Soil Classification Based on Spectral and Environmental Variables
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Effect of Soil Chiseling on Soil Structure and Root Growth for a Clayey Soil Under No-Tillage
Geoderma 259–260 (2015) 149–155 Contents lists available at ScienceDirect Geoderma journal homepage: www.elsevier.com/locate/geoderma Effect of soil chiseling on soil structure and root growth for a clayey soil under no-tillage Márcio Renato Nunes a,⁎, José Eloir Denardin b, Eloy Antônio Pauletto c, Antônio Faganello b, Luiz Fernando Spinelli Pinto c a University of São Paulo, “Luiz de Queiroz” College of Agriculture, Avenida Pádua Dias, 11, CEP 13418-900 Piracicaba, São Paulo, Brazil b Embrapa Trigo, Rodovia BR 285, km. 294, P.O. Box 451, CEP 99001-970 Passo Fundo, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil c Federal University of Pelotas, Department of Soil Science, Campus Universitário s/n, P.O. Box 354, 96010-900 Pelotas, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil article info abstract Article history: Soil chiseling under no-tillage (NT) promotes root growth in depth. This practice, however, might affect soil ag- Received 11 November 2014 gregation. This study evaluated the chiseling effects on the aggregation of a Ferralic Nitisol (Rhodic), under NT, in Received in revised form 2 June 2015 humid subtropical climate region. The treatments carried out consisted of the time that soil was kept under NT Accepted 3 June 2015 after chiseling: continuous NT for 24 months after chiseling in September 2009; continuous NT for 18 months Available online xxxx after chiseling in March 2010; continuous NT for 12 months after chiseling in September 2010; continuous NT for 6 months after chiseling in March 2011; NT in newly chiseling soil in September 2011; continuous NT without Keywords: Soil physical attributes chiseling (control). -
Paxton Soil Series Is Named for the Town of Paxton in Worcester County Massachusetts Where It Was First Described
Paxton Massachusetts State Soil Soil Science Society of America Introduction Many states have a designated state bird, flower, fish, tree, rock, etc. And, many states also have a state soil – one that has significance or is important to the state. The Paxton is the offi- cial state soil of Massachusetts. Let’s explore how the Paxton is important to Massachusetts. History The Paxton soil series is named for the town of Paxton in Worcester County Massachusetts where it was first described. The series was established in 1922, described in the Soil Survey of Worcester County in 1927, and then in 1991 it was designated as the official state soil of Massachusetts. Created by the movement of glaciers thousands of years ago, Paxton soils can be found throughout New England and are exemplified by scenic rolling hills dotted with dairy farms. It is considered one of the most productive soils for agricul- ture in New England. What is Paxton Soil? Paxton soil is made of well drained loamy soils formed on wind deposited material that sits on top of rock deposited by glaciers. Classified as a coarse-loamy soil, Paxton soils possess soil particles that are at the larger end of the textural spectrum. Being composed of material scraped from the surface of the landscape over which glaciers traveled, its mineral composi- tion is varied. The rocks contributing to Paxton soils include schist, gneiss, and granite. The clays in its composition have good cation-exchange ca- pacity, although the pH of these soils is low. A cation is a positively charged ion (such as an atom or molecule) which influences the soil’s ability to hold onto essential nutrients and provides a buf- fer against soil acidification. -
The Soil Survey
The Soil Survey The soil survey delineates the basal soil pattern of an area and characterises each kind of soil so that the response to changes can be assessed and used as a basis for prediction. Although in an economic climate it is necessarily made for some practical purpose, it is not subordinated to the parti cular need of the moment, but is conducted in a scientific way that provides basal information of general application and eliminates the necessity for a resurvey whenever a new problem arises. It supplies information that can be combined, analysed, or amplified for many practical purposes, but the purpose should not be allowed to modify the method of survey in any fundamental way. According to the degree of detail required, soil surveys in New Zealand are classed as general, . district, or detailed. General surveys produce sufficient detail for a final map on the scale of 4 miles to an inch (1 :253440); they show the main sets of soils and their general relation to land forms; they are an aid to investigations and planning on the regional or national scale. District surveys, for maps, on the scale of 2 miles to an inch (1: 126720), show soil types or, where the pattern is detailed, combinations of types; they are designed to show the soil pattern in sufficient detail to allow the study of local soil problems and to provide a basis for assembling and distributing information in many fields such as agriculture, forestry, and engineering. Detailed surveys, mostiy for maps on the scale of 40 chains to an inch (1 :31680), delineate soil types and land-use phases, and show the soil pattern in relation to farm boundaries and subdivisional fences. -
A Guide to Potential Soil Carbon Sequestration Land-Use Management for Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions
A Guide to Potential Soil Carbon Sequestration Land-Use Management for Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions By H.W. Markewich and G.R. Buell Terrestrial carbon sequestration has a potential role in reducing the recent increase in atmospheric carbon dioxide (CO2) that is, in part, contributing to global warming. Because the most stable long-term surface reservoir for carbon is the soil, changes in agriculture and forestry can potentially reduce atmospheric CO2 through increased soil-carbon storage. If local governments and regional planning agencies are to effect changes in land-use management that could mitigate the impacts of increased greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, it is essential to know how carbon is cycled and distributed on the landscape. Only then can a cost/benefit analysis be applied to carbon sequestration as a potential land-use management tool for mitigation of GHG emissions. For the past several years, the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) has been researching the role of terrestrial carbon in the global carbon cycle. Data from these investigations now allow the USGS to begin to (1) “map” carbon at national, regional, and local scales; (2) calculate present carbon storage at land surface; and (3) identify those areas having the greatest potential to sequester carbon. Ongoing efforts of the USGS to achieve these objectives are: • compilation and synthesis of site-specific data needed to estimate carbon storage and inventory in soils, reservoir sediments, wetlands, and lakes of the conterminous United States; • characterization of present-day carbon storage by Black Mountain Range, western North Carolina—an area landscape feature and environment; and of high carbon soils—looking north from summit of Mount Mitchell, highest peak in eastern United States. -
Appendix D Soil Series Descriptions
Appendix D Soil Series Descriptions Soil Series Descriptions Soil Orders Mollisols — This order covers a considerable land area of western and southern Minnesota and is the basis for the state's productive agricultural base. The formative syllable, oll, is derived from the Latin word mollis, or soft. Its most distinguishing feature is a thick, dark-colored surface layer that is high in nutrients. It occurs throughout the former prairie areas of Minnesota. The Latin term for soft in its name is descriptive in that most of these soils usually have a rather loose, low-density surface. Three suborders of mollisols occur in Minnesota: Aquolls, Udolls, and Ustolls. Alfisols — This order covers a large land area in Minnesota, part of which is now cultivated and part forested. Alf is the formative element and is coined from a soil term, pedalfer. Pedalfers were identified in the 1930s as soils of the eastern part of the United States with an accumulation of aluminum and iron. The alf refers to the chemical symbols for aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe). Alfisols are primarily fertile soils of the forest, formed in loamy or clayey material. The surface layer of soil, usually light gray or brown, has less clay in it than does the subsoil. These soils are usually moist during the summer, although they may dry during occasional droughts. Two suborders of alfisols occur in Minnesota: Aqualfs and Udalfs. Histosols — The formative element in the name is ist and comes from the Greek word histos, which means tissue. This is an appropriate association because these soils are formed from plant remains in wet environments like marshes and bogs. -
Plant Uptake of Radionuclides in Lysimeter Experiments
AT9900006 Plant uptake of radionuclides in lysimeter experiments M.H. Gerzabek F. Strebl B. Temmel June 1998 OEFZS—4820 SEIBERSDORF 30-20 / OEFZS-4820 June 1998 Plant uptake of radionuclides in lysimeter experiments In: Environmental Pollution 99 (1998) 93-103 M.H. Gerzabek, F. Strebl, B. Temmel Department of Environmental Research Division of Life Sciences ENVIRONMENTAL POLLUTION ELSEVIER Environmental Pollution 99 (1998) 93-103 Plant uptake of radionuclides in lysimeter experiments M.H. Gerzabek*, F. Strebl, B. Temmel Austrian Research Centre Seibersdorf, Division of Life Sciences, A-2444 Seibersdorf Austria Received 20 June 1997; accepted 15 October 1997 Abstract The results of seven years lysimeter experiments to determine the uptake of 60 Co, 137Cs and 226 Ra into agricultural crops (endive, maize, wheat, mustard, sugarbeet, potato, Faba bean, rye grass) are described. The lysimeter consists of twelve monolithic soil profiles (four soil types and three replicates) and is located in Seibersdorf/Austria, a region with a pannonian climate (pronounced differences between hot and semi-arid summers and humid winter conditions, annual mean of precipitation: 517 mm, mean annual temperature: 9.8°C). Besides soil-to-plant transfer factors (TF), fluxes were calculated taking into account biomass production and growth time. Total median values of TF’s (dry matter basis) for the three radionuclides decreased from 226 Ra (0.068 kg kg" 1) to ,37Cs (0.043 kg kg" 1) and 60 Co (0.018 kg kg" 1); flux values exhibited the same ranking. The varying physical and chemical proper ties of the four experimental soils resulted in statistically significant differences in transfer factors or fluxes between the investigated soils for l37Cs and 226 Ra, but not for 60 Co. -
Drummer Illinois State Soil
Drummer Illinois State Soil Soil Science Society of America Introduction Many states have designated state symbols such as bird, flower, fish, tree, rock, and more. Many states also have a state soil – one that has significance or is important to the state. As there are many types of birds, flowers, and trees, there are hundreds of soil types in our state but Drummer is the official state soil of Illinois. How important is the Drummer soil to Illinois? History Drummer was first established as a type of soil in Ford County in 1929. It was named after Drummer Creek in Drummer Township. 1n 1987, Drummer was selected as the state soil by the Illinois Soil Classifiers Association over other soils such as Cisne, Flanagan, Hoyleton, Ipava, Sable, and Saybrook. Since then, Drummer has been repeatedly chosen by other as- sociations who work with soil. In 1992, the Illinois Association of Vocational Agriculture Teachers sponsored a state soil election in their classrooms and Drummer won by a margin of 2 to 1. In 1993, the statewide 4H Youth Conference also selected Drummer out of 6 nomi- nees. Also in 1993 at the FFA state convention, Drummer and Ipava were tied in the contest. Finally, in 2001, after many attempts, it was finally passed by the Illinois Legislature and signed into law by Governor George Ryan. What is Drummer Soil? It is the most common among the dark colored soils or “black dirt” of Illinois. The dark color is due to the high amount of organic matter inherited from the decomposition of the prairie vegetation that is growing on the soil. -
The Soil Map of the Flemish Region Converted to the 3 Edition of the World Reference Base for Soil Resources
Ontwikkelen en toepassen van een methodiek voor de vertaling van de Belgische bodemclassificatie van de kustpolders naar het internationale WRB systeem en generaliseren van de WRB-bodemkaart voor gans Vlaanderen naar het 1 : 250 000 schaalniveau The soil map of the Flemish region converted to the 3 rd edition of the World Reference Base for soil resources Stefaan Dondeyne, Laura Vanierschot, Roger Langohr Eric Van Ranst and Jozef Deckers Oct. 2014 Opdracht van de Vlaamse Overheid Bestek nr. BOD/STUD/2013/01 Contents Contents............................................................................................................................................................3 Acknowledgement ...........................................................................................................................................5 Abstract............................................................................................................................................................7 Samenvatting ...................................................................................................................................................9 1. Background and objectives.......................................................................................................................11 2. The soil map of Belgium............................................................................................................................12 2.1 The soil survey project..........................................................................................................................12 -
World Reference Base for Soil Resources 2014 International Soil Classification System for Naming Soils and Creating Legends for Soil Maps
ISSN 0532-0488 WORLD SOIL RESOURCES REPORTS 106 World reference base for soil resources 2014 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 Cover photographs (left to right): Ekranic Technosol – Austria (©Erika Michéli) Reductaquic Cryosol – Russia (©Maria Gerasimova) Ferralic Nitisol – Australia (©Ben Harms) Pellic Vertisol – Bulgaria (©Erika Michéli) Albic Podzol – Czech Republic (©Erika Michéli) Hypercalcic Kastanozem – Mexico (©Carlos Cruz Gaistardo) Stagnic Luvisol – South Africa (©Márta Fuchs) Copies of FAO publications can be requested from: SALES AND MARKETING GROUP Information Division Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations Viale delle Terme di Caracalla 00100 Rome, Italy E-mail: [email protected] Fax: (+39) 06 57053360 Web site: http://www.fao.org WORLD SOIL World reference base RESOURCES REPORTS for soil resources 2014 106 International soil classification system for naming soils and creating legends for soil maps Update 2015 FOOD AND AGRICULTURE ORGANIZATION OF THE UNITED NATIONS Rome, 2015 The designations employed and the presentation of material in this information product do not imply the expression of any opinion whatsoever on the part of the Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) concerning the legal or development status of any country, territory, city or area or of its authorities, or concerning the delimitation of its frontiers or boundaries. The mention of specific companies or products of manufacturers, whether or not these have been patented, does not imply that these have been endorsed or recommended by FAO in preference to others of a similar nature that are not mentioned. The views expressed in this information product are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views or policies of FAO. -
Physical and Chemical Properties in Relation to Soil Permeability in the Area of the Velika Gorica Well Fi
73 The Mining-Geology-Petroleum Engineering Bulletin Physical and chemical properties UDC: ͢͡͡Ǥ͟ǣ͢͡͡Ǥ͡ in relation to soil permeability DOI: 10.17794/rgn.2018.2.7 in the area of the Velika Gorica well Ƥ eld Original scientiƤ c paper Stanko Ruži«i©1; Zoran Kova«1; Dražen Tumara2 1Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering (Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Assistant Professor) 1Faculty of Mining, Geology and Petroleum Engineering (Pierottijeva 6, 10000 Zagreb, Croatia, Post-doctorand) 2Energy Institute Hrvoje Požar (Savska cesta 163, 10001 Zagreb, Croatia, Junior Researcher) Abstract Hydraulic parameters aơ ect the behaviour of various ions in soils. The goal of this paper is to get a better understanding of the relationship between physical and chemical properties and soil permeability at the location of the case study soil proƤ le Velika Gorica, based on physical and chemical data. The soil proƤ le is situated in the Eutric Cambisol of the Za- greb aquifer, Croatia. The Zagreb aquifer represents the only source of potable water for inhabitants of the City of Zagreb and the Zagreb County. Based on the data obtained from particle size analysis, soil hydraulic parameters and measured water content, unsaturated hydraulic conductivity values were calculated for the estimation of soil proƤ le permeability. Soil water retention curves and unsaturated hydraulic conductivities are very similar for all depths because soil texture does not change signiƤ cantly through the depth. Determination of major anions and cations on soil samples was per- formed using the method of ion chromatography. The results showed a decrease of ions concentrations after a depth of Ͱ.6 m. -
Soil Organic Matter As Sole Indicator of Soil Degradation
Environ Monit Assess (2017) 189:176 DOI 10.1007/s10661-017-5881-y Soil organic matter as sole indicator of soil degradation S.E. Obalum & G.U. Chibuike & S. Peth & Y. Ouyang Received: 27 July 2016 /Accepted: 7 March 2017 # Springer International Publishing Switzerland 2017 Abstract Soil organic matter (SOM) is known to play properties as well. Thus, functions of SOM almost al- vital roles in the maintenance and improvement of many ways affect various soil properties and processes and soil properties and processes. These roles, which largely engage in multiple reactions. In view of its role in soil influence soil functions, are a pool of specific contribu- aggregation and erosion control, in availability of plant tions of different components of SOM. The soil func- nutrients and in ameliorating other forms of soil degra- tions, in turn, normally define the level of soil degrada- dation than erosion, SOM has proven to be an important tion, viewed as quantifiable temporal changes in a soil indicator of soil degradation. It has been suggested, that impairs its quality. This paper aims at providing a however, that rather than the absolute amount, temporal generalized assessment of the current state of knowl- change and potential amount of SOM be considered in edge on the usefulness of SOM in monitoring soil its use as indicator of soil degradation, and that SOM degradation, based on its influence on the physical, may not be an all-purpose indicator. Whilst SOM re- chemical and biological properties and processes of mains a candidate without substitute as long as a one- soils. -
Influence of Soil Type on the Reliability of the Prediction Model
agronomy Article Influence of Soil Type on the Reliability of the Prediction Model for Bioavailability of Mn, Zn, Pb, Ni and Cu in the Soils of the Republic of Serbia Jelena Maksimovi´c*, Radmila Pivi´c,Aleksandra Stanojkovi´c-Sebi´c , Marina Jovkovi´c,Darko Jaramaz and Zoran Dini´c Institute of Soil Science, Teodora Drajzera 7, 11000 Belgrade, Serbia; [email protected] (R.P.); [email protected] (A.S.-S.); [email protected] (M.J.); [email protected] (D.J.); [email protected] (Z.D.) * Correspondence: [email protected] Abstract: The principles of sustainable agriculture in the 21st century are based on the preservation of basic natural resources and environmental protection, which is achieved through a multidisciplinary approach in obtaining solutions and applying information technologies. Prediction models of bioavailability of trace elements (TEs) represent the basis for the development of machine learning and artificial intelligence in digital agriculture. Since the bioavailability of TEs is influenced by the physicochemical properties of the soil, which are characteristic of the soil type, in order to obtain more reliable prediction models in this study, the testing set from the previous study was grouped based on the soil type. The aim of this study was to examine the possibility of improvement in the prediction of bioavailability of TEs by using a different strategy of model development. After the training set was grouped based on the criteria for the new model development, the developed basic models were compared to the basic models from the previous study. The second step was to develop Citation: Maksimovi´c,J.; Pivi´c,R.; models based on the soil type (for the eight most common soil types in the Republic of Serbia—RS) Stanojkovi´c-Sebi´c,A.; Jovkovi´c,M.; and to compare their reliability to the basic models.