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Bark of Dirca L.: Tensile Properties, Anatomy, and Utility for Handmade Asian-Style Bark Paper Zachary Hudson Iowa State University

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Bark of Dirca L.: Tensile Properties, Anatomy, and Utility for Handmade Asian-Style Bark Paper Zachary Hudson Iowa State University Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Graduate Theses and Dissertations Dissertations 2019 Bark of Dirca L.: Tensile properties, anatomy, and utility for handmade Asian-style bark paper Zachary Hudson Iowa State University Follow this and additional works at: https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd Part of the Botany Commons Recommended Citation Hudson, Zachary, "Bark of Dirca L.: Tensile properties, anatomy, and utility for handmade Asian-style bark paper" (2019). Graduate Theses and Dissertations. 17031. https://lib.dr.iastate.edu/etd/17031 This Dissertation is brought to you for free and open access by the Iowa State University Capstones, Theses and Dissertations at Iowa State University Digital Repository. It has been accepted for inclusion in Graduate Theses and Dissertations by an authorized administrator of Iowa State University Digital Repository. For more information, please contact [email protected]. Bark of Dirca L.: Tensile properties, anatomy, and utility for handmade Asian-style bark paper by Zachary Hudson A dissertation submitted to the graduate faculty in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of DOCTOR OF PHILOSOPHY Co-Majors: Horticulture; Ecology and Evolutionary Biology Program of Study Committee: William Graves, Major Professor Grant Arndt Lynn Clark Christopher Currey Robert Wallace Mark Widrlechner The student author, whose presentation of the scholarship herein was approved by the program of study committee, is solely responsible for the content of this dissertation. The Graduate College will ensure this dissertation is globally accessible and will not permit alterations after a degree is conferred. Iowa State University Ames, Iowa 2019 Copyright © Zachary Hudson, 2019. All rights reserved. ii TABLE OF CONTENTS ABSTRACT .............................................................................................................................................. v CHAPTER 1. INTRODUCTION AND LITERATURE REVIEW ..................................................................... 1 Introduction ....................................................................................................................................... 1 Anatomy ......................................................................................................................................... 3 Asian-style bark paper ................................................................................................................... 4 Dissertation Structure & Objectives ................................................................................................. 5 Literature Cited ................................................................................................................................. 7 CHAPTER 2. TENSILE PROPERTIES OF BARK OF DIRCA L. (LEATHERWOOD) AND OTHER SPECIES OF THYMELAEACEAE ........................................................................................................................... 10 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 10 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 10 Materials & Methods ...................................................................................................................... 13 Collection and drying ................................................................................................................... 13 Sample preparation and conditioning ........................................................................................ 18 Tensile testing .............................................................................................................................. 20 Analysis......................................................................................................................................... 21 Results & Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 22 Among species of Dirca ............................................................................................................... 22 Among Thymelaeaceae ............................................................................................................... 22 All species evaluated ................................................................................................................... 25 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 26 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 27 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................... 27 CHAPTER 3. SECTIONING OF LIGNIN-FREE HETEROGENEOUS BARK OF DIRCA MEXICANA (THYMELAEACEAE) .............................................................................................................................. 31 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 31 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 31 Materials & Methods ...................................................................................................................... 33 Sample collection and preparation ............................................................................................ 33 Fresh-, wax-, and resin-based methods ..................................................................................... 33 Ethylenediamine and paraffin wax method ............................................................................... 35 Ethylenediamine and polyethylene glycol 1500 method .......................................................... 36 Histochemistry ............................................................................................................................. 39 Results & Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 39 Fresh-, wax-, and resin-based methods ..................................................................................... 39 Ethylenediamine and paraffin wax method ............................................................................... 40 iii Ethylenediamine and polyethylene glycol 1500 method .......................................................... 41 Histochemistry ............................................................................................................................. 44 Conclusions ...................................................................................................................................... 45 Acknowledgements ......................................................................................................................... 46 Literature Cited ............................................................................................................................... 46 CHAPTER 4. ANATOMY OF BARK OF SPECIES OF DIRCA L. (THYMELAEACEAE) ............................... 48 Abstract ............................................................................................................................................ 48 Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 48 Anatomy of bark of Dirca palustris ............................................................................................. 52 Materials & Methods ...................................................................................................................... 54 Collection ..................................................................................................................................... 54 Sectioning and staining ............................................................................................................... 56 Histochemistry ............................................................................................................................. 58 Maceration ................................................................................................................................... 58 Analysis......................................................................................................................................... 58 Results & Discussion ........................................................................................................................ 59 Anatomy ....................................................................................................................................... 59 Histochemistry ............................................................................................................................. 64 Conclusion ....................................................................................................................................... 65 Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................... 67 Literature Cited ..............................................................................................................................
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