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To Mv FATHER AND MOTHER TALKING DRUMS OF AFRICA by J. F. CARRINGTON, B.Sc., Ph.D. The Baptist Missionary Society, Yakusu Near Stanleyville, Belgian Congo THE CAREY KINGSGATE PRESS 6 SOUTHAMPTON ROW LONDON, W.C.1 FIRST PUBLISHED I 949 THE CAREY KINGSGATE PRESS, 6 SOUTHAMPTON ROW, LONDON, w.e.1 PRINTED IN GREAT BRITAIN IN THE CITY OF OXFORD AT THE ALDEN PRESS CONTENTS I INTRODUCTION 7 II CENTRAL AFRICAN LANGUAGES AND OUR OWN I I III THE DRUMS 21 IV HOW MESSAGES ARE SENT ON THE TALKING DRUM 32 V WHAT'S IN A NAME? 40 VI OURSELVES AS OTHERS SEE US 48 VII BIRTHS, MARRIAGES AND DEATHS 53 VIII SPORTING EVENTS 60 IX POTPOURRI 69 X HORNS, WHISTLES AND GUITARS 74 XI THE FUTURE OF THE DRUM LANGUAGES OF AFRICA 81 APPENDIX I: THE STORY OF THE TORTOISE AND THE JACKAL 87 APPENDIX II: KEY TO SIGNS AND SYMBOLS USED 89 BIBLIOGRAPHY 91 INDEX 94 5 ILLUSTRATIONS Page I. MAP SHOWING LANGUAGE GROUPS OF AFRICA I 2 2. A LOKELE TALKING DRUM 22 3. STAGES IN THE HOLLOWING OF A LOKELE SLIT-DRUM 23 4. A SOUTH CONGO SLIT-DRUM 24 5• A WEDGE-SHAPED SLIT-DRUM FROM THE KASAI 26 6. FOUR HYMN TUNES 35 7. BOYELE'S FAMILY AND THEIR DRUM NAMES 42-3 8. MBAE DRUMMER CALLJNG CHIEF: DRUMS IN THE DRUM- HOUSE facing 48 9• OLOMBO CHILDREN LEARNING TO DRUM: A YAFOL'J DRUM- MAKER facing 64 IO, THE GUITAR SESE 78 I I. A KA.BILE INITIATE OF THE MBAE TRIBE facing Bo 12. DIAGRAM SHOWING THE DECLINE OF DRUM-SIGNALLING AMONG YAKUSU SCHOOLBOYS 6 CHAPTER I INTRODUCTION DURING my first few months as a missionary of the Baptist Missionary Society in the Stanleyville area of Belgian Congo, I was sent out, along with a more experienced colleague, to the villages of the Bamb:>le forest on the south bank of the Congo. We had been working for some days in a village called Yawifa and we planned to make a half-day trip to the neighbouring town of Yaongama, some seven or eight miles away. When we arrived at Yaongama I was surprised to find the village teacher, the medical assistant and the church members all awaiting us in their schoolroom. Withbut attempting to discover by what means the news of our approach had reached the villagers (we had sent no messenger from Yawifa) we got down to the work for the day. But my silent queries were answered during an address by the native pastor which wound up our business at the village. He put a question to the assembled congregation in order to bring home some point in his talk. 'How did we know the white men were coming to-day?' he asked. 'By the drum message,',came the reply. , On making inquiries after the meeting, I found that soon after our departure from Yawifa the villagers there had sent a message by the drum to Yaongama informing the church members to be ready to meet the B.M.S. white men who were on their way.. Stories of this kind are common in travel books about Africa. In a book edited by Knox and entitled Travels into the Inland parts of Africa, there is a description of a journey to villages of the Mandingo country of West Africa by Francis Moore who left England in 1 730. He writes: In almost every town they have a kind of drum of a very large size called ,a tangtang which they only beat at the approach of an enemy or on some very extraordinary occasion to call the inhabitants of the neighbouring towns to their assistance. •. 7 TALKING DRUMS OF AFRICA A century later, in A Narrative of the Expedition sent by .Her Majesty's Government to the River Niger in z84z, a similar story is told. Referring to a native named Glasgow, the writers say: He also said that they could communicate by this means at very great distance by the war drum which is kept in every village to give and repeat these signals; so that there is intimation of danger long before the enemy can attack them. We are often surprised to find the sound of the trumpet so well understood in our military evolutions, but how far short that falls of the result arrived at by these untutored savages. This method of communication is no doubt employed by slave dealers to give notice of the movements of our cruisers. This extract is interesting in showing the distinctiou_between drum signalling and drum talking. The former is common in most countries of the world, being especially used in military operations. Our well-known bugle calls are examples of the same kind of signals although a different instrument is used to send them. But the drum signals described by Glasgow are of a differ­ ent kind; they have a language basis and can be modified to beat out messages which cover almost any situation arising in native life. On his epoch-making journey across Africa from 187 5 to 1877, H. M. Stanley passed through the drum languas-e area of the continent. He mentions again and again the 'sonorous war­ drums' and suspects that they are used to stimulate the natives to attack him and his fellow-travellers. In a later book which describes his experiences in the Congo when he returned there to organize the Etat Independant du Congo on behalf of King Leopold II of the Belgians, Stanley gives an account of these remarkable drums. Speaking of the baEna tribe living on the banks of the Congo at the cataracts which are now called Stanley Falls he says: The islanders have not yet adopted electric signals but possess, however, a system of communication quite as effective. Their huge drums by being struck in different parts convey language as clear to the initiated as vocal speech.... The baEna tribes still possess and use such talking drums. They 8 , INTRODUCTION are not the same as those which Stanley saw, for the life of a talking drum in Central Africa does not exceed forty or fifty years, but they are like them and used in just the same way. The following quotation, from R. E. Dennett (3. p. 76) illus­ trates the use of the drum for relaying messages from village to village until the news is carried for quite a considerable distance. He is describing the drums of the Loango area, north of the mouth of the Congo river. In 1881 we in Landana heard of the wreck of the mail steamer, Ethiopia, sixty or seventy miles away one or two hours after its actual occurrence in Luango, by drum mes­ sage ... a good operator with his drumsticks can say anyt}:ling he likes upon it (the drum) in his dialect ... The drum language, so-called, is not limited to a fow sentences but, given a good operator, and a good listener, comprehends all a man can say. The value of this method of communication in a country where road travel is often impossible and river travel is tedious was quickly recognized by early colonists. As early as 1899 (and even before that date) Belgian Government officers in the Congo were quick to use the drum for communicating orders to native chiefs under them. A. B. Lloyd (5. p. 353) tells of the signalling drum of the tribes along the banks of the Aruwimi river (these people are the bAngwa whose present-day method of drumming is referred to later) (cf. p. 51). He says: I was told that from one village to another, a distance of over a hundred miles, a message could be sent in less than two hours and I quite believe it possible to be done in much less time. The Belgian officers use this method of communication with the natives, always keeping a drum on the station and a man that can beat it. One of the most ingenious uses of the talking drum as an aid to colonization must surely be that described by Lieutenant Gilmont in 1877, concerning an officer of the Etat Independant du Congo. An officer commissioned with the task of quelling a revolt amQng the natives (for there are revolts in all countries of the world) had some knowledge of the telegraphic language used 9 T AL K I NG DRUMS OF A FR I CA , by the indigenous peoples. One evening he took, by surprise, a large talking drum and beat out again and again: luiza quo, luiza quo ... come here, come here. The natives, believing the white man to be some distance away, presented themselves full of confidence and were roped in one by one as they came. Thus it was that all· hostilities were terminated peacefully. 1 Doubt has been cast on the veracity of stories such as these, however. Fairly recently the question of drum languages was raised -in a B.B. C. discussion and the answers given showed that only the vaguest of information was to hand. 2 In a book published a short time ago 3 telepathic communication was put forward as a means by which the drums could broadcast their messages. It is certainly true that some accounts of the drum languages of Africa have been seriously exaggerated. As A. J. H. Goodwin says: The drum language of West Africa has been built up by careless journalism into one of the wonders of the world. Messages sent by this means have been described as covering great areas at speeds sometimes faster than that of sound...
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