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Ontario Mennonite History

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Ontario Mennonite History What Happened to the Mennonites? The Disappearing Mennonites Ontario ofWellandCounty By Sam Steiner IVlennonite Presenled at The First Mennonite Chtu'ch, Vineland, .lune 2006 History Mennonite historians have long puzzled over the history of the late I 8th lnd early lqth cenluD p1"nns6i1es in Upper Canada. The settlement atound THE the future Waterloo County plospered, but the Pennsylvania Geman Menro- NEWSTETTER nile 5erllerncnts on the Niagarr Perrin- sula stmggled and were overwhelmed OFTHE by the end ofthe 20th century except for small renmants around Vineland MENNONITE and Stevensville. Harold Nigh talked to our Sociefv in 1986 ofthe "Lost Tribes HISTORICAT of the Niaiara Plain Folk."l SOCIETY OF ONTARIO Most ollerr the weakress of lhe Niagara settlements has been attributed This c(iirn \t. 1ds dl llrc Btrtie Brclhren in to a combirratiorr olpoor leaderslrip or Chri.tt Chltt ch in tnetntt:t o/ Bi.rhop John lfinger u,lto diet[ in ]8)8, theJbuntler und intemal disagreenrent on how to inter- ./i st hishop .)/ lhe Brcthrcn in Cltrist Churth sect with the larger culrr:re. Both L. J. in Cdn.ldd. The origindl grct e\ile i\.11.)ng Epp Burkholder and Frank tbllowed Bt,t. L 1 ,,\'A , ,,.r .r Sr. ri rl r r// '\1,]jltot,it. VOLUME XXV this approach. lt, hlv \ ot Ont.t'i'' ll''tt'tt:A(ttt'1 \' NUMBER 2 I believe Mennonite historians have a not adequately considered the varied shaped their European experience, and religious renewal movements within 2OO7 sharply contrasted to the prosperity a d NOVEMBER the Geman-speaking communities, ind ividtra li.m ol their fir't generattons a and theil'impact on the Mennonite in Norlh America. They still sang fron.t rssN I 192-551s settlements ofUpper Canada. The the Ausbund,with its martyr hymns earliest divisions in Mennonite Upper and clear emphasis on separation from Canada long preceded the better known the world, but they also read the Pietist schisms ofthe 1870s and 1880s. literarure they brought lrom Europe arrd bepan lo reorint irr North Anteri- The Faith oflSth Century ca.r Thrs made tlrern more receptit e to Pennsylvania Mennonites the Pietistic rener.val movements that Fighreenth centu11 Perrnsl Ir ania flourished both in English and German Mennonjtes did not live in separatist speaking America. enclaves like their Old Order descen- The Revolr.rtionary War ( ) 775- I 783) dents. They interacted regularly u'ith caught Pennsylvania Memonites un- their Gemran-speaking Lutheran, prepared in tlie midst oftheir prosper- Reformed and Moravian neighbors, ity. This was also a time of spiritual and their shared Pennsylvania Gennan "drought" among the traditional Men- culture shaped their daily life as well as no:rites. Applicants lor rnembetship in life. their church Mennonite churches, who may have In tbe second half ofthe l8th erperienced an etnotiona I conve15ion century Pennc) l\ ania Merrrronites in a traveling evangelist's revival were complcling their ttansitiott lront the persecution self:identity that liad - Contintlerl on pase ) - Pase 2 - Contntuedfon pase I - Pietism shifted the emphasis from the mer Mennonite bishop who became visible church toward the individual's a founder ofthe United Brethren in seNice or in a prayer meeting held personal relationship with God. Christ mor ement. However the River in a neighbour's home, were dismayed One practical outcome ofPietist Brethren wanted to retain Mennonite to find that Mennonite leaders remained emphases was an increased spirit oltol- doctrines not emphasized by Boehm more interested in teaching thern about eration and religious freedom, with the (like nonresistance, non-taking of rrles and regulations than hearing about emelgence ofan "invisible" church that oaths. not holding gor emment office. their corl ersion.J spanned the Protestant denominalions. etc.). The developing Boehm group Three non-Mennonite renewal Sometimes this lowered view of the also placed no emphasis on a particular movements found their way into the institutional church led to a decreased baptismal fom, an ordinance that was Geman-speaking areas of Upper Can- emphasis on the sacraments as prac- irnponanl lo the neu group. Some- ada-the Tunkers (also known as River ticed in a panicular denomination. time in the late 1770s a group of River Brethren leaders baptized one another Brethren or Brethren in Christ), the The central feature ofall the Penn- (sometimes and began the formation of a new de- United Brethren in Christ sylvania German renewal groups was nnnrinitinn.l I called Brethren), and the Evangelical the need for an explicitly personal (Evangelicals Association or Genran experience ofthe "new bir1h" in Christ. The River Brethren were the first "intemal" Methodists). The earliest With this new bifih came an assurance ofthe renewal groups to fully "orga- Mennonite renewal movement also had that one's sins were forgiven. For some nize" as an identifiable denorninational an impact on the enomous Mennonite leaders, ifthere was a doubt about group. Of the non-Memonite groups comnrunity that emerged on the Niag- one's salvation, it was clear evidence they were also the most theologically ara Peninsula-John Herr's Refomed that you was not saved. "Ilyou have cornpatible with the Mennonites be- Vennolite group (also knor.r n as Her- cause cole values they retained in it lsalrationl. )ou can Iell uhen and ofthe "Neu " _ --a rires or Menrronires.4 All of rhe where you got rt. " their confession. They were likely also Lancaster County renewal movements less flamboyant than some of the other Some afiiculate, but more tradition- had their roots in European Pietisrn, groups in their worship and the revival al, Mennonite leaders were dismayed although in the 2lst century we do not style of their services. by the religious chaos that the renewal generally thint of the Refomed Men- movements generated in their churches. nonite Church in Pietistic terms.5 United Brethren in ChristD Christian Burkholder (1746-l 809), a Maftin Boehm ( 1725- l812) was the l ancarter Counry Mennonite minis- What was Pietism?6 son of a Vennonite immi- ter and bishop. spoke appror ingly of )ounge\l Classical Pietism emerged in 17th grant to Pennsylvania in l7l7 who had the "new birth," but said he could not century Germany following the Thirty beerra Pietist in Furope belorejoining dictate to God how to create this new Years War. lt influenced all the ma- the Mennonites. Maftin was ordained bifih in others. For Burkholder, boast- jor Luropean Protestant naditions by lot as a Mennonite nrinister in ing ofone's "new bifih" reflected the Lutherans, Reformed, and Anabaptist. Lancastel County at the age of30. He influence ofthe "old man." not thc new Dale Brown, who has written exten- struggled as a preacher, however, and follower's salvation in Christ.9 sively on Pietism, lists some compo- believed this str-uggle cast doubt on the We'll tum now to a brief review of nents ofPietist theology: I ) an empha- state ofhis personal salvation. Boehm each olthe renewal movements that sis on God's love for humanity, rather later said he was "lost," a concept that also became part ofthe Mennonite than on God's wrath; 2) tuming the came fiom Pietism, not frorn his Men- community in Welland County. chrrrch lronr rigid top-dor,r n doctrine. nonite roots. Boehm subsequently had toward a very active laity (priesthood of a dramalrc conversion while plou ing in all believers); 3) emphasis on the Bible, River Brethren / Tunke.sl0 the fields. This experience changed his group including devotional study in small The first renewal to influence life and enlivened his preaching, and groups led by lay leaders; 4) living a the earl; Upper Canadian Vennonites his story ofconversion and subsequent daill lile that matched one's Ch-ristian was the River Brethren or Tunkers. assurance of salr ation soread into the faith; and 5) an emphasis on personal The River Brethren emerged in the late Mennonite corrmunitv 1 3 1770s around the leadership ofJacob convelsion and a new bifih, a "theol- Boehm rnaintained his Memronite Engel (c1753-1833), who arrived as an ogy of experience."T Pietism reduced leadership role for some years, and was propositional infant in Penlsylvania with his Men- emphasis on doctrines as er en ordained as a Memorrite bislrop in they be a nonite parents. The most prominent mighr erpressed in conlession 1761 .14 He preached to audiences that lounders of the River Brethren ap- of faith, and placed more reliance on went beyond his own denomination. A peared to have Mennonite roots. the Holy Spirit for spiritual enlighten- famous 1767 meeting in Landis Val- men1. Although the local church com- The River Brethren were first ley, Lancaster County, found Boehm munity remained important, inevitably influenced by Martin Boehm, a fbr- preaching to a crowd ofa thousand Pagc 3 people that included the rl,ell-knou'n Btethren on Mcnnonites Methodist denomination, and began a Relomed minister, Philip Wilhelm Or The United Brethren encouraged Bible "class" in his community. He did terbein ( I 726- I 8l 3). After the sennon emotional expression in their revival so well that the Methodists licensed Otterbein came tblward. enrbraced meetings with crying, shouting, and him as an "exhorter."2l "We Boehm, and said, are Brethren." singing. There could also be physical Albright began preaching in 1796 This r'vas later seen as the seminal emotional release through jumping or in any Protestant setting that would moment in the fbrnation of the United leaping around the room. This spiritual leceir c hinr. TIre Fr arrgelical Associa- I 5 Brethren derronrinatiorr. expression was an ath'action 1br some tion lirst organized in 1800 rvith the Since Otterbein and Bochm came obsen ers. and a sign ol supeiliciality to lbrmation of three "classes" lbllow- fi-om traditions with vastly differ- other-s.
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