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Delilahs: a History of Women Spies

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Delilahs: a History of Women Spies DELILAHS: A HISTORY OF WOMEN SPIES Robert C. Williams, 373-1930; [email protected]. Midcoast Senior College, Fall 2020 This six-week course narrates the stories of female spies in Europe and the U.S. since the American Civil War, including Belle Boyd and Rose Greenhow, Edith Cavell and Mata Hari, Elizebeth Friedman and the codebreakers, investigator Jane Sissmore Archer, Melita Norwood and Soviet moles in Britain, Virginia Hall, the SOE and the French Resistance, and the women of MI5, spies Anna Chapman, Maria Butina and “the Americans.” The female spy is often portrayed as deceiver, seductress, courier and betrayer. The reality is a more complex world of international espionage, travel, disguises, covers, codes, cipher machines and double agents. Lectures, discussions and recommended reading. Note: Although the course has no required reading, there will be suggested readings throughout the course that may intrigue the eager student. On-line independent research is also recommended. PLEASE REMEMBER THAT THIS IS AN EXPERIMENTAL ON-LINE ZOOM COURSE. BE PATIENT AND UNDERSTANDING. 1. Couriers: Female Spies of the American Revolution and Civil War (Oct 1) 2. Escape Artists: Edith Cavell, Mata Hari and World War I (Oct 8) 3. Cipher Girls: Elizebeth Friedman and the Codebreakers (Oct 15) 4. Mole-Hunters: Jane Sissmore Archer, Melita Norwood and the Soviet Moles (Oct 22) 5. Signals from Hell: Virginia Hall, Cuthbert, the SOE and the French Resistance (Oct 29) 6. Spies in the U.S.: Anna Chapman, Maria Butina and the “Americans” (Nov 5) 1 2 1. Couriers: Female Spies of the American Revolution and Civil War (Oct 1) History is art and science, a study of the past that combines narrative story-telling and argument based on evidence. History depends on available oral and written sources, eye-witness testimony (primary) and accumulated histories of the subject to date (secondary). In this course, we explore a kind of history known as collective biography, or prosypography, examining the patterns, similarities and differences in the lives of female spies. Espionage is a wilderness of mirrors in which historians can easily get lost, confused and bamboozled. Spies are professionals trained to lie, cheat, steal, forge and even murder. How can the historian utilize sources that are grounded in deception? And how do women spies compare to their male counterparts in acquiring secret information and lying to the enemy? We will see that women evolved from seductresses and couriers, to codebreakers, “computers,” and wireless radio operators, then full-fledged spies who knew how to kill the enemy silently, blend into society, forge documents and messages and even to head the spy agency, including MI5 and the CIA. Spies communicate in code or cipher. Codes substitute one word for another; ciphers substitute one letter for another. Cryptology is the study of codes and ciphers. Delilah was Samson’s second wife, the sister of his first. Her family was Philistine, Samson was an Israelite. Samson’s legendary strength enabled him to slay a thousand Philistine soldiers in battle. What was the source of that strength? Philistine intelligence asked Delilah to provide the information. Samson told her it was his hair, so she cut it off. The Philistines captured Samson and Delilah, blinded him, took him to their temple to be mocked in public, but Samson tore down the temple, producing a pile of rubble that killed himself, Delilah and a bunch of Philistines. So female spies are a lot of Delilahs whose seductive powers are one of their deceptions and tools of espionage. Sometimes espionage can end badly. Americans have been involved in espionage since the days of George Washington, who was more informed about espionage and intelligence than any other U.S. President. When the British occupied and surrounded NYC during the American Revolution, Washington’s spymaster, Benjamin Tallmadge, operated a “Culper Ring” of spies in Manhattan and on Long Island. Culper was a fake name: Abraham Woodhull was “Samuel Culper, Sr.”; Robert Townsend was “Samuel Culper Jr.”; (Washington was Agent 711.) His sister Sally Townsend spied on British officers billeted on the home of the Quaker Townsend family in Oyster Bay LI. Until 1783 she provided a steady stream of intelligence on British troop locations, numbers, fortifications and plans while romancing a British officer in her home, John Simcoe. Her brother delivered sealed packets of material to Tallmadge at Washington’s HQ, hidden in ciphers and invisible ink. Sally’s intelligence helped in the arrest (and execution) of John Andre, the exposure of turncoat Benedict Arnold and the prevention of their plans to surrender West Point to the British in 1780. Check out the TV series Turn: Washington’s Spies (2014-7, IMDb) which portrays Abraham Woodhull, Anna Strong, John Simcoe, Robert Townsend plus Washington, Robert Rogers, John Andre and others. 3 Agent 355 of the Culper Ring is still a mystery. 355 was a code number for “women” or “lady” in the Culper Ring. Probably a woman in the NYC area, she may have been Anna Smith Strong or Sally Townsend. Agent 355 was arrested by the British in 1780. Culper Ring codes looked like this: Anna Smith Strong (1740-1812) of Setauket, NY, on Long Island, used her laundry line as a coded patriot signal system for the Culper Ring. A number indicated by the laundry sequence on her laundry line stood for the location of a whaleboat used for couriers and smuggling. A black petticoat signaled the presence of another agent and his whaleboat; the number of white laundry items adjacent signaled the cove in Conscience Bay where the agents were to meet. Ann Bates (1748-1801) a/k/a “Mrs. Barnes” disguised herself as a peddler and provided military information to the British in General Clinton’s network around NYC. By day, she was a Loyalist school teacher in Philadelphia. She spied on George Washington’s encampment at White Plains. Lydia Darragh (1729-89) was an Irish (born in Dublin) housewife who hid inside her closet to hear the battle plans of British officers billeted in her home. Her husband transcribed them into coded shorthand on fabric or paper, hid them inside buttons, and had her sons carry them on visits to each other. The Darraghs were Quaker pacifists who lived across the street from General Howe’s HQ in Philadelphia. Lydia allegedly saved Washington’s army from a British ambush at Whitemarsh in December 1777. 4 WAS SHE OR WASN’T HE? The Chevalier d’Eon (1728-1810) was a French diplomat, spy and Freemason, probably transgender. An androgynous person, he served in public as a man for half a century, spied for France at the court of empress Elizabeth of Russia in St. Petersburg as a woman, and from 1777 to her death, lived in public as a woman. D’Eon was born to a poor noble family in Burgundy, excelled at the study of canon and civil law and graduated from Mazarin University at age 21 in 1749. A political journalist, D’Eon became secretary to the Intendant of Paris and a royal censor of history writings. In 1756, he/she joined the Secret du Roi spy network of Louis XV. Sent to St. Petersburg, d’Eon supported France against Austria as secretary to the French embassy there (1756-60) and fought briefly as a soldier in the Seven Years War (1761). In 1763, d’Eon became interim French ambassador in London, trading French wines for secret information. There rumors that he was really a female spy, and his gender became a betting pool on the London stock exchange. In 1777, he return to France and negotiated a new female identity, acquired a woman’s wardrobe and was banished to Touerre. She returned to England and took up fencing, became impoverished and was sent to debtor’s prison for five months. She spent her last years bedridden and poor in London. The autopsy revealed male and female sex organs. s. Belle Boyd Rose Greenhow & d. in Greenhow cipher Old Capitol Prison Old Capitol Prison 5 During the American Civil War (1861-5), many women North and South engaged in crossing the lines, disguising themselves by cross-dressing, acting as couriers of information, reporting on troop movements and strength and seducing enemy officers and politicians. Belle Boyd (1844-1900): Delilah of the Secession. Born Martinsburg WVA, died Wis.: worked for Stonewall Jackson’s spymaster, greeted his troops May 1862. Persuaded TJ to attack smaller Union forces in Shenandoah Valley and capture them. Arrested 6 times but not jailed. Followed by Allen Pinkerton and men. July 29, 1862 to Old Capitol Prison in DC, released Aug 29. March 1864 sent to England, intercepted, Canada, met and married Samuel Hardinge. After CW, performed on stage as actress playing CW spy roles. Sarah Emma Edmonds (1841-98): cross-dresser, Union soldier as “Frank Thompson.” Born New Brunswick on Maine border. Fled arranged marriage at age 15 disguised as a boy. Worked in Hartford as Bible publisher and salesman dressed as a man. 1861 enlisted in Union Army, no physical, just list of health issues. Male nurse. Union observer and spy in Confederate towns disguised as slave, Irish peddler. Malaria 1864. Saw poster wanting “FT” as deserter. Fearless soldier in several battles. In 1864 published Nurse and Spy in the Union Army. Honorable discharge after the war for “FT”. Dies TX 1898. Only woman member of G.A.R. Model was the novel Fanny Campbell, the Female Pirate Captain (1844) on American Revolution. Elizabeth Van Lew (1818-1900) a/k/a “Miss Lizzie.” Was the most successful mid-19th female spy. Born in Richmond. Ardent Quaker abolitionist family from Philadelphia.
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