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Downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE) INTERNATIONAL SOCIETY FOR SOIL MECHANICS AND GEOTECHNICAL ENGINEERING This paper was downloaded from the Online Library of the International Society for Soil Mechanics and Geotechnical Engineering (ISSMGE). The library is available here: https://www.issmge.org/publications/online-library This is an open-access database that archives thousands of papers published under the Auspices of the ISSMGE and maintained by the Innovation and Development Committee of ISSMGE. 8 SUB- SECTION I b GEOLOGY AND SOIL MECHANICS I b 1 ENGINEERING USES AND LIMITATIONS OF PEDOLOGY FOB REGIONAL EXPLORATION OF SOILS HANS F. WINTEBKOBN SUMMARY. The field of pédologie science is defined and briefly described. It is indicated how the store of knowledge acquired and organized by this science can be of direct usefulness to the engineer engaged in regional aoil exploration and in the engineering use of data obtained in such exploration. Specific reference is made to the methodique employed for this purpose by the State Highway Departments o f Michigan and M issouri, re sp ectively. Detailed description of the indicated use is found in the references given. Pedology for the purpose of this paper vironment. 11). Glioke 3) employed the term is conceived in its widest sense as the "forces" in a transcendental sense, rather science which concerns itself with: than in accordance with the physical meaning assigned to this term in the exact natural 1. Soil formation or the characteriza­ sciences. This, of course, is to be expected tion of soil systems as functions of: in pioneering work, but must give way to more (a) climate symbol: (cl) exact formulations. (b) organisms " (o) As a result, of the prevailing, somewhat (c) topography " (r) confused situ a tio n , Jenny 4) one of the most (d) parent material " (p) astute and impartial scholars in this field, (e) time " (t) despairs of the possibility of a causal cor­ 2. Classification of soil systems within relation between a particular soil-type and the broad frame of climatic influences, the independent soil forming factors, and but on the pragmatic basis of the soil contents himself with a purely functional cor­ type as a specific observable unit: relation, expressing the relation of any or all properties (s) of a particular soil type 3« Mapping of S o il areas in accordance to those factors as: with a pragmatic classification, such as the U.S. Soil Survey system. s = f (cl, o, r, p, t....) Of these three phases, the second and Jenny's approach, though logically jus­ third are of most direct value to the soils tified, is sterile at least as far as the en­ engineer, because of their pragmatic basis. gineer's problem is concerned. The engineer The first, because of its scientific complex­ must be able to understand or at least to ity, is in a very unsettled condition, and a picture what is going on. Logical understand­ great diversity of opinion rules among the pe­ ing or even picturing of any function of five dologists themselves, not only concerning the independent variables is impossible, especial­ meaning of the phenomena involved, but even ly if the independent variables may range from concerning the proper approach to the problem. the complexity of climate to the fundamental 4) sim p licity of tim e. The problem must be sim­ Because of this situation, the soil en­ plified until the phenomena can be pictured, gineer may receive little direct help from even if a succession of pictures be necessary the professional students of soil formation; instead of but one. A more logical approach on the other hand, he should be vitally in­ to the problem is as follows: terested in the problem itself because the same or closely related factors, which form 1. Benouncing the attempt of bringing the soils, act on the surfaces of exposed structur­ whole world of s o ils in to one formula , es or even throughout the entire structure as and concentration instead, on the forma­ in pavement b a se -so il systems. For th is reason tion of the most important soil types. the problems confronting the student of soil 2. Seduction of the so-called soil-forming genesis will at least be formulated at this factors to something that, can be visualized p lace. and expressed in terms of physics and The work of many scholars of d iffe re n t chemistry. specific interests and leanings has resulted in the recognition that specific soil proper­ Soil formation represents primarily a ties, as well as their integration to soil chain of chemical reactions. In chemical reac­ types, are functions of the above named five tio n one is in terested in soil-forming factors which may vary independ­ 1. Total energy involved in changing initial ently of each other. Becognition of these fac­ to final material. tors leads to the next step, concerning the reason and mechanism of th e ir functioning. 2. Bate of reaction, as influenced by environ­ Joffe 5) differentiates between active mental factors, positive and negative cata­ and passive soil formers: the passive ones lysis, concentrations, etc. concerned with the mass and the source of the The total energy change involved can be mass, the topography and the age, and the ac­ ascertained experimentally by means of calori- tive ones supplying the energy that acts on metric determination of the difference of the the mass. The latter include the elements of heat of solution of the parent material nnfl the biosphere, atmosphere and, partly of the the soil under consideration, respectively,in hydrosphere. Joffi's basic intention is good a suitable acid, in a similar way as the hydra­ but the association of the respective factors tion rate of concrete is checked by determina­ is illogical. tion of heats of solution. To Vilensky and other Bussian workers, Bates of reaction are influenced by tem­ soil-forming factors are synonymous with en­ perature, concentration and catalysis. In 9 TABLE 1. ITEMS GIVEN IH SOIL ENGINEERING DATA AMD RECOMMENDATIONS IN THE FIELD MANTTAL OF THE MICHIGAN STATE HIGHWAY DEPARTMENT Soil Series Name : n o •H Brief Description of typical profile : -P 00 1.) adapted to winter grading : yes or no •HU 0> 2.) normal depth to water table s in feet *po CÚ 3 .) subject to wind erosion yes or no A o recommended location of grade line with respect to natural ground: protection of slopes recommended: No or type estimated percent of boulders (rock excavation) 0) stabilization of subgrade recommended for flexible su rfaces: »d yes or no, or percent <0 removal of topsoil recommended: yes or no, remarks, & estimated lineal feet of frost heave excavation per 1000 fe e t of cut below natural ground elevation: estimated lineal feet of open joint sewer per 1000 fee t of cut below natural ground elevation: a © 0 Source of borrow: yes or no, extent recommended method of restoring borrow pits where necessary, percent of shrinkage method of construction: o sand-gravel material : yes or no « source of suitable stabilizing material: yes, no, type o possible source of gravel: yes, no o source of topsoil: no, poor, feir, good, excellent. (0 ® « dividing climate into its temperature and micro-climate is taken into account, topogra­ moisture components, we obtain the temperature phy, as such, ceases to be an independent fac­ and concentration factors influencing the tor in our equition, except for its bearing reaction. The pattern of climate specially on erosion. with respect to the moisture content of the For the picture as a whole, it is impor­ soil, indicates whether the reaction rates tant that plants utilizing solar energy may, are primarily determined by slow molecular depending upon their type and by means of and ionic diffusion processes (uniform moist­ their root system, return elutriated materials ure pattern) or by faster convection proces­ to the reaction system. Thus, a dynamic equi­ ses (non-uniform desiccation and flooding pat­ librium in the soil properties may be reached terns). Topography by controlling amount of at a point where the potential chemical energy precipitation loss is important only as far involved in further decomposition, equals that as the relationship between macro-and micro­ fraction of the solar energy utilized by the climate (i.e. temperature and moisture condi­ plants in counteracting natural depleting tion actually present in the system and not processes. somewhere in the surrounding atmosphere 2)) This picture, of course, gives only a is involved. If, as should be done, only the general scheme, but i t i s thought to be su f­ 10 TABLE 2. ENGINEERING PROPERTIES SUGGESTED BY THE NAME OF CLARKSVILLE GRAVELLY LOAM 9) 00 o (1) Consists of 3 horizons p CQ (2) Horizon No. 1 - gravelly silt loam - normally 5 to 8 inches in •H u thickness. 0) Horizon No. 3 - gravelly silty clay - normally 20 to 30 inches -p (3) o in thickness. cd (4) Horizon No. 5 - gravelly clay - widely variably in thickness. a ■C o (5) Pockets of very active stone-free red clay are common and are H chiefly responsible for subgrade failures in the region. cd (6) Contains much clay with a lower liquid limit above 65 which is <p unsuitable for subgrade or for use in constructing high embank­ d 0) ments. C 5 (7) Backslopes in horizons 1 and 3 will stand at 1 to 1. (6) To prevent backslope slides in deep cuts involving horizon 5 they should be laid back at 2 to 1. (9) Embankments of Clarksville, ordinarily lying on dolomite beds Slopes in an area of f a ir ly rugged r e li e f must be c a re fu lly drained to prevent slides if constructed on inclined surfaces.
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