DEWI Despatch July 2021 Editor Joy Greasley [email protected]

Total Page:16

File Type:pdf, Size:1020Kb

DEWI Despatch July 2021 Editor Joy Greasley Joy@Greasley.Me.Uk DEWI Despatch July 2021 Editor Joy Greasley [email protected] Record of Meeting of Dormans Evening WI held on Thursday 8th July 2021 Our speaker in July was Ginny Halcrow, who entitled her talk “Churchill’s Secret Army.” She told us tales of significant personnel and events that took place in the Second World War and were conducted by members of the SOE (Special Operations Executive). The SOE was founded during the height of the conflict in Europe by the British Minister of Economic Warfare, Hugh Dalton. It was a secret organisation responsible for espionage and reconnaissance during wartime efforts. The organization took everyday citizens from all walks of life and put them through rigorous training to equip them for the skills needed to be a successful secret agent. Although the head office was in London, most of the training of the agents was done in the Highlands of Scotland in extreme conditions and hostile environments to prepare recruits for any type of terrain and conditions they may encounter during their missions. They were trained in physical fitness, armed and unarmed combat, communications, demolition and parachuting among others. People from all classes and occupations served in the SOE and some recognised for their efforts are: Countess Krystyna Skarbek, Noor Khan, Michael Trotobas, Odette Hallowes and Violette Szabo. Women were used often and were trained the same as the men, after which they were commissioned into FANY (First Aid Nursing Yeomanry) or the Women’s Auxiliary Air Force. Many were used as couriers on the assumption they would be less suspicious than men, and this was the most secure method of communication as radio and telephone were always being tracked by the Gestapo. One of the first successful operations was in Greece, where agents parachuted in and Greek guides helped them get to a viaduct which was allowing supplies to get to Rommel. The railway line was attacked by the agents and disabled for eight weeks. Another success was the eradication of a factory, situated in a hostile environment near Oslo, which was producing ‘heavy water’, a component of the atomic bomb. On the first attempt, agents were sent in by glider planes, but these crashed and all were killed. On the second attempt, by foot, agents had to negotiate a 75’ suspension bridge and climb a snow covered precipice. This they managed and attacked and blew up part of the factory. The Nazi forces managed to have the factory up and running again in only eight weeks and it was then bombed and eradicated totally. Gilly Halcrow’s own father was a member of the SOE and was himself parachuted into Switzerland to organise the distribution of supplies and provisions. We all found Gilly’s talk very moving, especially when she announced that Agent Paterson was her father. There is a link in the email and on the DEWI website if you are interested in buying the book of his memoirs at a specially discounted price. A further book was recommended by a visitor at our Zoom meeting that also sounds interesting. https://www.amazon.co.uk/Woman-No-Importance-Untold- American/dp/073522529X/ref=cm_cr_arp_d_product_top?ie=UTF8 News from NFWI on the 2021 Resolution We are happy to confirm that the resolution ‘A call to increase awareness of the subtle signs of ovarian cancer’ has passed with a majority of 99.48%. This means the resolution is now an NFWI mandate and will form the basis of a national WI campaign which all members are invited to work on. Surrey WI News If you would like a copy of the July edition of Surrey News you may collect one from Anne at Hatch End. It is also available to read on the Surrey Federation website https://surreyfedwi.org.uk/resources/surrey-wi-news / Keeping Busy Twenty baby blankets were delivered to East Surrey hospital where they were really appreciated and warmly accepted. Many thanks to Rob, Sylvia Clare, Enid and Christine Perkins for keeping the knitting needles clicking. Garden Visit On July 1st we had a wonderful afternoon visit to Joy’s Garden. We all so enjoyed meeting up face to face after so long, and what better surroundings to be in! The garden was full of interest and colour at every turn, and it felt so restful to enjoy catching up with our friends over a cup of tea and delicious cakes. Joy and Justin must work so hard to keep the garden looking so immaculate, my only disappointment was when I returned home and compared it to my own garden! Joy and Justin’s garden is part of the National Garden Scheme and has many groups booked for this summer including Caterham Hill WI who heard about our excellent afternoon and have booked a visit for themselves, next month. Christine Thank you Christine, we enjoyed hosting the event which was such a happy occasion. The introduction to the NGS started after a talk at DEWI by Margaret Arnott their Area Organiser. Since being asked to join the scheme we have made so many new friends, either garden owners or through visits, and I’m sure it helped us survive the last year. Just another example of what the WI can offer us all! Joy and The Gardener Birthday Girls Our members with July birthdays are Jackie Whittington, Ann Mackie, Denise, Shirley Hunt, Lesley Robinson and Christine Perkins. Happy Birthday to you all! Hever Open-Air Theatre August 6th 6.30 pm Hever picnic and Musical Theatre Concert- Beyond the Barricade. Tickets are still available for the open-air performance at £24.30. DEWI August Meeting We are delighted to be able to hold our next meeting on August 12th at 8pm in the Parish Room, now that restrictions are lifting. We will put precautions in place to reduce Covid risks. Our speaker is Melanie Gibson-Barton with a talk entitled Three Women, One Man. .
Recommended publications
  • Special Operations Executive - Wikipedia
    12/23/2018 Special Operations Executive - Wikipedia Special Operations Executive The Special Operations Executive (SOE) was a British World War II Special Operations Executive organisation. It was officially formed on 22 July 1940 under Minister of Economic Warfare Hugh Dalton, from the amalgamation of three existing Active 22 July 1940 – 15 secret organisations. Its purpose was to conduct espionage, sabotage and January 1946 reconnaissance in occupied Europe (and later, also in occupied Southeast Asia) Country United against the Axis powers, and to aid local resistance movements. Kingdom Allegiance Allies One of the organisations from which SOE was created was also involved in the formation of the Auxiliary Units, a top secret "stay-behind" resistance Role Espionage; organisation, which would have been activated in the event of a German irregular warfare invasion of Britain. (especially sabotage and Few people were aware of SOE's existence. Those who were part of it or liaised raiding operations); with it are sometimes referred to as the "Baker Street Irregulars", after the special location of its London headquarters. It was also known as "Churchill's Secret reconnaissance. Army" or the "Ministry of Ungentlemanly Warfare". Its various branches, and Size Approximately sometimes the organisation as a whole, were concealed for security purposes 13,000 behind names such as the "Joint Technical Board" or the "Inter-Service Nickname(s) The Baker Street Research Bureau", or fictitious branches of the Air Ministry, Admiralty or War Irregulars Office. Churchill's Secret SOE operated in all territories occupied or attacked by the Axis forces, except Army where demarcation lines were agreed with Britain's principal Allies (the United Ministry of States and the Soviet Union).
    [Show full text]
  • Women in a Man's War: the Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946
    Chapman University Chapman University Digital Commons War and Society (MA) Theses Dissertations and Theses Spring 5-2019 Women in a Man's War: The Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946 Cameron Carlomagno Chapman University, [email protected] Follow this and additional works at: https://digitalcommons.chapman.edu/war_and_society_theses Recommended Citation Carlomagno, Cameron. Women in a Man's War: The Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946. 2019. Chapman University, MA Thesis. Chapman University Digital Commons, https://doi.org/10.36837/chapman.000075 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Dissertations and Theses at Chapman University Digital Commons. It has been accepted for inclusion in War and Society (MA) Theses by an authorized administrator of Chapman University Digital Commons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Women in a Man’s War: The Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946 A Thesis by Cameron Davis Carlomagno Chapman University Orange, California Wilkinson College of Arts, Humanities, and Social Sciences Submitted in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of Masters of Arts in War and Society May 2019 Committee in charge: Jennifer Keene, Ph.D., Chair Charissa Threat, Ph.D. Kathryn Statler, Ph.D. This thesis of Cameron Davis Carlomagno is approved. April 2019 Women in a Man’s War: The Employment of Female Agents in the Special Operations Executive, 1940-1946 Copyright © 2019 by Cameron Davis Carlomagno iii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS This thesis has been the culmination of a few years of thought, research, and discussion, all of which would not have been possible without the support of my dedicated professors and friends.
    [Show full text]
  • Eileen Nairn 2013
    Braver than any man: Revealed for the first time, the awe-inspiring courage of two British sisters who waged a one-family war on the Nazis - and were left with emotional scars that never healed - Eileen 'Didi Nearne By Annabel Venning for MailOnline Published: 22:41 BST, 2 May 2013 | Updated: 22:41 BST, 2 May 2013 Hunched over a wireless set, alone in a safe house in a Parisian suburb on a rainy morning in July 1944, Didi Nearne tapped out a Morse Code message. It contained urgent information from the leader of her Resistance network to intelligence chiefs back in London. A month earlier, Allied armies had landed in Normandy and the battle for France was raging fiercely. Agents of SOE — the Special Operations Executive — played a vital role sabotaging German communications and relaying information about troop movements and weapons back to Britain. Furious, the Germans redoubled their efforts to catch SOE agents. Their radio-detecting vans combed the streets, seeking out signals that would lead them to the wireless operators laboriously tapping out their messages. The average SOE wireless operator in Occupied France lasted for just six weeks before being arrested. Didi, 21, had survived for five months, making an astonishing 105 transmissions. If caught, she faced imprisonment, perhaps torture and execution. Four female SOE agents had been put to death in a concentration camp by lethal injection that month. They were cremated, but evidence emerged later that some of them were still alive when they went into the ovens. Brave: Eileen 'Didi Nearne operated as an undercover agent called 'Rose' in Occupied France and was caught and tortured by the Nazis.
    [Show full text]
  • CHICHESTER CHARTRES 54 Years Years Twinning Jumelage Citylink - March 2013
    CITYLINK (THE CITY OF CHICHESTER twinned SINCE 1959 with THE CITY OF CHARTRES) NEWSLETTER OF THE FRIENDS OF CHARTRES Chichester’s French Twinning Association www.friendsofchartres.org.uk March 2013 [Re-numbered from the Millenium] ISSUE: 52 OUR GIFT FROM CHARTRES FROM THE CHAIRMAN . ‘COMMEMORATING JEAN MOULIN’ With a very successful Jean Moulin/RAF Tangmere Commem- oration, Annual Dinner and AGM behind us, we can look forward to a busy programme of activity this spring and summer. We start on 10th April with the special viewing of Gabriel Loire’s Stained Glass Windows at St Richard’s Church, Cawley Road, with Majella Taylor as our Guide and on Friday 3rd of May the Exchange Group arrives from Chartres. Space permitting, ‘non- hosts’ are of course welcome to participate in the Programme and Organiser, Julia Sander, has recently emailed details to all Members (see details on page 3). Patrick Geroudet, Adjoint au Maire de Chartres, Yves Bastide and Claire Creze, together with On Saturday 11th May, Pallant House Gallery will host the fourth Chichester Mayor Anne Scicluna and our Chairman, Martyn Bell. joint Friends of Chartres/Pallant House Gallery Schools Art Competition Awards. This year we have fourteen entries from the When our French counterparts joined us for this very special Chichester Area and three from Chartres. event on Sunday 24th February they brought with them a gift. The portrait of Jean Moulin, which they requested be hung in the In the first week of July, the Friends of Chartres will team up with Council House, was presented to our Chairman, Martyn Bell, The Friends of Ravenna and Friends of Valetta to take part in the st th together with our President, Mayor Anne Scicluna, in the Mitre new Festival of Chichester.
    [Show full text]
  • Sporting & Collectors' Sale
    SPORTING & COLLECTORS’ SALE Wednesday 25th & Thursday 26th February 2015 OKEHAMPTON STREET EXETER Sporting & Collectors’ Sale For Sale by Auction at St. Edmund’s Court Okehampton Street Exeter EX4 1DU Wednesday 25th February 2015 and Thursday 26th February 2015 Commencing at 10.00am each day On View Saturday 21st February 9am - 12 noon Monday 23rd February 9am - 5.15pm Tuesday 24th February 9am - 5.15pm on morning of sale from 9am Catalogue £5.00 (£7.00 by post) W: www.bhandl.co.uk E: [email protected] Follow us on Twitter: @BHandL SPORTING & COLLECTORS’ SALE CATEGORIES DAY ONE Lots CARS, etc. 1- 4 CERAMICS AND GLASS 5-8 SILVER & METALWARES 9-16 HUNTING AND EQUESTRIAN 17-44 TAXIDERMY 45-56 SHOOTING & RELATED 57-73 AIR RIFLES & PISTOLS 74-107 SPORTING GUNS 108-113 GUNS – OTHER CALIBRES 114-171 EDGED WEAPONS 172-350 MEDALS & MILITARIA 351-507 EMERGENCY SERVICES 508-590 FISHING 591-621 OTHER SPORTS (RUGBY, FOOTBALL, TENNIS ETC) 622-638 TRANSPORT AND MOTORING 639-717 PRINTS 718-732 WATERCOLOURS 733-746 MARITIME PICTURES 747-750 MARITIME FITTINGS 751 INSTRUMENTS and NAVIGATION 752-754 SCIENTIFIC INSTRUMENTS 755-759 MARINE COLLECTABLES 760-762 MODELS 763-764 **** END OF DAY ONE**** DAY TWO STAMPS 765-828 POSTCARDS & CIGARETTE CARDS 829-896 COINS 897-904 TEXTILES 905-924 DOLLS & TEDDY BEARS 925-996 DIECASTS 997-1091 OO/HO GAUGE RAILWAYS 1092-1166 O GAUGE RAILWAYS 1167-1198 LARGER GAUGE RAILWAY 1199-1200 FULL SIZE RAILWAYS 1201-1210 TOYS & COLLECTABLES 1211-1299 MUSICAL INSTRUMENTS 1300-1313 DAY 1 - Wednesday 25th February 2015 Sale commences at 10am.
    [Show full text]
  • Odette (1950) Brand New Restoration
    ODETTE (1950) BRAND NEW RESTORATION ON DVD, BLU-RAY & DOWNLOAD ON JUNE 10 COMPLETE WITH BRAND NEW EXTRAS! STUDIOCANAL is delighted to announce the release of a newly restored version of the classic British war film, ODETTE, on June 10. Released to coincide with the 75th Anniversary of D- Day on June 6, director Herbert Wilcox’s (Sixty Glorious Years, Spring in Park Lane) moving story based on true events was originally released in 1950 and will be available to own on DVD, Digital Download and, for the very first time, on Blu-Ray looking better than ever as part of the Vintage Classics collection. Starring Anna Neagle (Lady and the Lamp, Maytime in Mayfair), Trevor Howard (The Third Man Brief Encounter), Peter Ustinov (Spartacus, Billy Budd) and Marius Goring (The Red Shoes, A Matter of Life and Death), the new release comes complete with brand new extras material including an exclusive interview with author Sebastian Faulks. The new digital restoration has been completed from a new 4k 16bit scan of the original 35mm negative. ODETTE is the inspiring true story of a French-born heroine, Odette Sansom (Anna Neagle) who leaves behind her three young daughters and life in Britain to return to her occupied homeland to spy for the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during the Second World War. Smuggled into France to work with Radio Operator Alex Rabinovich (Peter Ustinov) and Captain Peter Churchill (Trevor Howard), Odette skillfully works with the SOE until her capture by the Gestapo. Taken to Ravensbruck concentration camp, Odette must survive interrogation and torture as the Nazi Commandant attempts to extract her secrets and the names of her fellow Resistance fighters.
    [Show full text]
  • HISTORY of WWII INFILTRATIONS INTO FRANCE-Rev62-06102013
    Tentative of History of In/Exfiltrations into/from France during WWII from 1940 to 1945 (Parachutes, Plane & Sea Landings) Forewords This tentative of history of civilians and military agents (BCRA, Commandos, JEDBURGHS, OSS, SAS, SIS, SOE, SUSSEX/OSSEX, SUSSEX/BRISSEX & PROUST) infiltrated or exfiltrated during the WWII into France, by parachute, by plane landings and/or by sea landings. This document, which needs to be completed and corrected, has been prepared using the information available, not always reliable, on the following internet websites and books available: 1. The Order of the Liberation website : http://www.ordredelaliberation.fr/english/contenido1.php The Order of the Liberation is France's second national Order after the Legion of Honor, and was instituted by General De Gaulle, Leader of the "Français Libres" - the Free French movement - with Edict No. 7, signed in Brazzaville on November 16th, 1940. 2. History of Carpetbaggers (USAAF) partly available on Thomas Ensminger’s website addresses: ftp://www.801492.org/ (Need a user logging and password). It is not anymore possible to have access to this site since Thomas’ death on 03/05/2012. http://www.801492.org/MainMenu.htm http://www.801492.org/Air%20Crew/Crewz.htm I was informed that Thomas Ensminger passed away on the 03/05/2012. I like to underline the huge work performed as historian by Thomas to keep alive the memory the Carpetbaggers’ history and their famous B24 painted in black. RIP Thomas. The USAAF Carpetbagger's mission was that of delivering supplies and agents to resistance groups in the enemy occupied Western European nations.
    [Show full text]
  • Explore the Index
    Index Compiled by the author A Frenchman in Khaki (Paul Maze): Churchill's Adenauer, Dr Konrad-continued introduction to, 1288 n.1 near', 844; and 'friendly messages', 849, 856; A Gunfor Sale (Graham Greene): 1310 and a proposed Four-Power conference (at A History ofthe English-Speaking Peoples (Winston Berlin), 92g-30; to be supported, 1003; and S. Churchill, 4 volumes, 1956-8): Churchill's Churchill's desire for a Summit with the work on, 177, 180, 255, 274, 847 n.2, 876-7, Soviets, IOI 3; 'desultory discussion' about, 883-4,887,891,915,958,1044,1066,1077-8; 104 7; and the French rejection of the Euro­ Churchill renews work on, I 126, I 132, I 136, pean Defence Community, 1055-6; French 1141,1144,1145-6,1148-g,1161,1162,1163, 'harshness' to, 105 7; Churchill 'high on the 1165, 1166, 1173, 1174, 1175, 1176, 1177-8, list' of admirers of, 1075; and a possible 1179; the first v9lume published, 1183-4, Paris meeting, 1103; unwell, 1168; Churchill 1193, I 196-7; continuing work on, I 187, meets (in Bonn), 1197; Churchill meets (in 1188, 118g-go, 1190, 1200, 1201, 1205, London), 1306; a gift from, 1307 1212-13, 1214; the second volume published, Adler, Generaljulius Ochs: 327, 684, 685 1223, 1225; 'rapidly nearing completion', Admiralty House (Whitehall): 1330 1228, 122g-30, 1233, 1241; the third Adrian, Baron: 1263 n.2 volume published, 1249-50, 1254; the Adriatic Sea: 6, 16, 200, 238, 239 fourth volume published, 1267 Aegean Sea: 91, 332 A Passage to India (E.
    [Show full text]
  • November 2018 Tadley and District History Society (TADS)
    November 2018 Tadley and District History Society (TADS) - www.tadshistory.com Next meeting - Wednesday 21st November 2018 at St. Paul’s Church Hall, 8.00 to 9.30pm ‘Everyday life in the 18th Dynasty of Ancient Egypt’ By John Billman (This is a different speaker from the one previously advertised) (Everybody welcome - Visitors £3.00) Our new book ‘In Grateful Remembrance -Tadley War Memorial’ has been very well received and following the launch afternoon we had it on sale at several events over the WWI Remembrance weekend. Copies will be on sale at the TADS meeting, price £10. Comments, queries and suggestions to Richard Brown (0118) 9700100, e-mail: [email protected] or Carol Stevens (0118) 9701578 www.tadshistory.com TADS Meeting 12th December 2018 ‘Annual General Meeting’ to be followed by a social event. (NB This is earlier than the date in the programme). At the AGM the Committee will be resigning, fortunately we are all willing to be re-elected. Anybody able to join the Committee will be more than welcome. Subscriptions are now due with the rate unchanged. Our scrooge of a Treasurer is always willing to take your money. TADS Meeting 17th October 2018 Spies in Petticoats By Carol Brown The title of the talk offered a lot of scope, but Carol’s interest is in the exploits of the women who joined the French ‘F’ Section of the Special Operations Executive (SOE) during World War II. Not spies in the classic sense, but very brave ladies working as undercover agents in an extremely hostile country.
    [Show full text]
  • La Voix De La Résistance N°249, Juin 2008 LA VOIX DE LA RÉSISTANCE
    249 Juin 2008 0 CAR – La Voix de la Résistance n°249, juin 2008 LA VOIX DE LA RÉSISTANCE Directeur de la Publication : Pierre MOREL Rédacteur en chef : Claude DUCREUX Secrétaire de rédaction : Mme Élie Jacques PICARD Maquette et composition : Christiane MONTADOR N° de commission paritaire : 0310 A 07678 Sommaire N° 249 JUIN 2008 ÉDITORIAL .................................................................................................................................................................. 2 IN MEMORIAM Germaine TILLION............................................................................................................................................................................ 4 LA VOIX DU MERITE Gilbert MAY....................................................................................................................................................................................... 5 LA VOIX DU SOUVENIR Violette Szabo..................................................................................................................................................................................... 6 L’abbé Hénocque................................................................................................................................................................................ 13 Précisions sur Jacques Pâris de Bollardière ........................................................................................................................................ 16 LA VOIX DES COMMÉMORATIONS 17 e Anniversaire
    [Show full text]
  • D-Day Veteran to Have Train Named in His Honour by Great Western Railway
    D-Day veteran to have train named in his honour by Great Western Railway October 7, 2020 One of Britain’s last surviving D-Day veterans will today have a train named in his honour by Great Western Railway. The train operator is marking 75 years since the end of World War Two by naming seven of its Intercity Express Trains after remarkable people involved in the conflict. St Austell’s Harry Billinge MBE was one of the first soldiers to land on ‘Gold’ beach at 0630 on 6 June 1944 as part of the D-Day landings. He was a sapper attached to the 44 Royal Engineer Commandos and was one of only four to survive from his unit. He went on to fight in Caen and the Falaise Pocket in Normandy. He was awarded an MBE in the 2020 New Year Honours List for his fundraising efforts in St Austell for the Normandy Memorial Trust. His name will feature on Intercity Express Train number 802006 and form the 1015 service from Penzance to London Paddington following the ceremony. Harry said: “I am thrilled that this train is being named after me, but this is about remembering the fine men who fought that day, lots of whom never went back home again. “It’s important that their memory is remembered, and I hope this train will carry that message to thousands of people every day.” Johnny Mercer MP, Minister for Defence People and Veterans, said: “Harry’s an inspiration and a daily reminder of that incredible generation. We can never say thank you enough for the privileges and freedom we enjoy today because of your sacrifices 75 years ago.” GWR Engineering Director Simon Green said: “We are honoured to be naming one of our Intercity Express Trains after Harry Billinge MBE, who undoubtedly took part in one of the most important battles of World War Two.
    [Show full text]
  • Delilahs: a History of Women Spies
    DELILAHS: A HISTORY OF WOMEN SPIES Robert C. Williams, 373-1930; [email protected]. Midcoast Senior College, Fall 2020 This six-week course narrates the stories of female spies in Europe and the U.S. since the American Civil War, including Belle Boyd and Rose Greenhow, Edith Cavell and Mata Hari, Elizebeth Friedman and the codebreakers, investigator Jane Sissmore Archer, Melita Norwood and Soviet moles in Britain, Virginia Hall, the SOE and the French Resistance, and the women of MI5, spies Anna Chapman, Maria Butina and “the Americans.” The female spy is often portrayed as deceiver, seductress, courier and betrayer. The reality is a more complex world of international espionage, travel, disguises, covers, codes, cipher machines and double agents. Lectures, discussions and recommended reading. Note: Although the course has no required reading, there will be suggested readings throughout the course that may intrigue the eager student. On-line independent research is also recommended. PLEASE REMEMBER THAT THIS IS AN EXPERIMENTAL ON-LINE ZOOM COURSE. BE PATIENT AND UNDERSTANDING. 1. Couriers: Female Spies of the American Revolution and Civil War (Oct 1) 2. Escape Artists: Edith Cavell, Mata Hari and World War I (Oct 8) 3. Cipher Girls: Elizebeth Friedman and the Codebreakers (Oct 15) 4. Mole-Hunters: Jane Sissmore Archer, Melita Norwood and the Soviet Moles (Oct 22) 5. Signals from Hell: Virginia Hall, Cuthbert, the SOE and the French Resistance (Oct 29) 6. Spies in the U.S.: Anna Chapman, Maria Butina and the “Americans” (Nov 5) 1 2 1. Couriers: Female Spies of the American Revolution and Civil War (Oct 1) History is art and science, a study of the past that combines narrative story-telling and argument based on evidence.
    [Show full text]