IN THIS ISSUE: Struggle for control - Wars in ancient

ANCIENT WARFARE VOL VII, ISSUE 2

Struggle for control: Wars in ancient Sicily

With: • The Siege of Motya • Also: • Roman refusal of military service • at the River Granicus

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AW VII nr 2.indd 2 21-05-13 08:42 ANCIENT WARFARE CONTENTS

Publisher: Rolof van Hövell tot Westerflier 4 News and letters 26 Dionysius I’s Siege of Editor in chief: Jasper Oorthuys Motya, 397 BC Editorial staff: Josho Brouwers (editor Ancient Warfare), Sow the wind and reap the Lindsay Powell (news editor), Arianna Sacco (proof- THEME whirlwind reader) Struggle for control Marketing & media manager: Christianne C. Beall Wars in ancient Sicily Contributors: Matthew Beazley, Duncan Campbell, Sidney Dean, Filippo Donvito, Annelies Koolen, Korneel 5 Struggle for control van Lommel, Paul McDonnell-Staff, Konstantin Nossov, Historical introduction Nicholas Sekunda, Vincent van der Veen. Illustrators: Igor Dzis, Carlos García, Brendan Keeley, 34 Treachery, tyranny Julia Lillo, José Antonio Gutierrez Lopez, Pablo Outeiral, and terror Angel García Pinto, Johnny Shumate, Nikolai Zubkhov. Agathocles of Syracuse and the Third Greco-Punic War Design & layout: MeSa Design (www.mesadesign.nl) Print: PublisherPartners (www.publisherpartners.com) 9 Sicilian Greek fortifications Editorial office Military architecture as PO Box 4082, 7200 BB Zutphen, The Netherlands source Phone: +31-575-776076 (NL), +44-20-8816281 (Europe), +1-740-994-0091 (US) “Keep your grubby E-mail: [email protected] 40 Customer service: [email protected] paws off my stuff!” Website: www.ancient-warfare.com Roman ownership inscriptions

Contributions in the form of articles, letters, reviews, news and queries are welcomed. Please send to the 12 Timoleon of Corinth above address or use the contact form on Saviour of Sicily www.ancient-warfare.com. 42 “I would rather cut Subscriptions off my thumb” Subscription price is €33,50 plus postage surcharge Refusal of where applicable. Subscriptions can be purchased at military service shop.karwansaraypublishers.com, via phone or by email. in ancient Rome For the address, see above. Alexander’s great An underestimation of 48 Distribution 18 cavalry battle Ancient Warfare is sold through retailers, the internet and the enemy’s cavalry What really happened at the by subscription. If you wish to become a sales out-let, Athenian cavalry in Sicily River Granicus? please contact us at [email protected]

Copyright Karwansaray B.V. All rights reserved. Nothing in this publication may be reproduced in any form without prior written consent of the publishers. Any individual providing material for publication must ensure that the correct permissions have been obtained before submission to us. Every effort has been made 53 Reviews to trace copyright holders, but in few cases this proves Books and games impossible. The editor and publishers apologize for any 24 In the service of unwitting cases of copyright transgressions and would Syracusan tyrants like to hear from any copyright holders not acknowl- A regiment of Cretan edged. Articles and the opinions expressed herein do mercenary archers not necessarily represent the views of the editor and/or publishers. Advertising in Ancient Warfare does not necessarily imply endorsement.

Ancient Warfare is published every two months by Karwansaray B.V., Rotterdam, The Netherlands. 58 On the cover PO Box 1110, 3000 BC Rotterdam, The Netherlands.

ISSN: 2211-5129

Printed in the European Union. Ancient Warfare VII-2 3

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Julius Caesar in Germania

As readers will be aware, conquered Gaul. Roman, and are located on the right bank of the River Rhine. Archaeological evidence for this is abundant, as demonstrat- Caesar was here after he had several bridges built across the ed by excavations at Alesia and Gergovia. However, Caesar is Rhine in 55 and 53 BC. From a military point of view, these also claimed to have gone to Britain, Belgium and Germany, expeditions were not great successes, but they added to and for those places the archaeological evidence simply has Caesar’s military reputation. not surfaced so far. Still, Caesar’s forces in these territories The recent discoveries confirm in an archaeological sense must have left behind hundreds of temporary camps used by the truth of what Caesar was saying. Of course, it is presumed the eight legions that spent more than a decade in the coun- that the archaeologists have not made a mistake, and it must tries north of the Alps. be stressed that there is, at the moment, no official report yet. Suddenly, this situation is changing. Last year, Thuin in However, the latter seems very unlikely, since the evidence is Belgium was identified as the place where Caesar defeated fairly straightforward: Roman pottery of the mid-first century the Aduatuci. Then came Hermeskeil: a camp close to Trier, BC and a presence on the eastern banks of the River Rhine. that possibly saw service during the late fifties BC. And now, (For links to further information, please visit the editor’s blog two more military camps have been unearthed in Hessen, on our website.) both of which date to the middle of the first century BC, are

New evidence for Ahmose’s war against the Hykos

Evidence for a brutal battle between Egyptian troops and the animals buried in sand. Preliminary studies of the skeletons Hyskos has been found near the Suez Canal. Excavations of reveal that they bear visible signs of trauma: deep scars and Tel Habuwa, near the town of Qantara East, are shedding light wounds as the result of being struck with arrows or spears. on the campaign led by Pharaoh Ahmose I (r.1550–1525 BC) The remains of buildings destroyed by fire were also to eject the Hyksos invaders from Egypt. The Hyskos were a found, confirming surviving written accounts, which describe mixed people from West Asia who took over the Eastern Nile a great conflagration during Ahmose I’s battle against the Delta at the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period. Hyksos. On the Rhind Mathematical Papyrus in the British While working at the site archaeologists discovered the Museum, the copyist mentions the capture of some Egyptian remains of administrative buildings dating back to the Hyksos towns in year 33 of the reign of Apophis, the penultimate king and the New Kingdom periods in the second millennium BC of the Hyksos Fifteenth Dynasty. Ahmose imposed his author- along with many grain silos. The silos could store more than ity over Tharo to besiege the Hyksos in their capital Avaris in 280 tonnes of grain, indicating the great size of the Egyptian the Delta and prevent them from contacting their allies in the army which was stationed at Tel Habuwa at that time. east, and finally oust them from Egypt. Ahmose succeeded in Each structure is a two-storey building with a series of reclaiming the Delta Region for Egypt around 1560 BC. (See mud-brick rooms and courtyards. Inside, excavators found also Arianna Sacco’s contribution on the Hyksos in the previ- a collection of coffins, skulls and skeletons of people and ous issue of Ancient Warfare, pp. 14–19.)

Themes and deadlines

The following are the themes for the next upcoming issues: - VII.3 The Early Roman Republic - VII.4 Logistics and the army train - VII.5 The March of the Ten Thousand (June 20th) - VII.6 The wars of Marcus Aurelius (August 20th) - VIII.1 Traitors, deserters and defectors (September 20th)

If you have a proposal that fits our themes, we would be interested to hear from you to discuss the possibility of publishing an article. Send your proposal – including the angle you propose to take, ideas for illustrations and artwork, and your qualifications – to editor@ancient-war- fare.com. Do make sure you send them before the proposal

© Brendan Keeley © Brendan deadlines mentioned above.

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