 154 Bentheim-Treklenburg-Rheda, Albert zu Bausch, Paul election as marshal of DAG, 270 “Was ist Wahrheit?”, 302–3 Berghahn, Volker, 3 Bavaria Bernhard, Walter, 222 and Hindenburg’s election to the Reich Bertram, Cardinal Adolf, Bishop of presidency 1925, 32 Breslau, 210–11 Bavarian Hindenburg Committee, 158, Betz, Anton, 233 232 Bolz, Eugen, 203 civil defense leagues (Einwohnerwehren), Borck, Eldor, 151 159 Bornewasser, Franz Rudolf, Bishop of Trier elections and the Catholic -
Albert Ballin Albert Ballin Albert Line Intheworld
HWS_SU_Ballin_engl_16.11.10_END.qxd 16.11.2010 23:57 Uhr Seite 1 The following titles have so far been His was an unprecedented rise to published in the series “Patrons for the top: from the thirteenth child of Science” (in German): a poor Jewish emigrant agent to the “sovereign of shipping” and “friend” Volume 1 of the Kaiser. It is hardly surprising The founders of the Hamburg that Albert Ballin was one of the Scientific Foundation foremost figures of the Wilhelmine Empire. From the beginning, he Volume 2 attracted attention at Hamburg- Sophie Christine and Carl Heinrich Amerikanische Packetfahrt-Actien- Laeisz. A biographical approach to Gesellschaft, known as Hapag for the times and issues of their lives short. Under its manager Ballin, Hapag became the largest shipping Volume 3 line in the world. Eduard Lorenz Lorenz-Meyer. A Hamburg merchant and artist From 1907 until his tragic death on November 9th 1918, Ballin belonged Volume 4 to the board of trustees of the Hermann Franz Matthias Mutzen- Hamburg Scientific Foundation, becher. A Hamburg insurer to which he also contributed in a special way. As a member of the ex- Volume 5 pedition committee, he played a The brothers Augustus Friedrich great part in the realisation of the and Gustav Adolph Vorwerk. large Pacific expedition to the Bis- Two Hamburg merchants marck Archipelago and New Guinea (1908–10), which confirmed Ham- Volume 6 burg’s reputation as a centre for Albert Ballin science. Volume 7 This biography sketches the unusual Ernst Friedrich Sieveking. First life of this man, who personified chairman of the Hanseatic perhaps more than any of his con- Appellate Court temporaries the prominence and power of the second German Empire but at the same time also Albert Ballin experienced its limits and weak- nesses. -
Historical Aquaculture in Northern Europe
Historical Aquaculture in Northern Europe Historical AQUACULTURE NORTHERN IN EUROPE How were fishponds introduced, farmed and spread in Scandinavia and the Baltic Region in early modern times? What was their economic, social and religious importance? Which fish species were significant and why? This book uncovers a long, now broken, tradition that barely left traces in the written record or physical environment. Its broad and multidisciplinary scope highlights the situation from medieval times until the late nineteenth century. Besides Scandinavia and the Baltic States, insights from England are also introduced. Several socio-cultural domains have been identified: late medieval monastic fishponds; late medieval aristocratic fish- ponds associated with castles and manors; seventeenth and Bonow, Olsén & Svanberg Bonow, eighteenth century ponds rectory ponds as well as urban ponds from the seventeenth century to the nineteenth century. Edited by Madeleine Bonow Håkan Olsén Ingvar Svanberg Distribution: Södertörns högskola www.sh.se/publications [email protected] Historical Aquaculture in Northern Europe Historical Aquaculture in Northern Europe Edited by Madeleine Bonow Håkan Olsén and Ingvar Svanberg Södertörn University The Library SE-141 89 Huddinge www.sh.se/publications © The authors Cover image: Pond Crucian Carp (Dammruda) from Mörkö, illustrated by Wilhelm von Wright and taken from Skandinaviens fiskar: målade efter lefvande exemplar och ritade på sten Stockholm: P. A. Norstedt & Söner, 1836–1857 Cover: Jonathan Robson Graphic Form: