COUNCIL ON FOREIGN RELATIONS ANNUAL REPORT JULY 1, 2005 - JUNE 30, 2006

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Email: [email protected] Officers and Directors, 2006-2007

Officers Directors Officers and Directors, Emeritus and Honorary Peter G. Peterson* Term Expiring 2007 Chairman Fouad Ajami Leslie H. Gelb Carla A. Hills* Kenneth M. Duberstein President Emeritus Wee Chairman Ronald L. Olson Maurice R. Greenberg Honorary Vice Chairman Robert E. Rubin Peter G. Peterson*! Vice Chairman Thomas R. Pickering Charles McC. Mathias Jr. Richard N. Haass Laura D'Andrea Tyson Director Emeritus President David Rockefeller Term Expiring 2008 Janice L. Murray Honorary Chairman Martin S. Feldstein Sen/or Vice President, Treasurer, Robert A. Scalapino and Chief Operating Officer Helene D. Gayle Director Emeritus David Kellogg Karen Elliott House Sen/or Vice President, Corporate Affairs, Michael H. Moskow and Publisher Richard E. Salomon Nancy D. Bodurtha Anne-Marie Slaughter ^*^ Vice President, Meetings BC Term Expiring 2009 Irina A. Faskianos Wee President, National Program Madeleine K. Albright and Outreach Richard N. Foster Suzanne E. Helm Maurice R. Greenberg vT^^^^M Wee President, Development Carla A. Hills*t Elise Carlson Lewis Joseph S. Nye Jr. Wee President, Membership Fareed Zakaria and Fellowship Affairs JJLt\>,Zm James M. Lindsay Term Expiring 2010 j^YESS Wee President, Director of Studies, Peter Ackerman Maurice R. Greenberg Chair Charlene Barshefsky Nancy E. Roman Stephen W. Bosworth Wee President and Director, Washington Program Tom Brokaw yJ§ David M. Rubenstein Lisa Shields Wee President, Communications Robert E. Rubin and Marketing '*N*. Term Expiring 2011 Lilita V. Gusts Henry S. Bienent Secretary Richard C. Holbrooke Colin L. Powell Joan E. Sperof Vin Weberf Christine Todd Whitman Dhotos on facing page:

Richard N. Haass \t the Council ex officio raqi Minister of Municipalities and Public Works Vasreen Barwari \rchbishop of Washington, Cardinal * In accordance with By-Law VII. Theodore E. McCarrick t Appointed by the Board of Directors in 2006. ndian Prime Minister Manmohan Singh Note: This list of Officers and Directors is current as of July 1, 2006. 3ono, activist and lead singer of U2 Contents

4 Mission Statement 5 At the Council 8 Letter from the Chairman 10 President's Message 14 Foreign Affairs 16 Special Initiatives 16 Outreach 18 Task Forces 21 Council Special Reports 23 Arthur Ross Book Award 24 Geoeconomics 25 2006 Council Counts 26 Studies Program 30 Publications 32 New York Meetings Program 36 Washington Program 40 National Program 44 Corporate Program 48 Term Member Program 50 CFR.org 51 Communications 52 Endowed and Named Chairs, Fellowships, and Lectureships, 2005-2006 55 International Affairs Fellowship Program 56 Development 65 Committees of the Board, 2005-2006 66 2006 Board Election 66 Chairman's Advisory Council 67 International Advisory Board 68 By-Laws of the Council 70 Rules, Guidelines, and Practices 72 Historical Roster of Directors and Officers 74 Financial Statements 82 Staff 85 Membership 86 Membership Roster Mission Statement

Founded in 1921, the Council on Foreign Relations is an independent, national membership organization and a nonpartisan center for scholars dedicated to producing and disseminating ideas so that individual and corporate members, as well as policymakers, journalists, students, and interested citizens in the United States and other countries, can better under- stand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other governments. The Coun- cil, which is headquartered in New York with an offi ce In the end what we have to do is change the culture on the ground, both in Washington, DC, does this by in the West and in the Middle East, so that we have the kinds of societies which u Convening meetings in New York, Washington, DC, don’t encourage a subset of the popula- and other select American cities where senior tion to become radicalized and violent. government offi cials, global leaders, and prominent —MICHAEL CHERTOFF thinkers come together with Council members to U.S. Secretary of Homeland Security debate and discuss the major foreign policy issues of our time;

u Conducting a wide-ranging Studies Program where Council fellows produce articles and books that analyze foreign policy issues and make concrete policy recommendations;

u Publishing Foreign Affairs, the preeminent journal covering international affairs and U.S. foreign policy;

u Maintaining a diverse membership, including special programs to foster interest and expertise in the next generation of foreign policy leaders; It’s been the consistent position of my government that we will not accept— u Sponsoring Independent Task Forces whose we cannot accept—North Korean reports help set the public foreign policy agenda; nuclear programs, and we want to and have the denuclearization of the Korean Peninsula. u Providing up-to-date information about the world —BAN KI-MOON and U.S. foreign policy on the Council’s website, Korean Minister of Foreign Affairs and Trade Secretary-General CFR.org.

4 at the council

While al-Qaeda and extremist movements have utilized [the media] for many years and have successfully further poisoned the Muslim public’s view of the West, we have barely even begun to compete in reaching their audiences. —DONALD H. RUMSFELD U.S. Secretary of Defense

We must see migration as an asset, as Liberia’s fragile peace is tied to the Inasmuch as the West was surprised, an opportunity for both of our coun- dynamics of the region. Our peace will if you like, by this culture of death, tries, because the U.S. is an aging never be secure until there is peace in the I can assure you that the majority of population with a lot of retired peo- subregions, in all the neighboring coun- Muslims were even more surprised ple that need a lot of support. Mexico tries. . . . So we have to get to work on because this culture of death runs is a young nation, with a large youth the solutions . . . and work with the lead- counter to everything that Muslims [population], and that’s an asset. ers in [those] countries . . . to ensure that hold dear. —VICENTE FOX they, too, can fi nd a way to peace. Th at’s —PRINCE TURKI AL-FAISAL President of Mexico the only way to secure our own peace. Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States —ELLEN JOHNSON SIRLEAF President of Liberia

5 at the council

After Afghanistan was liberated, [the] We need to do for terror what was done Turkey has married the Islamic cul- lack of a credible exit strategy at the to slavery. Slavery went from being an ture with the democratic culture. And time led to a lot of the problems we see internationally accepted norm to becom- Turkey has been very successful. Th at today. . . . Getting into a theater of ing an international pariah. And the doesn’t mean . . . that we don’t have confl ict is sometimes easier than getting antislavery movement actually sprang shortcomings. . . . But what really lies out, because you need to sustain what from religious convictions about the behind [the marriage] is a change of you have achieved. . . . So the crafting worth and value of every person, con- mentality, which doesn’t happen in a of the exit strategy is more important victions very similar to America’s belief week to ten days. than the entry strategy. in the dignity of every human being. —RECEP TAYYIP ERDOGAN —SHAUKAT AZIZ —KAREN P. HUGHES Prime Minister of Turkey Prime Minister of Pakistan U.S. Undersecretary of State for Public Diplomacy and Public Affairs

One of the things that I observed while we were in Russia is the degree to which Russians no longer want to be treated as a stepchild in the Coopera- tive Threat Reduction process [of secur- ing nuclear weapons materials]. There’s an enormous amount of national pride that exists, and the more we can give them a sense that they are cooperat- ing not as supplicants but rather as full partners, the better off we will be. —BARACK OBAMA Member, U.S. Senate (D-IL)

6 at the council

Th e terrorists’ vision is based on enslave- ment, and it is precisely because the people the terrorists seek to enslave are powerless that they are vulnerable to its siren song. Th e terrorists’ vision is also based on elit- ism, in which a privileged few decree what is best for everyone—and use terror to impose their will. —STEPHEN J. HADLEY Assistant to the President for National Security Affairs

Most of the judges in the sharia courts are illiterate. . . . We had the problem of training judges. . . . They trained them for six to eight weeks and then sent them back to the courts. A lot of them were supposed to have written exams and passed, but our understanding is about 80 to 90 percent of them didn’t. —HAUWA IBRAHIM Nigerian Human Rights Lawyer, 2005 Winner of the Sakharov Prize Th e struggle against global terror is not a clash of civilizations; it is a clash about civilization. It is and ought to be about the unity of civilizations against the barbarity of terrorism in its ultimate defi nition. —JOHN REID U.K. Secretary of State for Defence

7 letter from the chairman S ince I fi rst became a member of this institu- tion in 1971, I have had the extraordinary privilege of seeing it develop in ways that I could not have imagined. As we approach the eighty-fi fth anniversary of the Council’s founding, I fi nd it worthwhile to take stock—where we stand, what we once were, and what we aim to become. Twent y years ago, developed exponentially. Among his biggest ac- the Council was pri- complishments: fi rst, redefi ning the foreign policy marily New York– and community to include experts from the nongovern- Washington-based, mental organization world, experts in health care, with a membership of drugs, and the environment, younger people, and just under 2,400. To- business leaders with direct experience abroad; and, day, it has increased to second, putting the Council at the public center of over 4,200 individuals the policy debates in the United States and helping across the nation. Th e to defi ne what those debates should be. Term Member Pro- In 1995, the Council’s International Advisory gram consisted then Board was founded. Chaired by David Rockefeller, of just 135 young men whose deep involvement with and commitment to the and women. Today, Council has been of immeasurable benefi t, this dis- our valued term mem- tinguished group of international statesmen and busi- bers number close to ness leaders helps invigorate international dialogue 500. Women and mi- and provides international insights on the Council’s Chairman Peter G. Peterson nority members have programs and its strategic direction. Th is period also more than doubled. saw the establishment of the Harold Pratt Associates In 1992, James F. Hoge Jr. joined Foreign Aff airs to recognize our most generous donors. as editor, where fourteen years later he continues his Programmatically, the Council continued to in- remarkable work leading the most infl uential maga- crease its work in New York and Washington, DC, zine in the world concerned with U.S. foreign policy while expanding the scope of its National Program. and international relations. Since the early 1980s, the In 1996, the Council held its fi rst National Confer- circulation of Foreign Aff airs has grown from 80,000 ence, bringing together members from across the to more than 140,000, and the magazine now ap- country for two days of activities at the Council’s pears in Japanese, Spanish, and Russian versions. New York headquarters. Th is important milestone In 1993, the Council welcomed Leslie H. Gelb helped transform the Council into a truly national to its presidency. During Les’s tenure, the Council organization.

8 letter from the chairman

Th e Council’s work in the twenty-fi rst century has evolved to refl ect the changing international and domestic landscape.

Th e launch of the Council’s web- site, CFR.org, in 1997 is a prime example of eff orts to develop the Council’s technical capacity and outreach. Two years later brought the opening of the Center for In- ternational Studies, a new building that provides the Council with state- of-the-art technology and primary meeting space for both staff and members—a landmark expansion and enhancement of the Council’s New York headquarters. In 1996, we celebrated the Council’s sev- enty-fi fth anniversary, an occasion Vice Chairman Carla A. Hills Vice Chairman Robert E. Rubin highlighted by the endowment of several new chairs in the Studies Program and the site, CFR.org; and an expansion of the Council’s publication of a history of the Council, Continuing outreach to new constituencies, something Richard the Inquiry. Th at history was reprinted this year, with details in his contribution to this annual report. a new foreword by President Richard N. Haass, to Th e Board of Directors continues its eff orts to mark the Council’s eighty-fi fth anniversary. secure a new home for the Washington Program, a Th e Council’s work in the twenty-fi rst century necessary step to enhance the Council’s operations has evolved to refl ect the changing international and in our nation’s capital. We are also in the initial domestic landscape, with the creation of the Mau- phase of the Campaign for the Council, which will rice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies help us build the capacity and resources necessary to and the addition of “Terrorism Q&A” to CFR.org. solidify a robust future for this organization. Over Th e inauguration in 2001 of the Arthur Ross Book the past year we have worked hard on the leadership Award, which annually recognizes books that make phase, and as we formally mark our eighty-fi fth an outstanding contribution to the understanding anniversary this fall, we will be sharing more good of foreign policy or international relations, is yet news regarding this campaign. another example of the Council’s commitment to Lastly, I would like to extend my deep thanks to excellence. the other members of the Board of Directors and to We are equally fortunate to have a most capable our committed and talented vice chairmen, Carla A. successor to Les, for much of the Council’s recent Hills and Robert E. Rubin. We bid a fond farewell success is due to the eff orts of Richard N. Haass. In and warm thanks to departing directors Jeff rey L. his three years at the Council, Richard has overseen Bewkes and Lee Cullum. We welcome new direc- many notable developments, including strengthen- tors Colin L. Powell and Christine Todd Whitman, ing the Studies Program; the introduction of a series and look forward to working closely with them in of Council Special Reports to supplement the work the years to come. of the Council’s Independent Task Force program; Peter G. Peterson the redesign and improvement of the Council’s web- Chairman of the Board

9 president’ s message T he past year has been many things, but it has hardly been tranquil or uneventful. Even a cursory list of developments over the past twelve months would include the London terrorist bombings; narrow congres- sional passage of the Central American Free Trade Agreement; ongoing diplomatic efforts against the ality of intermittent political progress but continuing backdrop of genocide deadly violence in Iraq, and a gathering international in western Sudan; vast storm surrounding Iran’s attempts to enrich uranium changes in the relation- and, possibly, develop nuclear weapons. ship between Israel and Th ese and other issues create both opportunities the Palestinian Author- and obligations for the Council. Th e good news is that ity as a result of Israeli the Council is ready for both. I inherited a remark- withdrawal from Gaza, able institution from Leslie H. Gelb when I began followed by an unex- as Council president in 2003. My challenge over the pected Hamas victory past three years has been to make it even better. As I at the Palestinian polls; stated in last year’s Annual Report, we will work to do announcement of a new this by focusing on our core missions of making each six-party agreement member’s experience a satisfying one and by serving designed to terminate as a resource for foreign policy practitioners, including North Korea’s nuclear senior government offi cials, prominent journalists, and program in exchange members of Congress and their staff s. We have also President Richard N. Haass for security guarantees begun something quite new: reaching out to those and a mix of political people whose voices are critical to the foreign policy and economic benefi ts for Pyongyang; the signing of challenges faced by this country but who have mostly a strategically signifi cant but also controversial U.S.- been absent from the foreign policy debate—college India accord on civilian nuclear cooperation; the deci- and university educators and students, religious and sion by Bolivia’s new leftist government to nationalize congregational leaders, and state and local offi cials. its energy resources; the emergence of new leadership Before I expand on outreach, let me briefl y discuss in Germany and Italy; the resumption of U.S.-Libyan the work we are doing to fulfi ll our core missions. diplomatic ties; and the price of oil rising to more Programming for our membership—life, term, and than $70 per barrel, a level that translated into gaso- corporate—remains a Council priority. Th e New line’s costing around $3 per gallon. Dominating the York and Washington programs off er members a headlines this year were two additional issues: the re- compelling array of events, from distinguished single-

10 president’ s message

Our programs off er a compelling array of events, from distinguished single-speaker meetings and fi lm screenings to book club sessions. speaker meetings and fi lm screenings to book club sessions and series such as “Iraq: Th e Way Forward.” In conjunction with the Studies Program, the New York Meet- ings Program convened half- and full-day symposia on such timely foreign policy chal- lenges as homeland security, Iran’s nuclear program, and rising Shia power. Our Na- tional Program organized more than 130 events and conference calls in the past year, and our Term Member Program consistently produces a vibrant calendar of meetings and trips for the Council’s close to 500 term members. Corporate programming for the more than 250 corporate members is equally strong; the second annual Corporate Con- ference in March received rave reviews. Th e Council’s think tank continues to produce an impressive array of high-quality work, from Council Special Reports to books and articles written by Council fellows. Th e Independent Task Force program is thriving, with recent releases on Russia, Africa, and post-confl ict capabilities. Foreign Aff airs has President George W. Bush and Council President Richard N. Haass.

Jean-Claude Trichet, president of the European Central Bank, Robert D. Hor- Suzanne McDonough; Maurice R. Greenberg, chairman and CEO of C. V. mats, vice chairman of Goldman Sachs International, and Th omas R. Keene, Starr and Council Board member; and William J. McDonough, vice chairman editor-at-large of Bloomberg News. and special adviser to the chairman of Merrill Lynch.

11 president’ s message

on Post-Confl ict Capabilities: to establish stabil- ity operations as a “strategic priority for the armed forces” and to put it on a level with war-fi ghting. Th e agenda outlined by the Independent Task Force on the Future of North America, to ensure the contin- ued integration of the United States, Mexico, and Canada, was largely adopted by the 2005 and 2006 Trinational Summits. It is not enough, however, for us to be a resource solely for the Council’s traditional constituencies. Our new outreach initiative—to academics, religious lead- ers, and state and local offi cials—enables us to serve as a resource for these communities, as well as to increase the Council’s familiarity with the perspec- tives of these important groups. Current outreach eff orts include specialized conference call series, dis- semination of select on-the-record events via webcast and teleconference, and customized bulletins featur- ing relevant Council events and publications. Th e re- designed CFR.org, with 108 percent more unique visitors in April 2006 than in April 2005, has fast be- come the premier public resource for information on and analysis of foreign policy. With a special “For Edu- Former President Jimmy Carter, Council Honorary Chairman David Rock- efeller, and Council President Richard N. Haass. cators” section and other targeted sections in the works, CFR.org will also enhance our outreach eff orts. published a series of pivotal articles on Iraq, pandemic Th e initial response to these new Council outreach fl u, and China. Th rough the eff orts of the Washing- initiatives has been positive. Fifty-seven universities ton Program, these and other Council products are participated in our 2005–2006 Academic Conference increasingly reaching policymakers in the executive Call Series. Approximately 300 individuals and orga- branch, on Capitol Hill, and within the diplomatic nizations, including national health associations, state community. Likewise, our Communications Depart- departments of public health, universities, and stu- ment held numerous dedicated press briefi ngs drawing dent health and wellness centers, joined the webcast on the expertise and experience of Council fellows, staff , and project directors this year, further enhancing our ability to serve as a resource for the news media. Much of this activity translated into impact. Th e Foreign Aff airs issue on pandemic fl u, distributed widely in Asia, was credited with drawing the at- tention of local elites to the risk of an outbreak. Th e Independent Task Force on Africa was the founda- tion document of the National Intelligence Council’s annual Africa conference. Th e Russia Task Force was cited in a New York Times editorial urging the Bush administration to “heed the report’s advice.” Th e Department of Defense adopted one of the central David M. Rubenstein, cofounder and managing director of the Carlyle Group and Council Board member, and Michael H. Jordan, chairman and CEO of recommendations of the Independent Task Force Electronic Data Systems.

12 president’ s message

It is not enough for us to be a resource solely for the Council’s traditional constituencies.

Bono, activist and lead singer of the rock group U2 (far right), meets with (clockwise from right foreground) James D. Wolfensohn, Tom Brokaw, Steven L. Rattner, Leon D. Black, Richard N. Haass, David Rockefeller, Jeff rey A. Rosen, and Peter G. Peterson. of our conference on pandemic fl u. Religious leaders excited about our potential to accomplish more in have joined webcasts and teleconferences of Council the years ahead for our members, for our traditional events, including a meeting with Liberian President constituents, and for those we are now reaching out to Ellen Johnson Sirleaf and the launch of the report of for the fi rst time. Th is, too, is a good thing, since the the Independent Task Force on Africa. need for an independent, nonpartisan Council—be I could go on, but won’t. Council meetings end on it as a venue, as a publisher, or as the sponsor of new time and it seems only fi tting that I should keep this ideas—has never been greater. letter brief as well. I am excited about what we have Richard N. Haass accomplished in the past three years and even more President

Council Board member Laura D’Andrea Tyson. International Advisory Board members Syed Babar Ali, Khalid A. Alturki, and Khehla Shubane.

13 F OREIGN AFFAIRS O ver the past year, articles in Foreign Aff airs not only analyzed events, they frequently made headlines themselves. Particularly noteworthy was the magazine’s coverage of Iraq, which continued to infl uence both the public debate over U.S. policy, and U.S. policy itself. In the September/October 2005 issue, retired Army Colonel history. “Saddam’s Delusions,” a double-length article Andrew F. Krepinevich in May/June 2006, published the fi rst excerpts from a proposed that U.S. secret Pentagon study of the inner workings of Saddam forces in Iraq follow a Hussein’s regime. Authors Kevin Woods (an indepen- classic counterinsur- dent defense analyst), James Lacey (a Joint Forces Com- gency strategy in an mand analyst), and Williamson Murray (a professor at essay that was widely the U.S. Naval Academy) provided a unique look at read in the Pentagon the surreal world in which Saddam and his top lieuten- and in Baghdad. In ants worked, as gleaned from captured documents. In November/December March/April 2006, Paul R. Pillar, the CIA’s top Mid- 2005, former Defense dle East analyst from 2000 to 2005, described how the Secretary Melvin Laird Bush administration misused raw intelligence data in urged the administra- presenting its case for war, an argument that generated tion to begin turning a media fi restorm about the politicization of prewar over more security re- intelligence. And the July/August 2006 issue presented sponsibilities to the a roundtable of views on what to do next in Iraq. Foreign Aff airs Editor James F. Hoge Jr. Iraqis, mirroring the Th e magazine also paid attention to longer-term Nixon administration’s issues. Th e September/October 2005 issue focused on “Vietnamization” policy. Council Senior Fellow Ste- China, presenting a debate among Asian experts over phen Biddle criticized both authors’ ideas in “Seeing the country’s rise and what it means for Asia and the Baghdad, Th inking Saigon” (March/April 2006), world. In July/August 2006, the lead cluster of articles arguing that the administration and its critics were spotlighted India’s growing power and its implications. wrong to think that the budding communal civil war To mark the Hong Kong ministerial meeting of the in Iraq was similar to the Maoist people’s war waged in World Trade Organization in December 2005, Foreign Vietnam—and that U.S. policies such as “Iraqization” Aff airs published a special edition, featuring contribu- based on that mistaken belief would only cause more tions from experts including Council Senior Fellow sectarian violence. Jagdish N. Bhagwati and former U.S. Trade Represen- Foreign Aff airs articles also rewrote much of the war’s tatives Carla A. Hills and Charlene Barshefsky.

14 F OREIGN AFFAIR S

Th e magazine’s coverage of Iraq continued to infl uence both the public debate over U.S. policy, and U.S. policy itself.

Gideon Rose, managing editor of Foreign Aff airs, and Paul R. Pillar, visiting professor at Georgetown University and former national intelligence offi cer for the Middle East and South Asia.

Other authors propounded radical, but rigorous, tition from workers in the developing world. And in ideas. In March/April 2006, Keir Lieber of the January/February 2006, noted Stanford primatologist University of Notre Dame and Daryl G. Press of the Robert Sapolsky wrote that the dismal, and common, University of Pennsylvania argued that the United prediction that humans are condemned by nature to States is close to achieving the ability to destroy all be warlike gets the science exactly wrong. of Russia’s nuclear arsenal in a fi rst strike—provok- Th e magazine’s commercial accomplishments have ing vigorous responses in Moscow, including a re- been remarkable as well. Since 2001, paid circulation buttal by Russian President Vladimir Putin and an has climbed 31 percent to 144,486. Advertising pages attack on the authors in a Financial Times op-ed by have increased 68 percent and advertising revenue has former Russian Prime Min- more than doubled over the same period. In 2005, ister Yegor Gaidar. Alan S. average newsstand sales per issue grew to nearly Blinder, former vice chair- 33,000, a 54 percent increase in four years. And traf- man of the Federal Reserve fi c on the Foreign Aff airs website has also skyrocketed: Board, explained in the in March 2006, both page views and unique visitors same issue that outsourc- reached all-time heights (1.4 million and 299,000, ing will radically reshape the respectively)—more than 40 percent greater than way the Western world lives traffi c in March 2005. by making tens of millions For 2007, the economic outlook appears relatively of workers subject to compe- strong and the agenda of pressing issues full. Such an environment off ers plenty of opportunities for Foreign Among Nations: Readings in International Aff airs, and we are putting in place editorial and busi- Relations, the new custom textbook partnership ness plans to maintain the magazine’s momentum of between Foreign Aff airs and Pearson Custom Publishing. recent years.

15 special initiatives T he Special Initiatives section identifi es Council programs, publications, and other eff orts from the past year that deserve particular recognition. Included in this year’s group are the Council’s outreach eff orts, Task Forces, Coun- cil Special Reports, and the Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies. Each of these initiatives made signifi cant contributions to the Council’s mission in 2005–2006.

outreach

Th is year the Council spearheaded a broad set of ary source readings, related transcripts, video and outreach activities targeted at three constituencies audio fi les of Council meetings, and Foreign Aff airs whose voices are increasingly important to the na- articles—all accessible in a special “For Educators” tional foreign policy debate: educators and students, section on the Council’s website. congregational and religious leaders, and state and Th e Council’s Religion and Foreign Policy Initia- local offi cials. tive seeks to deepen the understanding of the infl u- Th e Academic Outreach Initiative, launched a year ence of religion on U.S. foreign policy and to serve ago, is designed to connect the academic community as a source of information and analysis for religious to the Council’s research and analysis. With the and congregational leaders and thinkers. Th is year guidance of the Academic Advisory Group, chaired the Council increased its programming for members by Pepperdine University Professor Dan Caldwell, through a series of meetings on “Religion and Foreign the Council off ered an Academic Conference Call Policy,” which featured speakers such as the Rever- Series, made possible in part by a generous grant end Dr. Richard D. Land, president of the Southern from the Carnegie Corporation of New York. Th ese Baptist Convention’s Ethics and Religious Liberty calls give students and professors the opportunity to Commission, former Secretary of State Madeleine talk with Council fellows and Foreign Aff airs authors. K. Albright, American University’s Chair of Islamic Th e Council continued to build its online library of Studies Akbar Ahmed, and authors Karen Arm- customizable academic packages, or modules, to assist strong and Reza Aslan. It also launched a dedicated educators in developing course syllabi. Th ese modules conference call series that gave religious and congrega- are organized around a primary Council text and tional leaders the opportunity to interact with Council include teaching notes written by the author, second- Senior Fellows David G. Victor on climate change

16 special initiatives

and Rachel Bronson on religion and Saudi Arabia. Task Force Director Princeton N. Lyman and Task Force member Helene D. Gayle discussed their report More Th an Humanitarian- ism: A Strategic U.S. Approach Toward Africa with World Vision representa- tives at their headquarters in the Se- attle, Washington, area. Th e State and Local Offi cials Ini- tiative provides a forum for nonparti- san discussion of pressing international issues—from homeland security to immigration and trade—that aff ect the priorities and agendas of state and local governments. Council staff met with representatives of the Re- International Rescue Committee President George E. Rupp and Council Board member and former Secretary of State Madeleine K. Albright at a “Religion and Foreign Policy” series meeting on her book, publican and Democratic Governors Th e Mighty and the Almighty: Refl ections on America, God, and World Aff airs. Associations in Washington, DC, to exchange ideas on how the Council can better serve to the inclusion of the July/August 2005 Foreign Af- as a resource for this constituency. Th e Council began fairs issue on pandemic fl u at the Commonwealth of a conference call series with its fellows—including Virginia’s fi rst summit on this topic. Laurie Garrett on pandemic fl u preparedness and Th e Council also made select New York and Stephen E. Flynn on homeland security—to brief Washington, DC, meetings available to academics, state and local offi cials. It launched a monthly email religious and congregational leaders, and state and bulletin and sent select Council publications to gov- local offi cials via teleconferences and webcasts. Out- ernors, mayors, and other state and local offi cials, reach is an important part of the Council’s overall including the summary of the Council’s November mission and has the potential to make a signifi cant 2005 pandemic fl u conference. Th is summary led contribution to American public and civic life.

Mississippi Governor Haley Barbour, Arizona Governor Janet A. Napolitano, and Houston Mayor William H. White in a plenary session titled “Foreign Policy from the State House and City Hall” at the 2006 National Conference.

17 special initiatives

task forces

Th e Council sponsors an Independent Task Force of War: Improving U.S. Post-Confl ict Capabilities in when an issue of critical importance to U.S. foreign July 2005. Th eir Task Force concluded that nation- policy arises that might benefi t from in-depth, non- building is not just a humanitarian concern but a partisan analysis. A group, diverse in background and critical national security priority, and recommended a perspective, is convened to reach a policy consensus series of policy and organizational changes to develop through private deliberations. Task Forces also draw civilian and military capacity to conduct stabilization on the expertise of Council membership through a operations. Th e chairs summarized their fi ndings in series of review meetings held in New York, Wash- a Washington Post op-ed, coauthored an article based ington, DC, and other major cities. Task Forces are on the Task Force’s work for the fall 2005 issue of the independent of the Council and solely responsible for National Interest, and discussed their fi ndings on the the content of their reports. Charlie Rose Show after the report was released. Th e For the release of each Task Force report, the New York Times also reported on the Task Force’s rec- Council tailors a specifi c outreach strategy designed to ommendations, as did various newswires and other engage appropriate audiences. Planning for these out- publications. Five months after the Independent reach eff orts begins during Task Force deliberations Task Force on Post-Confl ict Capabilities released its and continues in the weeks following publication. report, the Department of Defense adopted one of its Under the stewardship of Lee Feinstein, senior fel- central recommendations: to establish stability opera- low and executive director of the Task Force program, tions as a “strategic priority for the armed forces” and the Council published three Independent Task Force to put it on a level with war-fi ghting in terms of doc- reports in 2005–2006. Two additional Task Forces trine and training. William L. Nash, the Council’s are currently under way. General John W. Vessey senior fellow for confl ict Former National Security Advisers Samuel R. prevention and director of the Center for Preventive Berger and Brent Scowcroft released In the Wake Action, served as the Task Force’s project director,

Africa Task Force Chairs Anthony Lake and Christine Todd Whitman with Project Directors Princeton N. Lyman and J. Stephen Morrison at the rollout of their report.

18 special initiatives

Russia Task Force Chairs Jack Kemp and John Edwards on NBC’s Meet the Press, March 2006, releasing the Russia Task Force report. with Mona K. Sutphen, managing director of Stone- Studies Africa Program Director J. Stephen Morri- bridge International, LLC, as deputy director. son, briefed Council members and others in ten major Former National Security Adviser Anthony Lake U.S. cities as well as London and Paris. Th e Council and former Environmental Protection Agency Ad- also hosted a special event in New York in January ministrator Christine Todd Whitman released their with leading Africa scholars and practitioners. In report, More Th an Humanitarianism: A Strategic U.S. addition, the Task Force leaders presented their fi nd- Approach Toward Africa, in December 2005. Th e ings at Howard, Princeton, Northwestern, and other Task Force found that “a policy based on humanitar- universities; briefed senior U.S. government offi cials; ian concerns alone serves neither U.S. interests nor and met with more than a dozen members of Con- Africa’s,” and suggested a comprehensive approach gress. Th e report remains one of the most frequently toward the continent that takes into account growing downloaded publications on CFR.org. U.S. strategic interests in Africa, including assur- In their report, Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the ing reliable energy supplies, combating terrorism, United States Can and Should Do, former Senator John reducing confl ict, controlling pandemic diseases, and Edwards (D-NC) and former Secretary of Housing enlarging the worldwide community of democra- and Urban Development Jack Kemp concluded that cies. Th e Task Force project directors, Ralph Bunche growing authoritarianism in Russia and the increas- Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Studies Princeton N. ing number of disagreements between Washington Lyman and Center for Strategic and International and Moscow make a “strategic partnership” unrealis-

Th e Russia Task Force report’s fi ndings and recommendations were covered by virtually every major newspaper in the United States and Europe.

19 special initiatives

tic. Instead, their Task Force report calls for a policy both English and Russian, the report attracted wide of “selective cooperation”—and, in some cases, “selec- attention in Russia and—in the run-up to the July tive opposition”—to achieve important U.S. goals, 2006 G8 meeting in St. Petersburg—became a fea- including halting Iran’s nuclear program, countering ture in the transatlantic policy debate on Russia. Th e terrorism and the proliferation of weapons of mass report benefi ted from a visit to Moscow in September destruction, and securing reliable energy supplies. 2005 by the chairs, George F. Kennan Senior Fellow Th e chairs released their report in March 2006 on for Russian and Eurasian Studies and Project Direc- Meet the Press. Th e report’s fi ndings and recommen- tor Stephen Sestanovich, and Task Force Program dations were covered by virtually every major news- Executive Director Lee Feinstein. Th e Task Force paper in the United States and Europe, including the leadership briefed President George W. Bush, Vice New York Times, which urged the administration to President Dick Cheney, and other senior policymak- “heed the report’s advice.” Available on CFR.org in ers at the Departments of State and Defense.

New Task Forces

Former U.S. Trade Representative Carla A. Hills and Revere, is reviewing internal developments in China and former Commander-in-Chief of the Pacifi c Command assessing the state of the bilateral relationship. It will Dennis Blair chair the Independent Task Force on U.S. recommend an overall strategy and specifi c policies to Policy Toward China. The Task Force, directed by Cyrus meet the near- and long-term challenges posed by China R. Vance Fellow in Diplomatic Studies Evans J.R. and the complex U.S. relationship with that country.

Former Secretary of Energy and Defense James R. Schlesinger and former Direc- tor of Central Intelligence and Deputy Secretary of Energy John Deutch chair the Independent Task Force on Energy and U.S. Foreign Policy, which is examining the consequences of grow ing dependence on imported oil and gas on U.S. foreign policy and national security. The Task Force has con- sulted with industry leaders and leaders of environmen- tal, human rights, and other nongovernmental organiza- tions. Project Director David G. Victor, Council adjunct senior fellow for sci- ence and technology, has joined the chairs in review sessions with Council mem- bers in Washington, DC, New Council Vice Chairman and Task Force Chair Carla A. Hills and Task Force Chair Dennis Blair at the fi rst meeting of the Independent Task Force on U.S. Policy Toward China. York, and other cities.

20 special initiatives

council special reports

Council Special Reports (CSRs), written by Council fellows or experts from outside the institution, are concise policy studies that respond to a developing crisis or contribute to an emerging policy debate. Each report is written in consultation with an independent advisory group composed of experts on the country or issue in question. A report’s conclusions and recommendations refl ect the views of the author (or authors), not those of the advisory group or of the Council. Th e Council actively publicizes each report with roll-out events, such as national meetings, press briefi ngs, emails, and teleconferences.

Th e Council’s Center for Preventive Action (CPA) released two CSRs in the past year. Barnett R. Rubin, director of studies and senior fellow at the Center on International Cooperation at New York University, wrote Afghanistan’s Uncertain Transition From Tur- moil to Normalcy. In the report, he argues that the progress Afghani- stan has made in reestablishing the basic institutions of government after the overthrow of the Taliban in 2001 will be lost unless the United States does more to make them work. Blair A. King, a senior program manager at the National Democratic Institute for International Aff airs, wrote Peace in Papua: Widening a Window of Opportunity, which follows up on the CPA’s 2003 Preventive Action Commission report, Peace and Progress in Papua. Th e CSR on Papua recommends steps the United States and the Indonesian govern- ment should take to resolve the decades-old confl ict there.

Th e Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies re- leased the report Getting Serious About the Twin Defi cits as part of the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Series on American Competitiveness. Th e author, Menzie D. Chinn, a former member of the President’s Council of Economic Advisers and a professor of economics at the University of Wisconsin, discusses the economic consequences for the United States of failing to tame the federal budget defi cit and the country’s current account defi cit.

Stephen E. Flynn, the Council’s Jeane J. Kirkpatrick senior fellow for national security studies, and Daniel B. Prieto of the Reform Institute wrote Neglected Defense: Mobilizing the Private Sector to Support Homeland Security in consultation with a nonpartisan group of distinguished private-sector leaders. It argues that the federal government needs to become much more proactive in promoting public-private partnerships on homeland security and recommends ten specifi c steps that Washington should take to make Americans more secure.

21 special initiatives

Charles D. Ferguson, Council fellow for science and technol- ogy, wrote Preventing Catastrophic Nuclear Terrorism. It exam- ines how the United States and the international community have fallen short in their eff orts to secure and eliminate nuclear weapons and weapons-usable nuclear materials. It also identi- fi es a range of unilateral, bilateral, and multilateral steps the United States should take to reduce substantially the threat of nuclear terrorism. Michael A. Levi, Council fellow for science and technology, and Dr. Ferguson coauthored Charles D. Ferguson U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation: A Strategy for Moving Forward. It examines the U.S.-India Civil Nuclear Cooperation Initiative, which proposes lifting the U.S. ban on the export of nuclear technologies and materials for use in India’s civilian nuclear program in return for India’s pledge to open many of its existing and planned nuclear reactors to international inspection. Th e report suggests several steps that Congress could take, short of rejecting the proposal, to allay concerns that the initiative might hurt international eff orts to stem the spread of nuclear weapons.

Nancy E. Roman, vice president and director of the Washington Program, authored Both Sides of the Aisle: A Call for Bipartisan Foreign Policy. Th e report, part of a broader Council initiative aimed at fostering bipartisan foreign policy, refl ects discussions with more than a dozen past and present members of Congress. Th e report analyzes how partisan politics hampers U.S. foreign policy and recommends several steps the administration and Con- gress should take to lower partisan tensions.

Steven A. Cook, the Council’s Douglas Dillon fellow, and Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall, adjunct senior fellow for alliance relations, cowrote Generating Momentum for a New Era in U.S.-Turkey Relations. Th e report discusses Steven A. Cook how Washington’s long-standing partnership with Ankara became badly frayed as a result of the U.S. deci- sion to invade Iraq. Th e report outlines steps for repair- ing the critical U.S.-Turkey partnership, including the creation of a bilateral commission that would involve government agencies, nongovernmental organizations, and private-sector leaders from both countries.

In Challenges for a Postelection Mexico: Issues for U.S. Elizabeth Sherwood-Randall Policy, Pamela K. Starr, Latin America analyst at the Eurasia Group, examined the importance of the 2006 Mexican election and its implications for the United States. Th e report concludes that Mexico is likely to be more nationalistic and inward looking than during the Vicente Fox administration, presenting new challenges for Washington. Th e Council released the report in two versions—one in advance of the election and a second postelection.

22 special initiatives

arthur ross book award

Th e annual Arthur Ross Book Award recognizes books that make an outstanding contribution to the understanding of foreign policy or international relations. Th e prize, endowed by Council member Arthur Ross in 2001, recognizes nonfi ction works pub- lished in the preceding two years, in English or in translation, that merit special attention for

u bringing forth new information that changes our understanding of events or problems; u developing analytical approaches that allow new and diff erent in- sights into a signifi cant issue; or u providing new ideas to help re- solve foreign policy problems. Th e award is the most signifi cant for books on international aff airs. It consists of a gold medal prize of $25,000, a silver medal prize of $10,000, and an honorable mention of $5,000. In 2006, the gold medal was awarded to Tony Judt for Postwar: A History of Europe Since 1945. Th e silver medal went to Olivier Roy for Globalized Islam: Th e Search for a New Ummah, and an honorable mention was awarded to George Packer for Th e Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq.

Council President Richard N. Haass, winners George Packer and Tony Judt, Foreign Aff airs Editor James F. Hoge Jr., and Arthur Ross at the 2006 Arthur Ross Book Award ceremony.

23 special initiatives

maurice r. greenberg center for geoeconomic studies

Th e Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies works to help policymakers, journalists, and the public better understand how economic and po- litical forces interact to infl uence world aff airs. Under the leadership of its new director, Douglas Holtz- Eakin, the center advances its mission by promoting dialogue among policymakers and scholars and by sponsoring timely research. Th e center’s McKinsey Executive Roundtable Se- ries in International Economics featured prominent policymakers, including four former chairmen of the Securities and Exchange Commission—Richard C. Breeden, Arthur Levitt Jr., Harvey L. Pitt, and William H. Donaldson—who convened in Febru- ary to discuss global markets. Th e C. Peter McCo- lough Roundtable Series on International Economics Douglas Holtz-Eakin, the Paul A. Volcker senior fellow for international eco- brought together Council members and leading eco- nomics and director of the Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies. nomic fi gures such as Allan B. Hubbard, assistant to the president for economic policy and director of the National Economic Council, and former Treasury Secretary Lawrence H. Summers. Th e Bernard and Irene Schwartz High-Level Roundtable Series on American Competitiveness explored challenges to the continued vibrancy of the U.S. economy. In addition, Council Senior Fel- low and Director of International Economics Benn Steil and Robert E. Litan’s book, Financial Statecraft: Th e Role of Financial Markets in American Foreign Policy, was recently published by Yale University Press. Current research at the center focuses on energy, immigration, international trade, regional monetary integration,

Timothy F. Geithner, Th eresa A. Havell, and Jonathan A. Chanis at a Geoeconomic Series meeting on and the geopolitical consequences of International Finance. global demographic shifts.

Th e Center for Geoeconomic Studies works to help policymakers, journalists, and the public better understand how economic and political forces interact.

24 2006 Council Counts

1 ranking of Foreign Affairs in survey about most infl uential print and broadcast media 4 average weekly number of op-eds published by Council fellows 4 languages in which Foreign Affairs si published (English, Japanese, Spanish, and Russian) 7 conferences hosted by the Meetings, Corporate, Term Member, and National Programs 15 senior fellows who testifi ed before Congress 15 Council books, Task Force reports, and Council Special Reports published 20 meetings of the National Program book club 37 percentage of all members who are national members 38 percentage of term members who attended the annual Term Member Conference 41 percentage of Council members who contributed to the Annual Fund 46 briefi ngs, roundtables, and sessions organized by the Council’s congressional program 85 years since the Council was founded 93 meetings and briefi ngs with executive-branch offi cials 99 percentage growth in newsstand sales of Foreign Affairs since 2001 172 on-the-record meetings and press briefi ngs 218 total Council staff members and visiting/adjunct fellows (172 in New York, 46 in DC) 257 Corporate members 376 Q&As, Daily Analysis Briefs, and Interviews produced by the CFR.org editorial team 389 participants in the National Conference 465 meetings hosted by the New York and Washington Meetings, National, and Corporate programs 1,896 downloads from CFR.org of the Independent Task Force report on U.S. policy toward Russia in the fi rst week after its release (March 5–12, 2006) 4,282 Council members ( 3,794 life members, m488 ter members) 13,169 international Foreign Affairs subscribers 16,000 mentions of the Council in print, television, radio, wire, and web outlets 144,486 paid circulationf o Foreign Affairs 8,259,195 annual page views on CFR.org 12,153,882 annual page views on foreignaffairs.org $35,073,000 Council annual operating expenses in fi scal year 2006

25 studies program T he Studies Program is the Council’s world-class think tank. Over the past year, the program’s twenty-seven full-time fellows and more than two dozen adjunct and visiting fellows won six awards, completed twelve books, wrote more than two hundred op-eds, testifi ed fi fteen times before Congress, ran thirty-six roundtable series on a broad spectrum of regional and topical issues, conducted more than one hundred and fi fty briefi ngs for executive-branch offi cials and members of Congress, and gave countless media interviews. By any yardstick, the productivity and ac- complishments of Council fellows are extraordinary. America’s role in the world was examined in books by a number of fellows this year. In the second edition of the award-winning America Unbound, Vice Presi- dent and Director of Studies James M. Lindsay and coauthor Ivo H. Daalder examined George W. Bush’s foreign policy. In Friendly Fire, Julia E. Sweig argued that today’s anti-Americanism stems from more than anger over U.S. foreign policy; it refl ects resentments over America’s past policies, its disproportionate power, and the consequences of globalization. Walter Russell Mead completed a book chronicling the rise of Anglo-American global supremacy, and Edward J. Lincoln fi nished a book on the importance of eco- nomic change in shaping American foreign policy. National security issues dominated the nation’s headlines, and Council fellows contributed to the debate. Stephen Biddle warned in Foreign Aff airs that the United States faces a very diff erent counterinsur- gency challenge in Iraq than it did in Vietnam and therefore needs to pursue a diff erent military strategy. Max Boot fi nished his book on how technological revolutions have transformed warfare and the global Council Vice President and Director of Studies James M. Lindsay with Chinese President Hu Jintao. balance of power. Stephen E. Flynn completed a

26 studies program

Council Special Report on mobilizing the private sector to support homeland security and began a new book on the vul- nerability of America’s critical infrastructure to natural and man-made disasters. Richard K. Betts led the John J. McCloy Roundtable on Setting the National Security Agenda. Th e Islamic world was another focus of the Studies Pro- gram. In Th icker Th an Oil, Rachel Bronson detailed how the evolution of U.S. policy toward Saudi Arabia helped sow the seeds of today’s Islamic radicalism. Steven A. Cook completed a book on how the militaries in Egypt, Algeria, and Turkey have Council Senior Fellow Elizabeth C. Economy with Ambassador Liu shaped the political evolution of those countries, and he coau- Biwei, consul general of China in New York. thored a Council Special Report with Elizabeth Sherwood- Randall on U.S.-Turkey relations. Ray Takeyh fi nished a book exploring the evolution of Iran’s foreign policy and argued that Washington should change its approach when

New Arrivals

Stephen Biddle, a former associate professor at the U.S. Army War College, joined the Council as a senior fellow for defense

policy. His research addresses questions of U.S. national Council Senior Fellow Lee Feinstein and John Deutch at a meeting of security and strategy. the Task Force on Energy and U.S. Foreign Policy.

Noah Feldman, a former adviser to the Coalition Provisional Authority in Iraq and professor of law at New York University, is an adjunct senior fellow in Middle East studies. He is exploring the compatibility of democracy and Islam.

Douglas Holtz-Eakin, former director of the Congressional Budget Offi ce, is the new director of the Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies and the Paul A. Volcker senior fellow for international economics. His work focuses on American competitiveness.

Michael A. Levi joined the Council as a fellow for science and Ira A. Lipman and Council Senior Fellow Stephen E. Flynn. technology. An expert on arms control and nonproliferation, he is completing a book about defending against nuclear terrorism.

Vali R. Nasr, a professor at the Naval Postgraduate School, is an adjunct senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies. His work examines political, religious, and socioeconomic change in the Islamic world.

Steven Simon, an award-winning author and former White House counterterrorism offi cial, is the Hasib J. Sabbagh senior fellow for Middle Eastern studies. His work focuses on terrorism, the consequences of the U.S. occupation in Iraq, and Israel and the Palestinian Authority. Lee Silver of Princeton University speaking on religion, science, and the global biotechnology landscape at a roundtable meeting with Council Fellow Michael A. Levi.

27 studies program

worked on a book about the monetary dimensions of regional integration, and Benn Steil and his coau- thor Robert E. Litan released their book Financial Statecraft. David Braunschvig led the Business and Foreign Policy Roundtable Series, and James P. Dougherty directed the Roundtable on Technol- ogy, Innovation, and American Primacy. Caroline Atkinson led the Global Economics Roundtable Series, which examines issues aff ecting global trade and fi nancial fl ows. Roger M. Kubarych wrote about challenges to continued U.S. economic growth. Th e Center for Preventive Action doubled its pro- gramming and publications over the past year, while its director, William L. Nash, also led the Council- sponsored Independent Task Force on Post-Confl ict Capabilities and oversaw the publication of two Council Special Reports. Th e Studies Program continued its long-standing tradition of helping policymakers and the public better understand important regional issues. Several fellows

Council Senior Fellow Laurie Garrett (right) with NY1 News reporter Cheryl examined political developments in Asia, while others Willis in front of Ms. Garrett’s “Rx Box”—a mobile health clinic retrofi tted from explored events in Europe, Russia, and Africa. Eliza- a freight shipping container that can be easily transported to underserved communi- ties in the developing world. beth C. Economy’s book Th e River Runs Black won the International Convention of Asian Scholars award dealing with Iran’s leaders. Isobel Coleman wrote for the best social science book published on Asia. in Foreign Aff airs that Washington could usefully Adam Segal continued working on his book about promote the cause of reform in the Islamic world by the rising technological prowess of China and India, working with progressive religious Muslims to ad- and he testifi ed before the U.S.-China Economic vance the role of women. Steven Simon launched a and Security Review Commission on the current project on the regional and global consequences of the state of China’s technology policies. Mahnaz Ispa- American invasion and occupation of Iraq. Vali R. hani led the South Asia Roundtable and Jerome A. Nasr was named a Carnegie Scholar for 2006 and Cohen directed the Winston Lord Roundtable on began the Roundtable on the Regional Dimensions the Rule of Law in Asia. Charles A. Kupchan led of Shia-Sunni Confl ict. Noah Feldman studied the the Pieter A. Fisher European Studies Roundtable. compatibility of democracy and Islam. Henry Sieg- James M. Goldgeier led a roundtable on the future of man met with heads of state during a ten-day inves- Europe. Stephen Sestanovich directed Russia’s Wrong tigative trip to the Middle East, while Judith Kipper Direction, the widely cited report of the Council- directed the Middle East Forum and led a Council sponsored Independent Task Force on U.S. policy delegation to the annual Jeddah Economic Forum. toward Russia. Princeton N. Lyman codirected the Under the direction of Douglas Holtz-Eakin, highly praised Council-sponsored Independent Task the Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Force on U.S. policy toward Africa and its report, Studies continued its pathbreaking examination of More Th an Humanitarianism. the interplay of economic and political forces in world Th e international profi le of crucial health and sci- politics. Jagdish N. Bhagwati worked on a book on ence issues was raised this year, in part due to the U.S. immigration policy and wrote about the future work of Council fellows. Laurie Garrett heightened of trade agreements in Foreign Aff airs, Peter B. Kenen public and governmental awareness of the threat

28 studies program

By any yardstick, the productivity and accomplishments of Council fellows are extraordinary. of pandemic fl u and detailed the lesson of the HIV/AIDS epidemic in separate articles in Foreign Aff airs; her fl u article was nominated for a National Association of Science Writers Science-in-Society Award. Charles D. Ferguson completed a Council Special Report on ways to prevent catastrophic nuclear terrorism. Michael A. Levi fi nished a book on strate- gies for defending against nuclear terrorism. Gene B. Sper- ling worked on universal education issues. David G. Victor directed the Council-sponsored Independent Task Force on Energy and U.S. Foreign Policy. Council fellows also addressed pressing issues of global governance. Lee Feinstein examined changing notions of the limits of sovereignty and the progress of reform at the United Nations, while Elliot Schrage led a roundtable titled “Beyond the Letter of the Law: Th e Global Impact of Compliance as a Steve Coll, contributing writer at the New Yorker, and Council Foreign Policy Tool.” Adjunct Senior Fellow Mahnaz Ispahani.

The Center for Preventive Action

The Center for Preventive Action works to devise strategies to help prevent, defuse, or resolve deadly confl icts around the world and to expand the body of knowledge on confl ict prevention. Under the lead- ership of William L. Nash, the General John W. Vessey senior fellow for confl ict prevention, the center advances its mission by issuing Council Special Reports, hosting roundtables on emerging confl icts, engaging policymakers and the news media, and building networks for confl ict prevention. CPA activities doubled over the past year. CSRs produced included Afghanistan’s Uncertain Eduardo A. Gamarra of Florida International University with Council Senior Fellow Julia E. Sweig at a Bolivia CSR advi- Transition From Turmoil to Normalcy, by Barnett sory group meeting. R. Rubin, and Peace in Papua: Widening a Win- dow of Opportunity, by Blair A. King. The CPA launched a new Potential Confl ict Roundtable Series to bring government attention to countries at signifi cant risk of deadly confl ict over the next two to fi ve years and to develop recommendations for responding to these emerging trouble spots. The CPA continued to convene its Preventive Action Commission on Angola, which is address- ing the challenges Angola faces in its post-confl ict transition, and to engage policymakers, the media, and other communities on In the Wake of War: Improving U.S. Post-Confl ict Capabilities, the report of the Council-sponsored Independent Task Force chaired by Samuel R. Berger and Brent Scowcroft.

Director of the Council’s Center for Preventive Action William L. Nash

29 publications

Publications are an essential part of the Council’s mis- sion and a crucial channel for disseminating the work of Council fellows and Independent Task Forces. Th ese publications take a variety of forms in order to reach the broadest range of audiences, from policy experts and the academic community to business leaders and the general public. Th ey include Council books, which are published and marketed by top commercial and university presses, as well as Task Force reports and Council Special Reports, which are produced by the Publications Department. Th is year’s CSRs drew attention to issues as varied as the twin defi cits, Afghanistan, and homeland security, and Task Force reports on Africa and Russia attracted media atten- tion and website traffi c at an unprecedented level. Th e full texts of Council Special Reports and Task Force reports are available on the website for download- ing, along with excerpts from Council books. Th e launch of the redesigned website in August 2005 has brought signifi cantly more attention to Council publications, and the number of users downloading reports has increased with each report released since September 2005. Th e Rus- sia Task Force report was downloaded 3,500 times in its fi rst two months of release—50 percent of which was in the fi rst week. Council publications have also been posted on gov- ernment websites, republished in magazines from South Africa to Turkey to China, and promoted through new partnerships such as those with the International Rela- tions and Security Network and Google Book Search. A fundamental part of the Council’s eff ort to be the pri- mary resource on foreign policy issues, Council publica- tions continue to make thorough and practical research widely available to Council members, policymakers, the academic community, business leaders, and the inter- ested public. For additional information or to read the full text of most Council publications, including the annual report, visit CFR.org.

30 publications

BOOKS BY COUNCIL FELLOWS AND STAFF America Unbound: Th e Bush Revolution in Foreign Praise for Council Publications Policy (updated 2nd ed.) by Ivo H. Daalder and James M. Lindsay, John Wiley & Sons (2005) The Council on Foreign Relations . . . raised the pro- fi le of Africa among policymakers with its comprehen- Financial Statecraft: Th e Role of Financial Markets sive report entitled More Than Humanitarianism. in American Foreign Policy by Benn Steil and —Jim Fisher-Thompson, Offi ce of African Affairs, Robert E. Litan, A Council on Foreign Relations U.S. Department of State Book, Yale University Press (2006) [In the Wake of War is] harshly critical of the way the Friendly Fire: Losing Friends and Making Enemies in United States government prepares for stabilization the Anti-American Century by Julia E. Sweig, A missions after major combat, such as in Iraq, and Council on Foreign Relations Book, PublicAff airs . . . place[s] the blame on an interagency process (2006) that does little to harness the various departments and agencies for unifi ed action. Th e Pro-Growth Progressive: An Economic Strategy for —Thom Shanker, New York Times Shared Prosperity by Gene Sperling, Simon and Schuster (2005) The Bush administration has emphasized dealmak- ing with Russia while remaining too quiet about Mr. Th icker Th an Oil: America’s Uneasy Partnership with Putin’s steady retreat from democracy. It should Saudi Arabia by Rachel Bronson, A Council on heed [the Russia Task Force] report’s advice about Foreign Relations Book, Oxford University Press a more balanced approach.” (2006) —New York Times

[Barnett R.] Rubin, the best of a handful of American INDEPENDENT TASK FORCE REPORTS scholars on Afghanistan before September 11, still In the Wake of War: Improving U.S. Post-Confl ict Ca- knows Afghanistan better than anyone else. pabilities; Samuel R. Berger and Brent Scowcroft, —Ahmed Rashid, New York Review of Books, review of chairs; William L. Nash, project director; Mona K. Afghanistan’s Uncertain Transition From Turmoil to Normalcy Sutphen, deputy director (2005) More Th an Humanitarianism: A Strategic U.S. Ap- Generating Momentum for a New Era in U.S.-Turkey proach Toward Africa; Anthony Lake and Chris- Relations by Steven A. Cook and Elizabeth tine Todd Whitman, chairs; Princeton N. Lyman Sherwood-Randall (2006) and J. Stephen Morrison, project directors (2006) Getting Serious About the Twin Defi cits by Menzie D. Russia’s Wrong Direction: What the United States Can and Chinn (2005) Should Do; John Edwards and Jack Kemp, chairs; Stephen Sestanovich, project director (2006) Neglected Defense: Mobilizing the Private Sector to Support Homeland Security by Stephen E. Flynn and Daniel B. Prieto (2006) COUNCIL SPECIAL REPORTS Peace in Papua: Widening a Window of Opportunity by Afghanistan’s Uncertain Transition From Turmoil to Blair A. King (2006) Normalcy by Barnett R. Rubin (2006) Preventing Catastrophic Nuclear Terrorism by Charles D. Both Sides of the Aisle: A Call for Bipartisan Foreign Ferguson (2006) Policy by Nancy E. Roman (2005) U.S.-India Nuclear Cooperation: A Strategy for Moving Challenges for a Postelection Mexico: Issues for U.S. Policy Forward by Michael A. Levi and Charles D. Fer- by Pamela K. Starr (2006) guson (2006)

31 new york meetings progr am O ne of the Council’s main functions is to provide a nonpartisan forum for informed foreign policy debate. Panel discussions, inter- views, lectures, book clubs, and fi lm screenings bring Council members together with senior government offi cials, world leaders, academic experts, and prominent thinkers to discuss the major foreign policy issues of our time. Th is year, the New York Meetings Program organized more than 130 events, with a strong focus on Iraq and other developments in the Middle East, U.S. intelligence, and the war on terrorism. Fifteen heads of state and chief ministers off ered a strategic partnership with the United States. Pak- Council members their unique perspectives on world istan’s Prime Minister Shaukat Aziz addressed the events. Mexican President Vicente Fox presented his state of Pakistan-U.S. relations, and Afghan Foreign view on Mexico’s economy and democracy, Turk- Minister Abdullah Abdullah discussed the politi- ish Prime Minister Recep Tayyip Erdogan assessed cal and security situation in his country. Among the the recent history and current state of U.S.-Turkey speakers from Asia were Indonesian President Susilo relations, Nigeria’s President Olusegun Obasanjo Bambang Yudhoyono, Indian Foreign Minister K. discussed corruption and other challenges facing Natwar Singh, and South Korean Foreign Minister his country, and Spanish Prime Minister José Luis Ban Ki-Moon. Former President of Ireland and Rodriguez Zapatero focused on Spain’s commitment former UN High Commissioner for Human Rights to fi ghting terrorism. Insights from the Middle East Mary Robinson addressed members at a half-day were provided by Saudi Foreign Minister Prince Saud symposium on maternal health and foreign policy. al-Faisal, who made the case for fi ghting extremism, Council members also had the opportunity to ex- and Qatari Foreign Minister Sheikh Hamad bin change ideas with numerous current or former U.S. Jassim bin Jabir al-Th ani, who outlined his view of government offi cials. Former President Jimmy Carter

Indonesian President Susilo Former President of Ireland Director of National Intelli- U.S. Senator John F. Kerry Former Secretary of State Bambang Yudhoyono Mary Robinson gence John D. Negroponte James A. Baker III

32 new york meetings program

Th e Meetings Program organized more than 130 events, with a focus on Iraq and other Middle East developments, U.S. intelligence, and the war on terrorism. assessed obstacles and chances for peace in the Israeli- Palestinian confl ict, Secretary of Defense Donald H. HBO Film Screenings Rumsfeld outlined the challenges for U.S. forces in today’s media age, Attorney General Alberto R. Continuing a successful partnership, the Council Gonzales engaged members in a discussion about the offers its members special previews of thought- war on terrorism, and Secretary of Homeland Secu- provoking movies produced by Home Box Offi ce. rity Michael Chertoff reviewed his priorities for mar- These highly popular screenings constitute an impor- itime, air, and land security. In addition, Director of tant means by which the Council can advance its mission to help the public better understand the National Intelligence John D. Negroponte discussed world and the foreign policy choices facing the United challenges for U.S. intelligence policy, Undersecretary States and other countries. This year, the featured of State Karen P. Hughes briefed members on trans- fi lms addressed the issues of nuclear terrorism and formational public diplomacy, and Senator John F. HIV/AIDS. Last Best Chance, produced with support Kerry (D-MA) explored the issue of security in a from the Nuclear Threat Initiative, illustrates the dan- post-9/11 world. Special insights into the future of ger posed by unsecured nuclear weapons and materi- the U.S. military were provided by a panel of the four als around the world. The screening was followed service chiefs: General T. Michael Moseley, Admiral by remarks by Ted Turner and Warren Buffett and a Michael G. Mullen, General Peter J. Schoomaker, discussion with former Senator Sam Nunn (D-GA) and and General Michael W. Hagee. Senator Richard G. Lugar (R-IN). Yesterday, a fi lm set Th e Council’s History Makers series, sponsored in contemporary South Africa, gave Council members by Home Box Offi ce (HBO), completed its third a chance to follow the struggles of a young mother year, featuring former Secretary of State James A. with AIDS trying to secure her daughter’s future. The fi lm, produced in conjunction with the Global Busi- Baker III, former UN Special Coordinator for the ness Coalition for HIV/AIDS and Artists for a New Middle East Peace Process Terje Roed-Larsen, now South Africa, puts a human face on the AIDS crisis with the International Peace Academy, and former and the politics surrounding the issue. Chairman of the Joint Chiefs of Staff General Rich- ard B. Myers. A new series of meetings titled “Iraq: Th e Way Forward” examined the challenges and policy options for the United States in Iraq. Council Senior Fellows Stephen Biddle, Noah Feldman, and Steven Simon assessed the situation three years after the invasion, Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad Chalabi off ered his view on the future of Iraq, and Hajim al-Hassani, president of the Iraqi National Assembly, spoke about the diffi culties of forming a national-unity govern- ment. Senator Joseph R. Biden (D-DE) outlined his conditions for a partial withdrawal of U.S. troops, and former Representative of the United Kingdom in Iraq Jeremy Greenstock explored prospects for economic reconstruction. Professor Francis Fukuyama discussed Council Board member Fouad Ajami with Iraqi Deputy Prime Minister Ahmad the U.S. strategy of bringing democracy to the Middle Chalabi.

33 new york meetings program

Tom Brokaw, special correspondent for NBC News and Council Board member (center), moderates a discussion with General T. Michael Moseley, chief of staff of the U.S. Air Force; General Michael W. Hagee, commandant of the U.S. Marine Corps; General Peter J. Schoomaker, chief of staff of the U.S. Army; and Admiral Michael G. Mullen, chief of operations, U.S. Navy, at the annual John Train Lecture on the Future of the U.S. Military.

East, and journalist Michael R. Gordon and former fessor John Lewis Gaddis unveiled new insights into Marine Corps General Bernard E. Trainor off ered the Cold War, retired General Anthony C. Zinni their analysis of the war. In other meetings related explained how the United States can eff ectively use to Iraq, former National Intelligence Offi cer Paul R. its power to secure peace in the world, French phi- Pillar spoke about U.S. intelligence leading up to the losopher Bernard-Henri Lévy off ered his refl ections invasion, and the authors of the Pentagon study on the on contemporary America, reporter James Risen inner workings of Saddam Hussein’s regime unveiled discussed his insights into U.S. intelligence, and ter- their fi ndings. Paul A. Volcker briefed members on his rorism expert Peter Bergen shared his knowledge of conclusions as chair of the UN Independent Inquiry Osama bin Laden. Committee of the Oil-for-Food Program, and Hans Th is year’s program also featured a broad variety Blix discussed his work as chairman of the Weapons of speakers focusing on business, fi nancial, and of Mass Destruction Commission. economic issues. A panel of four former chairmen More than twenty authors were invited to discuss of the Securities and Exchange Commission— their books on topics ranging from America’s role Richard C. Breeden, Arthur Levitt Jr., Harvey L. in world aff airs to anti-Americanism, the state of Pitt, and William H. Donaldson—engaged mem- transatlantic relations, and the war on terrorism. Pro- bers in a discussion about regulatory standards in the fi nancial markets. European Central Bank Pres- ident Jean-Claude Trichet explained why Europe needs structural reforms, former Mexican President Ernesto Zedillo led a debate about the Doha round of international trade negotiations, and National Economic Council Director Allan B. Hubbard spoke on the state of American competitiveness. Th e popular World Economic Update Series, moderated by Daniel K. Tarullo, continued in its eighth year, featuring a special edition on the challenges await- ing the new chairman of the Federal Reserve Board, Ben Bernanke. Malcolm H. Wiener and Michael F. Oppenheimer with speaker Nancy E. Soder- Regional updates included a discussion with Sec- berg of the International Crisis Group before a meeting on “American Power: Its Uses and Consequences.” retary-General José Miguel Insulza of the Organiza-

34 new york meetings program

Symposia on Iran, Shiism, and Homeland Security

During the 2005–2006 program year, three special half- day symposia brought experts and policymakers together for in-depth discussions of crucial foreign policy issues. In a widely acclaimed symposium on Iran’s nuclear pro- gram, leading experts on nonproliferation and the Middle East assessed the current status of Iran’s nuclear development; discussed the political, social, and histori- cal forces behind the country’s nuclear program; and debated policy options for the United States. In another half-day event, analysts and policymakers examined the impact of the rise of Shiite power in the Middle East and its effect on U.S. policy toward the region. A third sym- posium, cosponsored by the Council of American Ambas- sadors and the Center for Security Policy, focused on the challenges of preserving an open society in the age of terrorism. Legal and policy experts, including Senator Jon Kyl (R-AZ), discussed the implications of openness Deborah S. Amos, foreign correspondent for National Public Radio (second from left), moderates a discussion on “Iran’s Motives and Strategies” with versus security, and New York City Police Commissioner (left to right) Mahmood Sariolghalam of the National University of Iran, Patrick Raymond Kelly offered his assessment of today’s chal- Clawson of the Washington Institute for Near East Policy, and Karim Sadjad- pour of the International Crisis Group (videoconferenced from Washington, lenges for homeland security. DC) at a symposium on Iran’s nuclear program. tion of American States; a panel of experts on North Internet, and a day-long conference on the threat of Korea’s nuclear brinkmanship; perspectives on Af- pandemic fl u. ghanistan, India, and Russia; and various debates on Th is year’s Book Club Series—in which a limited the future of the Middle East peace process. China number of participants can enjoy an informal discus- fi gured as a prominent topic in meetings with former sion in a salon-like setting—featured Th omas L. Hong Kong Chief Executive C. H. Tung, Taipei Friedman’s Th e World Is Flat and George Packer’s Th e Mayor Ma Ying-jeou, and Senator Max Baucus Assassins’ Gate: America in Iraq. (D-MT). In another highlight, Bono, lead singer of the rock band U2 and cofounder of DATA (Debt, AIDS, Trade, Africa), spoke to members and their children about his pioneering work in Africa. A series of discussions focusing on the nexus of religion and foreign policy continued in its second year, featuring the Reverend Rick Warren, found- ing pastor of Saddleback Church; the Reverend Dr. Richard D. Land, president of the Southern Baptist Convention’s Ethics and Religious Liberty Commis- sion; and former Secretary of State Madeleine K. Al- bright. Another series of meetings—also in its second year—explored the role of science and technology in foreign policy. It included events on nanotechnol- CNN Senior Political Analyst Jeff Greenfi eld speaking with Good Night, and ogy, HIV and national security, and China and the Good Luck Director and Cowriter George Clooney.

35 washington progr am T he nation’s capital provides a unique back- drop for the Council’s Washington Program to undertake a rich variety of programming and outreach. Whether in small group settings that function as a laboratory of sorts for new foreign policy thinking, or in large Council meetings where the issues of today—and tomorrow—are discussed, the Washington Program is cementing its reputation as the place for intensive, deliberative, and fruitful discussions on foreign policy. By bringing together representatives from Congress, the administration, the diplomatic corps, and the business community with opinion leaders and Council members, and by drawing on the Council’s robust intellectual resources, the Washington Program is facilitating conversations and building relationships to bridge partisan gaps and foster a vibrant and eff ective foreign policy debate. Th e Council’s diverse member- ship and nonpartisan tradition make it well situated to focus attention on the need for renewed biparti- sanship. Th e Washington Program’s dedication to bipartisan eff orts can be seen in its successful Capitol Hill outreach; special programming for senior congressional staff , including chiefs of staff from both chambers; and the resources it provides for members of Congress, from special- ized individual briefi ngs to round- table discussions on pressing foreign policy issues. Th e Council also seeks to serve as a resource for the broader foreign policy community in Washington Zhou Wenzhong, ambassador of China to the United States, with Zbigniew Brzezinski, counselor at the and has expanded its outreach ef- Center for Strategic and International Studies and former national security adviser, at a discussion of U.S.- China relations as part of the Washington Program’s Embassy Lunch Series. forts to the diplomatic community,

36 washington progr am

Th e Washington Program is cementing its reputation as the place for intensive, deliberative, and fruitful discussions on foreign policy.

Council Seeks to Bridge Chasm Between the Parties

In the wake of the divisive November 2004 election, the Council launched a new initiative aimed at foster- ing bipartisan discussion of foreign policy on Capitol Hill at both staff and member levels, in the White House, and within its own programming. Nancy E. Roman, vice president and director of the Council’s Washington Program and leader of the initiative, wrote a Council Special Report on bipartisanship, which concluded that collaboration between the parties produces better (although not necessarily more centrist) policy. It attributed much of the breakdown in bipartisanship to social and political changes that have made it harder for mem- bers of Congress and the administration to get to know one another and made a series of suggestions about how to bridge the divide. “What we really Gabriel B. Pellathy speaks with Representative John Murtha (D-PA). learned, however, is that someone has to do the heavy lifting of getting Democrats and Republicans engaging senior embassy offi cials on a regular basis. in the same room together to have policy discus- Council members were fortunate to be hosted once sions in a nonpartisan environment,” Roman said. again by several ambassadors for off -the-record dis- To that end, the Council hosted two high-level cussions on a number of bilateral policy issues. Over bipartisan dinners. The fi rst, led by Madeleine K. the past year, discussions were held with Ambassadors Albright, former secretary of state, and Kenneth M. Aziz Mekouar of Morocco, Fritz Kwabena Poku of Duberstein, former presidential chief of staff, cen- Ghana, Roberto Abdenur of Brazil, Zhou Wenzhong tered on Iraq. Joined by members of Congress from of China, Wolfgang Ischinger of Germany, Giovanni each party, Council Adjunct Senior Fellow Vali R. Castellaneta of Italy, Nasser bin Hamad al-Khalifa of Nasr and Phebe A. Marr led a robust conversation about bridging the Sunni-Shia divide. In March, Qatar, and Alexandros P. Mallias of Greece. former Senate Majority Leader Tom Daschle (D-SD) Th e Council’s convening power helped forge a pro- invited a group of Council members to his home. gram of fi rst-rate meetings, anchored by four series: He, former Representative Vin Weber (R-MN), and u Th e Nexus of Science, Technology, and Foreign Council Senior Fellow Ray Takeyh led a conversation Policy; about U.S. policy toward Iran. The Council also brought together Democratic u Iraq: Th e Way Forward; and Republican chiefs of staff for discussions u Th e Nexus of Religion and Foreign Policy; and largely focused on China, and it is working to de- u India’s Rise. velop bipartisan working groups on the environment Th e Nexus of Science, Technology, and Foreign and trade. Policy Initiative aims to draw attention to those

37 washington progr am

President of Azerbaijan Undersecretary of State for Zakia Hakki, Iraqi Council Richard D. Land, Southern Deputy Secretary of State Ilham Aliyev Democracy and Global Aff airs of Representatives Baptist Convention Robert B. Zoellick Paula J. Dobriansky critical areas where science and foreign policy discussion with Iraqi Minister of Municipalities and intersect and explore the implications of emerging Public Works Nasreen Barwari on issues of local gov- technologies on trade, security, U.S. competitiveness, ernance and priorities in terms of spending and man- and global health. Th e initiative, begun in the 2004– power for the crucial task of rebuilding infrastructure 2005 program year, has held fourteen meetings in and services; the perspectives of a panel of female Washington, including seven during this program Iraqi politicians and activists, including Iraqi Council year. Highlights include meetings on the ways in of Representatives member Zakia Hakki, on the role which new technology is changing the intelligence of women in rebuilding Iraq; and former Presidential community, terrorist use of the Internet, and China’s Envoy to Iraq Robert D. Blackwill’s argument that growing clout in high technology. the new Iraqi government cannot succeed without an In the “Iraq: Th e Way Forward” series, policy enduring American commitment. practitioners, journalists, military offi cials, Iraqi of- Th e Council’s emphasis on the intersection of fi cials, and others explored diff erent options for how religion and foreign policy has led it to look at to proceed constructively in that country. Th e four- the various ways in which religious beliefs play teen meetings in this series addressed a wide range into pressing global concerns. Topics addressed of views on how to move ahead in Iraq, including in this series include evangelicals’ views of U.S. Council Senior Fellow Stephen Biddle’s warning foreign policy in the Middle East with the Rev- against viewing Iraq in the same rubric as Vietnam; a erend Dr. Richard D. Land, president of the

Council Reaches Out to Capitol Hill

The Council has ramped up its activity on Capitol Hill to u an Expert Bank consisting of Council members who serve as a resource to legislators engaged in the foreign provide “on-demand” briefi ngs for members of Con- policy process. “The Congress plays an important role gress either in preparation for congressional delega- in policy issues ranging from India’s nuclear deal to the tions or while drafting or deciding on foreign policy handling of port security, so it is critical to engage mem- initiatives; and bers,” said Nancy E. Roman, vice president and director u breakfast meetings with new members of Congress of the Washington Program. to discuss foreign policy issues. A number of efforts have raised the Council’s profi le Members of Congress who have participated in the on Capitol Hill, including: breakfast series include: Dan Boren (D-OK), Russ Carna- u a standing Friday Roundtable discussion with han (D-MO), Mike Conaway (R-TX), Jim Costa (D-CA), senior foreign policy staff; Henry Cuellar (D-TX), Geoffrey C. Davis (R-KY), Jeff u a series of foreign policy briefi ngs for House chiefs of Fortenberry (R-NE), Vito Fossella (R-NY), Virginia Foxx staff; (R-NC), Dan Lungren (R-CA), Connie Mack (R-FL), Tom u a series of dinner briefi ngs on China for Senate Price (R-GA), Debbie Wasserman Schultz (D-FL), John chiefs of staff; J.H. “Joe” Schwarz (R-MI), and Ellen O. Tauscher (D-CA).

38 washington progr am

Southern Baptist Convention’s Ethics and Reli- gious Liberty Commission; Cardinal Th eodore E. McCarrick, archbishop of Washington, discussing the foreign policy priorities of Pope Benedict XVI; and Sunni-Shia religious rivalry with Council Ad- junct Senior Fellow Vali R. Nasr. Th e “India’s Rise” series, following in the footsteps of last year’s popular “China’s Rise” series, examined the economic, strategic, and political implications of India’s growing global importance. Members were fortunate to hear both the U.S. and the Indian perspectives in this series, and much discussion focused on the proposed U.S.-India nuclear deal.

President George W. Bush spoke to Council Jamie S. Gorelick, partner at WilmerHale; Carla A. Hills, Council vice chairman members on the progress of the war in Iraq. As only and CEO of Hills & Company; Th omas S. Foley, partner at Akin Gump Strauss Hauer & Feld; and Nancy E. Roman, vice president and director of the Council’s the second sitting president to address the Council Washington Program. (the fi rst was Bill Clinton in 1998), he off ered an assessment of the economic, political, and security Eleven sitting members of Congress also addressed situation on the ground, describing the progress Council members, including Senator Joseph I. in Iraq as slow and steady but hampered by cor- Lieberman (D-CT) on the U.S.-China energy rela- ruption, the infi ltration of militia groups into the tionship; Senators Barack Obama (D-IL) and Rich- security forces, and terrorism. Other administration ard G. Lugar (R-IN) on Russia and nonproliferation; offi cials who spoke to Council members at general Senator Chuck Hagel (R-NE) on U.S. foreign policy meetings in Washington included Undersecretary of in the Middle East; Representative Jane Harman State for Political Aff airs R. Nicholas Burns, who (D-CA), along with former Acting Director of spoke fi rst on India’s rise and again after the presi- Central Intelligence John E. McLaughlin, on intel- dent’s trip to India; Undersecretary of the Treasury ligence support to the military; Representative Jim for International Aff airs Timothy D. Adams, who Kolbe (R-AZ) on U.S. foreign development assis- spoke with Council members on the China currency tance; and Representative Dan Lungren (R-CA) on issue shortly after accompanying Treasury Secretary wiretapping and the Foreign Intelligence Surveil- John Snow to China; Undersecretary of Defense for lance Act. As part of the “Iraq: Th e Way Forward” Policy Eric S. Edelman and Deputy Secretary of the series, Senators John Warner (R-VA) and Jack Reed Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt, each of whom spoke (D-RI) appeared together. Th eir colleagues Senator as part of the Council’s “Iraq: Th e Way Forward” Carl M. Levin (D-MI) and Representative John series; Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoel- Murtha (D-PA) also participated in the series. lick, who talked about pressing foreign policy issues, Members were also fortunate to hear from a num- focusing on Sudan and China; and Undersecretary ber of distinguished foreign dignitaries, including of State for Management Henrietta Holsman Fore, heads of state Yoweri Museveni of Uganda, Ellen who discussed transformational diplomacy. Johnson Sirleaf of Liberia, and Ilham Aliyev of Th e Washington Program also undertook a series Azerbaijan. Other speaker highlights included Ivo of briefi ngs for executive-branch undersecretaries: Sanader, prime minister of Croatia; John Reid, the a small number of Council members and fellows United Kingdom’s secretary of state for defence; engaged undersecretaries and other senior adminis- Algeria’s foreign minister, Mohammed Bedjaoui; tration offi cials at their request on topics including Haruhiko Kuroda, head of the Asian Development pandemic health threats, the transatlantic relation- Bank; and Sergei Kiriyenko, director of the Russian ship, and the global fi nancial architecture. Federal Atomic Energy Agency.

39 national program T he National Program provides a forum for members outside of New York and Washington, DC, to discuss pressing issues of the day and to contribute to the Council’s work. In addition, the National Program devotes time and energy to connecting with local leaders, college and university professors and students, and others interested in international aff airs as part of the Council’s outreach mission. Th is year the Council off ered more than fi fty chapters, articles, Task Force reports, or Council teleconferences and webcasts and held more than 110 Special Reports prior to the seminar and contrib- sessions across the country, including manuscript- ute their feedback and valuable insights to help the review seminars, roundtables, the national Book Club authors or project directors shape the fi nal product. Series, a fi lm series, and general meetings. Th e Na- As part of this series, Senior Fellow Lee Feinstein tional Program also organized fi fty public events that met with members in Los Angeles, San Francisco, featured Council fellows’ books and publications. and Seattle to review the draft manuscript of his At the heart of the National Program are the forthcoming Council Special Report on the United intimate foreign policy dinner seminars at which Nations; Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Council fellows discuss their research and writ- Fellow for Latin America Studies Julia E. Sweig ing. National members review draft manuscript talked with members in Miami and San Francisco about the Council’s Latin America Program; and Fellow Michael A. Levi reviewed the thesis of his book on nuclear terrorism with members in Bos- ton. Project Directors Princeton N. Lyman and J. Stephen Morrison and Task Force member He- lene D. Gayle led a session in Seattle on the work of the Africa Task Force; San Francisco members discussed the fi ndings and prospective recommen- dations of the Russia Task Force with Task Force member Coit D. Blacker, and of the Energy Task Force with Task Force Project Director David G. Victor and Task Force members William K. Reilly, Peter Schwartz, and James Sweeney. Th e National Program Roundtable Series focused on two themes. “Iraq: Th e Way Forward” brought Council Senior Fellow Walter Russell Mead talks with Alonzo L. McDonald and Linda Tsao Yang during the book fair at the 2006 National Conference. sessions led by Council President Richard N.

40 national program

National Conference

This year’s National Conference, the premier event of the National Program, brought together 389 participants from around the country and the world to the Council’s New York headquarters for two days of discussions with fellow members and other leading thinkers and practitioners. The eleventh National Conference, “New Perspectives on U.S. Foreign Policy: Priorities and Prob- lems in the Next Decade,” featured

u Google’s Eric Schmidt and the New York Times’s Thomas L. Friedman on

U.S. competitiveness and innovation, as part of the Bernard L. Schwartz Richard N. Haass, Elliott Abrams, and Fareed Lecture on Business and Foreign Policy; Zakaria.

u The National Security Council’s Elliott Abrams and Newsweek International Editor Fareed Zakaria with Council President Richard N. Haass on democ- racy promotion; u Presidents of the Federal Reserve Banks Michael H. Moskow, Gary H. Stern, and Janet L. Yellen with Douglas Holtz-Eakin, the director of the Council’s Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geoeconomic Studies, on the United States and the global economy;

u American University’s Chair of Islamic Studies Akbar Ahmed and author Lindsey O. Graham, Leigh Buchanan Bienen, Karen Armstrong with National Public Radio Foreign Correspondent and Henry S. Bienen. Deborah S. Amos on the divide between Islam and the West;

u Senator Lindsey O. Graham (R-SC) with NBC News Weekend Today Coanchor Campbell Brown on Iraq; and

u Governors Haley Barbour of Mississippi and Janet A. Napolitano of Arizona, and George E. Rupp, Helene D. Gayle, Akbar Ahmed and Karen Armstrong. and Charles F. MacCormack. Mayor William H. White of the City of Houston with NBC News Special Correspondent Tom Brokaw on foreign policy from the state house and city hall.

Members met in smaller regional and topical discussion groups led by Council fellows and other leading scholars. In addition, they had the opportunity to interact with foreign policy experts, military leaders, former high-level government offi cials, and leaders of non- Janet L. Yellen and Michael H. Moskow. governmental organizations in Town Halls on

u Counterterrorism and Intelligence Reform with Lee Cullum, Paul R. Pillar, and Steven Simon;

u Iraq and the Military with Leslie H. Gelb and H. R. McMaster;

u Pandemic Flu with Laura L. Efros, Laurie Garrett, and Eric K. Noji; and

u The Role of Nongovernmental Organizations in International Crises Leslie H. Gelb and H. R. McMaster. with Helene D. Gayle, Charles F. MacCormack, and George E. Rupp.

41 national program

and Luiz Felipe Lampreia met with Council mem- Technology bers in Atlanta, Boston, and Dallas. Author Reza Aslan led discussions in Boston and San Francisco The National Program uses the latest technology on the future of Islam, as part of the Council’s Re- to connect with members from coast to coast and ligion and Foreign Policy Initiative. engage them in discussions on current issues and Th e National Program launched a Film Series, ideas in international affairs. The National Program including screenings of the Kunhardt Productions Conference Call Series, chaired by Council Vice documentary Th e Road to 9/11 in seven cities, and President Irina A. Faskianos, features foreign policy Home Box Offi ce’s Last Best Chance in six cities. Th e experts and Council fellows. In addition, national screenings were followed by discussions led by Coun- members have access to international and domestic cil members and local experts, including John H. policymakers through the teleconferences and web- Kelly and William E. Hoehn Jr. in Atlanta; Jessica E. casts of New York and Washington, DC, meetings. Stern in Boston; Robert Pape and Gary Samore in The audio and video fi les of on-the-record Council meetings are posted on the Council website, CFR.org, Chicago; Lawrence G. Wright and Jay T. Young so that members and the general public can listen in Dallas; James P. Rubin and John B. Ritch III in to and watch these meetings on their computers or London; James E. Dalton in Los Angeles; Joseph F. portable media devices. These fi les are also available Hoar in San Diego; and Th omas B. Hayward and as podcasts and may be automatically downloaded to Frederic A. Morris in Seattle. a computer, iPod, or MP3 player through an RSS feed Th e National Program organized meetings and that can be accessed at CFR.org, the iTunes Music public programs across the country to highlight Store, or Yahoo! Podcasts. Select fi les are available newly published books by Council fellows, including through Princeton’s University Channel. Rachel Bronson’s Th icker Th an Oil, Benn Steil and Robert E. Litan’s Financial Statecraft, and Julia E. Sweig’s Friendly Fire; the reports of Council-sponsored Haass to Atlanta, Chicago, Dallas, Houston, Independent Task Forces on Africa, Russia, post- Miami, London, San Francisco, and Los Angeles. In confl ict capabilities, and Arab reform; and the For- “Emerging Trends in U.S. Foreign Policy,” national eign Aff airs/Public Agenda survey on public opinion, members explored a range of issues, including the featured in Foreign Aff airs, with Daniel Yankelov- Bush administration’s foreign policy, with Council ich and James F. Hoge Jr. Th e Council cooperated Vice President and Director of Studies James M. with local foreign policy organizations including Lindsay, and a national security strategy for the the American Committees on Foreign Relations, twenty-fi rst century with Council Board mem- the Bilateral U.S.-Arab Chamber of Commerce, the ber Anne-Marie Slaughter in Dallas; the rise of Chicago Council on Foreign Relations, the Dallas China with C. V. Starr Senior Fellow Elizabeth C. Committee on Foreign Relations, the Greater Seattle Economy, and the 3rd Infantry Division in Iraq Chamber of Commerce, the Houston Committee with Brigadier General Mark E. O’Neill in Atlanta; on Foreign Relations, the Houston World Aff airs U.S. post-confl ict capabilities with General John W. Council, the Initiative for Global Development, Vessey Senior Fellow and Center for Preventive the Los Angeles World Aff airs Council, the Pacifi c Action Director William L. Nash, and U.S. com- Council on International Policy, the Southern Center petitiveness with Maurice R. Greenberg Center for International Studies, the World Aff airs Council for Geoeconomic Studies Director Douglas Holtz- of Dallas/Fort Worth, the World Aff airs Council of Eakin in Los Angeles; the European Union with Northern California, and the World Aff airs Council Senior Fellow Charles A. Kupchan, and the links of Oregon. between HIV and national security with Senior Fel- Th e Council, along with the University of Min- low Laurie Garrett in San Francisco and London. nesota’s Humphrey Institute Policy Forum, cospon- International Advisory Board members Yuan Ming sored the national release of the report of the Task

42 national program

At the heart of the National Program are the intimate foreign policy dinner seminars at which Council fellows discuss their research and writing.

Force on Arab Reform, which featured Task Force Chairs Madeleine K. Albright and Vin Weber, as well as Task Force Project Director Steven A. Cook and Task Force member Abdeslam E. Maghraoui. Th e National Program also worked with colleges and universities including Harvard University’s John F. Kennedy School of Government; Morehouse College; North- western University; Occidental College; Pepperdine University; Princeton Universi- ty’s Woodrow Wilson School of Public and International Aff airs; Stanford University; the University of California, Berkeley; the University of California, Los Angeles; the University of California, San Diego; the Council Board member Lee Cullum with Michael P. Peters. University of Miami’s Center for Hemi- spheric Policy; and the University of Washington. will continue to engage national members and other As part of the Council’s Book Club Series, which community leaders either face-to-face or virtually is designed to stimulate debate and build a greater in substantive and sustained conversations on U.S. sense of community among the membership, the foreign policy and international aff airs. Th e vitality National Program organized sessions on Th omas L. of the National Program depends on the involve- Friedman’s Th e World Is Flat and George Packer’s ment of national members—all of whom cannot Th e Assassins’ Gate. Th e following members led and be recognized in these pages—but a special note of hosted: William J. Long and Judith B. Milestone in thanks goes to Council Board member Lee Cullum Atlanta; Joseph S. Nye Jr. in Boston; Henry H. Per- of Dallas for her leadership as she concludes her ritt Jr. in Chicago; James Frank Hollifi eld and Pa- service on the Board. tricia M. Patterson in Dallas; Mary Elise Sarotte, Christopher B. Stone, and Jonathan N. Bell in Lon- don; Barry Sanders and Arthur N. Greenberg in Los IN MEMORIAM Angeles; Mark B. Rosenberg and Adrienne Arsht Peter E. Haas 1918–2005 in Miami; Roy A. Herberger and Richard Mal- The Council is deeply saddened by the loss of lery in Phoenix; Michael P. Peters and Patricia A. longtime Council member and friend Peter E. Haas, McFate in Santa Fe; Jane M. Wales in San Fran- chairman emeritus of Levi Strauss & Co. Although cisco; and Ted Van Dyk, Donald C. Hellmann, and he will be greatly missed, Peter’s memory will live on Helene D. Gayle in Seattle. Th e National Program through the National Program, which he and his wife, also organized a conference call with author George Mimi L. Haas, supported over the years. Their gener- Packer, through which all national members had the osity has helped build and expand the National Pro- opportunity to participate in the Book Club Series. gram and transform the Council into a truly national Th e National Program, made possible in part by organization. a generous grant from Mimi and Peter E. Haas,

43 corporate program T he interaction of international political and economic forces is an increasingly important dimension of foreign policy and a pri- mary focus of much of the Council’s work. As a result, the business community plays a vital role in a wide variety of Council activities and has also come to be one of the organization’s fastest-growing sources of fi nancial support. In addition to individual members who work in the private sector—who account for one-third of the total membership and more than half of those living in metropolitan New York—executives from more than 250 companies are involved in the Council’s activities through the Corporate Program. Th e active engagement of this constituency helps to distinguish the Council from other think tanks, adding to its discussions the experience and knowledge of on-the-ground experts and real- world practitioners. Executives of member companies and individual mem- bers in the private sector took part in over seventy events in New York and Washington, DC, including the C. Peter McColough Roundtable Series on International Economics, the McKinsey Executive Roundtable Series in International Economics, the Corporate Program Energy Roundtable, the China Roundtable, and the World Economic Update Series. Featured speakers included four past chairs of the Securities and Exchange Commission, European Central Bank Presi- dent Jean-Claude Trichet, and Ambassador of Saudi Arabia to the United States Prince Turk i a l-Faisa l. A highlight of this past year was the Council’s second annual Corporate Conference held March 9–10 in New York City. Th e conference explored the economic and political vulnerabilities in the global system through sessions on global energy supply, corporate governance and social responsibility, the economic threat of a fl u pandemic, China, India, and Europe. Th e CEOs of Caterpillar, Electronic Data Systems, and Estée Lauder opened the conference with a lively panel discussion, and U.S. Deputy Secretary of the Treasury Robert M. Kimmitt discusses the Committee on Foreign Investment in the United States (CFIUS). Trade Representative Rob Portman served as the event’s key-

44 corporate program

Th e second annual Corporate Conference explored the economic and political vulnerabilities in the global system. note speaker. Building on the success of the previous security studies, culminated in the publication year’s inaugural conference, the event attracted par- of a Council Special Report. Th e success of this ticipation from even more member companies and working group is just one example of the business senior executives. community’s unique contribution to the Council’s Th e Corporate Program also off ered over thirty substantive work. interactive conference calls with business and for- Th e high perceived value of the Council’s Corpo- eign policy specialists, including fellows from the rate Program is demonstrated by the number of com- Council’s Maurice R. Greenberg Center for Geo- panies increasing their investment in the program. economic Studies and other experts. Corporate Th is year, 20 percent of member companies moved members exchanged ideas with Council scholars to the Premium or President’s Circle levels of mem- in other settings as well, such as roundtable dis- bership, and 80 percent of new members joined the cussions, exclusive dinners and receptions, and Council at these higher membership tiers. Th rough private meetings. Th e deliberations of a Corporate involvement at the top levels of membership, member working group on the role of the private sector in companies reinforce their support of the Council’s homeland security, directed by Stephen E. Flynn, mission and expand their access to Council events, the Jeane J. Kirkpatrick senior fellow for national resources, and special opportunities.

Benefi ts of Corporate Membership at the President’s Circle Level ($50,000+)

u Invitations to two or three small, private dinners each u Invitations to limited-seating events each year with year with world leaders. leading fi gures in business and politics.* u An annual presentation on a topic related to the mem- u Invitations for company executives to attend more than ber company’s business by a member of the Council’s seventy events each year in New York and Washington.* research staff. u Participation in more than thirty interactive conference u A special invitation for a company executive to partici- calls with Council research fellows and other experts.* pate in at least one Council-sponsored high-level trip u Opportunities for a select group of executives to partici- led by a member of the Council’s leadership. pate in small, in-depth study groups and roundtables.* u A special invitation to the annual dinner for the Council’s u Identifi cation of Council research fellows as speakers Board of Directors and International Advisory Board. for the company’s board, policy committee, clients, or u The opportunity to designate two young executives as internal meetings.* “Corporate Leaders” to participate in activities orga- u Multiple subscriptions to Foreign Affairs.* nized by the Council’s Term Member Program. u Access to the Council’s exclusive Corporate website.* u Designation of a Council staff member to serve as the u Access to the Council’s state-of-the-art reference ser- principal liaison to help the member company derive vices and library (by appointment).* maximum value from its membership. u Special member rates for rental of the renowned u An invitation to an exclusive roundtable discussion Harold Pratt House meeting facilities.* with the Council’s president.* u Prominent acknowledgment in Council literature.*

The President’s Circle is the highest of the corporate membership levels. Premium membership ($25,000+) includes those benefi ts marked with an asterisk. For more information, contact the Corporate Program offi ce at 212-434-9684.

45 corporate program

Corporate Members PREMIUM Caxton Associates Hess Corporation Abbott Laboratories CEMEX Hitachi, Ltd. PRESIDENT’S CIRCLE ABC News Th e Chubb Corporation Houlihan Lokey Howard ALCOA Inc. ACE Limited Cisneros Group of Companies & Zukin American Express Company AEA Investors Inc. CIT Group Inc. IBM Corporation American International Airbus North America Th e CNA Corporation InsCap Management, LLC Group, Inc. Alleghany Corporation Th e Coca-Cola Company Interpipe Inc. BP p.l.c. Allen & Overy LLP Continental Properties IXIS Capital Markets Bridgewater Associates, Inc. American Standard Corning Incorporated Jacobs Asset Management, CA Companies Corsair Capital LLC Chevron Corporation Apax Partners, Inc. Corus America Inc. J. H. Whitney Investment Citigroup Apollo Management, LP Credit Suisse Management, LLC Cognizant Technology ARAMARK Corporation DaimlerChrysler Corporation Jones Day Solutions Corporation Aramco Services Company De Beers JPMorgan Chase & Co. ConocoPhillips Company Archer Daniels Midland Deere & Company Kleiner Perkins Caufi eld Drake Management LLC Company Deloitte. & Byers DynCorp International Armor Holdings, Inc. Deutsche Bank AG Kometal GMBH Austria Exxon Mobil Corporation Arnhold and S. Bleichroeder Devon Energy Corporation KPMG LLP Fortress Investment Group Holdings, Inc. Dresdner Bank AG Kuwait Petroleum LLC Arrow Electronics, Inc. DTAP Capital Partners LLC Corporation GlaxoSmithKline A.T. Kearney, Inc. Electronic Data Systems Lazard Guardsmark LLC Avaya Inc. Corporation Lockheed Martin H. J. Heinz Company Baker, Nye Advisers, Inc. Eli Lilly and Company Corporation Investcorp International, Inc. Banco Mercantil Eni S.p.A. Loral Space & Kingdon Capital Bank of America Equinox Management Communications Ltd. Kohlberg Kravis Roberts Th e Bank of New York Partners, L.P. Lucent Technologies Inc. & Co. Barclays Capital Estée Lauder Companies Inc. Lukoil Americas Lehman Brothers BASF Corporation Fannie Mae Mannheim LLC Th e McGraw-Hill Th e Blackstone Group L.P. Federal Express Corporation Marathon Oil Company Companies BNP Paribas Ford Motor Company Marsh & McLennan McKinsey & Company, Inc. Th e Boeing Company Freddie Mac Companies, Inc. Merrill Lynch & Co., Inc. Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. Future Pipe Industries, Inc. Marubeni America Moody’s Investors Service Boston Properties, Inc. Galt Industries Inc. Corporation Nike, Inc. Bristol-Myers Squibb General Atlantic LLC Masthead Management OppenheimerFunds, Inc. Company General Electric Company Partners Reliance Industries Limited CALYON Corporate and General Maritime Mayer, Brown, Rowe Th e Rohatyn Group Investment Bank Corporation & Maw LLP Toyota Motor North Canadian Imperial Bank Th e Goldman Sachs Group, MBIA Insurance America, Inc. of Commerce Inc. Corporation U.S. Chamber of Commerce Cantillon Capital Grey Global Group Inc. MeadWestvaco Corporation Veritas Capital LLC Management LLC Halliburton-KBR Merck & Co., Inc.

Council Senior Fellow Benn Steil (center) moderates a discussion with former Securities and Exchange Commission Chairmen (left to right) Richard C. Breeden, Arthur Levitt Jr., Harvey L. Pitt, and William H. Donaldson at a session of the McKinsey Executive Roundtable Series in International Economics.

46 corporate program

Chairman of the Council Board Committee on Corporate Aff airs Kenneth M. Duberstein, Michael H. Jordan, William P. Lauder, and James W. Owens speaking at the opening session of the Corporate Conference.

MetLife Starwood Capital Group Banca d’Italia KS Management Corporation Milbank, Tweed, Hadley Sullivan & Cromwell LLP Banca Intesa S.p.A. Linklaters & McCloy LLP Swiss Re America Holding Barbour Griffi th and Rogers Mark Partners Mitsubishi International Corporation Barst & Mukamal LLP Marvin & Palmer Corporation Symbol Technologies, Inc. Bloomberg L.P. Associates, Inc. Moore Capital Management Time Warner Inc. Bramwell Capital Medley Global Advisors LLC Tishman Speyer Properties, Management, Inc. Mine Safety Appliances Morgan Stanley Inc. Brown Brothers Harriman Company Th e Nasdaq Stock Market, TOTAL S.A. & Co. Morgan, Lewis & Bockius Inc. UBS C & O Resources, Inc. LLP Th e News Corporation Union Pacifi c Corporation Claremont Capital Mutual of America New York Life International, United Technologies Corporation Oxford Analytica Inc. Inc. Corporation Cleary Gottlieb Steen PanAmSat Corporation Northrop Grumman U.S. Trust Corporation & Hamilton LLP Peter Kimmelman Asset Corporation Verizon Communications Th e Consulate General Management LLC NYSE Group, Inc. Inc. of Japan Pillsbury Winthrop Shaw Occidental Petroleum Veronis Suhler Stevenson Control Risks Group Pittman LLP Corporation Vinson & Elkins LLP Covington & Burling POSCO America Th e Olayan Group Visa International Craig Drill Capital Corporation Paul, Hastings, Janofksy Volkswagen of America, Inc. Corporation Riverstone Holdings LLC & Walker Vornado Realty Trust Th e Cross Country Group Rolls-Royce North America, Paul, Weiss, Rifkind, Wyeth Debevoise & Plimpton LLP Inc. Wharton & Garrison LLP Wyoming Investment Ehrenkranz & Ehrenkranz RWS Energy Services, Inc. PepsiCo, Inc. Corporation LLP Saber Partners, LLC Pfi zer Inc. Xerox Corporation Eisner LLP Simpson Th acher & Bartlett Phelps Dodge Corporation Young & Rubicam Inc. First Atlantic Capital, Ltd. LLP Phillips-Van Heusen Ziff Brothers Investments French-American Chamber Sperry Fund Management Corporation LLC of Commerce LLC Pitney Bowes Inc. Gale International Th ales North America, Inc. PricewaterhouseCoopers BASIC GLG Inc. Tiedemann Investment LLP AARP Granite Associates LP Group Prudential Financial, Inc. Access Industries, Inc. Hemispheric Partners Tor ys LLP Rho Capital Partners American Re Corporation IC & A Inc. Transclick, Inc. Rothschild North America, American Red Cross Idemitsu Apollo Corporation Tudor Investment Inc. Andrews Kurth LLP Integrated Finance Limited Corporation Sageview Capital Apple Core Hotels Inc. Intellispace, Inc. Turkish Industrialists’ and Sandalwood Securities, Inc. Areva US Interaudi Bank Businessmen’s Association Shell Oil Company Arnold & Porter LLP Intracom S.A. Warburg Pincus LLC Sidley Austin LLP Artemis Advisors Invus Group, LLC Watson Wyatt & Company Siemens Corporation Baker & Hostetler LLP Japan Bank for International Weber Shandwick Sony Corporation of America Baker Capital Corp. Cooperation Worldwide Soros Fund Management Th e Baldwin-Gottschalk JETRO New York Wilpon Investors LLC Standard & Poor’s Group Joukowsky Family Zephyr Management, L.P. Standard Chartered Bank Banca di Roma Foundation

47 term member program T he Stephen M. Kellen Term Member Pro- gram engages promising young leaders in a sustained conversation on international aff airs and U.S. foreign policy. Each year a new class of term members—individuals between the ages of 30 and 36—is elected to fi ve-year membership. Th e Term Member Program allows younger members to interact with foreign policy experts as well as participate in a wide variety of events designed especially for them. Committees of term members in New York and Washington, DC, serve as advisory bodies to the Council leadership and provide opportunities for term members to help create programs of particular interest to their fellow young members. Th e year began with over sixty term members two days. Sessions at the conference ranged in scope convening in both New York and Washington, from Iraq’s present and future, to the rise of China, DC, for brainstorming sessions to determine what the role of the military in humanitarian assistance, issues the program should tackle during its events fi nance and trade, the impact of high oil prices, and throughout the year. In November, the Tenth Annual nonproliferation issues. Term Member Conference, “Perspectives: Iraq and Th e program was also highlighted in a Bloomberg Beyond,” drew over 200 term members from across media article titled “Wall Street’s New Prize: Park the country and around the world to New York for Avenue Club House with World View.” Council President Richard N. Haass was quoted as saying, “It’s hard to imagine there are a lot more people out there who are more accomplished at their age,” and Coun- cil Chairman Peter G. Peterson explained the ratio- nale behind Council President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb’s reemphasis of the program in the early nine- ties: “One of our prime responsibilities was to develop a new generation of foreign policy citizens.” With over fi fty events this past year, the term members enjoyed a full range of activities, including four off -site trips. Seven roundtables dominated the schedule, touching on topics such as intelligence re- form, immigration policy, economic development and Steven V. Brock, Walid G. Chamoun, and Kristin D. Rechberger with Council the private sector, and humanitarian assistance. Term International Aff airs Fellow Samantha Power at the 2006 Term Member Conference. members met with authors Bernard-Henri Lévy and

48 term member program

“One of our prime responsibilities was to develop a new generation of foreign policy citizens.”

Permanent Representatives to the United Nations during the Tenth Annual Term Member Conference (left to right): John Dauth of Australia, Javad Zarif of Iran, Council Board member Th omas R. Pickering (presiding), Nabeela Al-Mulla of Kuwait, Fayssal Mekdad of Syria, and Maged Abdelaziz of Egypt.

Peter Bergen after general meetings at the Council’s Special Events and Trips New York offi ce, attended a reception hosted by Les and Judy Gelb, and had the opportunity to meet with During spring 2006, term members made four jour- Council Board members Martin S. Feldstein and neys together: to Capitol Hill to examine the role of Anne-Marie Slaughter during seminars in Boston congressional leadership and its impact on foreign and New York, respectively. policy; to the International Monetary Fund in Wash- Th e Council continues to rely on term members to ington, DC, to learn about the IMF’s changing roles in shape their program, including the next Term Member the fl uctuating international economic climate; to the Conference, slated for November 2006, and an inter- CIA to receive updates on crucial topics such as non- national trip to Turkey planned for late spring 2007. proliferation and countries such as China and Iran; and fi nally, to Norfolk, VA, to acquaint themselves with the roles, missions, and responsibilities of the U.S. Fleet Forces Command. Term members also joined a working group in conjunction with the Princeton Project on National Security (PPNS) to give feedback on the PPNS’s draft report, National Security in the 21st Century: A Next Generation Perspective. Council Board member Anne-Marie Slaughter led an afternoon of sessions to solicit opinions on the report from term members of diverse expertise. The sessions were moderated by PPNS chairs (and Council members) Laurie Garrett Council Vice President for Membership and Fellowship Aff airs Elise Carlson and Suzanne F. Nossel. Lewis with Anna-Maria Kellen and Andrew S. Gundlach at the Tenth Annual Term Member Conference. Th e Term Member Program is supported by a gener- ous grant from the Anna-Maria and Stephen M. Kellen Foundation.

49 cfr.org

For CFR.org, the Council’s website, this past year has “Th e Daily Brief” email newsletter, Online Debates been transformative, with a major redesign released between noted experts, and, where appropriate, in August 2005 and the arrival of a new executive News Briefi ngs on newsmakers’ appearances at the editor: veteran online journalist Michael Moran, who Council. Th e growth in traffi c on the website has joined the Council after nine years at MSNBC.com. translated into more frequent links to and citations CFR.org has emerged as a respected online publication of information on CFR.org (and, in turn, of other on foreign policy, national security, and geoeconomic Council content) by major Internet news aggrega- issues that is attracting a fast-growing audience. tors (such as Google News and Yahoo! News), by Th e goal is to make CFR.org the “editor of the search engines, and in the roiling conversation that Internet,” serving as a fi rst-stop resource for anyone is the “blogosphere.” As Jacob Weisberg, editor looking for authoritative information on and analysis of the online magazine Slate, noted, “CFR.org is of U.S. foreign policy and international aff airs. Th e rapidly becoming the Google for the foreign policy site off ers not only original content, but also the best set.” And Washington Post White House columnist material from other sources, including think tanks, Daniel Froomkin says that CFR.org “is an Internet government agencies, educational institutions and non- hotspot for intellectual foment about foreign policy governmental organizations, to deliver a wide range of in general and Iraq in particular.” timely, high-quality information and insight. Th e site also plays a central role in supporting the In addition to the popular Background Q&As Council’s outreach initiatives, with two sections, and Expert Interviews, CFR.org’s editorial fran- “For Educators” and “For the Media,” designed to chises now include new, more accessible Daily meet the needs of these important constituencies. Analysis Briefs, audio podcasts on selected topics, In addition, CFR.org off ers audio and video of on- the-record events and, for members, improved online registration for Council meetings. Th is year, mem- bers were also able to cast their votes online for the Board election. In the coming year, a small pilot program will intro- duce edited ten-to-fi fteen-minute highlight packages of on-the-record Council meetings, an off ering that could make some of the Council’s most valuable work more accessible. Additionally, CFR.org is pursuing several new partnerships aimed at putting CFR.org headlines on major media sites, plus a new multimedia eff ort to create interactive “confl ict” and “crisis” guides to the world’s hotspots. All of these new eff orts will draw heavily on expertise and content already being created by CFR.org or by other Council departments CFR.org Executive Editor Michael Moran at the launch of the redesigned site in New York. as they pursue their traditional missions.

50 communications

Promoting informed reporting and providing infor- mation and expert analysis to the media is central to the Council’s mission. In keeping with this goal, a ma- jority of the Council’s general meetings this year were on the record and open to the press, and transcripts of most were posted on the Council’s website for public consumption. Th ose transcripts drew signifi cant at- tention, particularly those of appearances at the Coun- cil by President George W. Bush and other members of his administration, including Secretary of Defense Donald H. Rumsfeld, Deputy Secretary of State Robert B. Zoellick, Attorney General Alberto R. Council fellows brief members of the Washington press corps in advance of the G8 Gonzales, Secretary of Homeland Security Michael summit in St. Petersburg, Russia. Chertoff , and Undersecretary of State for Public Di- plomacy and Public Aff airs Karen P. Hughes. Th e Council uses a full complement of tools Th e Council embarked on a new marketing mis- to reach these audiences, including the revamped sion this year to broaden the audiences that receive website, email campaigns, eNewsletters, webcasts, Council content and the avenues by which they receive podcasts, RSS feeds, conference calls, and briefi ngs. it. Th is organization-wide initiative reaches beyond Th e Council has also launched Google AdWord s cam- traditional media outlets to Congress, the executive paigns and used online advertising to promote the full branch, the business and diplomatic communities, range of its thought-provoking activity. Traditional educators, government and religious leaders, nongov- media outreach has continued apace, with over 16,000 ernmental organizations, and other constituencies, mentions of Council scholars, events, and publications including the burgeoning world of Internet blogs. in the media this year—the highest ever. Th e Communications Department, which now has a robust Washington operation, held more than a dozen high-level press briefi ngs this year pegged to important international events and the release of Council Task Force reports and other products. Th e department’s weekly email bulletin, “Th e World Th is Week,” which highlights the work of Council schol- ars, Foreign Aff airs authors, and CFR.org’s editorial team, reaches more than 23,500 individuals each week. Th e redesigned Chronicle continues to inform members of the Council’s activities, and the newly relaunched CFR.org provides rich and valuable infor- Council President Emeritus Leslie H. Gelb talks about the situation in Iraq on the Charlie Rose Show. mation and commentary on international issues.

51 endowed and named chairs, fellowships, and lectureships

ENDOWED CHAIRS, 2005–2006 The Military Fellowships Ralph Bunche Chair in Africa Policy Studies Each year, the chief of staff of each military service Princeton N. Lyman nominates an outstanding candidate for a military fel- Maurice R. Greenberg Chair/Director of Studies lowship. Th ese fellowships enable offi cers to broaden James M. Lindsay their understanding of international aff airs and U.S. foreign policy by spending a year in residence at the Maurice R. Greenberg Chair in China Studies Council. Fellows participate in Council programs, Adam Segal engage in research, and arrange several politico- George F. Kennan Chair in Russian and Eurasian military trips for Council members. Th e military Studies Stephen Sestanovich fellows for 2005–2006 were Colonel Mark A. Buck- Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Chair in National Security Studies nam, U.S. Air Force, and Colonel Peter R. Mansoor, Stephen E. Flynn U.S. Army. Henry A. Kissinger Chair in U.S. Foreign Policy The Douglas Dillon Fellowship Walter Russell Mead Each year, the Council names one of its younger Peter G. Peterson Chair/Editor of Foreign Aff airs fellows the Dillon Fellow, in honor of former Coun- James F. Hoge Jr. cil Vice Chairman Douglas Dillon. Such fellows Philip D. Reed Chair in Science and Technology typically combine a keen understanding of economics Nelson and David Rockefeller Chair in Latin with cutting-edge policy research in a given fi eld, America Studies Julia E. Sweig leading to several major published articles or a book Hasib J. Sabbagh Chair in Middle East Studies during their fellowship tenure. Th e Dillon Fellowship Steven Simon is held by Steven A. Cook. C. V. Starr Chair in Asia Studies Henry Kaufman Senior Fellowship Elizabeth C. Economy in International Economics and Finance General John W. Vessey Chair in Confl ict Prevention Th is fellowship was established in 1999 with a gift William L. Nash from the Henry and Elaine Kaufman Foundation. Paul A. Volcker Chair in International Economics Th e fellowship focuses on the global integration of Douglas Holtz-Eakin fi nancial markets and their signifi cance for U.S. eco- nomic and foreign policy. Th e fellowship is held by SPECIAL FELLOWSHIPS Roger M. Kubarych. The National Intelligence Fellowship Edward R. Murrow Fellowship Th is fellowship provides an opportunity for an Th e Council off ers a resident fellowship for a corre- outstanding person from the U.S. intelligence com- spondent, editor, or producer involved with interna- munity on the cusp of a senior position to expand his tional news. Named in honor of Edward R. Murrow or her knowledge of international relations through and funded by the CBS Foundation, the fellowship study, research and refl ection, extensive participa- off ers a nine-month period for sustained study and tion in the Council’s program of meetings and study writing, free from the pressures that characterize groups, and interaction with the Council’s diverse journalistic life. Th e 2005–2006 Murrow Fellow was and knowledgeable members. Th e 2005–2006 Na- Jane Arraf. tional Intelligence Fellow was Nancy Bird.

52 endowed and named chairs, fellowships, and lectureships

Bernard L. Schwartz Fellowship LECTURESHIPS in Business and Foreign Policy The Darryl G. Behrman Lecture on Africa Policy Th is fellowship was established in 2002 with a gift Th e Darryl G. Behrman Lecture on Africa Policy from the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Foundation was funded by members of the Behrman family in and focuses on the global integration of fi nancial memory of Darryl G. Behrman, who came to the markets and their signifi cance for U.S. economic and United States from South Africa. He had a strong in- foreign policy. Th e 2005–2006 Schwartz Fellow was terest in the continent of his birth and in international David Braunschvig. peace and cooperation. Whitney H. Shepardson Fellowship The Arthur C. Helton Memorial Lecture Th e Shepardson Fellowship is periodically awarded to Th e Arthur C. Helton Memorial Lecture was estab- persons with experience and recognized professional lished by the Council and the family of Arthur C. stature in public or academic aff airs related to inter- Helton, who died in the August 2003 bombing of national relations. A Shepardson Fellow is expected the United Nations headquarters in Baghdad. Th e to spend about a year affi liated with the Council, Helton Lecture is an annual event at which one or participating in Council programs while working on more speakers address pressing issues in the broad a book or other signifi cant publication on a major for- fi eld of human rights and humanitarian concerns. eign policy issue. Peter B. Kenen was the 2005–2006 Th e Helton Lecture this year featured Francis M. Shepardson Fellow. Deng and Roberta J. Cohen on “Divided Nations: Cyrus R. Vance Fellowship in Diplomatic Studies Th e Dilemmas of International Protection for Refu- Th e Vance Fellowship is off ered to a foreign ser- gees and Internally Displaced Persons.” vice offi cer chosen by a selection committee from The John B. Hurford Memorial Lecture candidates nominated by the U.S. Department of Th e John B. Hurford Memorial Lecture was inau- State. With time away from the day-to-day pres- gurated in 2002 in memory of John B. Hurford, a sures of diplomatic life, the Vance Fellow spends devoted member of the Council on Foreign Rela- about a year affi liated with the Council, refl ecting tions. Th is series is funded by the Hurford Founda- on issues of foreign policy and participating in tion and features individuals who represent critical Council programs. Th e Vance Fellowship is held new thinking in international aff airs and foreign by Evans J.R. Revere. policy. Th is year, Josef Joff e, editor of Die Zeit, Endowed and Specially Funded Programs spoke on his new book, Überpower: Th e Imperial Pieter A. Fisher Program, International Relations Temptation of America. Gulf Program, Middle East The Russell C. Leffi ngwell Lecture W. Averell Harriman Program, Europe Th e Leffi ngwell Lecture, inaugurated in 1969, was Walter Hochschild Program, International named for a charter member of the Council who Economics served as its president from 1944 to 1946 and as its Winston Lord Program, Asia chairman from 1946 to 1953. Th is lecture is given by a distinguished foreign offi cial, who is invited to John J. McCloy Program, International Relations address Council members on a topic of major inter- C. Peter McColough Program, International national signifi cance. Th e lectures are made possible Economics through the generosity of the Leffi ngwell family and McKinsey Executive Roundtable Series, Inter- the Morgan Guaranty Trust Company. Th e Lef- national Economics fi ngwell Lecture this year featured Prime Minister Th omas J. Watson Meetings Program Recep Tayyip Erdogan of Turkey.

53 endowed and named chairs, fellowships, and lectureships

The David A. Morse Lecture cuses on two areas: the evolution of the relationship Th e David A. Morse Lecture was inaugurated in between business and government in the making of 1994 and supports an annual meeting and dinner foreign policy, and ways for government to make bet- with a distinguished speaker. It honors the memory ter use of business in solving foreign policy problems of David A. Morse, an active Council member for and for business to become more engaged in the mak- nearly thirty years, a lawyer, a public servant, and an ing of foreign policy. Th is year’s Schwartz Lectures internationalist. Morse lecturers are invited to focus featured Craig Mundie, senior vice president and on one of Morse’s many concerns, which include chief technical offi cer, advanced strategies and policy, North-South relations, human rights, international at Microsoft Corporation, and Eric Schmidt, chair- organizations and labor, confl ict resolution, and man and CEO of Google. relations with Asia. Th e lecture program is funded The Sorensen Distinguished Lecture by gifts from Council members and friends of the on the United Nations Morse family. Th e Sorensen Distinguished Lecture on the United The David Rockefeller Lecture Nations was established in 1996 by Th eodore C. Th e David Rockefeller Lecture was endowed by Sorensen to honor his wife, Gillian Martin So- the Rockefeller Foundation in 1985 for an annual rensen, and to commemorate her years of service to African lecturer from either the governmental or the the United Nations. Th e Sorensen lecture is given by nongovernmental sector. Th is year’s lecture featured speakers intimately involved with the workings and Ellen Johnson Sirleaf, the newly elected president issues of the UN. Th e Sorensen lecturer this year was of Liberia. Paul A. Volcker, chair of the independent inquiry into the UN Oil-for-Food Program. The Elihu Root Lecture Th e Elihu Root Lecture was inaugurated in 1958 to The John Train Lecture honor a founder of the Council on Foreign Relations Th e John Train Lecture and dinner were estab- who served as its honorary president from 1921 to lished in 1997. Funded by Council member John 1937. Th is lecture brings a distinguished American to Train, the series focuses on new issues in military the Council to refl ect on his or her professional expe- aff airs and the future of the U.S. military. Th e John rience and how it applies to contemporary American Train Lecture this year featured the service chiefs: foreign policy making. General Michael W. Hagee, U.S. Marine Corps; General Peter J. Schoomaker, U.S. Army; Admiral The Russia and Russian-American Relations Michael G. Mullen, U.S. Navy; and General T. Lecture Michael Moseley, U.S. Air Force. Th is annual lecture was endowed by Alfa Bank to help establish a more secure footing for Russian- The Paul C. Warnke Lecture American relations. Th e Russia and Russian-Ameri- on International Security can Relations Lecture this year featured Sergey Th e annual Paul C. Warnke Lecture on International Kiriyenko, director of the Russian Federal Atomic Security, endowed by a number of members and fam- Energy Agency. ily and friends of Paul C. Warnke, commemorates his legacy of courageous service to the nation and The Bernard L. Schwartz Lecture on Business international peace. Th e Warnke Lecture this year and Foreign Policy featured Hans Blix, chairman of the Weapons of Th is lecture series was established in fall 2002 and is Mass Destruction Commission and former executive funded by the Bernard and Irene Schwartz Founda- chairman of the UN Monitoring, Verifi cation, and tion. Mr. Schwartz is the retired chairman and CEO Inspection Commission (UNMOVIC). of Loral Space and Communications. Th e series fo-

54 international affairs fellowship progr am

Th e International Aff airs Fellowship Program is Michelle D. Gavin, Offi ce of Senator Ken Salazar, designed to advance the professional development “Th e Implications of Youth Bulge for U.S. Foreign of outstanding Americans between the ages of Policy” 27 and 35. Th e fellowships seek to bridge the gap Vanessa W. Golding, U.S. Department of State, between thought and action in foreign policy by “Redefi ning U.S. Democracy and Human Rights supporting both a variety of policy studies and Policy: Enabling a Pro-Active Approach to Ac- active exposure to policymaking. Th e distinctive countability and Transitional Justice” character of the program lies in the contrasting Stephanie S. Holden, Al-Arabiya, “Engaging Arab experiences it provides at the juncture of policy Media to Pursue Confl ict Resolution and Public research and policy formulation. Th us, it encour- Diplomacy” ages academics and others from the private sector to serve in a policy-oriented environment through Mala N. Htun,* New School for Social Research, operational experience in public service. Con- “Gender Equality and the State in Japan” versely, it permits government offi cials on leave to Frank Jannuzi,* Senate Committee on Foreign Re- study important issues in a scholarly atmosphere lations, “Honor, Fear, and Interest: Avoiding a free from operational pressure. Zero-Sum Game in Sino-Japanese Relations” Th e International Aff airs Fellowship in Japan, Prem G. Kumar, U.S. Department of State, “Could sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd., enables participants to Turkey Accept an Independent Iraqi Kurdistan?” expand their intellectual and professional horizons by Kara C. McDonald, U.S. Department of State, “In- working and living in Japan. Fellowships are intended teragency and Multilateral Planning for Stabiliza- for American citizens between the ages of 27 and tion, Reconstruction, and Complex Contingencies” 45. Th e program seeks to cultivate American under- Evan Sabino Medeiros, RAND Corporation, standing of Japan and to strengthen communication “Hedging Against the Rise of China” between emerging leaders of the two nations. Th e Council organizes an annual conference in Carl F. Minzner, Congressional-Executive Commis- New York featuring the current fellows. sion on China, “A Common Interest: Social Sta- bility in the Sino-U.S. Human Rights and Rule of INTERNATIONAL AFFAIRS FELLOWS 2006–2007 Law Discourse” Alyssa C. Ayres, University of Pennsylvania, “In Jonathan S. Spaner, U.S. Coast Guard, “Th e Frame- Other Words: Th e Challenge of Public Diplomacy work for a Trade and Security Initiative between in a Changing World” the European Union and the United States” Jarrett N. Blanc, International Foundation for Elec- Asako Maria Toyoda,* Villanova University, “Are tion Systems, “Elections During Confl ict” Development Banks Still Relevant in an Era of Reuben E. Brigety II, George Mason University, Global Capital? Lessons from Japan” “Deriving Strategic Infl uence from Humanitarian and Developmental Assistance”

* International Aff airs Fellow in Japan, sponsored by Hitachi, Ltd.

55 development

Each year, the Council relies on Annual Fund gifts are used for solicited term members this spring, charitable contributions from in- a variety of purposes across the coinciding with the launch of the dividual members, corporations, organization, from funding the Council’s new website off ering the private foundations, and various Meetings Program, to providing convenience of online donations. institutional donors to support its salary support for Council fellows More than half of the term mem- ongoing programs and new initia- and staff , and supporting member bers contributed close to $200,000 tives. Maintaining the quality and ese gifts, like all gifts to the Annual Fund, an impres- variety of the work and programs to the Council, are tax-deductible sive commitment by the youngest for which the Council is known to the full extent provided by U.S. members of the Council. Term requires a steady stream of inde- law, and are contributed over and members are designated with an pendent support from a variety of above annual membership dues. asterisk in the list of Annual Fund e Council receives grant In fi scal year 2006, 1,696 mem- donors that begins on page 59. support from foundations and bers, representing about 41 percent other outside sources for the Stud- of the membership, contributed ies Program, outreach activities, over $5 million to the Annual and other special activities. Con- Fund. Once again, annual giv- tributions to the Annual Fund, a ing to the Council set a new re- pool of unrestricted funds used to cord, surpassing last year’s total of provide general institutional sup- e Council port, are critical to keeping the benefi ted further when thirty-fi ve Council’s operating budget in the members increased their gifts by black. Gifts may also be desig- virtue of being an employee or nated to support special programs board member of an organization and activities such as Independent with a matching gift program. We Task Forces or roundtables; to are honored to recognize our An- bolster the unrestricted endow- nual Fund donors in the listing ment, the income from which that begins on page 59. is used to support annual op- e Council’s recognition group erations; or to endow or add to for members who donate $10,000 existing endowments for specifi c or more to the Annual Fund, the chairs, fellowships, lectures, or Harold Pratt Associates, contin- other programs. ued to grow, with 237 members. e Council extends its deepest Of those, 71 qualifi ed for the gratitude to all of its donors and Chairman’s Circle, which distin- volunteers who give so generously guishes those who have made gifts of their time and resources in sup- e Council is port of its mission. indebted to these leadership donors who recognize the importance of THE ANNUAL FUND providing such signifi cant annual Contributions to the Annual Fund support for its work. are one of the most important Term member contributions to sources of revenue for the Council, the Annual Fund reached a new providing roughly 14 percent of e Term Mem- the operating budget each year. ber Committee on Annual Giving

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CONGRESSIONAL ROUNDTABLE Guardsmark LLC WOMEN AND FOREIGN POLICY PROGRAM John H.J. Guth The Council is in the process of es­ Pew Forum on Religion William and Flora Hewlett tablishing an endowed chair for the and Public Life Foundation Women and Foreign Policy program, STEVEN M. KELLEN TERM MEMBER Japan Atomic Industrial Forum Inc. and is grateful to the following for PROGRAM W. K. Kellogg Foundation providing endowment gifts this year: Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen Kohlberg Kravis Roberts &c Co. Fran Amirsaleh Foundation Richard Lounsbery Foundation Jewelle Bickford Henry Luce Foundation NATIONAL PROGRAM Lucy C. Billingsley Lucent Technologies Inc. Mimi and Peter Haas Laura Breyer John D. and Catherine T. Peter L. Briger Jr. PRESIDENT'S RAPID RESPONSE FUND MacArthur Foundation Michael H. Coles and Edith Robert Price Fundacion Juan March Langner David M. Rubenstein German Marshall Fund Marti Dinerstein INDEPENDENT TASK FORCES of the United States Marlene Hess Allen R. Adler Nuclear Threat Initiative Diane D. Jacobsen John P. Birkelund David Perez Ann Kaplan Michael E. Gellert Pew Forum on Religion Jean M. Martin Peter M. Gottsegen and Public Life Sandy and Ed Meyer Leon Lowenstein Foundation Inc. Pfizer Inc. Sally Minard Theodore Roosevelt IV Reebok Human Rights Foundation Barbara K. Paley Jeffrey Allen Rosen Bernard and Irene Schwartz Susan E. Patricof John T. Ryan III Foundation Marnie S. Pillsbury Howard Stringer Shell International Limited Diana Rowan Rockefeller Washington and Lee University Starr Foundation Nicki Tanner John C. Whitehead TAIB Securities Inc. Nancy H. Tilghman Malcolm H. Wiener Trust for America's Health Anita Volz Wien C. C. Tung STUDIES PROGRAM United States Institute of Peace The program received operating sup­ Mahmoud M. Abdallah Foundation United States-Japan Foundation port from the following donors this Mohamed Bin Issa Al Jaber Enzo Viscusi year: American Express Foundation Robert C. Waggoner Cathleen P. Black Anonymous (3) U.S./MIDDLE EAST PROJECT Elizabeth R. Bramwell Avaya Inc. Carolyn Carter Mahmoud M. Abdallah Foundation Booz Allen Hamilton Inc. Ford Foundation Fouad M.T. Alghanim CA Global Fund for Women Hamza Al-Kholi Carnegie Corporation of New York Linda Gottlieb Mohammed Jassem Al-Sager Center for Global Partnership Lola Nashashibi Grace BP Ronnie C. Chan Jean M. Grant Carnegie Corporation of New York Chevron Corporation Paula Hawkins Lester Crown and the Arie and Ida Eni S.p.A. Marlene Hess Crown Memorial Ahmet M. Ertegun Hunt Alternatives Fund Galal El Zorba Exxon Mobil Corporation Susan Jonas Eni S.p.A. Jose W. Fernandez Janet Ketcham European Commission Mark Fisch Susan Klein Gulfstream Aerospace Corp. Ford Foundation Stephania McClennen Freedom Forum Joseph Hotung Nemir A. Kirdar Janet McKinley David Fuhrmann Robert K. Lifton Agnes Metzger Victor K. Fung Yosef A. Maiman Evelyn B. Metzger Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation Fouad Makhzoumi and the Future Sheila Nemazee Global Business Coalition Susan Nitze Millennium Foundation on HIV/AIDS Amy Regan Musallam A. Musallam The Goldman Sachs Group, Inc. Mary Anne Schwalbe Hutham S. Olayan

57 DEVELOI'MENT

Mubeen Siddiqui Starr Foundation Joseph E. Robert Jr. and Deborah F. Stiles James D. Wolfensohn J. E. Robert Co. Chandler Tagliabue CORPORATE AND FOUNDATION Jerry I. Speyer Barbara A. Taylor MATCHING GIFTS Charles Zoeller and the Associated United States Institute of Peace American Express Foundation Press Patricia Weinbach American International Group, Inc. 1921 SOCIETY Mary Wolridge Capital Group Companies Charitable The 1921 Society (commemorating MEETINGS PROGRAM Foundation the year the Council was founded) Mark Fisch Carnegie Corporation of New York was formally established in 2004 to Martin J. Gross Willametta K. Day Foundation acknowledge those who have made Home Box Office Fannie Mae Foundation the future vitality of the Council a Leonard A. Lauder First Data Western Union part of their legacy. All those who Rockefeller Brothers Fund Foundation confirm in writing that they have Theodore C. Sorensen Ford Foundation included the Council in their wills or Ford Motor Company Fund estate plans, or as a beneficiary of any ARTHUR C. HELTON MEMORIAL Bill and Melinda Gates Foundation LECTURE ENDOWMENT other disposition of assets, are recog­ Harry Frank Guggenheim nized as members of the 1921 Society. Claire Carcich Foundation The Council is grateful to the follow­ Ralston H. DefFenbaugh Jr. Home Depot ing who have expressed their intention Jacqueline D. Gilbert Ewing Marion Kauffman Foundation to provide for the Council's future in Pamela Krause Henry Luce Foundation, Inc. this manner: James R. Mortensen John D. and Catherine T. Alan Schoen Robert John Abernethy MacArthur Foundation Carole T Soskin Allen R. Adler M.B.I.A. Foundation Strategic Humanitarian Action Christopher W Brody McKinsey & Company, Inc. and Research Rolland H. Bushner Microsoft Giving Campaign Jennifer Seymour Whitaker Lee Cullum Millipore Foundation William D. Eberle OTHER ENDOWED PROGRAMS Nuveen Investments Bart Friedman AND CHAIRS Open Society Institute Neal D. Goldman Behrman Family David and Lucile Packard Richard N. Haass William A.M. Burden Charitable Foundation Lead Trust Suzanne E. Helm Pfizer Foundation Matching Gifts William H. Heyman Jennifer and Bud Gruenberg Program Hurford Foundation Peter Bicknell Kellner Pimco Foundation Irene W Meister Margaret M. Macdonald Rockefeller Brothers Fund Peter G. Peterson Lucia Mouat Wiley, Rein and Fielding Winthrop R. Munyan OTHER SPECIAL GIFTS GIFTS-IN-KIND Rodney W Nichols Dana Foundation The Council is pleased to acknowl­ John E. Osborn Rohit M. Desai edge the following individuals and Peter G. Peterson Dillon Fund companies that generously contrib­ David Rockefeller Mark Fisch uted gifts-in-kind of services or goods Arthur Ross Fletcher Jones Foundation this year: Douglas E. Schoen Anna-Maria and Stephen Kellen David Shiverick Smith Foundation Bloomberg LP Theodore C. Sorensen Elizabeth A. McKeon Edelman James Alward Van Fleet Peter G. Peterson Neal D. Goldman Malcolm H. Wiener State of Qatar Hemispheric Partners Randolph Foundation IBM

58 DEVELOPMENT

ANNUAL FUND Arthur Ross Mallory and Elizabeth Ronald L. and Jane T. John C. Whitehead David M. Rubenstein Factor Olson Anita Volz Wien CHAIRMAN'S CIRCLE Robert E. Rubin Alan H. Fleischmann E. Stanley O'Neal James D. Wolfensohn ($25,000+) Richard E. Salomon Joseph H. Flom Michael S. Ovitz I. Peter Wolff Robert John Abernethy James Baker Sitrick Richard N. Foster James W. Owens Guy Patrick Anonymous Peter J. Solomon Paul J. Fribourg Alan Joel Patricof Wyser-Pratte Stanley S. Arkin Jerry I. Speyer Stephen Friedman Lawrence Edward Christian C. Yegen Jeffrey Bewkes Starr Foundation Bruce S. Gelb Penn IIP George H. Young III Leon D. Black Kenneth I. Starr Michael E. Gellert Joseph R. Perella William D. Zabel Peter L. Briger Jr. Washington SyCip Louis V. Gerstner Jr. Louis Perlmutter Paula A. Zahn Christopher W. Brody Stephen J. Treadway Neal Goldman* Charles O. Prince III Robert Zangrillo* Patrick M. Byrne Enzo Viscusi Roy M. Goodman Penny S. Pritzker James D. Zirin Wm. Polk Carey Robert C. Waggoner Peter M. Gottsegen Pritzker Foundation Mortimer B. Kim Gordon Davis Jarett F Wait Michael D. Granoff Thomas L. Pulling Zuckerman Lynn Forester Kenneth L. Wallach Evan G Greenberg Steven L. Rattner and de Rothschild Stanley A. Weiss Jeffrey W Greenberg Maureen White PATRONS John Lindner Eastman Malcolm Hewitt John H.J. Guth Joseph E. Robert Jr. ($5,000-$9,999) Richard Elden Wiener Foundation Sidney Harman Stephen Robert Ahn Family Jeffrey Epstein Robert G Wilmers James A. Harmon John J. Roberts Foundation Mark Fisch Ezra K. Zilkha Joshua J. Harris Felix G Rohatyn M. Michael Ansour Stephen C. Freidheim Jane D. Hartley Theodore Roosevelt IV Nicholas Burns Bart Friedman HAROLD PRATT William Alan Daniel Rose Binkley MarkT. Gallogly ASSOCIATES Haseltine Elihu Rose Donald Blinken Barbara Goldsmith ($10,000-$24,999) Rita E. Hauser Jeffrey Allen Rosen Kenneth D. Brody Glenn H. Greenberg Keith W Abell John G Heimann May and Samuel Rudin Tom Brokaw and Linda J. Vester Odeh F Aburdene Charles A. Family Foundation Mark M. Collins Jr. Maurice R. Greenberg Allen R. Adler Heimbold Jr. John T. Ryan III Jonathan E. Colby Martin J. Gross Paul A. Allaire Heinz Family Peter M. Sacerdote Henry Cornell Agnes Gund Altman/Kazickas Philanthropies Barry A. Sanders Peggy Dulany Marc Haas Foundation Marlene Hess Douglas E. Schoen Robert F Erburu Foundation Mark A. Angelson CarlaA. Hills Michael Peter Schulhof Paul B.Ford Jr. Mimi and Peter Haas Anonymous Robert D. Hormats James J. Shinn Patrick A. Gerschel James W. Harpel Henry H. Arnhold Robert J. Hurst Walter V Shipley Harrison J. Goldin Roger Hertog Elizabeth Frawley Fred C. Ikle David L. Shuman* Jeffrey A. Goldstein J. Tomilson Hill Bagley Yves-Andre Istel Muriel F. Siebert Albert H. Gordon Frank Hoch Laurence M. Band Nancy A. Jarvis Bippy M. Siegal* Theresa A. Havell Frederick J. Iseman Alan R. Batkin Alan Kent Jones William D. Siegel William H. Heyman Morton L. Janklow Robert A. Belfer Donald P. Kanak Alan M. Silberstein Richard C. Holbrooke Robert Wood Johnson Austin M. Beutner Gilbert Kaplan Matthew R. Simmons Mahnaz Ispahani Jr. Charitable Trust Kenneth J. Bialkin Farooq Kathwari Maurice Sonnenberg Andrew R. Kassoy* Henry Kaufman John H. Biggs Robert J. Katz Paul Soros JeffKojac* Richard M. Krasno John P. Birkelund Richard L. Kauffman Joan E. Spero Philip C. Lauinger Jr. Henry R. Kravis Edward Bleier Charles R. Kaye David F. Stein Arthur Levitt Jr. Leonard A. Lauder Denis A. Bovin Roger C. Kline Walter P. Stern Richard Mallery Ira A. Lipman David G Bradley Orin S. Kramer Seymour Sternberg Patricia Ann McFate Donald B. Marron Robert Carswell Marie-Josee Kravis Deborah F. Stiles Michael H. Moskow Raymond Donald Frank J. Caufield Troland S. Link Howard Stringer Jack Nash Nasher Anne Cox Chambers Kenneth Lipper Scott L. Swid* Marc B. Nathanson Hassan Nemazee Jonathan A. Chanis Vincent A. Mai Stephen Claar Swid Edward N. Ney Karen Parker Feld Robert J. Chaves Tom F Marsh Anne M. Tatlock Rodney W Nichols Frank H. Pearl Patricia M. Cloherty Roman Martinez IV Anthony P. Jan Nicholson Peter G Peterson Howard E. Cox Jr. Edward J. Mathias Terracciano Lucio A. Noto Lionel I. Pincus Theodore Cross William J. G Richard Thoman Nicholas Biddle Lester Pollack Lester Crown McDonough Lee B. Thomas Jr. Paumgarten Robert Price Jack David Cappy R. McGarr Andrew Herbert Tisch Thomas R. Pickering RHJ International James Dimon Robert B. McKeon James S. Tisch Stanley R. Resor Joseph Lee Rice III Robert C. Dinerstein Carl B. Menges Richard Allen Voell Robert S. Rifkind Frank E. Richardson William H. Donaldson John E. Merow Paul A. Volcker James D. Robinson III David Rockefeller Kenneth M. Willem Mesdag Stephen R. Volk Jonathan Allan Soros* Marshall Rose Duberstein Robert Millard George Vradenburg III Robert J. Speyer* Robert Rosenkranz Robin Chandler Duke Ken Miller Debra L. Wasserman* Gordon C. Stewart E.John Rosenwaldjr. Charles William Robert A. Mosbacher Davis Weinstock II Paul Tagliabue Duncan Jr. James Mossman Elizabeth G Jack Valenti * Term member Blair Effron Rupert Murdoch Weymouth David B. Weinberg

59 DEVELOPMENT

Frederick B. ASSOCIATES Kenneth W. Dam John H. Gutfreund Margaret E. Mahoney Whittemore ($l,000-$2,499) Marcia Wachs Dam Richard N. Haass Frederic V. Malek William J. Williams Jr. Wilder K. Abbott William H. Danforth Nina L. Hachigian Gregory A. Maniatis* Stanley and Dorothy A. Robert Abboud John J. Danilovich Kathryn Walt Hall David I. Margolis Winter Fund of the Mona Aboelnaga Thomas Andrew David A. Hamburg Barry R. McCaffrey Jewish Community Kanaan* Daschle Edward K. Hamilton E. Scott Mead Fund M. Bernard Aidinoff Ralph Parsons Scott M. Hand Walter Russell Mead Laura Winters* Fouad Ajami Davidson Edward J. Hardin Carol A. Melton Jacob J. Worenklein David R. Andrews Drew Saunders William B. Harrison Jr. Zoltan Merszei Nancy Young Anonymous Days III Gina Marie L. Ricardo A. Mestres Jr. C. Michael Armstrong George de Menil Hatheway Daniel R. Mintz SPONSORS Alberta Arthurs Lois Pattison de Menil Melvin L. Heineman George J. Mitchell ($2,500-$4,999) Howard H. Baker Jr. Eli Whitney David W Heleniak Patricia E. Mitchell Madeleine K. Albright Carter F Bales Debevoise II John B. Hess Charlotte M. Morgan* HadyA. Amr* Thomas Corcoran Barry Robert E. Denham Janine W.Hill John J. Moore Jr. Anonymous Charlene Barshefsky RayN. Drydenjr. Leo J. Hindery Jr. Edward L. Morse John E. Avery Richard I. Beattie Joseph D. Duffey Mellody Hobson* David H. Mortimer Michael P. Behringer* Gregory R. Bedrosian Patrick Andrew A. Michael Hoffman Lucia Mouat Joshua Adam Berger Ruth Greenspan Bell Dunigan Jeffrey N. Hogan Craig James Mundie Henry S. Bienen Thomas D.Bell Jr. Bailey Morris Eck D wight F. Holloway Jr. Winthrop R. Munyan Harold Brown Christina A. Bennett* Jessica P. Einhorn Douglas Holtz-Eakin Ewell E. Murphy Jr. Katherine A. Brown Lucy Wilson Benson Robert J. Einhorn James Hornthal Thomas S. Murphy Mary S. Cross Bruce D. Berkowitz Robert F. Ellsworth James R. Houghton Bettye Martin D. Ronald Daniel Tom A. Bernstein John B. Emerson Karen Elliott House Musham Kathryn W. Davis Simon Michael Bessie Alexander T. Ercklentz Roy M. HufHngton William L. Nash Diana Lady Dougan George C. Biddle Robert E. Fallon Timothy A. Hultquist Raffiq A. Nathoo Michael Douglas Richard C. Blum Jonathan Foster Fanton William Curt Hunter Jeffrey C. Neal David Fromkin W Michael Blumenthal Elizabeth Worley Joseph KindallHurd III* Lynn Nesbit Peter Andrew Georgescu Stephen W Bosworth Farman-Farmaian* Allen I. Hyman Nancy S. Newcomb James Henrv Giffen Whitney A. Bower Martin S. Feldstein Mel M. Immergut Priscilla A. Newman William T. Golden John Brademas Geraldine A. Ferraro John E.Jacob Thomas R. Nides Joseph A. Hafner Jr. Nicholas F. Brady Antonio Luis Ferre Merit E. Janow A. Kenneth Nilsson F. Warren Hellman Elizabeth R. Bramwell Hart Fessenden Robert D.Joffe Joseph S. Nye Jr. Richard A. Hurowitz* Kimberly G. Braswell Francis A. Finelli Scott S.Johnson* Philip A. Odeen John H. Lichtblau David Braunschvig Julie Ann Fisher Thomas W. Jones Morris W Offit Nancy A. Lieberman Andrew F Brimmer John B. Fitzgibbons* Peter Martin Joost John E. Osborn Josephine Linden Edgar M. Bronfman Peter Flaherty Virginia Ann Kamsky Stephen A. Oxman John P. Lipsky Richard P. Brown Jr. Kristin J. Forbes* Richard S. Kang* Bruce Lawrence David S. Browning Thomas F. McLarty III William Emery Arnold Kanter Paisner Elaine Buckberg* Helene L. Kaplan Edward C. Meyer Franklin Stewart J. Paperin Richard R. Burt Scott B. Kapnick Benjamin R. Miller* Harry L. Freeman Scott E. Pardee Philip Caldwell Zachary Karabell* Mark Alexander Cyrus F. Freidheim Howard G. Paster Michael A. Callen Michael E. Kavoukjian Nichols* Fredrica S. Friedman Ernest T. Patrikis Danielle D. Camner* PaulX. Kelley Jonathan Plutzik Stephen J. Friedman Patricia M. Patterson Juan Carlos Cappello Peter Bicknell Kellner Lawrence J. Ramer Kathryn S. Fuller Norman Pearlstine Joseph A. Cari Jr. Alfred F Kelly Jr. Richard Ravitch Richard Mortimer David Perez James H. Carter Arthur L. Kelly Abraham M. Barbara S. Perlmutter Henry E. Catto Furlaud Donald Mcintosh William J. Perry Rosenthal Joyce Chang-Robbins Orit B. Gadiesh Leon K. Pfeiffer William R. Salomon Kimball C. Chen Sergio J. Galvis Kendall Charles M. Pigott Henry B. Schacht Ronald Irvin Christie* Richard N. Gardner JeaneJ. Kirkpatrick Marnie S. Pillsbury Thomas Schick Warren Christopher Claire L. Gaudiani Steven Kotler Nicholas Piatt George P. Shultz Abby Joseph Cohen Helene D. Gayle Nancy Jo Kuenstner Sheila Maynard Piatt H. Marshall Isobel Coleman Leslie H. Gelb Nisha Kumar* Daniel Bruce Poneman Sonenshine William T. Coleman Jr. Burton L. Gerber Geraldine S. Kunstadter Colin L. Powell Scott M. Spangler Philip E. Comstockjr. David R. Gergen John W. Leslie Jr. Susan Kaufman Purcell Joshua L. Steiner Lee Cullum Peter Gleysteen Susan B. Levine Skye Raiser* Harold Tanner Christine M. Frederick W Gluck W Walker Lewis Gagan Verma* Frank A. Godchaux III Glen S. Lewy Simon Ramo Frank A. Weil Cumming Richard K. Goeltz Lu Li Kristin Denise Steven D. Winch* Nelson W Lisa E. Gordon-Hagerty Tamara Lipper* Rechberger* Cunningham Arthur N. Greenberg William Lucy Milbrey Rennie W. Bowman Cutter Beverly Sills Greenough James T. Lynn Donald S. Rice Evelyn Pignatari Patrick W. Gross Gary E. MacDougal James J. Richard* * Term member Dahm* Andrew S. Gundlach John W Madigan Imran Riffat

60 DEVELOPMENT

Michael L. Riordan Herbert S. Winokur Jr. Kenneth Neil Cukier* Alexandre P. Hayek Donald F. McHenry Charles S. Robb Steven J. Wisch Walter J.P. Curleyjr. Thomas B. Hayward Patrick R. McKenna* Cara W. Robertson* Judy C. Woodruff Michael A. Dal Bello* Christopher D. Heinz* Robert S. McNamara Olin C. Robison William H. Wright II James E. Dalton Frederick Heldring Michelle A. Meertens* Riordan Roett Nancy Yao Maasbach* Florence A. Davis Suzanne E. Helm Eric D.K. Melby Robert L. Rosen Jaime Ernesto Yordan Jose M. de Lasa Robert F. Higgins John R. Menke Patricia L. Rosenfield Fareed Zakaria Jean-Christophe Joseph C. Hill Helen V. Milner Gary N. Ross Frank G. Zarb de Swaan* Richard C. Hottelet Sherwood G. Moe Charles O. Rossotti C. Maury Devine Lyndsay C. Howard Ernest J. Moniz Arthur F Ryan FRIENDS ($500-$999) Thomas R. Donahue Ernest M. Howell Richard M. Moose Benno Schmidt Jr. C. Spencer Abbot* Douglas S. Donohue* Edmund J. Hull Richard L. Arthur Schneier Morton I. Abramowitz William M. Drozdiak Bobby R. Inman Morningstar Brian T. Schreiber George H. Aldrich Richard A. Drucker Maxine Isaacs Frederic A. Morris Stephen A. Lew Allen Jr. Sally Drucker Jerome Jacobson Ambler H. Moss Jr. Schwarzman Lisa Anderson James H. Duffy Jeh Charles Johnson George B. Munroe Robert A. Scott Robert Anthoine Graham A. Duncan* L. Oakley Johnson Janice L. Murray Brent Scowcroft Michael H. Armacost William D. Eberle Thomas S.Johnson Scott Andrew Nathan* Timothy R. Scully Adam M. Aron Stuart E. Eizenstat Eric J. Kadel* Stephanie G. Neuman John M. Shalikashvili Jonathan David Inger McCabe Elliott Robert P. Kadlec Matthew Nimetz Stanley K. Sheinbaum Aronson Osborn Elliott Miranda Margaret Marcus Noland George H. Shenk Khalid Azim James Reed Ellis Kaiser Lyndon L. Olson Jr. Benjamin B. Sherwood Carol Baldwin Moody Claude E. Erbsen Mark N. Kaplan Patrick J. O'Rourke Brian M. Silver* William G. Bardel Harold M. Evans Daniel Roger Katz Richard de J. Osborne David R. Slade Raenu Barod* Mathea Falco Daniel J. Kaufman Hannah C. Pakula Jim C. Slattery David A. Bartsch Pamela S. Falk Thomas H. Kean Roger P. Parkinson Patricia T. Smalley Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Matthew J. Fassler* Frederick S. Kempe Michael Christopher Jean Kennedy Smith C. Fred Bergsten Eugene V. Fife Melanie M. Parks Joshua N. Solomon* John E. Berndt Lawrence S. Kirkpatrick Michael D. Patterson* Gillian Martin Peter J. Beshar Finkelstein Mahesh K. Kotecha Michael P. Peters Sorensen John C. Bierley Lisa Finstrom Raj U. Kumar* Jane Cahill Pfeiffer Theodore C. Sorensen Michelle N. Billig* Betsy Fischer* Punita Kumar-Sinha John J. Phelan Jr. David C. Speedie William B. Bishop* Stanley Fischer Edward Ladd Steve R. Pieczenik Elliot Stein Robert Jay Blendon Mercedes Carmela Drew J. Ladner* John vanden Heuvel David J. Stern Frederick M. Bohen Fitchett* James H. Lambright* Pierce* Paul G. Stern Carter Booth Thomas S. Foley George W Landau Richard W. Pogue Robert B. Stobaugh John C. Botts Charles C. Foster John D. Langlois Jr. Elizabeth Pond Gordon R. Sullivan Kay Boulware-Miller Arminio Fraga Neto Nicholas R. Lardy Joseph Wilson Prueher Cathy L. Taylor* Henry R. Breck Peter H.B. Steven Lazarus Edward L. Pulling* Diana L. Taylor Ian A. Bremmer* Frelinghuysen Maren Leed* William B. Quandt Maurice Tempelsman Glenn A. Britt Michael B.G. Froman Roger S. Leeds Clyde E. Rankin III Matthew S. Tierney* Steven V. Brock* Alton Frye LaSalle D. Leffall III Celina B. Realuyo* Bradley M.Tirpak* Rosa Ehrenreich Philomene A. Gates John F. Lehman Charles E. Redman Ly K. Tran* Brooks* Michael Gfoeller Mel Levine Lucy Ferguson Reed Mark C. Treanor Charles N. Brower Tatiana C. Gfoeller Marc Levinson Ned Regan Robert H. Trice Jr. Thomas Buergenthal Gordon D. Giffin Kenneth G. Lieberthal William K. Reilly Laura DAndrea Tyson Geoffrey P. Burgess David Ginsburg Timothy Light David J. Remnick William J. vanden Cody D. Burke* Matthew N. Goldin* Jonathan S. Linen Rozanne L. Ridgway Heuvel William J. Butler Charles N. Goldman William J. Long David Rockefeller Jr. Peter H. Vermilye F Christopher Lincoln Gordon James G. Lowenstein John D. Rockefeller IV John W. Vessey Calabia* Henry Franklin Graff Wendy W Luers Nancy Ellen Roman Edward H. Vick Louis E. Caldera Robert D. Graff Princeton N. Lyman Peter R. Rosenblatt Alberto Vitale Elliot R. Cattarulla R. Scott Greathead Eileen R. Mackevich Stanley Owen Roth David J. Vitale Juju Chang Alexander Kent Anton John Dewitt Macomber William M. Roth John L. Walker Ellen Chester Greenawalt* Adel Mahmoud Ronald A. Route Barbara Walters Charles E. Cobb Jr. Donald P. Gregg Charles T Manatt Edward L. Rowny Mark R. Warner Johnnetta B. Cole Daniel E. Grossman* Murrey Marder Arthur Mark Rubin Vin Weber Jonathan R. Cole Cornelius A. Guiney Rebecca P. Warren B. Rudman Jasper A. Welch Jr. Lewis W Coleman Bernard M. Mark-Jusbasche Patrick G. Ryan Jr. Anne Wexler Jill M. Considine Gwertzman Andrew W.Marshall David Satcher Marina v.N. Whitman Kathleen B. Cooper D. Blake Haider* Michael T. Masin Herbert S. Schlosser Elisha Wiesel* William Courtney C. Barrows Hall William B. Matteson Frederick C. Seiboldjr. Robert E. Wilhelm William J. Crowe John P. Hall Michael M. May David E. Shaw Edwin D. Williamson Monica Elizabeth Lee H. Hamilton JohnJ.McCloyll Brooke L. Shearer Don M. Wilson III Crowley* Ellen Hancock Alonzo L. McDonald Eleanor B. Sheldon

61 DEVELOPMENT

Alan R. Sheriff Robert B. Zoellick William L. Bradley Herman J. Cohen Ainslie T. Embree Eric Shinseki Charles J. Zwick Linda Parrish Brady Roberta Jane Cohen Barbara Pillsbury C.J. Silas Sundaa Ayo Bridgett* Shelley H. Cohen* Enders* Ruth J. Simmons CONTRIBUTORS Reuben E. Brigety II* Julius E. Coles Jerald S. Enslein Richard N. Sinkin (up to $499) Carroll Brown Erin C. Conaton* David B. Ensor Jim C. Slattery Charles S. Abbot Charles Michael Dalton Conley* Richard D. Erb Anne-Marie Slaughter Michael H. Alderman Brown* Frances D. Cook Andrew P.N. Erdmann Jeffrey H. Smith Peter Belmont Frederic J. Brown Gary M.Cook Robert H. Estabrook Jed C. Snyder Alderman* Leon Carl Brown Goodwin Cooke Daniel C. Esty Dorothy Meadow Scott Hazzard Allan Jr.* Mark F Brzezinski Laura K. Cooper* Gail H. Evans Sobol Richard C. Allison Mark Edward Buchman Suzanne Cott Richard Fairbanks Abraham David Sofaer Michael A. Almond Bruce Bueno Geoffrey Cowan Tom J. Farer Robert Solomon Jose E. Alvarez de Mesquita Peter F Cowhey Maggie M. Farley* Jonathan S. Spaner* Ajay Kishan Amlani* Mary Brown Bullock Margaret E. Crahan Evan A. Feigenbaum John Spencer Deborah Susan Amos Deborah K. Burand Timothy W. Crawford* Ava S. Feiner Carlos Javier Nancy A. Aossey John A. Burgess Ann Crittenden Samuel H. Feist Spinelli-Noseda* Kwame Anthony Christina Duffy Adelaide McGuinn Noah Feldman* Lesley R. Stahl Appiah Burnett* Cromwell Charles H. Ferguson Kristen Staples Durkin* Anne L. Armstrong Patrick Owen Burns Barbara Crossette Anthony C. Fernandes* Paul E. Steiger Lloyd Armstrong Jr. Daniel F Burton Jr. Lester M. Crystal Frank E. Ferrari Anne Stetson Carole Artigiani Rolland H. Bushner Craig P. Cummings Maurice A. Ferre Charles R. Stevens Benjamin A. Atkins* Ralph Buultjens James B. Cunningham Maria C. Figueroa Donald M. Stewart Michael R. Auslin* Louis W Cabot Kelley E. Currie* Kupcii* James S. Sutterlin Jesse H. Ausubel Camille M. Caesar Dorinda G. Dallmeyer Desiree Geneva Strobe Talbott John R. Baker Dawn T. Calabia Lori Fisler Damrosch Filippone* Peter Tarnoff Pauline H. Baker Thomas M. Callaghy Russell J. DaSilva Joshua Adam Fine* Thomas C. Theobald Peter Bakstansky Robert J. Callander Nathaniel Davis Sheri L. Fink* Franklin A. Thomas Daniella Ballou-Aares* David Patrick Calleo Arnaud de Borchgrave Sonya L. Finley* Lydia Waters Thomas Donald K. Bandler Colin G. Campbell Joy Alexandra Paul B. Finney Allen R. Thorpe* Teresa C. Barger David Arthur de Menil Stephen E. Flynn Patricia E. Tierney* John P. Barker Campbell* Edwin A. Deagle Jr. Edward T. Foote II MaynardJ. Toll Jr. Harry G. Barnes Jr. Thomas J. Campbell Jonathan Dean Gerald R. Ford Audrey Ronning Grace Barry David A. Caputo Alfred C. DeCrane Jr. Michelle R. Forrest* Topping Kirsten Leigh Bartok* Lisa M. Caputo Ashley S. Deeks* Jason William Seymour Topping Pamela M. Bates* John Carey Rust Macpherson Forrester* Eugene P. Trani Francis M. Bator Sarah C. Carey Deming Jose A. Fourquet Basilios E. Tsingos* Nancy Bearg-Dyke William D. Brewster C. Denny Brenda Lei Foster David Randolph Perry S. Bechky Carmichael Susan Dentzer Donald T. Fox Tunnell* Richard E. Beeman Albert Carnesale Phil E. DePoy Isaiah Frank Stansfield Turner Andrea D. Begel* Christa B. Carone* Patricia Murphy Adam B. Frankel* Garrick Utley Burwell B. Bell Hodding Carter III Derian M. Taylor Fravel* Ted Van Dyk Jonathan N. Bell* Richard Edward James V. Derrick Jr. Myra M. Frazier* Marsha Vande Berg Steve Bell Cavanagh I. M. Destler Ladeene A. Freimuth* Philip K. Verleger Jr. John S. Berman* Ray Charles Cave John Deutch Edward R. Fried Toni G. Verstandig Jonathan E. Berman* Walid George Shelley Deutch Benjamin M. Melanne S. Verveer Peter W Bernstein Chamoun* Robert P. DeVecchi Friedman Carl E. Vuono Jan Berris Rajiv A. Joan Didion William P. Fuller Richard K. Betts George B. Weiksner Chandrasekaran* Paula J. Dobriansky Mark T.Fung* James D. Bindenagel Elisa M. Westfield* Amy L. Chao* Justin W Doebele Evan G. Galbraith Stanley Warren Black Clifton R.Wharton Jr. Robert Bruce Charles Grant R. Doty Peter W Galbraith Robert O. Blake Amy M.Wilkinson* Steve Charnovitz Joy E. Drucker Robert L. Gallucci Stephen Blank Mason Willrich Robert Chartener Timothy E. Duggan* Joshua P. Galper* Alan S. Blinder Matthew A. Winkler Saj Cherian* Craig G. Dunkerley Charles S. Ganoe Antony J. Blinken Charles Wolf Jr. Aimee R. Christensen* Kempton Dunn Johnson Garrett* Andy S. Bodea Adam R. Wolfensohn* Thomas J. Christensen Donald B. Easum Michelle D. Gavin* Andrea Bonime-Blanc Alan Wm. Wolff Teresa Hillary Clarke Ralph E. Eberhart Catherine Gay Bruce L. Booth Jr.* Andrew Wylie Peter A. Clement Robert H. Edwards Philip O. Geier Christopher J. Borgen* Linda Tsao Yang Lynette Clemetson* Robert H. Edwards Jr. Peter F Geithner Luciana L. Borio* Janet Louise Yellen Donald K.Clifford Jr. Karl Eikenberry Robert P. George Marshall M. Bouton Daniel H. Yergin Mark Lambert Clifford Hermann Frederick Elliot F. Gerson Robert R. Bowie Arthur Zeikel William F Clinger Jr. Ralph J. Gerson David William Eilts Jonathan L. Zittrain* C.Shelby Coffey III Keri Eisenbeis* Michael Getler Bowker* Joseph I. Coffey Christine A. Elder* Michael James Gillette * Term member Spencer Phipps Boyer* Charles G. Cogan Patricia Ellis Thomas B. Ginsburg*

62 DEVELOPMENT

Walter D. Givhan Rebecca K.C. Hersman Barbara. L. Kellerman Krista M. Magras* Richard W. Murphy Robert R. Glauber Arthur Hertzberg David Kellogg John David Maguire Richard B. Myers Norma Globerman Charles M. Herzfeld John H. Kelly Paul G. Mahoney Stephen A. Myrow* Carol Gluck Robert E. Herzstein Peter B. Kenen Thomas H. Mahoney IV Steven J. Naplan* Robert F. Goheen JackD. Hidary* Christopher J. Kennan Charles S. Maicr James A. Nathan Ronnie L. Goldberg Sonja Hillgren Ann Zwicker Kerr Christopher J. Makins Heather Anne Nauert* Bruce N. Goldberger* Ruth Hinerfeld W Carl Kester Wendy A. Maldonado* Merlin E. Nelson Abigail Rachel Hines Moushumi M. Khan* J. Eugene Marans Richard D. Nelson* Golden-Vazquez* Deane R. Hinton Henry L. King Hans M. Mark Andre Newburg James M. Goldgeier John L. Hirsch Susan Robinson King Phebe A. Marr Alisa Newman Hood* Marshall I. Goldman Amoretta M. Hoeber Stephen D. Kiser* Dale Rogers Marshall Pamela J. Newman Merle D. Goldman Malcolm I. Hoenlein Karin L. Kizer Katherine Marshall Richard T. Newman David L. Goldwyn Bruce Hoffman Monica Vegas Zachary Blake David D. Newsom PaulD. Golob James F. Hoge Jr. Kladakis* Marshall Jennifer Gillian George J.W. Goodman George Roberts Louis Kraar L. Camille Masscy Newstead* NeilM. Gorsuch* Hoguet Jay L. Kriegel Cyrus Massoumi M. Diana Helweg Peter G. Gould Mary Elizabeth Kate M.J. Kroeger* William Alan Matney* Newton Thomas Graham Jr. Hoinkes Roger M. Kubarych Edward F. McCann II William M. Nolte Richard Greco Jr.* John L. Holden Michael G. Kulma* JohnW. McCarterJr. Lynne Dominick Joseph N. Greene Jr. Henry Allen Holmes Denis Lamb Robert L. McClure Novack G.Jonathan Greenwald Pat M. Holt Lansing Lamont Elizabeth J. Milena K. Hugh D.S. Greenway John D. Holum David M. Lampton McCormack Novy-Marx* Vartan Gregorian Gary N. Horlick Carol J. Lancaster Robert C. McFarlane Sam Nunn Joseph Anthony Bradley C. Hosmer Jim Alfred Lande* Brett H. McGurk* Don Oberdorfer Grimes Jr. Amory Houghton Jr. Jessica E. Lapenn* Laura A. Mcintosh* Walter F. O'Connor Brandon Grove Kathleen Houlihan* S. Amer Latif Charles James William E. Odom Katherine Sye Grover* Brett E. House* Richard D. Lawrence McLaughlin IV Raymond C. Ella R. Gudwin* A. E. Dick Howard Eugene K. Lawson Doyle McManus Offenheiser Jr. Celine Stephanie John R. Howard Gordon Nathaniel Jason D. McManus Kongdan Oh Gustavson* Gary C. Hufbauer Lederman Thomas A. McNally* April A. Oliver Edwin O. Guthman R. John Hughes Mildred Robbins Leet Dennis L. McNamara David Andrew Olson* Lynn E. Haaland* Ellen H. Hume John Foster Leich Thomas L. McNaugher Louis F. O'Neill* Robert D. Haas J. C. Hurewitz Erik James Leklem* Patricia Ann Michael F. Nisid J. Hajari* Sol Hurwitz Robert J. Lempert McNerney* Oppenheimer Rupert J. Hammond- David Wallace Irwin Alexander T.J. Lennon Lawrence C. McQuade Margaret Osmer Chambers* John Jay Iselin Marcel J. Lettre II* Carl E. Meacham* McQuade D. Holly Hammonds Steven L. Isenberg Jonathan E. Levitsky* Robert F. Meagher Susan Sherer Osnos Herbert J. Hansell Adam R. Isles* Bernard Lewis Evan Sabino Medeiros* F Taylor Ostrander Carl Thor Hanson Sarah Jackson Stephen R. Lewis Jr. Bruce Paul Mehlman* Stephen T. Ostrowski* Maurice Harari Francis John James Jessica K. Liebowitz Irene W. Meister George C. Paine II Katherine Anderson David P. Janes* Sally L. Lilienthal Claire Sechler Merkel Matthew A. Palmer* Hardin* Alpheus W. Jessup Joshua J. Lippard* David Austin Merkel Jeremiah S. Pam* Maureen Ann Karen H.Johnson MarkW. Lippert* Harold J. Meyerman Eric J. Pan* Harrington* Larry D. Johnson Robert E. Litan Elizabeth Midgley Michael Pan* Arthur A. Hartman Willene A. Johnson Robert S. Litwak Edward L. Miles Farah Anwar Pandith* Jon K. Hartzell David C. Jones Eric P. Liu Judith B. Milestone Carlos E. Pascual John H.F.Haskell Jr. David L. Jones Jan M. Lodal Charles R. Miller Parag Patel* John Resor Hauge Frederick L. Jones II* Clark B. Lombardi* John A. Millington Hugh T. Patrick William Locke Hauser Geri M. Joseph Bevis Longstreth Bradford Mills Stewart M. Patrick Margaret Daly Hayes Jofi John Joseph* Bette Bao Lord Susan Linda Mills Roland A. Paul LisaW. Heald* John P. Jumper Winston Lord Alexander V. Mishkin Richard Foote Kenneth I. Juster Charles B. Heck Stephen Low George D. Moffett Pedersen Philip M. Kaiser J. Bryan Hehir Abraham F. Lowenthal Walter F Mondale Gabriel B. Pellathy* Shanthi A. KalathiF Harry Leonard William H. Luers Harold H. Montgomery Rochelle Z. Pelofsky Marvin Kalb Heintzen Jane Holl Lute William S. Moody Don Peretz Eloise D. Kaplan* Dennis J. Hejlik Richard W Lyman Joseph P. Morelli Roswell B. Perkins Susan L. Karamanian Ricki Tigert Heifer Thomas F. Lynch III Betsy Lake Morgan* Robert C. Perry Stanley Karnow John L. Helgerson Richard Kent Lyons Charles R. Morris Joseph E. Persico Brian M. Katulis* Jane J. Heller* Marcus B. Mabry* Kenneth P. Morse Mary Ann Peters Abraham Katz Richard M. Heller Charles Frederick Michael David Michael A. Peterson* Stanley N. Katz Alan K. Henrikson David H. Petraeus Kira Kay MacCormack Mosettig Joan O. Herman Richard W. Petree Carl Kaysen Bruce Walter Virginia A. Mulberger Ernesto P. Stephen R. Petschek Farhad Kazemi MacDonald Sean Mulvaney* Hernandez III* Robert M. Macy Jr. Deroy Murdock Peter J. Pettibone

63 DEVELOPMENT

Steven B. Pfeiffer ErvinJ. Rokke Andrew L. Shapiro* Patrick Moore Supanc* Gregg Alexander Christopher H. Alan D. Romberg Daniel B. Shapiro* Mona K. Sutphen Walker* Phillips Eric Alexander Rosand* Judith R. Shapiro Francis X. Sutton Christine I. Wallich Lawrence W. Pierce Arthur H. Rosen Jason T. Shaplen Cedric Suzman Ian K. Walsh Andrew J. Pierre Daniel H. Rosen Daniel A. Sharp Carl Axel Swanson Anthony John Walton Paul R. Pillar Mitchell S. Rosenthal Joanna Reed Shelton Peter Bird Swiers Katherine T Ward Donald L. Pilling Jon Jason Rosenwasser* Sally A. Shelton-Colby John Temple Swing Margaret G Warner William A. Pizer* Ronald W Roskens Gary M. Shiffman Julia Vadala Taft William Watts Alan A. Piatt Elspeth Davies Rostow Donald W. Shriver William H. Taft IV Dennis Weatherstone Richard L. Plepler Linda D. Rottenberg John Shu* Phillips Talbot William H. Webster Rutherford M. Poats Nancy H. Rubin Gary G. Sick C. Bruce Tarter Jeremy M. Weinstein* Gerald A. Pollack Nilmini Gunaratne Robert B. Silvers William Taubman Sidney Weintraub Kenneth Michael Rubin* Elliott P. Skinner Troy S. Thomas* Charles Weiss Jr. Pollack Philip C. Rudder Eugene B. Skolnikoff Paul E. Tierneyjr. Susan Roosevelt Weld MarquitaJ. Pool-Eckert Dakota S. Rudesill* Richard A. Slaughter Ronald Tiersky David L. Weller* Arturo C. Porzecanski William A. Rugh Ann Brownell Sloane Sarah Livingston Allan Wendt George H. Poste Vernon W. Ruttan S. Bruce Smart Jr. Timpson Mitzi Mallina Dina Habib Powell* Carol Knuth Sakoian David Shiverick Smith Cynthia A. Tindell Wertheim Robert C. Pozen George R. Salem Hedrick L. Smith Terence A. Todman Joanna Weschler Elizabeth M. Prescott* Amy Lynn Salzhauer* Malcolm B. Smith Monica Duffy Toft Michael R. Wessel William H. Press Alison B. Sander Richard M. Smith Jonathan P. Torop* John P. Wheeler III Jeremy Pressman* Marlene Sanders W Y. Smith Jeanne Maddox C. S. Whitaker John R. Price Jr. Miriam Sapiro L. Britt Snider Toungara Robert J. White Raymond K. Price Jr. Stephen Thomas Timothy D. Snyder* Stephen Joel Christine Todd Jeffrey F. Pryce Sargeant Andrew Wallace Trachtenberg Whitman William T. Pryce Ralph Southey Saul Solomon Harry D. Train II Elizabeth Roberts Robert H. Puckett Harold H. Saunders Anne G.K. Solomon Russell E. Train Wilcox* Robert W.Radtke Robert A. Scalapino Anthony M. Solomon Adam J. Treanor* Serena B. Wille* Fernande Scheid Matthew Schaffer Richard H. Solomon John Elting Treat Harold M. Williams Raine* Jerrold L. Schecter Diana M.H. Song* Peter D. Trooboff Margaret Douglas John Raisian Kate S. Schecter Helmut Sonnenfeldt Nancy Sherwood Williams* R. Sean Randolph Karenna Gore Schiff* Stephen A. Spagnuolo* Truitt Donald M. Wilson Gustav Ranis Richard Francis Blake A. Spahn* Edwin M. Truman Philip S. Winterer Robin Lynn Raphel Schubert Joshua B. Spero H. Anton Tucher Frank G. Wisner J. Thomas Ratchford G. Edward Schuh Ronald I. Spiers Cynthia A. Tucker Anne A. Witkowsky Kal Raustiala* Jill A. Schuker J. Andrew Spindler James P. Tunkey* Tamara Cofman Douglas A. Raymond* George D. Schwab Stephen Stamas Carole Henderson Wittes* Jack Raymond Susan Carroll Schwab Nina Zinterhofer Tyson R. James Woolsey Matthew R. Rees* William W Schwarzer Stanford* Richard H. Ullman Phoebe L. Yang William Sears Reese Stephen M. Schwebel Joseph A. Stanislaw Cornelius M. Ulman John N. Yochelson William M. Reichert James E. Sciutto* Eugene S. Staples Marybeth Peterson David B. Yoffie Jeffrey A. Reinke* Norman P. Seagrave Eric Stein Ulrich Alice Young Jeannie M. Renne* Robert C. Seamans Jr. Steven E. Steiner Victor A. Utgoff M. Crawford Young Nicholas A. Rey Jonathan E. Sears John D. Stempel Sara Vagliano Frederick T.C. Yu Henry J. Richardson III Mark S. Seasholes* Alfred C. Stepan Gregory E. Donald S. Zagoria William B. Richardson James B. Seaton III Fritz Stern van der Vink Dov S. Zakheim Dena Ringold* Sheldon J. Segal Brittany D. Stewart* Michael H. Van Dusen Brett I.W. Zbar* Nayla M. Rizk Eugene A. Sekulow C. Evan Stewart John Van Oudenaren Anthony Charles Zinni Walter R. Roberts Christina R. Sevilla* Christopher B. Stone* Richard R. Verma Marvin Zonis David Z. Robinson JohnW. Sewell Rose Styron Alice S. Victor Barry Zorthian Torrance W Robinson* Jeffrey R. Shafer Awais Sufi* Leslie Vinjamuri* William D. Rogers Andrew J. Shapiro Lawrence H. Summers George J. Vojta

* Term member Note: Please contact Suzanne E. Helm, vice president, development, at [email protected] or 212-434-9781 to advise of any additions or corrections.

64 committees of the board, 2005–2006

EXECUTIVE Jeff rey A. Rosen Louis Perlmutter Laura L. Efros James A. Th omson Peter G. Peterson, E. John Rosenwald Jr. Elisabeth N. Sifton William J. Long R. Keith Walton Chair Alexander J. Skora Maurice Sonnenberg M. Diana Helweg STUDIES Carla A. Hills, Seymour Sternberg Joshua L. Steiner Newton Joseph S. Nye Jr., Chair Vice Chair Alan J. Stoga Anita Volz Wien Nancy E. Soderberg Martin S. Feldstein, Robert E. Rubin, Enzo Viscusi Elliot Stein MEETINGS Vice Chair Vice Chair John H. Watts George H. Young III Peter Ackerman Jeff rey L. Bewkes Frank G. Wisner Jeff rey L. Bewkes, Chair NATIONAL PROGRAMS Richard V. Allen Henry S. Bienen I. Peter Wolff Carole Artigiani Lee Cullum Tom Brokaw Helene D. Gayle, Chair Jesse H. Ausubel Kenneth M. Duberstein DEVELOPMENT Barbara Crossette Robert John Abernethy Hans Binnendijk Martin S. Feldstein Richard E. Salomon, Mallory Factor Stephen W. Bosworth Avis T. Bohlen Helene D. Gayle Chair Bart Friedman Dan Caldwell W. Bowman Cutter Michael H. Moskow Henry S. Bienen Sergio J. Galvis Lee Cullum Padma Desai Joseph S. Nye Jr. Ronald L. Olson Malcolm I. Hoenlein Charles F. Dunbar Michael B.G. Froman Th omas R. Pickering David M. Rubenstein James F. Hoge Jr.* Mimi L. Haas Francis Fukuyama Katherine Anderson Melvin L. Heineman Richard E. Salomon FINANCE AND BUDGET Karen Elliott House Morton L. Janklow Hardin† James F. Hoge Jr.* CORPORATE AFFAIRS Michael H. Moskow, Melanie M. Kirkpatrick Jay T. Harris Richard C. Holbrooke Kenneth M. Chair Marcus Mabry† Mont P. Hoyt James M. Lindsay* Duberstein, Chair Richard E. Salomon, L. Camille Massey Alberto Ibargüen Haleh Nazeri† Richard N. Foster, Vice Chair‡ Richard A. Joseph Steven L. Rattner ‡ Raffi q A. Nathoo Vice Chair Roger C. Altman Peter L.W. Osnos John H. Kelly Robert E. Rubin Peter Ackerman Charlene Barshefsky Ponchitta Pierce Richard Mallery Anne-Marie Slaughter Charlene Barshefksy John H. Biggs¶ Judith B. Milestone Ernest James Wilson III ‡ Richard L. Plepler Peter E. Bass Peter L. Briger Jr. Douglas E. Schoen Michael H. Moskow Fareed Zakaria Stephen Edward Jessica P. Einhorn§ Lynne Dominick ¶ Ron Silver WASHINGTON Biegun Gail D. Fosler Anne-Marie Slaughter Novack PROGRAMS Peter L. Briger Stephen C. Freidheim‡ Maurice Sonnenberg Ronald L. Olson Th omas R. Pickering, Christa B. Carone† Joachim Gfoeller Jr. Judith K. Paulus ¶ Joan E. Spero Chair Joyce Chang-Robbins Michael D. Granoff Henry H. Perritt Jr. ‡ Amina Tirana Th omas E. Donilon, Saj Cherian† J. Tomilson Hill Malcolm H. Wiener Michael P. Peters Vice Chair Samuel A. DiPiazza Carla A. Hills Pearl T. Robinson ‡ James D. Zirin Peter Ackerman Mark Fisch Henry Kaufman Donna E. Shalala ‡ Madeleine K. Albright Gregory Fleming Carl B. Menges MEMBERSHIP David K.Y. Tang Pauline H. Baker Bart Friedman Joel W. Motley Lee Cullum, Chair Peter Tarnoff ‡ Charlene Barshefsky Maurice R. Greenberg Karen E. Parker Feld Joan E. Spero, Ted Van Dyk Mark F. Brzezinski Andrew Gundlach David M. Rubenstein Vice Chair Marsha Vande Berg † Edwin A. Deagle Jr. Joseph M. Ha Arthur Mark Rubin Richard I. Beattie Jay M. Vogelson ‡ Th omas R. Donahue Ruth R. Harkin Kenneth I. Starr Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Philip W. Yun † Marsha A. Echols Joshua J. Harris Scott L. Swid Richard N. Foster NOMINATING Douglas J. Feith John B. Hess Laura D’Andrea Tyson Sergio J. Galvis ‡ AND GOVERNANCE Lauri J. Fitz-Pegado Mel M. Immergut Robert G. Wilmers Helene D. Gayle Henry S. Bienen, Chair Charles Gati James R. Jones Robert Lawrence James M. Goldgeier † Madeleine K. Albright, Carl Samuel Gershman Alexander Jutkowitz† Zangrillo Merit E. Janow Vice Chair Michael H. Haltzel Virginia Ann Kamsky Richard Mallery FOREIGN AFFAIRS Jeff rey L. Bewkes Robert W. Helm Ira A. Lipman Stephen A. Orlins Martin S. Feldstein, Daniel William Carla A. Hills Michael T. Masin Henry H. Perritt Jr. Chair Christman James V. Kimsey Edward H. Meyer Orville Hickok Schell Fouad Ajami Kenneth M. Duberstein Mark P. Lagon Ken Miller Th omas Schick Warren Bass† Richard N. Foster Dave K. McCurdy Alan Joel Patricof Vin Weber Tom Brokaw Bart Friedman Alberto J. Mora Th omas R. Pickering Raul H. Yzaguirre John Lewis Gaddis Nancy A. Jarvis Mark Palmer * Ex offi cio David Greenberg Term Membership Maria Elena Peter R. Rosenblatt † Term member Rita E. Hauser Sergio J. Galvis, Chair Lagomasino Tara Diane Sonenshine ‡ Serves also on the Invest- ment Subcommittee. Jim Hoagland Juju Chang Sylvia M. Mathews Terence A. Todman § Serves only on the Invest- Richard C. Holbrooke Robert J. Chaves Edward J. Mathias Michael H. Van Dusen † ment Subcommittee. Karen Elliott House Ronald Irvin Christie Th eodore Roosevelt IV Vin Weber ¶ Serves also on the Audit John J. Mearsheimer C. Shelby Coff ey III James Baker Sitrick W. Bruce Weinrod Committee. Rodney W. Nichols Joy E. Drucker G. Richard Th oman R. James Woolsey

65 2006 board election

Th e Council’s By-Laws provide for a Board consisting of thirty Directors and that enlarging the Board would make it less able Directors (plus the President, ex offi cio), divided into fi ve classes to function eff ectively. Mr. Peterson and Mr. Bienen, in a joint of six Directors. Each class serves for a term of fi ve years. In each letter to members published in the April issue of the Council class three Directors are elected by the membership and three newsletter, addressed their particular concerns. Th e opportunity are appointed by the Board. to vote “yes” or “no” on the Board Expansion Resolution was Directors with terms expiring on June 30, 2006, were Jeff rey L. included on the ballot for the Annual Election of Directors. Bewkes, Henry S. Bienen, Lee Cullum, Richard C. Holbrooke, Th e formal Notice of Meeting for the Annual Election of Joan E. Spero, and Vin Weber. Directors and the text of proposed changes in the By-Laws Th e Nominating and Governance Committee was composed and the Certifi cate of Incorporation that would enable a Board of Henry S. Bienen (Chairman), Madeleine K. Albright (Vice expansion were mailed to all members on April 7. Chairman), Jeff rey Bewkes, Daniel William Christman, Ken- Th e election process this year, for the fi rst time, off ered mem- neth M. Duberstein, Richard N. Foster, Bart Friedman, Nancy bers the opportunity to vote online via the members’ password- A. Jarvis, Maria Elena Lagomasino, Sylvia M. Mathews, Ed- protected website. Th e ballot was emailed (for members with ward J. Mathias, Th eodore Roosevelt IV, James B. Sitrick, G. email addresses) or mailed to all Council members on April 17. Richard Th oman, James A. Th omson, and R. Keith Walton. On May 23, at the Annual Meeting for the Election of Direc- On January 9, 2006, the Chairman invited the Council mem- tors, 2,322 members participated in person or by proxy, fulfi lling bership to propose possible candidates. Th e Nominating and the quorum required by By-Law V. No name was written on Governance Committee met on March 13 to consider the pool ten or more ballots cast at the meeting, and, therefore, no one of names suggested by Council members for the three elective was nominated for the 2007 election by the write-in procedure vacancies. Mindful of its mandate to consider “the need for di- outlined in the By-Laws. Sarah A.W. Fitts, Donald S. Rice, and versity with regard to age, sex, race, geographical representation, Nancy Young served as election overseers. Th e following nomi- and professional background,” the Nominating and Governance nees were elected for fi ve-year terms beginning July 1, 2006, and Committee developed the following slate of nominees: Rich- expiring June 30, 2011: Richard C. Holbrooke, Colin L. Powell, ard C. Holbrooke, Alberto Ibargüen, Colin L. Powell, Penny and Christine Todd Whitman. Pritzker, Donna E. Shalala, and Christine Todd Whitman. 1,671 members voted for the Board Expansion Resolution On March 27, Council members were notifi ed of the slate and and 651 members voted against. Th e affi rmative votes consti- of the petition process available to them in accordance with the tuted both a majority of those voting and a quorum (one-third By-Laws. Michael E. Bryant was nominated by petition signed of the membership). Th e Certifi cate of Incorporation has been by no fewer than ten members in accordance with By-Law V(B) amended. By-Law IV(A) has been updated, and new guidelines and was included on the ballot. for Board composition will take eff ect in fi scal year 2007. Th is year the membership was also asked to vote on a resolu- Acting on the recommendation of the Nominating and Gover- tion to expand the Board. In November 2005, Peter G. Peterson, nance Committee, at its June 8 meeting the Board appointed three Chairman of the Board of Directors, and Henry S. Bienen, Council members to serve fi ve-year terms in the Class of 2011, Chairman of the Nominating and Governance Committee, sent beginning July 1, 2006, and expiring June 30, 2011: Henry S. a letter to the membership outlining the need for greater diver- Bienen, Joan E. Spero, and Vin Weber. Additionally, the Board sity on the Board of Directors and proposing that the number confi rmed appointment of Peter G. Peterson to the Class of of Directors be increased—by fi ve appointed Directors—from 2007 and Carla A. Hills to the Class of 2009.* thirty-one to thirty-six, and soliciting comments from the * To ensure an orderly transition in Council leadership, the Board of Directors membership. Forty-two members responded, a minority of at its October 2000 meeting approved changes in the By-Laws that enable a whom expressed concerns about tilting the balance to appointed Chairman and/or Vice Chairman to continue to serve, on a year-to-year basis.

chairman’ s advisory council

Th e Chairman’s Advisory Council, established to assist the Board in overseeing a number of important program areas, is composed of the following Council members from around the country:

Peter G. Peterson Stephanie K. Bell-Rose Timothy F. Geithner Maria Elena Steven L. Rattner Chairman Jewelle Bickford Joachim Gfoeller Jr. Lagomasino Scott D. Sagan Th omas E. Donilon Denis A. Bovin Mimi L. Haas Ira A. Lipman David E. Sanger Vice Chairman Patrick M. Byrne J. Tomilson Hill Marcus Mabry Th omas Schick David K.Y. Tang Dan Caldwell Alberto Ibargüen Sylvia M. Mathews Douglas E. Schoen Vice Chairman Bart Friedman Merit E. Janow Richard L. Plepler Barbara Shailor Robert John Abernethy Michael B.G. Froman Eason T. Jordan Penny S. Pritzker Alice Young Stanley S. Arkin Sergio J. Galvis Arnold Kanter

66 international advisory board

Th e International Advisory Board (IAB), established by the Yotaro Kobayashi (Japan), Chief Corporate Adviser, Fuji Xerox Board of Directors in 1995 under the chairmanship of David Co., Ltd. Rockefeller, Honorary Chairman of the Council, meets annu- Rahmi M. Koç (Turkey), Honorary Chairman, Koç Holdings ally in conjunction with the fall Board meeting to off er perspec- A.S. tives on a broad range of matters of concern to the Council. IAB members are invited to comment on institutional programs Luiz Felipe Lampreia (Brazil), Chairman of the Board of and strategic directions, and on practical opportunities for col- Trustees, Centro Brasileiro de Relações Internacionais; former laboration between the Council and institutions abroad. Th ey Minister of Foreign Aff airs, Brazil also provide invaluable international insights into U.S. foreign Maurice Lévy (France), Chairman of the Management Board policy in discussions on a variety of issues—from the need for and CEO, Publicis Groupe S.A. new strategies and institutions for the twenty-fi rst century, to Juan March (Spain), Chairman, Juan March Foundation and the value of multilateral approaches toward world problems, to Juan March Institute for Advanced Studies in Social Sciences ways to foster democratization. Brian Mulroney (Canada), Senior Partner, Ogilvy Renault; Th e IAB includes the following distinguished individuals: former Prime Minister of Canada Syed Babar Ali (Pakistan), Adviser, Packages Limited; Chair- Sari Nusseibeh (Palestinian Authority), President, Al-Quds man, Interbank; former Minister of Finance, Economic Af- University fairs, and Planning, Pakistan Sadako Ogata (Japan), President, Japan International Coopera- Khalid A. Alturki (Saudi Arabia), Chairman, Trading and tion Agency; former UN High Commissioner for Refugees Development Company (TRADCO) Lubna Olayan (Saudi Arabia), CEO, Olayan Financing Company Mukesh D. Ambani (India), Chairman and Managing Direc- Ana Palacio (Spain), Senior Vice President and General Counsel, tor, Reliance Industries, Ltd. World Bank; former Foreign Minister, Spain Franco Bernabè (Italy), Vice Chairman, Rothschild Europe Surin Pitsuwan (Th ailand), Member of Parliament, Th ailand; Carl Bildt (Sweden), Chairman, Kreab AB; former Prime Min- former Minister of Foreign Aff airs, Th ailand ister of Sweden Prannoy Roy (India), President, New Delhi Television, Ltd. Ahmed E. Bishara (Kuwait), Secretary-General, National Zalman Shoval (Israel), Head, Foreign Policy Bureau, Likud Democratic Movement; Professor, Kuwait University Party; former Ambassador of Israel to the United States John Browne (United Kingdom), Group Chief Executive, BP plc Khehla Shubane (South Africa), Director, Centre for Policy Mark C. Chona (Zambia), Chairman and CEO, Sumika Studies, University of Witwatersrand; Director, Simeka Fi- Consultancy and Management Services Ltd.; former political nancial Services adviser to the President of Zambia Washington SyCip (Philippines), Chairman and Founder, Gustavo A. Cisneros (Venezuela), Chairman and CEO, Cisne- SGV Group; Chairman, Asian Institute of Management ros Group of Companies Horst Teltschik (Germany), former President, Boeing Germany; Gerhard Cromme (Germany), Chairman of the Supervisory former National Security Advisor, Germany Board, Th yssenKrupp AG Jacob Wallenberg (Sweden), Chairman, Investor AB Abdel Raouf El Reedy (Egypt), Chairman, Mubarak Public Jusuf Wanandi (Indonesia), Member of the Board of Directors, Library; former Ambassador of Egypt to the United States Centre for Strategic and International Studies, Jakarta Niall W.A. FitzGerald (Ireland), Chairman, Reuters Group plc Shirley V.T. Brittain Williams (United Kingdom), Member, Alejandro Foxley (Chile), Member, Senate of Chile; former House of Lords, United Kingdom Minister of Finance, Chile Yuan Ming (China), Director, Institute for International Rela- Jacob A. Frenkel (Israel), Vice Chairman, American Interna- tions, Beijing University tional Group, Inc.; former Governor, Bank of Israel Ernesto Zedillo Ponce de León (Mexico), Director, Center for Mikhail Fridman (Russia), Chairman of the Board, Alfa Bank the Study of Globalization, Yale University; former President of Mexico. Toyoo Gyohten (Japan), President, Institute for International Mon- etary Aff airs; Senior Adviser, Bank of Tokyo-Mitsubishi, Ltd. Baba Gana Kingibe (Nigeria), Special Envoy for Sudan, Afri- can Union; former Foreign Minister, Nigeria

67 by-laws of the council

I. All members of the Council shall be elected by the Board of institution, who are in the public service, who are on the staff of a Directors. All members elected to the Council, other than those voluntary organization, or who are accredited writers, commentators, whose term of membership is limited by the conditions of their journalists, or other media correspondents. All other members, except election, remain members until death, resignation, or action under the honorary members, are business members. last paragraph of this By-Law. All dues shall be paid annually or semiannually in equal installments Th e Board of Directors may elect honorary members with such in advance. Default in the payment of any dues for a period of 60 days membership rights, excluding the right to vote in Council aff airs, as may be deemed to be equivalent to resignation. the Board may designate. IV.A. Th ere shall be a Board of not more than 36 Directors. Th e In any fi scal year, the Board is not constrained in the number of President of the corporation shall be a Director, ex offi cio, unless persons elected to fi ve-year term membership so long as the total otherwise provided by resolution of the Board of Directors and agreed number of term members does not exceed 15 percent of the total to by the President. Th e remaining members of the Board of Directors membership. Th e terms and conditions of such membership shall shall be divided into fi ve equal classes, each class to serve for a term of be as prescribed by the Board, provided that those elected to such fi ve years and until their successors are elected and take offi ce. Each membership are between the ages of 30 and 36 on January 1 of the class shall consist of three Directors elected directly by the membership year in which their election would take place, and that so long as their at large and four Directors appointed by the Board. Following each term continues such members will have the full rights and privileges Annual Election but prior to the commencement of the term of the of Council membership. new Directors, the Board shall appoint four Directors to serve in the Th e Board of Directors may establish such other special categories same class as the three Directors elected at the Annual Election. Any of membership having such rights and privileges, and subject to such Chairman or Vice Chairman of the Board elected on an interim basis conditions, as the Board may designate. pursuant to Article VII who is not a Director at the time of his or her A New York Area member is one whose residence or principal election, shall during the period of such interim service be a Director place of business is within 50 miles of City Hall in the Borough of and, at the time of his or her election, shall be designated by the Board Manhattan, City of New York. A Washington, DC, Area member is of Directors to occupy either (i) the position on the Board that would one whose residence or principal place of business is within 50 miles otherwise be occupied by the President, if the President is not then of the Capitol in the District of Columbia. All other members are serving as a Director, ex offi cio, or (ii) any vacancy among the four National. All members other than honorary members shall be citizens Directors in each class subject to appointment by the Board. of the United States or permanent residents of the United States who B. At each Annual Election of the Council, three Directors shall have made application to become citizens. be elected to replace the outgoing class of elected Directors. Terms A member may be dropped or suspended from membership for of all Directors, both elected and appointed, shall commence on a period of six months or more only by a unanimous vote of those the fi rst day of July next following their election or appointment. A Directors attending a meeting of the Board at which a quorum Director, whether elected or appointed, who has served three years or is present and voting, for any violation of the By-Laws or rules or more of a fi ve-year term shall be eligible subsequently for election or regulations of the Board of Directors, or for any conduct even though appointment to a single consecutive term. not in actual violation of a By-Law or rule that, in the opinion of the C. Board, is nevertheless prejudicial to the best interests, reputation, and Directors are expected faithfully to attend Board and Board proper functioning of the Council. A member’s privileges may be Committee meetings to which they are assigned. A Director who fails suspended for a period of up to six months by action of the President to attend two-thirds of all such regularly scheduled Board and Board subject to approval by the Chairman of the Board. Committee meetings in any two consecutive calendar years shall be deemed to have submitted his or her resignation to be accepted at II. It is an express condition of membership in the Council, to which the pleasure of the Chairman of the Board. Th e Board shall have the condition every member accedes by virtue of his or her membership, power to fi ll any vacancy in its membership. A Director appointed that members will observe such rules and regulations as may be to fi ll a vacancy created by the retirement, resignation, or death of prescribed from time to time by the Board of Directors concerning a Director previously elected by the membership at large shall be the conduct of Council meetings or the attribution of statements nominated by the Nominating and Governance Committee as the made therein, and that any disclosure, publication, or other action by sole candidate in the next Annual Election to complete the balance a member in contravention thereof may be regarded by the Board of of the unexpired term. Directors in its sole discretion as ground for termination or suspension V.A. of membership pursuant to Article I of the By-Laws. Th e Annual Meeting of Members shall be held in New York City as soon as practicable after the end of the fi scal year, as determined by III. Members other than honorary members of the Council shall pay the Chairman of the Board. At this meeting the Board of Directors the following dues per annum: shall present a report of the activities of the Council during the past BUSINESS NONBUSINESS year, and such other business shall be considered as shall be brought NEW YORK AREA forward by or with the sanction of the Board of Directors and that Under 40 $1,470 $350 shall have been stated in the notice convening the meeting. 40 and Over 2,860 640 One-third of the voting members of the Council shall constitute a WASHINGTON, DC, AREA quorum for the transaction of business. Members may be represented Under 40 $1,180 $280 by proxy. 40 and Over 2,290 510 B. Th e Annual Election of Directors of the Council shall be held NATIONAL at a meeting in New York City on a date set by the President or the Under 40 $ 800 $200 40 and Over 1,550 350 Chairman of the Board within 13 months of the preceding meeting at which Directors were elected. Directors shall be elected by ballot. For purposes of this By-Law, nonbusiness members are those who Ballots will be made available to all members in advance of the Annual are regular members of the faculty of any accredited educational Election and may be cast in person or by proxy authorized in writing

68 by-laws of the council

or by electronic transmission. Th e ballot shall contain (i) the name of Th e Committee on Meetings shall be composed of no fewer than each member who is nominated by the Nominating and Governance three members of the Board and such other members of the Board Committee as a candidate for the class of Directors scheduled for as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. Th e Committee election in that year, (ii) the name of any member appointed to shall have the power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members a vacancy in the Board and nominated by the Nominating and who shall not be members of the Board. Th e Committee shall Governance Committee as the sole candidate to complete the balance have responsibility for overseeing the Council’s program of general of the unexpired term, (iii) the name of any member who is nominated meetings and institutional outreach activities involving electronic and in each class by a petition signed by not fewer than ten members, and other broadcast media. (iv) the name of any member who received not fewer than ten write- Th e Committee on Washington Programs shall be composed of in votes in the preceding election. For their ballots to be counted, no fewer than three members of the Board and such other members members must cast one vote for each of as many candidates as there are of the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. vacancies to be fi lled on the Board, and the candidates with the highest Th e Committee shall have the power to co-opt no fewer than number of votes in each class will be declared elected as Directors. ten additional members who shall not be members of the Board. One-third of the voting members of the Council shall constitute a Th e Committee shall have responsibility for overseeing programs, quorum at the Annual Election Meeting or any other meeting of activities, services, and other initiatives to enhance participation in the the members. Notice of any meeting of the members may be written Council by members in Washington, DC. or electronic. Administrative details necessary to implement the Th e Committee on National Programs shall be composed of no Council’s nomination and election procedures shall be as prescribed by fewer than three members of the Board and such other members the President in consultation with the Chairman of the Board. of the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. Th e Committee shall have the power to co-opt no fewer than ten VI. Th e Board shall constitute such Committees as may from time to additional members who shall not be members of the Board. Th e time be appropriate, including an Executive Committee, a Committee Committee shall have the responsibility for overseeing programs, on Finance and Budget, an Audit Committee, a Committee on activities, services, and other initiatives to enhance participation in Corporate Aff airs, a Committee on Development, a Commit- the Council by members in regions other than New York City and tee on Meetings, a Committee on Washington Programs, a Committee Washington, DC. on National Programs, a Committee on Membership, a Nominating Th e Committee on Membership shall be composed of no fewer than and Governance Committee, a Committee on Foreign Aff airs, and a three members of the Board and such other members of the Board as Committee on Studies. Elections of Board members to Committees the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. Th e Committee shall shall be held at Annual Meetings of the Board, except that, on the co-opt two members who shall not be members of the Board and who nomination of the Chairman of the Board, a Director may be elected shall be under the age of 40 when co-opted, and shall have power to at any meeting of the Board to fi ll a Committee vacancy. co-opt no fewer than eight additional members of any age who are not Th e Executive Committee shall be composed of the Chairman members of the Board. All names proposed for membership in the and Vice Chairmen of the Board, the Chairmen of the standing Council shall be referred to the Committee for its consideration, and committees of the Board, and such other members of the Board as the the Committee shall submit to the Board its nominations for election Executive Committee Chairman deems appropriate. During intervals to membership. between meetings of the Board, the Committee may exercise the Th e Nominating and Governance Committee shall be composed powers of the Board to the extent permitted by law. of no fewer than three members of the Board. Th e Committee shall Th e Committee on Finance and Budget shall be composed of no present names for Directors, Offi cers, and Committee members. For fewer than three members of the Board and such other members the purpose of nominating candidates to stand for election to the of the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. Board, the Committee shall co-opt ten additional members who shall Th e Committee shall have the power to co-opt no fewer than ten not be members of the Board. Th e Chairman of the Nominating and additional members who shall not be members of the Board. Th e Governance Committee shall be selected by the Chairman of the Committee shall have general supervision of the investment of the Board from among the Board members on the Committee. Neither funds of the Council and of its fi nancial aff airs, and shall present the the Chairman of the Board nor the President shall be an ex offi cio budget at the Spring meeting of the Board. member of the Nominating and Governance Committee. Both in co- Th e Audit Committee shall be composed of no fewer than opting members to its own body and in nominating candidates for each three members of the Board as the Committee Chairman deems year’s Board election, the Nominating and Governance Committee is appropriate. Th e Committee shall have the power to co-opt no fewer charged to keep in mind the need for diversity with regard to age, sex, than two additional members who shall not be members of the Board. race, geographical representation, and professional background. In Th e Committee shall have general oversight of the annual audit of the nominating candidates for each year’s Board election, the Committee Council and related matters as may be designated by the Board from is also charged (i) to solicit the entire membership for the names of time to time. possible candidates and (ii) except as provided in By-Law IV(C) to Th e Committee on Development shall be composed of no fewer nominate twice as many candidates as there are directorships to be than three members of the Board and such other members of fi lled at the election by the membership at large. the Board as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. Th e Th e Committee on Foreign Aff airs shall be composed of no fewer Committee shall have the power to co-opt no fewer than ten than three members of the Board and such other members of the Board additional members who shall not be members of the Board. Th e as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. Th e Committee shall Committee shall help to plan, implement, and oversee the Council’s have the power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who fi nancial development programs. shall not be members of the Board. All matters relating to the oversight Th e Committee on Corporate Aff airs shall be composed of no fewer and management of the magazine shall be referred to the Committee. than three members of the Board and such other members of the Board Th e Committee on Studies shall be composed of no fewer than as the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. Th e Committee shall three members of the Board and such other members of the Board as have the power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who the Committee Chairman deems appropriate. Th e Committee shall shall not be members of the Board. Th e Committee shall help to plan, have the power to co-opt no fewer than ten additional members who implement, and oversee the Corporate Program. shall not be members of the Board. All suggestions relating to matters

69 rules, guidelines, and practices

of research shall be referred to it, and it shall be responsible for the Th e Vice Presidents in order of seniority shall discharge the duties of initiation of research projects. Th e Committee on Studies shall submit the President in his or her absence, and shall perform such other duties regular reports of its activities to the Board. as from time to time shall be assigned them by the Board of Directors. Except as otherwise provided above, a co-opted Committee member Th e Treasurer shall have custody of the funds of the corporation. shall serve for such term as the Committee co-opting him or her Th e Secretary shall conduct the correspondence of the corporation, shall determine, and during such term shall have the same rights and and shall keep its records. obligations as other Committee members. One-third of the Directors VIII. Th e Board shall appoint the Editor of Foreign Aff airs and the and co-opted members, duly elected or appointed, shall constitute a Director of Studies, if any, and shall annually fi x their compensation. quorum at any meeting of any Committee. Participation by conference telephone, or similar communication equipment allowing all persons IX. Th e funds of the corporation shall be invested by the Committee participating in the meeting to hear one another at the same time, shall on Finance and Budget or shall be deposited with trust companies or constitute presence in person at a meeting. banking institutions designated by either the Board of Directors or VII. the Committee on Finance and Budget. Disbursements shall be made Th e Offi cers of the corporation shall be a Chairman of the only upon checks or vouchers approved by any one of the following for Board, one or more Vice Chairmen, a President, one or more Vice amounts up to $5,000 and by any two of the following for amounts of Presidents, a Secretary, a Treasurer, and such other Offi cers as in $5,000 and over: the President, any Vice President, the Treasurer, the the Board’s judgment may be required. Th e Board shall annually fi x Secretary, the Director of Finance, the Editor of Foreign Aff airs, and their compensation. Th e Chairman of the Board shall be elected for a such other employees of the corporation as may from time to time be term of fi ve years and shall be eligible for reelection to a second term. designated by the Committee on Finance and Budget. Th e Chairman shall be eligible to complete any such term without regard to By-Law limitations on the number or tenure of Directors. X. Th e Annual Meeting of the Board shall be held as soon as Pending election of a Chairman to a fi ve year term and subject to practicable after the fi rst day of September, as determined by the the By-Law limitation on the number of Directors, for purposes of Chairman of the Board. One-third of the Directors in offi ce shall assuring an orderly transition in governance, the Board may elect a constitute a quorum at any meeting of the Board. Chairman and/or Vice Chairman to serve, on an interim basis, for XI. Th ese By-Laws may be amended at any meeting of the Board of one or more terms of up to 12 months each. Th e Chairman and any Directors, provided notice of the proposed amendment shall have Vice Chairman shall be eligible for election to any such term, on an been given at a previous meeting or circulated in writing to the interim basis, without regard to By-Law limitations on the tenure of members of the Board not less than fi ve days in advance. Directors or Offi cers. Th e other Offi cers of the corporation shall be elected annually by the Board of Directors. XII. Any person made, or threatened to be made, a party to any action Th e Chairman of the Board, or in his or her absence, a Vice or proceeding, whether civil or criminal, by reason of the fact that he or Chairman designated by the Chairman, may call meetings of the she, his or her testator or intestate, is or was a Director or Offi cer of the Board and shall preside at all meetings of the Board of Directors. Council, shall be indemnifi ed by the Council, and his or her expenses Th e President, subject to the overall direction of the Board of incurred in defending such an action or proceeding shall be advanced Directors, shall be the Chief Executive Offi cer of the corporation. by the Council, to the full extent authorized or permitted by law.

rules, guidelines, and pr actices

Th e following items describe important Rules, Guidelines, and “Full freedom of expression is encouraged at Council meetings. Practices of the Council on Foreign Relations, with which members Participants are assured that they may speak openly, as it is the and staff should familiarize themselves. tradition of the Council that others will not attribute or characterize RULE ON FOREIGN POLICY POSITIONS their statements in public media or forums or knowingly transmit them to persons who will. All participants are expected to honor that Th e following has been the policy of the Council since its origin, commitment. reconfi rmed by resolution of the Board of Directors on September “An appropriate offi cer of the Council may, however, by advance 11, 1973: announcement declare this Rule inapplicable in whole or in part to “Th e Council shall not take any position on questions of foreign any particular Council meeting, and the presentation portion of the policy, and no person is authorized to speak, or purport to speak, for meeting may be recorded and broadcast on electronic media and/or the Council on such matters.” covered in the print media with the agreement of the speaker and RULE ON NONATTRIBUTION advance announcement to other participants. “Th e Council is a research and educational institution. Everyone who “Notwithstanding the above Rule, the Board of Directors may, participates in a Council meeting is encouraged to use and disseminate from time to time, prescribe rules governing the subsequent release ideas and information developed in the meeting. It is recognized, at of any Council records. the same time, that many Council guests and members are, by reason “While the substance of the above Rule has been in eff ect since the of their governmental or other institutional affi liations, subject to formation of the Council, its present formulation was adopted by the inevitable constraints upon their latitude to express opinions, take Board of Directors on June 6, 1977, on the recommendation of a special positions, or off er tentative judgments on public aff airs issues if they Advisory Panel on the Nonattribution Rule, and subsequently amended are speaking in a public forum or if their statements will be later on June 7, 1994. Th e minutes of the June 1977 meeting contain the attributed to them in public media or a public forum. following explanatory comments about the Rule:

70 rules, guidelines, and practices

“Th e report recognizes that ‘media’ and ‘public forum’ are vague requires that in their positions, they act in the interest of the Council terms. But they can nevertheless be rationally interpreted in the light and not in their personal interests. Directors, Offi cers, and staff of the purpose of the Rule. For example, the reformulation would members may not use their positions or nonpublic information about make it legitimate for a U.S. governmental offi cial to report by memo the Council they obtain through their positions in a manner that to his colleagues and superiors what he learned at a Council meeting. allows them to secure a signifi cant economic benefi t, either directly Similarly, the reformulation recognizes that a lawyer may give such a or indirectly, for themselves or their immediate family. In sum, it is memo to his partners, or a corporate offi cer to other corporate offi cers. the policy of the Council that its Directors, Offi cers, and staff have It would not be in compliance with the reformulated Rule, however, the obligation to avoid ethical, legal, fi nancial, or other confl icts of for any meeting participant (i) to publish a speaker’s statement in interest, and the appearance thereof, and to ensure that their activities attributed form in a newspaper; (ii) to repeat it on television or radio, and interests do not confl ict with their obligations to the Council or or on a speaker’s platform, or in a classroom; or (iii) to go beyond a to its welfare. memo of limited circulation, by distributing the attributed statement “A confl ict of interest or the appearance thereof may exist but is in a company or government agency newsletter. Th e language of the not limited to a circumstance when any Director, Offi cer, or staff Rule also goes out of its way to make it clear that a meeting participant member, or member of his or her immediate family (defi ned for these is forbidden knowingly to transmit the attributed statement to a purposes as a spouse or domestic partner, parents, children, siblings, newspaper reporter or other such person who is likely to publish it in and in-laws) or an affi liated entity, would have a signifi cant economic a public medium. Th e essence of the Rule as reformulated is simple interest, directly or indirectly, in a transaction with the Council or any enough: participants in Council meetings should not pass along an other matter that may come before the Board or a Board Committee. attributed statement in circumstances where there is substantial risk that “Confl icts of interest or appearances thereof are not limited to it will promptly be widely circulated or published.” fi nancial interests, but include affi liations or other divided loyalties GUIDELINES ON MEETINGS which may infl uence a decision or appear to cause favoritism in a matter involving the Council. By resolution adopted on February 28, 1972, as subsequently amended, “All confl icts shall be fully disclosed in writing to the Chair of the Board of Directors has prescribed the following Guidelines the Nominating and Governance Committee, or to the Director of governing Council meetings: Human Resources and Deputy Chief Operating Offi cer in the case of “Th e purpose of meetings sponsored by the Council on Foreign staff members who are not Offi cers. After receipt of such notice, the Relations is to promote understanding of international aff airs through Board may authorize the transaction at issue, provided that (i) it does the free interchange of ideas among participants. not violate the law and (ii) the Director or Offi cer having such confl ict “In order to encourage to the fullest a free, frank, and open exchange refrains from voting or otherwise attempting to infl uence the decision of ideas in Council meetings, the Board of Directors has prescribed, thereon. Th e minutes of the meeting shall refl ect such disclosure and in addition to the Nonattribution Rule, the following guidelines. All abstention. participants in Council meetings are expected to be familiar with and “In the case of a staff member who is not an Offi cer, after disclosure adhere to these Guidelines. by the Director of Human Resources and Deputy Chief Operating “1. Since the Council invites guests representing many diff erent Offi cer to the Chief Operating Offi cer and the President, those Offi cers viewpoints, since it selects topics regardless of, or because of, their may choose to submit the question to the Board or an appropriate controversiality, and since there is a wide divergence of viewpoints Committee of the Board for a decision or to proceed with the among members, it is to be expected that Council meetings will transaction at issue, provided that proceeding does not violate the law. sometimes be marked by sharp dispute. “When there is doubt as to whether a confl ict of interest exists, the “2. Meetings chairmen are expected to stimulate open expression of matter shall be resolved by a vote of the Board, excluding the person opinion by all participants and should not attempt to mute controversy concerned. or stifl e diff erences of viewpoint where they exist. To this end it is the “Nothing herein shall prevent the Council from the payment of responsibility of chairmen to see to it that all viewpoints expressed are salary and other compensation or the reimbursement of expenses for treated with respect and that parliamentary decorum is maintained. personal services which are reasonable and necessary to carrying out “3. Principal speakers should expect to be questioned vigorously the purpose of the Council, provided such payments or reimbursements on any point relevant to their intellectual interest, experience, or are reasonable and not excessive. expertise in international aff airs. It is recognized, however, that some “A copy of this policy shall be furnished to each Director at the time speakers, particularly those holding offi cial positions, may not feel of his or her election or appointment to the Board and any renewal free to answer some questions, and, in such case, their declination thereof, to each Offi cer who is a staff member annually at the time will be respected.” of their appointment at the fall meeting of the Board, and to other Apart from the traditional meetings for spouses and for sons and key staff members at the time of hire. As a condition of service, the daughters of the members, occasional meetings are also open to Council shall require each Director, Offi cer, and key staff member to guests of members. Guest privileges are for those who have special sign the confl ict of interest disclosure statement annually.” expertise or experience that relates directly to the meeting, as well as the general qualifi cations of potential candidates for Council ARCHIVAL PRACTICE membership. Members bringing guests should secure the permission of the Council department organizing the meeting and acquaint their By resolution of the Council’s Board of Directors, adopted June 3, guests with the Council’s Nonattribution Rule governing what is said 1999, all substantive records of the Council more than 25 years old at meetings. are open for reference use during library hours at the Seeley G. Mudd Manuscript Library at Princeton University, subject to the following POLICY ON CONFLICTS OF INTEREST proviso: By resolution of the Council’s Board of Directors, adopted June 9, “As a condition of use, the offi cers of the Council shall require each 2005, the following policy concerning actual or potential confl icts of user of Council records to execute a prior written commitment that he interest was approved: or she will not directly or indirectly attribute to any living person any “Th e Directors, Offi cers, and staff of the Council on Foreign assertion of fact or opinion based upon any Council record without Relations (the ‘Council’) owe a duty of loyalty to the Council, which fi rst obtaining from such person his or her written consent thereto.”

71 historical roster of directors and officers

DIRECTORS Alfred C. Neal 1967–76 Robert F. Erburu 1987–98 Isaiah Bowman 1921–50 Bill Moyers 1967–74 Karen Elliott House 1987–98, Archibald Cary Coolidge 1921–28 Cyrus R. Vance 1968–76, 2003– Paul D. Cravath 1921–40 1981–87 Glenn E. Watts 1987–90 John W. Davis 1921–55 Hedley Donovan 1969–79 Th omas S. Foley 1988–94 Norman H. Davis 1921–44 Najeeb E. Halaby 1970–72 James D. Robinson III 1988–91 Stephen P. Duggan 1921–50 Bayless Manning 1971–77 Strobe Talbott 1988–93 John H. Finley 1921–29 W. Michael Blumenthal 1972–77, John L. Clendenin 1989–94 Edwin F. Gay 1921–45 1979–84 William S. Cohen 1989–97 David F. Houston 1921–27 Zbigniew Brzezinski 1972–77 Joshua Lederberg 1989–98 Otto H. Kahn 1921–34 Elizabeth Drew 1972–77 John S. Reed 1989–92 Frank L. Polk 1921–43 George S. Franklin 1972–83 Alice M. Rivlin 1989–92 Whitney H. Shepardson 1921–66 Marshall D. Shulman 1972–77 William J. Crowe Jr. 1990–93 William R. Shepherd 1921–27 Martha Redfi eld Wallace 1972–82 Th omas R. Donahue 1990–2001 Paul M. Warburg 1921–32 Paul C. Warnke 1972–77 Richard C. Holbrooke 1991–93, George W. Wickersham 1921–36 Peter G. Peterson 1973–83, 1996–99, Allen W. Dulles 1927–69 1984– 2001– Russell C. Leffi ngwell 1927–60 Robert O. Anderson 1974–80 Robert D. Hormats 1991–2004 George O. May 1927–53 Edward K. Hamilton 1974–83 John E. Bryson 1992–2002 Wesley C. Mitchell 1927–34 Harry C. McPherson Jr. 1974–77 Maurice R. Greenberg 1992–2002, Owen D. Young 1927–40 Elliot L. Richardson 1974–75 2004– Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928–72 Franklin Hall Williams 1975–83 Karen N. Horn 1992–95 Charles P. Howland 1929–31 Nicholas deB. Katzenbach 1975–86 James R. Houghton 1992–96 Walter Lippmann 1932–37 Paul A. Volcker 1975–79, Charlayne Hunter-Gault 1992–98 Clarence M. Woolley 1932–35 1988–99 Kenneth W. Dam 1992–2001 Frank Altschul 1934–72 Th eodore M. Hesburgh 1976–85 Donna E. Shalala 1992–93 Philip C. Jessup 1934–42 Lane Kirkland 1976–86 Alton Frye 1993 Harold W. Dodds 1935–43 George H.W. Bush 1977–79 Richard N. Cooper 1993–94 Leon Fraser 1936–45 Lloyd N. Cutler 1977–79 Rita E. Hauser 1993–97 John H. Williams 1937–64 Philip L. Geyelin 1977–87 E. Gerald Corrigan 1993–95 Lewis W. Douglas 1940–64 Henry A. Kissinger 1977–81 Leslie H. Gelb 1993–2001, Edward Warner 1940–49 Winston Lord 1977–85 2002–2003 Clarence E. Hunter 1942–53 Stephen Stamas 1977–89 Paul A. Allaire 1993–2002 Myron C. Taylor 1943–59 Marina v.N. Whitman 1977–87 Robert E. Allen 1993–96 Henry M. Wriston 1943–67 C. Peter McColough 1978–87 Th eodore C. Sorensen 1993–2004 Th omas K. Finletter 1944–67 Richard L. Gelb 1979–88 Garrick Utley 1993–2003 William A.M. Burden 1945–74 Graham T. Allison Jr. 1979–88 Carla A. Hills 1994– Walter H. Mallory 1945–68 William D. Ruckelshaus 1979–83 Helene L. Kaplan 1994–96 Philip D. Reed 1945–69 James F. Hoge Jr. 1980–84 Frank G. Zarb 1994–96 Winfi eld W. Riefl er 1945–50 George P. Shultz 1980–82 Robert B. Zoellick 1994–2001 David Rockefeller 1949–85 William D. Rogers 1980–90 Les Aspin 1995 W. Averell Harriman 1950–55 Walter B. Wriston 1981–87 Mario L. Baeza 1995–2001 Joseph E. Johnson 1950–74 Lewis T. Preston 1981–88 Peggy Dulany 1995–2003 Grayson Kirk 1950–73 Warren Christopher 1982–91 Jessica P. Einhorn 1995–2005 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–58 Alan Greenspan 1982–88 William J. McDonough 1995–2004 Elliott V. Bell 1953–66 Robert A. Scalapino 1982–89 Frank Savage 1995–2002 John J. McCloy 1953–72 Harold Brown 1983–92 George Soros 1995–2004 Arthur H. Dean 1955–72 Stanley Hoff mann 1983–92 Hannah Holborn Gray 1995–98 Charles M. Spoff ord 1955–72 Juanita M. Kreps 1983–89 George J. Mitchell 1995–2005 Adlai E. Stevenson 1958–62 Brent Scowcroft 1983–89 Louis V. Gerstner Jr. 1995–2005 William C. Foster 1959–72 Clifton R. Wharton Jr. 1983–92 Lee Cullum 1996–2006 Caryl P. Haskins 1961–75 Donald F. McHenry 1984–93 Vincent A. Mai 1997–2003 James A. Perkins 1963–79 B. R. Inman 1985–93 Warren B. Rudman 1997–2005 William P. Bundy 1964–74 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1985–94 Laura D’Andrea Tyson 1997– Gabriel Hauge 1964–81 Peter Tarnoff 1986–93 Roone Arledge 1998–2002 Carroll L. Wilson 1964–79 Charles McC. Mathias Jr. 1986–92 Diane Sawyer 1998–99 Douglas Dillon 1965–78 Ruben F. Mettler 1986–92 Martin S. Feldstein 1998– Henry R. Labouisse 1965–74 James E. Burke 1987–95 Bette Bao Lord 1998–2003 Robert V. Roosa 1966–81 Richard B. Cheney 1987–89, Michael H. Moskow 1998– Lucian W. Pye 1966–82 1993–95 John Deutch 1999–2004

72 historical roster of directors and officers

Robert E. Rubin 2000– Alton Frye 1993 Walter H. Mallory 1927–59 Andrew Young 2000–2005 Leslie H. Gelb 1993–2003 George S. Franklin 1953–71 Kenneth M. Duberstein 2001– Richard N. Haass 2003– SECRETARIES Henry S. Bienen 2001– PRESIDENT EMERITUS Joan E. Spero 2001– Edwin F. Gay 1921–33 Vin Weber 2001– Leslie H. Gelb 2003– Allen W. Dulles 1933–44 Fouad Ajami 2002– HONORARY PRESIDENTS Frank Altschul 1944–72 John Temple Swing 1972–87 Ronald L. Olson 2002– Elihu Root 1921–37 Th omas R. Pickering 2002– Judith Gustafson 1987–2000 Henry M. Wriston 1964–78 Lilita V. Gusts 2000– Jeff rey L. Bewkes 2002–2006 EXECUTIVE VICE PRESIDENTS Helene D. Gayle 2003– HONORARY SECRETARY Richard N. Haass 2003– John Temple Swing 1986–93 Frank Altschul 1972–1981 Michael P. Peters 2002–2005 Richard E. Salomon 2003– TREASURERS Anne-Marie Slaughter 2003– SENIOR VICE PRESIDENTS Madeleine K. Albright 2004– Edwin F. Gay 1921–33 Alton Frye 1993–98 Whitney H. Shepardson 1933–42 Richard N. Foster 2004– Kenneth H. Keller 1993–95 Joseph S. Nye Jr. 2004– Clarence E. Hunter 1942–51 Larry L. Fabian 1994–95 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–52 Fareed Zakaria 2004– Michael P. Peters 1995–2002 Peter Ackerman 2005– Elliott V. Bell 1952–64 Paula Dobriansky 2001 Gabriel Hauge 1964–81 Charlene Barshefsky 2005– Charles G. Boyd 2001–2002 Stephen W. Bosworth 2005– Peter G. Peterson 1981–85 David Kellogg 2002– C. Peter McColough 1985–87 Tom Brokaw 20 05– Janice L. Murray 2002– David M. Rubenstein 2005– Lewis T. Preston 1987–88 VICE PRESIDENTS Colin L. Powell 2006– James E. Burke 1988–89 Christine Todd Whitman 2006– Paul D. Cravath 1921–33 David Woodbridge 1989–94 Norman H. Davis 1933–36 Janice L. Murray 1994– CHAIRMEN OF THE BOARD Edwin F. Gay 1933–40 EDITORS OF FOREIGN AFFAIRS Russell C. Leffi ngwell 1946–53 Frank L. Polk 1940–43 Archibald Cary Coolidge 1922–28 John J. McCloy 1953–70 Russell C. Leffi ngwell 1943–44 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1928–72 David Rockefeller 1970–85 Allen W. Dulles 1944–46 William P. Bundy 1972–84 Peter G. Peterson 1985– Isaiah Bowman 1945–49 William G. Hyland 1984–92 Henry M. Wriston 1950–51 HONORARY CHAIRMEN James F. Hoge Jr. 1992– David Rockefeller 1950–70 John J. McCloy 1970–1989 DIRECTORS OF STUDIES David Rockefeller 1985– Frank Altschul 1951–71 Devereux C. Josephs 1951–52 Percy W. Bidwell 1937–53 VICE CHAIRMEN OF THE BOARD David W. MacEachron 1972–74 Philip E. Mosely 1955–63 Grayson Kirk 1971–73 John Temple Swing 1972–86 Richard H. Ullman 1973–76 Cyrus R. Vance 1973–76, Alton Frye 1987–93 Abraham F. Lowenthal 1976–77 1985–87 William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987–89 John C. Campbell 1977–78 Douglas Dillon 1976–78 John A. Millington 1987–96 Paul H. Kreisberg 1981–87 Carroll L. Wilson 1978–79 Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1987–93 William H. Gleysteen Jr. 1987–89 Warren Christopher 1987–91 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989–94 Nicholas X. Rizopoulos 1989–94 Harold Brown 1991–92 Karen M. Sughrue 1993–98 Kenneth H. Keller* 1994–95 B. R. Inman 1992–93 Abraham F. Lowenthal 1995–2005 Ethan B. Kapstein 1995–96 Jeane J. Kirkpatrick 1993–94 Janice L. Murray 1995–2002 Kenneth R. Maxwell 1996 Maurice R. Greenberg 1994–2002 David J. Vidal 1995–97 Gary C. Hufbauer 1997–98 Carla A. Hills 2001– Ethan B. Kapstein 1995–96 Lawrence J. Korb 1998–2002 William J. McDonough 2002–2003 Frederick C. Broda 1996–97 Michael P. Peters 2002–2003 Robert E. Rubin 2003– Kenneth R. Maxwell 1996 James M. Lindsay 2003– HONORARY VICE CHAIRMAN Gary C. Hufbauer 1997–98 DIRECTORS OF MEETINGS David Kellogg 1997–2002 Maurice R. Greenberg 2002– Paula J. Dobriansky 1997–2001 George S. Franklin 1949–50 PRESIDENTS Anne R. Luzzatto 1998–2005 William Henderson 1952–54, 1955–56 John W. Davis 1921–33 Lawrence J. Korb 1998–2002 Melvin Conant 1954–55,* George W. Wickersham 1933–36 Elise Carlson Lewis 1999– 1956–57,* Norman H. Davis 1936–44 Robert C. Orr 2002–2003 1957–59 Russell C. Leffi ngwell 1944–46 Irina A. Faskianos 2002– George V.H. Moseley III 1959–62 Allen W. Dulles 1946–50 Lisa Shields 2003– Harry Boardman 1962–69 Henry M. Wriston 1951–64 James M. Lindsay 2003– Zygmunt Nagorski Jr. 1969–78 Grayson Kirk 1964–71 Nancy E. Roman 2004– Marilyn Berger 1978–79 Bayless Manning 1971–77 Suzanne E. Helm 2005– Margaret Osmer-McQuade 1979–93 Winston Lord 1977–85 Nancy D. Bodurtha 2005– Karen M. Sughrue 1993–98 John Temple Swing* 1985–86 EXECUTIVE DIRECTORS Anne R. Luzzatto 1998–2005 Peter Tarnoff 1986–93 Hamilton Fish Armstrong 1922–28 Nancy D. Bodurtha 2005– * Pro-tempore Malcolm W. Davis 1925–27

73 financIAL STATEMENTS

Th e Council’s fi nancial position was enhanced during the Council’s investment portfolio to achieve signifi cant growth fi scal year through generous gifts and pledges for operating in good economic times while buff ering our resources during expenses and endowment, through continued growth in the down markets. Th e Board Committee on Finance and Bud- portfolio, which increased 11 percent over the prior fi scal get, chaired by Michael H. Moskow, oversees the Council’s year, and through growth in other major sources of revenue, budget and fi nances, and, as of July 1, 2006, the Council’s particularly the Corporate Program, which increased 24 per- audit committee is an independent standing committee of cent over fi scal year 2005, and annual giving, which grew 18 the Board, further strengthening fi nancial oversight of the percent over last year. Foreign Aff airs also had an exceptionally institution. strong year; revenues increased 22 percent. Janice L. Murray As always, we are deeply grateful to the Investment Sub- Senior Vice President, Treasurer, committee, chaired by J. Tomilson Hill, for structuring the and Chief Operating Offi cer

STATEMENTS OF FINANCIAL POSITION As of June 30, 2006 and 2005 2006 2005 Assets Cash and cash equivalents (Note 2) $ 7,691,000 $ 3,572,300 Accounts receivable (net of allowance of $113,700 in 2006 and $238,600 in 2005) and prepaid expenses (Note 2) 1,677,100 1,140,100 Grants and contributions receivable (Notes 2 and 4) 2,268,400 2,219,800 Contributions receivable for endowment (Notes 2 and 4) 32,445,900 2,605,500 Inventories (Note 2) 98,200 246,600 Investments (Notes 2 and 3) 208,008,400 187,797,200 Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, net (Notes 2 and 5) 24,455,000 24,478,800 Total assets $276,644,000 $ 222,060,300 Liabilities Accounts payable and accrued expenses (Note 2) $ 4,741,400 $ 4,671,600 Deferred subscription revenue 2,959,300 2,563,300 Accrued postretirement benefi ts (Note 7) 2,230,000 2,037,000 Total liabilities 9,930,700 9,271,900 Commitments (Note 10) Net assets (Notes 2, 8, and 9) Unrestricted 116,907,100 102,460,900 Temporarily restricted 41,766,300 39,129,800 Permanently restricted 108,039,900 71,197,700 Total net assets 266,713,300 212,788,400 Total liabilities and net assets $ 276,644,000 $ 222,060,300

Th e accompanying notes are an integral part of these fi nancial statements.

74 finaNCIAL STATEMENTS

STATEMENT OF ACTIVITIES For the year ended June 30, 2006, with comparative totals for 2005 Restricted 2006 2005 Unrestricted Temporarily Permanently Total Total Operating revenue, support, and reclassifi cations Membership dues (Note 2) $ 4,361,500 $ $ $ 4,361,500 $ 4,396,700 Annual giving 5,031,000 5,031,000 4,277,000 Corporate memberships and related income 6,758,300 65,300) 6,823,600 5,504,200 Meetings 1,000 238,200) 239,200 114,300 International Aff airs Fellowships 59,900) 59,900 85,000 Grants and contributions for Studies 304,000 5,769,200) 6,073,200 3,941,450 Other grants and contributions 168,700 151,900) 320,600 586,300 Foreign Aff airs 7,522,200 7,522,200 6,329,100 Book publication 32,800 32,800 39,900 Investment return used for current operations (Note 3) 817,500 3,873,300) 4,690,800 5,257,200 Rental income 1,204,500 1,204,500 1,324,500 Miscellaneous 267,200 66,000) 333,200 184,450 Total operating revenue and support 26,468,700 10,223,800) 36,692,500 32,040,100 Net assets released from restrictions (Note 8) 9,727,700 (9,727,700) Total operating revenue, support, and reclassifi cations 36,196,400 496,100) 36,692,500 32,040,100 Operating expenses Program expenses: Studies Program 11,916,900 11,916,900 11,000,600 Meetings Program 3,203,800 3,203,800 2,939,200 Special Events 623,000 623,000 609,500 Foreign Aff airs 6,435,700 6,435,700 5,931,700 Book publication 433,200 433,200 383,200 National Program 1,008,700 1,008,700 882,500 Websites 1,275,500 1,275,500 1,042,500 International Aff airs Fellowships 888,000 888,000 456,300 Communications 1,173,500 1,173,500 994,300 Total program expenses 26,958,300 26,958,300 24,239,800 Supporting services: Management and general 5,203,000 5,203,000 4,187,800 Membership 897,700 897,700 1,301,000 Fundraising: Development 788,400 788,400 328,000 Corporate Program 1,225,600 1,225,600 1,224,300 Total fundraising 2,014,000 2,014,000 1,552,300 Total supporting services 8,114,700 8,114,700 7,041,100 Total operating expenses 35,073,000 35,073,000 31,280,900 Excess of operating revenue, support, and reclassifi cations over operating expenses 1,123,400 496,100) 1,619,500 759,200 Nonoperating revenue (Note 2) Investment gain in excess of spending rate (Notes 2 and 3) 13,322,800 2,140,400) 15,463,200 12,843,900 Endowment contributions 36,842,200 36,842,200 3,039,000 Total nonoperating revenue 13,322,800 2,140,400) 36,842,200 52,305,400 15,882,900 Change in net assets 14,446,200 2,636,500) 36,842,200 53,924,900 16,642,100 Net assets, beginning of year 102,460,900 39,129,800) 71,197,700 212,788,400 196,146,300 Net assets, end of year $ 116,907,100 $ 41,766,300) $ 108,039,900 $ 266,713,300 $ 212,788,400

Th e accompanying notes are an integral part of these fi nancial statements.

75 finaNCIAL STATEMENTS

STATEMENTS OF CASH FLOWS For the years ended June 30, 2006 and 2005 2006 2005 Cash fl ows from operating activities: Change in net assets $ 53,924,900) $ 16,642,100) Adjustments to reconcile change in net assets to net cash used in operating activities: Depreciation 1,713,600) 1,555,300) Net realized and unrealized gain on investments (20,170,500) (18,210,800) Bad debt expense 42,800) 36,500) Contributions restricted for investment in endowment (36,842,100) (1,630,200) Changes in operating assets and liabilities: Accounts receivable and prepaid expenses (579,800) 250,900) Grants and contributions receivable (48,600) 1,147,000) Inventories 148,400) (148,100) Accounts payable and accrued expenses 69,800) (72,200) Deferred subscription revenue 396,000) 248,300) Accrued postretirement benefi ts 193,000) 66,000) Net cash used in operating activities (1,152,500) (115,200) Cash fl ows from investing activities: Purchases of building improvements and equipment (1,689,800) (964,600) Purchases of investments (130,226,500) (255,933,500) Proceeds from sales of investments 130,185,800) 255,387,000) Net cash used in investing activities (1,730,500) (1,511,100) Cash fl ows from fi nancing activities: Contributions restricted for investment in endowment 7,001,700) 1,766,900) Net increase in cash 4,118,700) 140,600) Cash and cash equivalents, beginning of year 3,572,300) 3,431,700) Cash and cash equivalents, end of year $ 7,691,000) $ 3,572,300) Supplemental noncash information: Interest paid on capital lease $ 2,700) Supplemental disclosure of noncash investing and fi nancing activities: Equipment acquired under capital lease $ 314,100)

Th e accompanying notes are an integral part of these fi nancial statements.

NOTES TO FINANCIAL STATEMENTS As of and for the years ended June 30, 2006 and 2005

1. ORGANIZATION AND NATURE OF ACTIVITIES Founded in 1921, the Council on Foreign Relations, Inc. (the “Council”), is an independent, national membership organization and a nonpartisan center for scholars dedicated to producing and disseminating ideas so that individual and corporate members, as well as policymakers, journalists, students, and interested citizens in the United States and other countries, can better understand the world and the foreign policy choices facing the United States and other governments. Th e Council, which is headquartered in New York with an offi ce in Washington, DC, does this by convening meetings; conducting a wide-ranging Studies Program; publishing Foreign Aff airs, the preeminent journal covering international aff airs and U.S. foreign policy; maintaining a diverse membership; sponsoring Independent Task Forces; and providing up-to-date information about the world and U.S. foreign policy on the Council’s website, CFR.org. Th e Council is a Section 501(c)(3) not-for-profi t organization exempt from federal income taxes under Section 501(a) of the Internal Revenue Code (the “Code”) and is a publicly supported organization as described in Section 509(a)(1) of the Code. Th e Council is also exempt from state and local income taxes. It is subject to tax on unrelated business income, which has not been signifi cant.

2. SUMMARY OF SIGNIFICANT ACCOUNTING POLICIES Basis of Accounting—Th e fi nancial statements are prepared on the accrual basis. Th e Council adheres to accounting principles generally accepted in the United States of America, which include some specialized requirements described more fully in publications of the Financial Accounting Standards Board and the American Institute of Certifi ed Public Accountants. Cash and Cash Equivalents—Th e Council considers all highly liquid investments purchased with a maturity of three months or less, excluding cash and money market funds held as investment, to be cash equivalents.

76 finaNCIAL STATEMENTS

Investments—Th e Council’s investments in marketable debt and equity securities are classifi ed as available for sale and are recorded at their fair values, which are based on quoted market prices. Donated securities are recorded at their fair market value on the date received using an average of the high and low price on the date received. Interest income is recorded on an accrual basis and dividend income is recorded based on the ex- dividend date. It is Council policy to make an annual investment allocation for the support of operations up to 5 percent of the average market value of investments for the three previous years. Amounts allocated to the unrestricted net asset class are at the discretion of the Council. Amounts allocated to the temporarily restricted net asset class are based on the donor’s stipulation. Th e Council’s investment in hedge funds, which consist of interests in investment limited partnerships and investment companies, are carried as follows: • Th e Council’s investments in investment companies, represented by share ownership, are carried at the aggregate net asset value of the shares held by the Council. Th e net asset value is based on the net market value of the investment company’s investment portfolio as determined by the management of the investment company. • Th e carrying values of investments in investment limited partnerships refl ect the Council’s net contributions to the respective partnerships and its share of realized and unrealized investment income and expenses of the respective partnerships. Investments held by the investment limited partnerships generally are carried at fair value as determined by the respective general partners. Th e Council has the ability to liquidate its investments in limited partnerships only periodically in accordance with the provisions of respective partnership agreements. Th e fair value of certain of the Council’s investments without readily quoted market prices is determined on an estimated basis by the investment managers. Because of the inherent uncertainty of valuation, the values determined by the investment managers may diff er from values that would be used had a ready market for these investments existed, and the diff erences could be material. Land, Buildings and Building Improvements, and Equipment—Th e Council follows the practice of capitalizing expenditures for land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, and generally depreciates these assets on the straight-line basis over their estimated useful lives (see Note 5). Leasehold improvements are capitalized and amortized over the shorter of the period of the lease or the life of the improvements. Th e fair value of donated property and equipment is similarly capitalized and depreciated. Deferred Compensation—Th e Council has deferred compensation arrangements with certain current employees. Investment earnings accrue to the benefi t of the employees. Th e bonus payments and accrued earnings are included in accounts payable and accrued expenses in the fi nancial statements. As of the year ended June 30, 2006, the amount is $168,600. Inventory—Inventory consists of paper that is stored off site and used in the printing of the bimonthly publication Foreign Aff airs. Inventory is stated at the lower of cost (fi rst in, fi rst out method) or market. Net Asset Classifi cations—Th e Council considers all contributions and grants to be available for unrestricted use unless specifi cally restricted by the donor or grantor. Endowment contributions are invested and, pursuant to the Council’s 5 percent spending policy (see Note 2), an investment allocation is made for general purposes (unrestricted) and specifi c program activities (temporarily restricted). In the accompanying fi nancial statements, funds that have similar characteristics have been combined into three net asset classes: unrestricted, temporarily restricted, and permanently restricted. Unrestricted net assets consist of funds that are fully available, at the discretion of management and the Board of Directors, for the Council to utilize in any of its program or supporting services. Temporarily restricted net assets consist of funds that are restricted by donors for a specifi c time period or purpose. When restriction expires (that is, when a stipulated time restriction ends or purpose restriction is accomplished), temporarily restricted net assets are reclassifi ed to unrestricted net assets and reported in the statement of activities as net assets released from restrictions. Permanently restricted net assets consist of funds that must be maintained intact in perpetuity but permit the Council to expend part or all of the income derived from the investment of the donated assets for either specifi ed or unspecifi ed purposes. Support and Revenue—Contributions are recorded when received unconditionally, at their fair value. Gifts received with donor stipulations that limit the use of donated assets are reported as either temporarily or permanently restricted support. When a donor restriction expires, that is, when a time restriction ends or purpose restriction is fulfi lled, temporarily restricted net assets are reclassifi ed as unrestricted net assets and reported in the statement of activities as net assets released from restrictions. It is the Council’s policy to imply a time restriction on gifts of long-lived assets and contributions to be used to acquire long-lived assets in the absence of explicit donor restrictions to that eff ect, using the estimated useful life of the asset. Membership dues are recorded as membership dues revenue in the period in which the dues relate to the member’s duration of membership. Conditional contributions, such as grants with matching requirements, are recognized in the appropriate net asset class when the conditions have been met. Bequests are recognized as receivables at the time unassailable rights to the gifts have been established and the proceeds are measurable. Payments for subscriptions to Foreign Aff airs are recognized as revenue over the period during which the subscriptions are fulfi lled. Allowance for Doubtful Accounts—As of June 30, 2006 and 2005, the Council determined that an allowance for uncollectible accounts of $113,700 and $238,600, respectively, is necessary. Th is determination is based on a combination of factors, such as management’s estimate of the creditworthiness of its members and contributors, a review of individual accounts outstanding, the aged basis of receivable, current economic conditions, and historical experience. Measure of Operations—Th e Council includes in its defi nition of operations all revenues and expenses that are an integral part of its programs and supporting activities, including an authorized investment income allocation and all contributions except for those that are restricted for capital expenditures or have been permanently restricted by donors. Investment income, including net realized and unrealized gains and losses, earned in excess of (or less than) the Council’s aggregate authorized spending amount, contributions for capital expenditures, and contributions to permanently restricted net assets are recognized as nonoperating activities.

77 finaNCIAL STATEMENTS

Use of Estimates—Th e preparation of fi nancial statements in conformity with accounting principles generally accepted in the United States requires management to make estimates and assumptions that aff ect amounts reported in the fi nancial statements and accompanying notes. Actual results could diff er from those estimates. Allocation of Expenses—Th e cost of providing the various programs and the supporting services has been summarized on a functional basis in the statements of activities. Accordingly, certain costs have been allocated by management among the programs and supporting services benefi ted as a percentage of all direct program expenses. Reclassifi cations—Certain 2005 amounts have been reclassifi ed to conform to the 2006 presentation. Th ese reclassifi cations did not aff ect total net assets.

3. INVESTMENTS Th e components of the Council’s long-term investments as of June 30, 2006 and 2005, respectively, are as follows: 2006 2005 Domestic equity securities $ 57,955,100 $ 48,137,100 International equity securities 33,015,200 26,367,600 Foreign and corporate bonds 8,990,800 13,083,500 U.S. government agency obligations 15,502,800 13,019,800 Alternate investments: Equity hedge funds 54,663,900 46,026,300 A Absolute return fund of funds 23,870,100 27,318,500 B Private equity funds 4,029,500 942,500 C Real estate fund of funds 1,524,800 266,400 D Money markets 8,456,200 12,635,500 Total $ 208,008,400 $ 187,797,200 A. Hedge funds are investments in limited partnerships that invest primarily in domestic and international equity securities. Th e hedge funds may also trade various fi nancial instruments with off -balance-sheet risk. Th ese fi nancial instruments include securities sold short and long, option contracts, and foreign currency forward contracts. Such transactions subject the hedge funds and their investors to market risk associated with changes in the value of the underlying securities, fi nancial instruments, and foreign currencies, as well as the risk of loss if a counterparty fails to perform. Th e respective hedge fund managers endeavor to limit the risk associated with such transactions. Th ese instruments do not subject the Council to off -balance-sheet risk. B. Th e absolute return fund of funds is an investment in limited partnership that invests primarily through a diversifi ed group of other funds. Th e goal of the fund is to achieve consistent long-term growth of capital with reduced volatility. Th e underlying assets consist primarily of equity and fi xed-income securities. C. Private equity funds are funds whose purpose is to achieve capital appreciation through investments primarily in foreign and domestic securities of companies that are not publicly traded. D. Th e real estate fund of funds is an investment in a limited partnership that invests in real estate managers pursuing traditional commercial property strategies. Investments, in general, are exposed to various risks, such as interest rate, credit, and overall market volatility. As such, it is reasonably possible that changes in the values of investments will occur in the near term and that such changes could materially aff ect the amounts reported in the statements of fi nancial position and activities. Investment return consists of the following for the years ended June 30, 2006 and 2005: 2006 Temporarily Unrestricted Restricted Total 2005 Dividends and interest (net of invest- ment expenses of $2,561,900 and $2,182,600 in 2006 and 2005, respectively) $ (11,500) $ (4,900) $ (16,400) $ (109,700) Realized gain 6,508,700) 2,768,000) 9,276,7 00) 14,231,200) Unrealized gain 7,643,100) 3,250,600) 10,893,700) 3,869,600) Net realized and unrealized gain 14,151,800) 6,018,600) 20,170,400) 18,210,800) Total return on investments 14,140,300) 6,013,700) 20,154,000) 18,101,100) Investment return used for current operations (817,500) (3,873,300) (4,690,800) (5,257,200) Investment gain in excess of spending rate $ 13,322,800) $ 2,140,400) $ 15,463,200) $ 12,843,900)

4. GRANTS AND CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVABLE AND CONTRIBUTIONS RECEIVABLE FOR ENDOWMENT Receivables consist substantially of promises to give and are due from individuals, corporations, and foundations. Grants and contributions receivable and contributions receivable for endowment as of June 30, 2006 and 2005, respectively, are due to be collected as follows:

78 finaNCIAL STATEMENTS

2006 2005 Amount due in less than one year: Grants and contributions receivable $ 1,555,300) $ 1,442,100) Contributions receivable for endowment 28,094,500) 2, 434,500) Total 29,649,800) 3, 876,600) Amount due in one to fi ve years: Grants and contributions receivable 780,000) 825,000) Contributions receivable for endowment 4,878,100) 184,000) Total 5,658,10 0) 1,009,000)

Gross receivable 35,307,900) 4,88 5,600) Less discount (at rates varying from 2.27% to 5.12%) (593,600) (60,600)

Total net $ 34,714,300) $ 4,825,000)

Th e amortization of pledge discount is refl ected as additional contribution revenue. Th e Council embarked on an endowment campaign in 2006. Contributions totaling $36,100,000 were received in pledges during the year ended June 30, 2006. Included in this total is $26,050,000 in contributions from Board members, of which $26,040,000 was receivable as of June 20, 2006. Th e principal contributions are permanently restricted for the endowment campaign. Th e earnings can be used for general or specifi ed purposes.

5. LAND, BUILDINGS AND BUILDING IMPROVEMENTS, AND EQUIPMENT Land, buildings and building improvements, and equipment, at cost, as of June 30, 2006 and 2005, are summarized as follows: Estimated 2006 2005 Useful Life Land $ 1,854,300) $ 1,854,300) Buildings and building improvements 31,240,200) 30,828,600) 10–55 years Construction in progress 114,000) Equipment 6,208,500) 5,854,400) 3–15 years Total 39,303,00 0) 38,651,300) Less accumulated depreciation (14,848,000) (14,172,500) Total net $ 24,455,000) $ 24,478,800)

Depreciation expense was $1,713,600 and $1,555,300 for the years ended June 30, 2006 and 2005, respectively. During 2006, assets that are fully depreciated were written off in the amount of $1,038,100. Certain long-term leases for equipment are classifi ed as capital leases. Accordingly, such equipment is capitalized and depreciated on a straight-line basis over the life of the lease. Th e corresponding obligation of approximately $306,200 as of June 30, 2006 (included in accounts payable and accrued expenses), under the capital lease represents the present value of the rental payments discounted by the interest rates implicit in the lease agreements of 10.13 percent. Th e obligations are all maturing in 2009. Th e minimum future lease payments subsequent to June 30, 2006, are included in Note 10.

6. RETIREMENT PLAN Th e Council has a defi ned contribution retirement plan covering all employees who meet the minimum service requirements. Payments, which are 12.5 percent of each participant’s salary for employees hired prior to July 1, 1998, and 10 percent for each participant hired after that date, are made to Teachers Insurance and Annuity Association and College Retirement Equities Fund to purchase individual annuities for plan members. Th e expense for the plan was $1,037,400 for 2006 and $977,400 for 2005, respectively. Participants must contribute 2.5 percent of their salaries and have the option to make additional contributions on their own behalf.

7. OTHER POSTRETIREMENT BENEFITS Th e Council provides certain health care and life insurance benefi ts for its retired employees. Employees are eligible for those benefi ts when they meet the criteria for retirement under the Postretirement Plan (the “Plan”). Obligations and funded status as determined as of the end of the year measurement date: 2006 2005 Benefi t obligation, end of year $(3,723,000) $(3,541,000) Net amount recognized in the statements of fi nancial position $(2,230,000) $(2,037,000)

Th e Council funds expenses and benefi t payments as they are incurred annually and has not contributed funds to separate trusteed accounts to fund the accumulated postretirement benefi t obligations. Th e discount rate used to determine the end of year obligation is 6.25 percent and 5.5 percent for the years ended June 30, 2006 and 2005, respectively. Th e postretirement benefi ts paid during the years ended June 30, 2006 and 2005, respectively, were $227,000 and $228,000. Th e postretirement benefi t cost for the years ended June 30, 2006 and 2005, respectively, was $193,000 and $66,000 and was based on actuarial assumptions and a discount rate set as of the beginning of the year. Th e discount rate was 6.5 percent and the projected credit unit method was used for determining benefi ts earned during the year.

79 finaNCIAL STATEMENTS

Assumed health care cost trend rates at June 30: 2006 2005 Health care cost trend rate assumed for next year 8% 9% Rate to which the cost trend rate is assumed to decline 5% 5% Year that the rate reaches the ultimate trend rate 2009 2009 Increasing the assumed medical care cost trend rates by 1 percent in each year would increase the accumulated postretirement benefi t obligation at June 30, 2006, by $42,000. Decreasing the assumed health care cost trend rates by 1 percent would decrease the accumulated postretirement benefi t obligation by $35,000. Th e following postretirement benefi t payments, which refl ect expected future service, as appropriate, are expected to be paid: Year ending June 30, 2007 $ 239,000 2008 242,000 2009 257,000 2010 268,000 2011 271,000 2012–2016 1,377,000 Th e Medicare Prescription Drug, Improvement, and Modernization Act of 2003 (the “Act”) was signed into law in December 2003. Th e Act introduces a prescription drug benefi t under Medicare. Th e Council applied for the subsidy in 2005. Th e accumulated postretirement benefi t obligation was reduced in 2005 by $332,000, with no further impact in 2006.

8. TEMPORARILY RESTRICTED NET ASSETS Temporarily restricted net assets as of June 30, 2006 and 2005, are restricted for the following purposes or time periods: 2006 2005 Studies $ 29,448,900 $ 27,616,100 International Aff airs Fellowships 4,379,600 4,391,800 Next Generation Fellowship 935,500 Meetings 2,123,500 2,331,500 Capital expenditures 4,492,100 4,745,300 Other 386,700 45,100 Total $ 41,766,300 $ 39,129,800

Temporarily restricted net assets were released from restrictions by incurring expenses satisfying the restricted purposes or by the occurrence of other events specifi ed by the donors for the years ended June 30, 2006 and 2005, as follows: 2006 2005 Studies $ 8,309,900 $ 7,248,900 International Aff airs Fellowships 596,400 474,800 Meetings 536,200 514,700 Capital expenditures 260,000 260,000 Other 25,200 11,600 Total $ 9,727,700 $ 8,510,000

9. PERMANENTLY RESTRICTED NET ASSETS Income earned on permanently restricted net assets is available for the following purposes as of June 30, 2006 and 2005: 2006 2005 Studies $ 45,176,200 $ 44,442,700 International Aff airs Fellowships 6,066,200 6,066,200 Meetings 4,686,400 4,681,800 Library 1,021,000 1,021,000 Unrestricted as for use 51,090,100 14,986,000 Total $ 108,039,900 $ 71,197,700

10. COMMITMENTS Th e Council leases certain offi ce facilities and equipment under operating lease arrangements. Th ese leases consist of the Washington, DC, offi ce space and various offi ce equipment rentals. Future minimum payments for capital and noncancelable operating leases as of June 30, 2006, are as follows:

80 finaNCIAL STATEMENTS

Year ending June 30, Real Property Equipment Total 2007 $241,500 $223,300 $1,464,800 2008 241,500 203,600 445,100 2009 — 164,500 164,500 2010 — 17,700 17,700 2011 1,400 1,400 Total $483,000 $610,500 $1,093,500

Rent expense under the operating leases was $241,500 and $280,000 for the years ended June 30, 2006 and 2005, respectively.

81 staff

EXECUTIVE OFFICE CFR.org Richard N. Haass President Michael Moran Executive Editor Janice L. Murray Senior Vice President, Treasurer, Robert McMahon Deputy Editor and Chief Operating Offi cer Bernard Gwertzman Consulting Editor Nita Colaço Special Assistant to the President Lionel Beehner Staff Writer Eva Tatarczyk Executive Assistant to the President Carin Zissis Staff Writer Sara Weeks Special Assistant to the Senior Vice Eben Kaplan Assistant Editor President, Treasurer, and Chief Stephanie Hanson Copy Editor Operating Offi cer WEB MANAGEMENT AND DEVELOPMENT Derek Berlin Research Associate Tom Davey Director Lilita V. Gusts Secretary of the Corporation Cree Frappier Deputy Director Jeff rey A. Reinke Director of Member Relations Ian Crowther Web Producer (New York) and Special Projects Juan-Carlos Sobrino Web Producer Sharon Herbst Assistant Director, Special Projects Leslie H. Gelb President Emeritus and Board STUDIES PROGRAM Senior Fellow DIRECTOR OF STUDIES OFFICE Darren Geist Research Associate to the President Emeritus and Board Senior Fellow James M. Lindsay Vice President, Director of Studies, Elva Murphy Assistant to the President Emeritus Maurice R. Greenberg Chair and Board Senior Fellow Janine Hill Deputy Director of Studies Administration Alton Frye Presidential Senior Fellow Emeritus Jean-Michel Oriol Budget Manager TASK FORCE PROGRAM Amy R. Gunning Assistant Director Lee Feinstein Executive Director Nicole Bruno Program Coordinator Lindsay Workman Assistant Director Jessica Legnos Assistant to the Vice President, Director of Studies FOREIGN AFFAIRS Robert D. Blackwill Counselor EDITORIAL FELLOWS James F. Hoge Jr. Editor, Peter G. Peterson Chair Caroline Atkinson Adjunct Senior Fellow for International Gideon Rose Managing Editor Economics Jonathan D. Tepperman Deputy Managing Editor Richard K. Betts Adjunct Senior Fellow for National Stéphanie Giry Senior Editor Security Studies Daniel Kurtz-Phelan Senior Editor Jagdish N. Bhagwati Senior Fellow for International Kamal Sidhu Assistant Editor Economics Ann Tappert Copy Editor Stephen Biddle Senior Fellow for Defense Policy Rosemary Hartman Assistant to the Editor Max Boot Senior Fellow for National Security Ann Hathaway Coleman Assistant to the Managing Editor Studies Mary Davis Editorial Assistant David Braunschvig Adjunct Senior Fellow for Business and Foreign Policy PUBLISHING Rachel Bronson Adjunct Senior Fellow for Middle East David Kellogg Publisher Studies Lynda Hammes Associate Publisher Jerome A. Cohen Adjunct Senior Fellow for Asia Studies Rohit Reddy Advertising Manager Isobel Coleman Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy Michael Pasuit Senior Account Manager Steven A. Cook Douglas Dillon Fellow Lisa Lau Assistant Manager, Business Development James P. Dougherty Adjunct Senior Fellow for Business Sacha Nana Advertising Coordinator and Foreign Policy Elizabeth Daly Business Manager, Publishing Elizabeth C. Economy C. V. Starr Senior Fellow and Director Michele Larimer Administrative Assistant of Asia Studies Lee Feinstein Senior Fellow for U.S. Foreign Policy COUNCIL PUBLISHING AND WEBSITE and International Law Noah Feldman Adjunct Senior Fellow David Kellogg Senior Vice President and Publisher Charles D. Ferguson Fellow for Science and Technology Elizabeth Daly Business Manager, Publishing Stephen E. Flynn Jeane J. Kirkpatrick Senior Fellow for Michele Larimer Administrative Assistant National Security Studies COUNCIL PUBLISHING Laurie Garrett Senior Fellow for Global Health Patricia Lee Dorff Director Michael J. Gerson Senior Fellow Molly Graham Associate Editor James M. Goldgeier Whitney H. Shepardson Fellow

Note: Staff shown as of August 31, 2006.

82 staff

Douglas Holtz-Eakin Paul A. Volcker Senior Fellow for Michael Bustamante Research Associate International Economics and Director Andrea Crandall Research Associate of the Maurice R. Greenberg Center Erica De Bruin Research Associate for Geoeconomic Studies Jamie Ekern Research Associate Peter B. Kenen Senior Fellow for International John Elliot Research Associate Economics Adam Fleisher Research Associate Roger M. Kubarych Henry Kaufman Adjunct Senior Fellow Jeff rey Friedman Research Associate for International Economics Darren Geist Research Associate and Finance Melanie Gervacio Research Associate Charles A. Kupchan Senior Fellow and Director of Europe Eitan Goldstein Research Associate Studies Robert Harper Research Associate Michael A. Levi Fellow for Science and Technology Riad Houry Research Associate Princeton N. Lyman Adjunct Senior Fellow for Africa Policy Evan Langenhahn Research Associate Studies Brooke Lehman Research Associate Walter Russell Mead Henry A. Kissinger Senior Fellow Joshua Marcuse Research Associate for U.S. Foreign Policy Sara Moller Research Associate William L. Nash General John W. Vessey Senior Fellow Lisa Obrentz Research Associate for Confl ict Prevention and Director Christine Quinn Research Associate of the Center for Preventive Action Divya Reddy Research Associate Vali R. Nasr Adjunct Senior Fellow for Middle Scott Rosenstein Research Associate Eastern Studies Samm Tyroler-Cooper Research Associate Elliot Schrage Adjunct Senior Fellow for Business Andrea Walther Research Associate and Foreign Policy Chad Waryas Research Associate Adam Segal Maurice R. Greenberg Senior Fellow for China Studies Stephen Sestanovich George F. Kennan Senior Fellow for MEETINGS Russian and Eurasian Studies Nancy D. Bodurtha Vice President Elizabeth Adjunct Senior Fellow for Alliance Anastasia M. La Follette Deputy Director Sherwood-Randall Relations Francesco Barbacci Assistant Director Steven Simon Hasib J. Sabbagh Senior Fellow Martina Donlon Program Coordinator for Middle East Studies Jennifer Berlin Program Associate Gene B. Sperling Senior Fellow for Economic Policy Meaghan Mills Program Associate and Director of the Center for Universal Vera Ranola Program Associate Education Monti Burnett Administrative Assistant/Database Benn Steil Senior Fellow and Director Coordinator of International Economics Julia E. Sweig Nelson and David Rockefeller Senior Fellow for Latin America Studies WASHINGTON PROGRAM and Director of Latin America Studies Nancy E. Roman Vice President and Director Ray Takeyh Senior Fellow for Middle Eastern Studies Jacqueline McLaren Deputy Director David G. Victor Adjunct Senior Fellow for Science Miller and Technology Jennifer Golden Associate Director VISITING FELLOWS, 2006–2007 Linda Harsh Associate Director, Washington Offi ce Rachel Peterson Events Manager Joschka Fischer Distinguished Visiting Diplomat Kiersten King Waller Special Assistant to the Vice President Colonel Steven W. Busby USMC Military Fellow and Director Colonel James L. USA Military Fellow Chelsi Stevens Assistant Director, Congress and Creighton U.S. Foreign Policy Captain Th omas J. USN Military Fellow William Kratz Program Coordinator, Congress and Culora U.S. Foreign Policy Colonel John F. Newell USAF Military Fellow Emily McLeod Program Associate Manjeet N. Kripalani Edward R. Murrow Press Fellow Kate Dill Program Assistant, Congress and Karen J. Monaghan National Intelligence Fellow U.S. Foreign Policy Evans J.R. Revere Cyrus R. Vance Fellow in Diplomatic Cristin Koebele Program Assistant, Diplomatic Program Studies Rob Kittleson Program Assistant Stephanie International Aff airs Fellow Andrew Rottas Program Assistant Kleine-Ahlbrandt Celia Belin Guest Fellow Judith Kipper Adviser for Middle East Programs and RESEARCH ASSOCIATES Director of the Energy Security Group Brooke Lehman Research Associate James Bergman Research Associate Howard Brown Assistant to the Senior Fellow for Economic Policy and Director of the Center for Universal Education

83 staff

NATIONAL PROGRAM AND OUTREACH Russell Mardonov Senior Accounting Associate Irina A. Faskianos Vice President Linda Copeland Accounting Associate Marjorie S. Brands Assistant Director Daniel Isanuk Accounts Payable Associate Mason C. Beard Program Coordinator Vera Langley Accounting Associate Heather A. Rehm Program Associate Evanda Butler Accounting Assistant Naureen N. Kabir Program Assistant HUMAN RESOURCES Frank Runyeon Program Assistant Jan Mowder Hughes Director, Human Resources, and Deputy Chief Operating Offi cer CORPORATE AFFAIRS Kerryn Kletter Human Resources Manager, Washington Offi ce David Kellogg Senior Vice President Margot Morey Assistant Director Nancy Yao Maasbach Managing Director Nikki Capellupo Human Resources Generalist Aimee Carter Washington Director Kate Morford Human Resources Assistant Jana Gasn Assistant Director Erika Wool Interdepartmental Program Associate Sue Fernando Corporate Program Coordinator RECEPTION Tara Medeiros Corporate Program Coordinator Isadora Tang Corporate Aff airs Assistant Livia Scott Manager of Reception Services Elizabeth Daly Business Manager, Corporate Aff airs Holly Ellis Receptionist Michele Larimer Administrative Assistant LIBRARY AND RESEARCH SERVICES Lilita V. Gusts Director, Library and Research Services, MEMBERSHIP AND FELLOWSHIP AFFAIRS and Secretary of the Corporation Marcia L. Sprules Deputy Director Elise Carlson Lewis Vice President Michelle Baute Manager, Web Research Sources Katie Baldwin Assistant Director, Term Member Connie M. Stagnaro Research Intranet and Archives Program Coordinator Rita Perakis Program Coordinator Nicholaos Fokas Library Assistant Valentina Barbacci Program Associate Barbara K. Miller Consulting Archivist Kathryn Metcalf Program Associate INFORMATION SERVICES Charles Day Chief Technology Offi cer COMMUNICATIONS AND MARKETING Deepak Trivedi Deputy Director Lisa Shields Vice President Richard Wawzycki Associate Director, Information Services Anya Schmemann Deputy Director and Manager, Website Administration Kathleen Zimmerman Associate Director Albert Andrade Senior Help Desk Technician Brittany Mariotti Communications Coordinator Roberto Osoria Senior Help Desk Technician/ Darin Kingston Assistant to the Vice President Programmer Alice McLoughlin Assistant to the Chief Technology Offi cer Virginia Rolston Parrott Database Manager and Technical DEVELOPMENT Trainer Suzanne E. Helm Vice President Chris Sierra LAN Administrator Betsy Gude Deputy Director SPECIAL EVENTS Jennifer Colletti Development Coordinator Valerie Post Director Lena Moy Gifts Administrator Whitney Booth Senior Special Events Coordinator Jeff rey A. Reinke Director of Member Relations Laura Remmert Special Events Coordinator (New York) and Special Projects FACILITY OPERATIONS Sharon Herbst Assistant Director, Special Projects Neftali Frank Alvarez Director Phil Falcon Deputy Director ADMINISTRATION Ian Noray Facility Services Manager Edwin Santiago Supervisor of Facility Operations Janice L. Murray Senior Vice President, Treasurer, Angel Cordova Facility Operations Assistant and Chief Operating Offi cer Gilbert Falcon Evening Facility Operations Assistant Jan Mowder Hughes Director, Human Resources, and Anthony Ramirez Facility Operations Assistant Deputy Chief Operating Offi cer Curtis Ramsey Evening Facility Operations Assistant Sara Weeks Special Assistant to the Senior Vice Jose Vargas Facility Operations Assistant President, Treasurer, and Chief Lawrence White Facility Operations Assistant, Operating Offi cer Mailroom FINANCE EVENTS MANAGEMENT Peter Tyndale Director Mark Hudson Events Manager J Joseph Maldonado Accounting Manager William Cornell Assistant Events Manager Jennifer Perez Senior Accountant Ashley Jaynes Events Assistant Sigi Silvani Senior Accountant Glen Goldman Audio Visual Technician

84 membership

Th e Council is a national membership organization with mem- required documents are submitted to the Council’s Membership bers divided almost equally among New York City, Washington, Department in a timely manner. Candidates or their nominators DC, and the rest of the country, plus those living overseas. Th e are responsible for securing seconding letters within the guide- Council relies on its members for their active engagement, sub- lines prescribed below. Council members are advised to commit stantive contributions, and support, and counts on its members themselves to supporting a candidacy only when they can fairly to identify and propose qualifi ed individuals for membership. meet the requirements of the process and the expectations of the Membership development eff orts are focused on identifying candidates who depend on them for assistance. Please also note potential Council members from various professions, geographic the following: areas, and racial and ethnic groups, as well as on fi nding quali- u Council membership is restricted to citizens of the United fi ed female candidates. States or permanent residents of the United States who have MEMBERSHIP SELECTION PROCEDURES made application to become citizens. u Members of the Council’s Board of Directors and Member- New members are named twice a year by the Board of Direc- ship Committee are precluded from nominating, seconding, tors, which invites selected men and women to join based on the or writing supporting letters on any candidate’s behalf. recommendations of the Membership Committee. Th e com- u A member who is a spouse, close relative (such as a parent, mittee, which meets twice a year, is composed of fi ve members sibling, cousin, etc.), or near in-law of a candidate may not of the Board and other non-Board members that the committee formally propose or second that candidate for membership in chair appoints. To be considered by the Membership Commit- the Council. Members should also refrain from writing on tee, candidates must be proposed for membership by current behalf of clients. Council members. Th e roster of members is listed at the end of u Members should write only in support of candidates whom this annual report. they know well. Additionally, members are encouraged to At every meeting, the Membership Committee considers make comparative judgments about candidates, where appro- signifi cantly more candidates than there are vacancies. Th us, it is priate. Th e committee also advises members to write no more inevitable that some nominations will appear before the commit- than two letters per round (either one nominating letter and tee on several occasions. Given the high level of the competition, one seconding letter, or two seconding letters). some candidates may never be elected even though they may embody many of the individual qualifi cations outlined below. NOMINATING LETTERS TERM MEMBERSHIP Letters nominating a candidate for consideration by the Mem- bership Committee should be no more than 500 words in In an eff ort to reach out to the next generation of leaders, the length. Please address the following criteria, which have always Board has established a separate Term Membership Commit- been basic to the committee’s consideration of membership tee. Th is committee meets annually in the spring to evaluate candidates: candidates between the ages of 30 and 36 for consideration as fi ve-year term members of the Council. Th e selection process for u Intellectual attainment and expertise; term membership is nearly identical to, although separate from, u Degree of experience, interest, and current involvement in inter- that for life members. Initiated more than thirty years ago, the national aff airs or in other areas aff ecting international aff airs; program has grown to the point where the Board has decided to u Promise of future achievement and service in foreign relations; index the number of term members to no more than 15 percent u Potential contributions to the Council’s work; of the total Council membership. u Desire and ability to participate in Council activities; and u Standing among his or her peers. BECOMING A MEMBER Every candidate for life membership must be formally nomi- SECONDING LETTERS nated in writing by one member and seconded by three other Seconding letters need not be as comprehensive (and should be individuals. To be considered for term membership, candidates no more than 300 words in length) but should amplify why, in must be nominated by one member and seconded by two other the opinion of the writer, a given candidate should be considered individuals. Th e seconding letters do not need to be from Council for Council membership. Th oughtful, candid, and succinct members, but letters from members are strongly encouraged. It comments are far more important in nominating and seconding is recommended that at least one letter from a current or former letters than formal endorsements of candidates. In seconding professional colleague be included. All candidates must complete letters particularly, writers should express why a given candidate a nominee information form, which can be found on the Council’s should be considered for Council membership for reasons be- website, and provide a curriculum vitae or chronological resume. yond the basic criteria above. If foreign-born, the candidate must submit a statement that he Although only three seconding letters are required to complete or she has been naturalized or is a permanent resident who has the application (only two seconding letters for term membership), made formal application for citizenship. All materials should be additional letters may be submitted. Such letters are particularly sent electronically to [email protected]. Emailed letters must helpful to the Membership Committee when they add informa- include an electronic signature or letterhead or must be supple- tion or insights about a candidate not already contained in a previ- mented with a signed hard copy, sent via mail or fax. ous letter. It is strongly recommended, however, that applications contain no more than four seconding letters. RULES AND REGULATIONS All membership nominating and seconding letters A candidate’s nominator bears the chief responsibility for seeing should be emailed as text or Microsoft Word documents to to it that fi ling deadlines for a candidacy are met and that all [email protected].

85 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

DEADLINES and one year for term membership candidates. After the hold Strict observance of deadlines is essential to staff support of the period, the candidate may reactivate the file for consideration. Membership Committee's work, and we request your continu­ The process is entirely one of affirmative selection from the large ing cooperation. The preparation of individual membership files and evolving pool of nominees. The committee and the Board for submission to the Membership Committee is a continuing choose a number of members without prejudice to the candidacies process. Candidates whose files are not completed in time for any of those remaining in the pool. given meeting of the committee have their files carried forward, without prejudice, to the subsequent meeting, but are considered PROFILE OF THE MEMBERSHIP only if completed. NUMBER PERCENTAGE OF MEMBERS OF MEMBERSHIP LIFE MEMBERSHIP LOCATION The deadlines for receipt of all materials for the two yearly meet­ New York Area 1,406 33 Washington, DC, Area 1,292 30 ings of the Membership Committee to consider life membership National/International 1,584 37 candidates are March 1 and October 1. Total 4,282 100 TERM MEMBERSHIP PROFESSION Business 1,367 32 The deadline for receipt of all materials for the annual meeting Professors, Fellows, of the Term Membership Committee to consider term member­ and Researchers 777 18 ship candidates is November 1. Nonprofit 646 15 Government Officials 464 11 NOTIFICATION OF CANDIDATES Lawyers 288 7 All membership candidates and their nominators will receive University and College Administrators 271 notification of the committee's decisions according to the sched­ Correspondents, Journalists, ule below. Seconders of elected candidates will also be notified. and Editors 254 6 Other APPLICATION DEADLINE NOTIFICATION 215 5 Total 4,282 100 Life Membership March 1 June Term Membership November 1 June Life Membership October 1 February Contact for all membership matters and correspondence: Candidates who are unsuccessful at any given meeting remain Elise Carlson Lewis eligible for consideration at a subsequent meeting of the com­ Vice President, Membership and Fellowship Affairs mittee. An application is reactivated when new materials are Council on Foreign Relations received. It is strongly recommended that candidates submit at 58 East 68th Street least one new letter of support, an updated curriculum vitae, and New York, NY 10021 a new nominee information form. If a candidate is not elected Telephone: (212) 434-9400 after two consecutive meetings, the application will be placed on Fax: (212) 434-9801 hold for a period of three years for life membership candidates Email: [email protected]

MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Abramowitz, Michael J. Adelman, Kenneth L. Alford, William P. Aaron, David L. Abramowitz, Morton I. Adler, Allen R. Ali, Mustafa Javed Abbot, Charles S. Abrams, Elliott Aggarwal, Vinod K. Allaire, Paul A. Abbott, Wilder K. Abrams, Stacey Y.f Agnew, Harold M. Allan, Scott Hazzard Jr. Abboud, A. Robert Abshire, David M. Agostinelli, Robert F. Allbritton, Joe L. Abboud, Labeeb M. Aburdene, Odeh F. Ahearn, William E. Allen, J. Michael III Abell, Keith W. Ackerman, Peter Ahern, Stephanie R.f Allen, Jodie T. Abercrombie, Cara L.f Adams, Gordon M. Aidinoff, M. Bernard Allen, Lew Jr. Abercrombie-Winstanley, Adams, Michael F. Ajami, Fouad Allen, Richard V. Gina K. Adams, Robert McCormick Albion, Alexis K.t Allen, William L. Abernethy, Robert John Adams, Timothy Dees* Albright, Madeleine K. Allison, Graham T. Abizaid, John P. Adelman, Carol C. Alderman, Michael H. Allison, Richard C. Alderman, Peter Belmont Almond, Michael A. Aldrich, George H. Alonzo, Anne L. * Elected to membership in 2006. Alter, Jonathan H. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2006. Alexander, Margo N. Note: Membership shown as of August 31, 2006. Alexander, Robert J. Alterman, Jon B.

86 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Altman, Roger C. Aufhauser, David D. Barry, John L. Berger, Marilyna Altman, William C. Augustine, Norman R. Barry, Lisa B. Berger, Samuel R. Altshuler, David Auslin, Michael R. Barry, Nancy M. Berger, Suzanne Alvarado, Donna Maria Auspitz, Josiah Lee Barry, Thomas Corcoran Bergman, Lowell A. Alvarez, Jose E. Ausubel, Jesse H. Barshefsky, Charlene Bergsten, C. Fred Alvarez, Kira M. Avedon, John F. Bartholomew, Reginald Berkley, Seth F. Alving, Amy E. Avery, John E. Bartlett, Joseph W. Berkowitz, Bruce D. Amador, Angelo I. Awuah, Patrick G. Jr. Bartlett, Timothy J. Berman, Howard L. Amanat, Omar S. Axelrod, Robert M. Bartok, Kirsten Leigh Berman, John S. Amerine, Jason L. Ayers, H. Brandt Bartsch, David A. Bernard, Kenneth W. Amlani, Ajay Kishan Ayres, Alyssa C. Basek, John T Berndt, John E. Amos, Deborah Susan Azim, Khalid Basora, Adrian A. Bernstein, David Scott Amr, Hady A. Bass, Gary J. Bernstein, Peter W. Andelman, David A. B Bass, Peter E. Bernstein, Robert L. Andersen, Harold W. Babbitt, Bruce Bass, Warren Bernstein, Tom A. Anderson, Craig B. Babbitt, Eileen F. Bates, Pamela M. Berresford, Susan Vail Anderson, Desaix Babbitt, Harriet C. Batkin, Alan R. Berris, Jan Anderson, Edward G. Ill Bacchus, James L. Bator, Francis M. Berrv, Elizabeth Clay Anderson, Gloria B. Bacevich, Andrew J.* Battaglia, Charles C. Bersin, Alan D. Anderson, John B. Bacon, Kenneth H. Baxter, Randolph Bertini, Catherine Ann Anderson, Lisa Bader, William B. Bayh, Evan Bertsch, Gary K. Anderson, Mark A. Baer, Donald A. Bean, Frank D. Beshar, Peter J. Anderson, Paul F. Baeza, Mario L. Bearg-Dyke, Nancy Bessie, Simon Michael Anderson, Wendy R.f Bagley, Elizabeth Frawley Beattie, Richard I. Bestani, Robert M. Andreas, Terry Lynn Bailey, Ronald Lewis* Beatty, Warren Bestor, Theodore C. Andrews, David R. Bains, Leslie E. Becherer, Hans W. Betts, Richard K. Andrews, Michael A. Baird, Peter W. Becker, Elizabeth H. Beutner, Austin M. Angelson, Mark A. Baird, Zoe Beckler, David Z. Bewkes, Jeffrey L. Ansour, M. Michael Baker, Howard H. Jr. Bedrosian, Gregory R. Beyzavi, Kian Anthoine, Robert Baker, James A. Ill Beeman, Richard E. Bhala, Raj Anthony, John Duke Baker, John R. Begel, Andrea D. Bhatia, Karan K. Aossey, Nancy A. Baker, Nancy Kassebaum Behringer, Michael P. Bialkin, Kenneth J. Apgar, David P. Baker, Pauline H. Beim, David O. Bialos, Jeffrey P. Aponte, Mari Carmen Baker, Stewart A. Beim, Nicholas F Bickford, Jewclle Appenteng, Kofi Baker, Thurbert E. Bekavac, Nancy Yavor* Biddle, George C. Appiah, Kwame Anthony Bakhash, Shaul Belfer, Robert A. Biegun, Stephen Edward Applebaum, Anne E. Bakstansky, Peter Belk, Peter I. Biel, Eric R. Apter, David E. Balaran, Paul Bell, Burwell B. Biemann, Betsy Arcos, Cresencio S. Baldwin Moody, Carol Bell, Gordon P. Bienen, Henry S. Arend, Anthony Clark Baldwin, David A. Bell, Jonathan N. Bierlev, John C. Arkin, Stanley S. Baldwin, Robert Edward Bell, Joseph C. Biersteker, Thomas J. Armacost, Michael H. Baldwin, Sherman Bell, Mack Biggs, John H. Armstrong, Anne L. Bales, Carter F. Bell, Peter Dexter Billig, Michelle N. Armstrong, C. Michael Balick, Kenneth Bell, Robert G. Billingsley, Lucy C. Armstrong, Lloyd Jr. Baliles, Gerald L. Bell, Ruth Greenspan Bindenagel, James D. Arnhold, Henry H. Ballou-Aares, Daniella Bell, Steve Binkley, Nicholas Burns Arnold, Millard W Balstad, Roberta Bell, Thomas D. Jr. Binnendijk, Hans Aron, Adam M. Band, Laurence M. Bellamy, Carol Birdsall, Nancy Aronson, Bernard W. Bandler, Donald K. Bellinger, John B. Ill Birkelund, John P. Aronson, Jonathan David Barber, Benjamin R. Bello, Judith H. Birnbaum, Eugene A. Arsenian, Deana* Barber, Charles F. Bell-Rose, Stephanie K. Bishop, Sanford D. Jr. Arsht, Adrienne Barber, James Alden Bender, Gerald J. Bishop, William B. Art, Robert J. Bardel, William G. Benedict, Kennette M. Bissell, Richard E. Arthurs, Alberta Barger, Teresa C. BeniofF, Marc R.* Black, Cathleen P. Artigiani, Carole Barkan, Joel D. Benmosche, Robert H. Black, Joseph E. Asencio, Diego C. Barkey, Henri J. Bennet, Douglas J. Black, Leon D. Asian, Rezat Barnes, Harry G. Jr. Bennett, Andrew Owen Black, Shirley Temple Asmus, Ronald D. Barnes, Michael D. Bennett, Christina A* Black, Stanley Warren Assousa, George E. Barnett, F. William Bennett, Susan J. Blackburn, Leigh J. Atkins, Benjamin A. Barnett, Robert B.* Benshoof, Janet Blacker, Coit D. Atkins, Betsy S. Barod, Raenu Benson, Lucy Wilson Blackwell, J. Kenneth Atkinson, Caroline* Bercuter, Douglas K. Blackwill, Robert D. Atwood, J. Brian Barrett, Barbara McConnell Bergen, Peter Lampert Blake, Robert O. Auer, James E. Barrett, John Adams Berger, Joshua Adam* Blank, Jonah Barry, Grace

87 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Blank, Stephen Bowker, David William Brown, Frederic J. Calabia, Dawn T. Blechman, Barry M. Bowles, Erskine B. Brown, Gwendolyn A. Calabia, F Christopher Bleich, Jeffrey L. Bowman, Bradley L. Brown, Harold Calabresi, Massimo FT. Bleier, Edward Bowman, Frank Lee Brown, Katherine A. Calder, Kent Eyring Blendon, Robert Jay Bowyer, Elizabeth C.f Brown, Kathleen Caldera, Louis E. Blinder, Alan S. Boyd, Charles Graham Brown, Leon Carl Caldwell, Dan Blinken, Alan John Boyer, Spencer Phipps Brown, Lester R. Caldwell, Philip Blinken, Antony J. Bracken, Paul Brown, Michael E. Calhoun, Craig J. Blinken, Donald Brademas, John Brown, Richard P. Jr. Califano, Joseph A. Jr. Bliss, Katherine E. Bradford, ZebB. Jr. Brown, Seyom Calkins, Samuel L. Bloch, Julia Chang Bradley, Bill Browning, David S. Callaghy, Thomas M. Bloom, Alyse Nelson Bradley, David G* Bruce, Judith Callander, Robert J. Bloom, David A. Bradley, William L. Brun, Leslie A. Callen, Michael A. Bloom, Evan T. Brady, Linda Parrish Bryan, Greyson L. Calleo, David Patrick Bloom, Mia M. Brady, Nicholas F. Bryant, Michael E. Cambria, Salvatore F. Bloomberg, Michael R. Brady, Rose Bryant, Ralph C. Camner, Danielle D. Bloomfield, Lincoln R Brainard, Lael Bryson, John E. Camp, Roderic Ai Bloomfield, Richard J. BramlettJeffG.t Brzezinski, Mark F. Campbell, Carolyn Margaret Bloomgaiden, Kathy Finn Bramwell, Elizabeth R. Brzezinski, Zbigniew Campbell, Colin G. Blum, Richard C. Branch, Daniel H. Buaron, Roberto* Campbell, David Arthur Blumenthal, Sidney S. Branscomb, Lewis M. Buchman, Mark Edward Campbell, F. Gregory Blumenthal, W. Michael Branson, Louise Buckberg, Elaine Campbell, Kurt M. Blumrosen, Alexander Bernet Braswell, Kimberly G. Bueno de Mesquita, Bruce Campbell, Thomas J. Bob, Daniel E. Brauchli, Marcus W. Buergenthal, Thomas Cannella, Margaret Bobbitt, Philip Chase Braunschvig, David Bugliarello, George Caperton, William Gaston III Bodansky, Daniel M. Brazeal, Aurelia E. Bullock, Mary Brown Cappello, Juan Carlos Bode, Ken A. Breck, Henry R. Bumpas, Stuart Maryman Caputo, David A. Bodea, Andy S. Breed, Henry Eltinge III Bunzel, Jeffrey H. Caputo, Lisa M. Boelhouwer, Pieter James Bremer, L. Paul III Burand, Deborah K. Carbonell, Nestor T Alexander Bremmer, Ian A. Burgess, John A. Cardenas, Jose A. Bogert, Carroll R. Breslauer, George William Burke, Cody D. Carey, John Bohen, Frederick M. Brewer, John D. Burke, James E. Carey, Sarah C. Bohlen, Avis T. Breyer, Chloe A. Burnham, Christopher Carey, William P. Breyer, Stephen G. Cari, Joseph A. Jr. Bohn.John A. Bancroft* Bridgett, Sundaa Ayo Carl, Maria L. Boiling, Landrum R. Burnley, James H. IV Briger, Peter L. Jr. Carlos, Manuel Luis Bollinger, Lee C. Burns, Patrick Owen Brigety, Reuben E. II Carlson, Scott A. Bolton, John R. Burns, R. Nicholas Brimmer, Andrew F. Carlucci, Frank C. Bond, Robert D. Burns, William F. Brimmer, Esther Diane Carmel, David A. Bondurant, Amy L. Burns, William J. Brinkley, Douglas G. Carmichael, William D. Bonime-Blanc, Andrea Burrows, Mathew Britt, David V.B. Carnesale, Albert Bonner, Robert C* Burt, Richard R. Britt, Glenn A. Carone, Christa B. Bonney, J. Dennis Burton, Daniel F Jr. Britton, Dennis A. Carothers, Thomas Booker, Cory A. Busby, Joshua W. Broad, Robin Carpenter, Ted Galen Booth, Bruce L. Jr. Bush, Jonathan S. Broadman, Harry G. Booth, Carter Bush, Mary K. Can, John W. Brod, Laura M.f Carrington, Walter C. Boren, David L. Bush, Richard C. Ill* Broda, Frederick C. Carroll, J. Speed Borio, Luciana L. Bushner, Rolland H. Brodsky, William J. Carroll, Katherine Mooney Bork, Ellen E. Bussev, John C. Brody, Christopher W Carruth, Reba Anne Boschwitz, Rudv Butler, Paul W. Brody, Kenneth D. Carson, Charles William Jr. Bosco, David Lyndon Butler, Samuel C. Brokaw, Tom Carson, Johnnie Bosworth, Stephen W. Butler, William J. Bronfman, Edgar M. Carswell, Robert Bottsjohn C. Buultjens, Ralph Bronner, Ethan S. Carter, Ashton B. Boufford, Jo Ivey Buxbaum, Richard M. Bronson, Rachel Carter, Barry E. Bouis, Antonina W. Buyske, Gail Brookins, Carole L. Carter, Hodding III Boulware-Miller, Kay Byrd, KahlilJ. Brooks, Risa A. Carter, James Earl Bouton, Marshall M. Byrne, Patrick M. Bovin, Denis A. Brooks, Stephen G. Carter, James H. Bowen, William G. Brower, Charles N. Carter, Mark Andrew Bower, Joseph Lyon Brown, Alice Lynn Carter, Marshall Nichols Cabot, Louis W. Bower, Whitney A. Brown, Bartram S. Casebeer, William David Cabranes, Jose A. Bowie, Robert R. Brown, Carroll Casper, Gerhard Caceres, Diane Alleva Cassel, Douglass W. Jr. Caesar, Camille M. Castelblanco, Davidt * Elected to membership in 2006. Cahill, Kevin M. Cattarulla, Elliot R. fElected to five-year term membership in 2006. Cann, Anne Hessing

88 MEMBERSH [ P ROSTER

Catto, Henry E. Chung, Christine K. Coll, Alberto R. Crippen, Dan L. Caufield, Frank J. Churchill, Buntzie Ellis Collins, Jay* Crittenden, Ann Caulfield, Matthew P. Cirincione, Joseph Collins, Joseph J. Crocker, Bathsheba N. Cavanagh, Richard Edward Clapp, Priscilla A. Collins, Mark M. Jr. Crocker, Chester A. Cavanaugh, Carey Clarida, Richard H. Collins, Timothy C. Croft, Helima L.t Cave, Ray Charles Clark, Dick Collins, Wayne Dale Cromwell, Adelaide McGuinn Celeste, Richard F. Clark, J. H. Cullum Comstock, Philip E. Jr. Cross, Devon G. Cerjan, Paul G. Clark, Mark Edmond Conaton, Erin C. Cross, June V. Cha, Victor D. Clark, Noreen M. Conde, Cesar R. Cross, Mary S. Chacho, Tania Marie Clark, Wesley K. Condit, Philip M. Cross, Sam Y. Chadda, Maya Clark, William Jr. Cone, Sydney M. Ill Cross, Theodore Challenor, Herschelle S. Clarke, Donald C. Conlev, Dalton Crossette, Barbara Chambers, Anne Cox Clarke, Jack G. Conley, Jill G. Crow, Michael M. Chambers, Liza B. Clarke, Teresa Hillary Connelly, Matthew James Crowe, William J. Chamie, Joseph* Clark-Johnson, Susan J.* Conners Petersen, Leila Anne Crowley, Monica Elizabeth Chan, Gerald L. Clarkson, Lawrence W. Connolly, Gerald E. Crown, Lester Chan, Ronnie C. Claussen, Eileen B. Connor, John T Jr. Cruz, Heidi S.f Chan, Tungt Clavel, Alex B.f Considine, Jill M. Crystal, Lester M. Chandrasekaran, Rajiv A. Clement, Peter A. Constable, Pamela Cukier, Kenneth Neil Chang, David C. Clemetson, Lynette Conway, Jill Cullum, Lee Chang, Gareth CG. Cleveland, Harlan Cook, Frances D. Cumming, Alfred Chang, Juju Cleveland, Peter Matthews Cook, Gary M. Cumming, Christine M. Chang-Robbins, Joyce Clifford, Donald K. Jr. Cooke, Goodwin Cummings, Alexander B. Jr. Chanin, Clifford Clifford, Mark Lambert* Cooke, John F. Cummings, Craig P. Chanis, Jonathan A. Cline, William R. Cooley, Alexander Anthony Cuneo, Donald Chao, Amy L. Clinger, William F. Jr. Coombe, George William Jr. Cunningham, James B. Chao, Angela A.f Clinton, William Jefferson Coon, Jane Abell Cunningham, Nelson W. Chao, Elaine L. Cloherty, Patricia M. Coon, Kiersten Todtt Curley, Walter J.P Jr. Charles, Robert Bruce Cloonan, Edward T Cooney, Joan Ganz Curran, Robert T Charnovitz, Steve Clough, Michael Cooper, Charles A. Currie, Kelley E. Charpie, Robert A. Coatsworth, John H. Cooper, James H.S. Curtis, Charles B. Chartener, Robert Cobb, Charles E. Jr. Cooper, John Milton Jr. Curtis, Gerald L. Chase, Anthony R. Cobb, Sue McCourt Cooper, Kathleen B. Cutler, Walter L. Chatterjee, Purnendu Cobb, Tyrus W. Cooper, Kerry Cutshaw, Kenneth A. Chaves, Robert J. Cochran, Barbara S. Cooper, Laura K. Cutter, W. Bowman Chayes, Antonia Handler Coffey, C. Shelby III Cooper, Richard N. Cyr, Arthur I. Checki, Terrence J. Coffey, Joseph I. Cooper, Scott A. Chen, John S. Cogan, Charles G. Corbet, Kathleen A. Chen, Kimball C. Cogan, Jacob Katz Corcoran, Carole A. Daalder, Ivo H. Chen, Philip D. CogbillJohnP. Cornelius, Wayne A. Dady, Teresa Gail Chenault, Kenneth I. Cohen, Abby Joseph Cornell, Henry Dahm, Evelyn Pignatari Chenev, Richard B. Cohen, Ariel Cortez, Christopher Dailev, Brian D. Chenev, Stephen A. Cohen, Benjamin J. Cott, Suzanne Dajani, Omar M. Cherian, Saj* Cohen, Betsy Cotter, William R. Dal Bello, Michael A. Chesler, Ellen Cohen, Eliot A. Couric, Katherine A. Dale, Helle Cheston, Sheila C. Cohen, Herman J. Courtney, William Dale, William B. Cheung, Chih T.f Cohen, Jerome Alan Cousens, Elizabeth M. Daley, William M. Chichester, Mark H. Cohen, Joel E. Covey, Jock Dallara, Charles H. Chickering, A. Lawrence Cohen, Paul H. Cowal, Sally Grooms Dalley, George Albert Choi, Audrev Cohen, Richard M. Cowan, Geoffrey Dallmeyer, Dorinda G Chollet, Derek H. Cohen, Roberta Jane Cowan, L. Gray Dalton, James E. Cholmondeley, Paula H.J. Cohen, Shelley H. Cowen, Leslee N.f Dam, Kenneth W. Chomiak, Theodora Cohen, Stephen Bruce Cowhey, Peter F Dam, Marcia Wachs Cohen, Stephen F Cox, Edward F Bohachevsky DAmato, Alfonse M. Cohen, Stephen S. Cox, Howard E. Jr. Choucri, Nazli Damrosch, Lori Fisler Cohen, Warren I. Coy, Craig P. Christensen, Aimec R. Danforth, William H. Cohen, William S. Crahan, Margaret E. Christensen, Guillermo Daniel, D. Ronald Colby, Jonathan E. Crandall, Russell C.f Santiago Daniel, Donald C.F. Cole, Johnnetta B. Craner, Lome W. Christensen, Stan F. Danilovich, John J. Cole, Jonathan R. Crawford, John F. Christensen, Thomas J. Danin, Robert M. Coleman, Isobel Crawford, Timothy W. Christenson, Michael J* Danner, Mark D. Coleman, Lewis W. Crebo-Rediker, Heidi E. Christianson, Geryld B. Daschle, Thomas Andrew* Coleman, William T Jr. Crcekmore, Marion V. Jr. Christman, Daniel William DaSilva, Russell J. Coles, Julius E. Crichton, Kyle Christopher, Warren David, Jack

89 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Davidson, Ralph Parsons Dergham, Raghida Donohue, Thomas J. Sr. Eberle, William D. Davis, Christina L. Deri, Christopher Alan Doran, Charles F. Eberstadt, Nicholas Davis, Florence A. Derian, Patricia Murphy Dormandy, Xenia B.M. Echols, Marsha A. Davis, Geoffrey C* Derr, Kenneth T. Dorsen, Norman Eck, Bailey Morris Davis, Jacquelyn K. Derrick, James V. Jr. Dory, Amanda Jean Economy, Elizabeth C. Davis, Jerome Derryck, Vivian Lowery Doty, Grant R. Ecton, Donna R. Davis, Kathryn W. Desai, Mitul I.f Doty, Paul M. Jr. Eddleman, Linda Hiniker Davis, Kim Gordon Desai, Padma Dougan, Diana Lady Eddy, Randolph P. Ill Davis, Lynn E. Desai, Rohit M. Dougherty, James P. Edclman, Gerald M. Davis, Marion Thomas* Desai, Sunil B.f Douglas, Michael Edelman, Marian Wright Davis, Nathaniel Desai, Vishakha N. Douglass, Loren Edclman, Richard Winston Davis, Stephen B. Desch, Michael C* Douglass, Robert R. Edington, Mark D.W Davison, Kristina Perkin DcShazer, MacArthur Dowling, John Nicholas Edley, Christopher Jr. Davison, W. Phillips DeSouza, Patrick J. Doyle, Michael W. Edwards, George C. Ill Dawisha, Karen Lea Despres, Gina H. Doyle, Noreen* Edwards, Howard Dawkins, Peter M. Destler, I. M. Draper, William H. Ill Edwards, Mickey Dawson Carr, Marion M. Deutch, John Drayton, William Edwards, Robert H. Dawson, Christine L. Deutch, Shelley Dreier, David T. Edwards, Robert H. Jr. Dawson, Horace G. Jr. DeVecchi, Robert P. Drell, Sidney D. Effron, Blair Day, Arthur R. Devine, C. Maury Drew, Elizabeth Efros, Laura L. Days, Drew Saunders III Devine, John J. Dreyfuss, Joel Eggers, Thomas E. de Borchgrave, Arnaud Devine, Thomas J. Dreyfuss, Richard S. Eichengreen, Barry J. de Habsburgo, Inmaculada DeYoung, Karen J. Drezner, Daniel W Eikenberry, Karl de Janosi, Peter E. Diamond, Michael W. Drobnick, Richard Lee Eilts, Hermann Frederick de Lasa, Jose M. Diaz, Charley L. Drozdiak, William M. Einaudi, Luigi R. de Menil, George DiCasagrande, Rita L.f Drucker, Joy E. Einhorn, Jessica P. de Menil, Joy Alexandra* Dickey, Christopher S. Drucker, Richard A. Einhorn, Robert J. de Menil, Lois Pattison Dickinson, Laura A. Druyan, Ann Eisenbeis, Keri de Rothschild, Lynn Forester Dicks, Norman D. Dryden, Ray N. Jr. Eisendrath, Charles R. de Swaan, Jean-Christophc Dickson-Horton, Valerie L. Duberstein, Kenneth M. Eizenstat, Stuart E. de Vries, Rimmer Didion, Joan Dubin, Seth H. Elden, Richard De, Rajesh Diehl, Jackson K. DuBrul, Stephen M. Jr. Elder, Christine A. Deagle, Edwin A. Jr. Dilcnschneider, Robert L. Duelfer, Charles A. Elliott, Dorinda Dean, Jonathan DiMartino, Rita Duersten, Althea L. Elliott, Inger McCabe Dean, Robert W. Dimon, James Duffey, Joseph D. Elliott, Osborn Dear, Alice M. Dine, Thomas A. Duffie, David A. Ellis, James Reed Debevoise, Eli Whitney II Dinerstein, Robert C. Duffy, Gloria Charmian Ellis, Mark S. Debs, Barbara Knowles Dinkins, David N. Duffy, James H. Ellis, Patricia Debs, Richard A. DiPerna, Paula DuGan, Gordon F* Ellis, Rodney DeBusk, F. Amanda Dirks, Nicholas Bernard* Duggan, Timothy E. Ellison, Keith Paty DeCrane, Alfred C. Jr. Distlerath, Linda M. Duke, Robin Chandler Ellsberg, Daniel Decyk, Roxanne J. Diuk, Nadia Dulany, Peggy Ellsworth, Robert F. Dedrick, Fred T. Djerejian, Edward P. Dunbar, Charles F. Elson, Edward E. Deeks, Ashley S. Dobbins, James F. Duncan, Charles William Jr. Ely-Raphel, Nancy Halliday Deffenbaugh, Ralston H. Jr. Dobriansky, Paula J. Duncan, Graham A.* Embree, Ainslie T. DeGioia, John J. Doctoroff Daniel L. Dunigan, Patrick Andrew Emerson, John B. Dehgan, Alex O.f Dodd, Christopher J. Dunkerley, Craig G. Enders, Barbara Pillsbury Deibel, Terry L. Doebele, Justin W. Dunlop, Joan B. Ensor, David B. Del Rosso, Stephen J. Doerge, David J. Dunn, Kempton Entwistle, L. Brooks Deming, Rust Macpherson Doi, Ayako Dunn, Lewis A. Epstein, Jason Dempsey, Jason K. Doley, Harold E. Jr. Dunn, Michael M. Epstein, Jeffrey Deng, Francis M. Domingucz, Jorge I. Dur, Philip A. Epstein, Joshua M. Dcnham, Robert E. Donahue, Thomas R. Durkin, Patrick J. Erb, Guy F. Denison, Robert J. Donaldson, Robert H. Dworkin, Douglas A. Erb, Richard D. Dennis, Everette E. Donaldson, William H. Dyer, James W* Erbsen, Claude E. Denny, Brewster C. Donatich, John E. Dyson, Esther Erburu, Robert F Denoon, David B.H. Donehoo, Stephen C. Ercklentz, Alexander T. Denton, Hazel Donfried, Karen Erika Erdmann, Andrew P.N. Denton, James S. Donilon, Thomas E. Erskine, Matthew Scott Dentzer, Susan Donohue, Douglas S. Eagleburger, Lawrence S. Ervin, Clark Kent DePoy, Phil E. Donohue, Laura K. Earle, Ralph II Esfandiari, Haleh East, Maurice A. Esserman, Susan G. Eastman, John Lindner Estabrook, Robert H. * Elected to membership in 2006. Easum, Donald B. Esty, Daniel C. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2006. Eberhart, Ralph E.

90 4 I P ROSTER

Etzioni, Amitai Finkelstein, Lawrence S. , Fox, Eleanor M. Gaer, Felice D. Evans, Gail H. Finley, Sonya L. Fox, Merritt Baker Gaines, James R. Evans, Harold M. Finn, Edwin A. Jr. Foxman, Abraham H.* Galbraith, Evan G. Finnemore, Martha Fraga Neto, Arminio Galbraith, Peter W. Finney, Paul B. Franck, Thomas M. Gallagher, John P. Fabian, Larry L. Firestone, Charles M. Francke, Albert Gallagher, Lacey Wingham Factor, Elizabeth Firmage, Edwin B. Frank, Andrew D. Gallucci, Robert L. Factor, Mallory Fisch, Mark Frank, Charles R. Jr. Galper, Joshua P. Fairbanks, Richard Fischbach, Gerald D. Frank, Richard A. Galvis, Sergio J. Fairman, David M. Fischer, Betsy Frankel, Adam B. Ganguly, Sumit Falco, Mathea Fischer, Stanley Frankel, Francine R. Gann, Pamela B. Falk, Pamela S. Fisher, Julie Ann Frankel, Jeffrey A. Gannon, John C. Falk, Richard A. Fisher, Peter R. Franklin, Barbara Hackman Ganoe, Charles S. Fallon, Robert E. Fisher, Richard W. Franklin, William Emery Gantcher, Nathan Fallows, James Fisher, Roger D. Fravel, M. Taylor Garber, Larry A. Fanton, Jonathan Foster Fishlow, Albert Frazier, Kenneth C. Garcia, Marlen Farer, Tom J. Fisk, Daniel W. Fredman, Jonathan M. Garcia-Passalacqua, Juan M. Farkas, Evelyn N. Fitchett, Mercedes Carmela Freedman, Alix M. Gard, Robert G. Jr. Farman-Farmaian, Elizabeth Fitts, Sarah A.W. Freeman, Bennett Gardels, Nathan P. Worley FitzGerald, Frances Freeman, Constance J. Gardner, Anthony Laurence Farmer, Thomas L. Fitzgibbons, Harold E. Freeman, Harry L. Gardner, James A. Farrar, Jay C. Fitzgibbons, John B. Freidheim, Cyrus F. Gardner, Nina Luzzatto Farrar, Stephen Prescott Fitz-Pegado, Lauri J. Freidheim, Stephen C. Gardner, Richard N. Flaherty, Martin S.* Farrell, Diana* Frelinghuysen, Peter H.B. Garment, Suzanne R. Flaherty, Pamela Faskianos, Irina A. Frey, Donald N. Garnett, Sherman Flaherty, Peter Fassler, Matthew J. Frey, Howard A. Garrett, Johnson Flanagan, Stephen J. Fawaz, Leila Freyer, Dana H. Garten, Jeffrey E. Flanigan, Peter M. Fazal, Tanisha M. Fribourg, Paul J. Garthoff, Raymond L. Fleischmann, Alan H. Fcigenbaum, Evan A. Fried, Edward R. Garwin, Richard L. Fleming, Gregory J.* Feinberg, Jared A.f Friedberg, Aaron Louis Gaston, Patricia E. Flom, Joseph H. Feinberg, Richard E. Friedman, Alexander Stephen* Gates, Henry Louis Jr. Flournoy, Michele A. Feiner, Ava S. Friedman, Bart Gates, Philomene A. Flynn, George J. Feingold, Catherine Lynne Friedman, Benjamin M. Gates, Robert M. Flynn, Stephen E. Feinstein, Dianne Friedman, Fredrica S. Gati, Charles Fn'Piere, Patrick John Feinstein, Lee Friedman, Jordana D. Gati, Toby Trister Feissel, Gustave Fogleman, Ronald R. Foglesong, Robert H. Friedman, Stephen Gaudiani, Claire L. Feist, Samuel H. Friedman, Stephen J. Gause, F Gregory III Feith, Douglas J. Foley, C. Fritzf Foley, S. Robert Jr. Friedman, Thomas L. Gavin, Francis J.* Feldman, Mark B. Frieman, Wendy Gavin, Michelle D. Feldman, Noah Foley, Thomas S. Folsom, George A. Friend, Theodore W. Gawronski, Joseph C.f Feldstein, Martin S. Frist, William H. Gay, Catherine Ferguson, Charles H. Fontaine, Richard H. Jr. Fonts, Carlos E. Froman, Michael B.G. Gayle, Helene D. Ferguson, James L. Fromkin, David Gedmin, V. Jeffrey Ferguson, Roger W. Jr. Foote, Edward T II Forbes, Kristin J. Fromm, Joseph Geertz, Clifford Ferguson, Tim W. Frost, Ellen L. Geier, Philip O. Fernandez, Jose W. Ford, Gerald R. Ford, Paul B. Jr. Frucher, Kate I. Geithner, Peter F Ferrari, Frank E. Fry, Earl H. Geithner, Timothy F. Ferraro, Geraldine A. Fore, Henrietta Holsman Frye, Alton Gelb, Bruce S. Ferre, Antonio Luis Fortran, Shepard L. Fudge, Ann M. Gelb, Leslie H. Ferre, Helen Aguirre Forrest, Michelle R. Fukushima, Glen S. Gellert, Michael E. Ferre, Maurice A. Forrester, Jason William Fukuyama, Francis Gellman, Barton Fesharaki, Fereidun Forstmann, Theodore J. Fuld, RichardS. Jr. Gell-Mann, Murray Fessenden, Hart Forsythe, Rosemarie Fuller, Jacquelline Cobb Gelpern, Anna Fessenden, Helen Fosler, Gail D. Fuller, Kathryn S. George, Robert P. Fiedler, Jeffrey L. Foss, Michelle Michot Fuller, William P. Georgescu, Peter Andrew Fields, Bertram H. Foster, Badi Garrett* Fung, Victor K. Gephardt, Richard A. Fields, Craig I. Foster, Brenda Lei Furlaud, Richard Mortimer Gerber, Burton L. Fife, Eugene V. Foster, Charles C. Furman, Gail Gerber, Louis Filippone, Desiree Geneva Foster, Richard N. Futter, Ellen V. Gergen, David R. Filippone, Robert J. Fourquet, Jose A. Gerhart, Gail M. Findakly, Hani K. Fowler, Jeffrey L. G Fine, Joshua Adam Fowler, Wyche Jr. Germain, Adrienne Finelli, Francis A. Fox, Daniel M. Gaddis, John Lewis Gerschel, Patrick A. Fink, Sheri L. Fox, Donald T Gadiesh, Orit B. Gershman, Carl Samuel Gadsden, Amy Epstein Gerson, Allan

91 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Gerson, Elliot F. Goldmark, Peter C. Jr. Greenberg, Glenn H. Haggard, Stephan Gerson, Ralph J. Goldsmith, Barbara Greenberg, Jeffrey W Haider, D. Blake Gerstein, Daniel M. Goldsmith, Jack Landman III Greenberg, Karen J. Haig, Alexander M. Jr. Gerstner, Louis V. Jr. Goldsmith, Russell D. Greenberg, Lawrence Scott Hailston, Earl B. Gerstner, Louis V. Ill Goldstein, Gordon M. Greenberg, Lisa Hajari, Nisid J. Getler, Michael Goldstein, Jeffrey A. Greenberg, Maurice R. Hakim, Peter Gewirtz, Paul David Goldstein, Morris Greenberg, Sanford D. Hale, David D. Geyer, Georgie Anne Goldwyn, David L. Greenberger, Robert Stephen Hale, Lyric Hughes Gfoeller, Joachim Jr. Golob, Paul D. Greene, Joseph N. Jr. Hall, C. Barrows Gfoeller, Michael Gomory, Ralph E. Greene, Margaret L. Hall, John P. Gfoeller, Tatiana C. Gompert, David C. Greene, Michelle D. Hall, Kathryn Walt Ghiglione, Loren Goodman, Allan E. Greene, Raymond F. Ill Halper, James D. Gholz, Charles Eugene Goodman, George J.W Greene, Wade Halperin, David R. Giacomo, Carol Ann Goodman, Herbert I. Greenough, Beverly Sills* Halperin, Morton H. Gibbons, John Howard Goodman, John B. Greenspan, Alan Halsted, Thomas A. Giffen, James Henry Goodman, Matthew P. Greenwald, G. Jonathan Haltzel, Michael H. Giffin, Gordon D. Goodman, Roy M. Greenway, Hugh D.S. Hamburg, David A. Gil, Andres Valerio* Goodman, Sherri W. Gregg, Donald P. Hamburg, Margaret Ann Gilbert, Jackson B. Gordon, Albert H. Gregg, Heather S. Hamel, Michael A. Gilbert, Steven J. Gordon, John A. Gregorian, Vartan Hamilton, Ann O. Gill, Bates Gordon, Lincoln Gregson, Wallace C. Jr. Hamilton, Charles V. Gillette, Michael James Gordon, Michael R. Griego, Linda Hamilton, Daniel Gilmore, James S. Ill Gordon, Philip H. Griffiths, Phillip A. Hamilton, Edward K. Gilmore, Richard Gordon-Hagerty, Lisa E.* Grimes, Joseph Anthony Jr. Hamilton, Hugh Gerard Jr. Gilpin, Robert G. Jr. Gordon-Reed, Annette Grissom, Janet Mullins Hamilton, John Maxwell Gingrich, Newton L. Gorelick, Jamie S. Grondine, Robert F. Hamilton, Lee H. Ginsberg, Gary L. Gorman, Joseph T. Gronvall, Gigi Kwikf Hammond-Chambers, Ginsberg, Marc Charles Gorsuch, Neil M. Grose, Peter Rupert J. Ginsburg, David Gotbaum, Victor Gross, Martin J. Hammonds, D. Holly Ginsburg, Jane C. Gottemoeller, Rose E. Gross, Patrick W. Hamre, John J. Ginsburg, Ruth Bader Gottfried, Kurt Grossman, Daniel E. Hancock, Ellen Ginsburg, Thomas B. Gottlieb, Gidon A.G. Grossman, Marc* Hand, Lloyd N. Givhan, Walter D. Gottsegen, Peter M. Grove, Brandon Hand, Scott M. Glaser, Bonnie S. Gould, Peter G. Grover, Katherine Sye Handelman, Stephen Glauber, Robert R. Gourevitch, Peter A. Groves, Ray J. Hansell, Herbert J. Glennon, Michael J. Gourevitch, Philip Gruman, Jessie C* Hansen, Carol Rae Gleysteen, Peter Grace, Lola Nashashibi Gudwin, Ella R. Hanson, Carl Thor Glickman, Daniel R .* Graczewski, Timothy J.f Guerra-Mondragon, Gabriel Hantz, Giselle P. Globerman, Norma Graff, Henry Franklin Guff, Andrew J. Hantzopoulos, Evie* Glover Weiss, Juleanna Ruth Graff, Robert D. Guilmartin, Eugenia Katherine Harari, Maurice Gluck, Carol Graham, Bob Gund, Agnes Hardin, Edward J. Gluck, Frederick W Graham, Carol Lee Gundlach, Andrew S. Hardin, Katherine Anderson Godchaux, Frank A. Ill Graham, Thomas Jr. Gupta, Sanjay K. Harding, Deborah A. Goeltz, Richard K. Graham, Thomas W Gupte, Pranay Harding, Harry Goheen, Robert F. Granoff, Michael D. Gustavson, Celine Stephanie HardtJohnP. Goins, Charlynn Grant, Stephen A. Gutfreund, John H. Hargrove, John Lawrence Goldberg, Ronnie L. Graubard, Stephen Richards Guth, John H.J. Harman, Jane Goldberger, Bruce N. Gray, David E.f Guthman, Edwin O. Harman, Sidney Goldberger, Marvin L. Gray, Hanna Holborn Gvosdev, Nikolas K. Harmon, James A. Golden, James R. Greathead, R. Scott Gwertzman, Bernard M. Harpel, James W Golden, William T. Green, Carl J. Gwin, Catherine Harper, Conrad K. Golden-Vazquez, Abigail Green, Eric F. Harrington, Maureen Ann Goldfield, Harold P. Green, Ernest G. H Harris, David A. Goldgeier, James M. Green, Jerrold D. Harris, Jay T. Ha, Joseph M. Goldin, Harrison J. Green, Michael J. Harris, Joshua J. Haas, Mimi L. Goldin, Matthew N. Green, Robert Shane* Harris, Katherine Haas, Robert D. Goldman, Charles N. Greenawalt, Alexander Kent Harris, Martha Caldwell Haass, Richard N. Goldman, Guido Harrison, Hope M. Anton Hachigian, Nina L. Goldman, Marshall I. Harrison, Selig S. Greenberg, Arthur N. Hackett, Craig D. Goldman, Merle D. Harrison, William B. Jr. Greenberg, David Haddad, Yvonne Yazbeck Goldman, Neal D. Hart, Gary Greenberg, Evan G. Hadley, Stephen J. Hart, Robert C. Hafner, Joseph A. Jr. Hart, Todd Christopher Hagel, Chuck * Elected to membership in 2006. Hartley, Jane D. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2006. Hagen, Katherine A.

92 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Hartman, Arthur A. Henrikson, Alan K. . Hoehn, Andrew R. Huang, Yanzhongf Hartogcnsis, Gordon A. Henry, Nancy L. Hoehn, William E. Jr. Huber, Richard L. Hartzell, Jon K. Henry, Peter A. Hoenlcin, Malcolm I. Huberman, Benjamin Haseltine, William Alan Hentges, Harriet Hoffman, A. Michael Hudson, Manley O. Jr. Haskell, John H.F. Jr. Herberger, Roy A. Jr. Hoffman, Bruce Hudson, Michael C. Hathaway, Robert M. Hermann, Charles F. Hoffmann, Stanley Huebner, Lee W. Hauge, John Resor Hernandez Colon, Rafael Hofman, Steven I. Huey, John W. Jr. Hauser, Rita E. Hernandez, Antonia Hogan, Jeffrey N. Hufbauer, Gary C. Hauser, William Locke Hernandez, Ernesto P. Ill Hoge, James F. Jr. Huffington, Roy M. Havell, Theresa A. Herrera-Flanigan, Jessica Rae Hoge, Warren M. Hughes, Lynn N. Hawkins, Ashton Herrnstadt, Owen Edward Hoguet, George Roberts Hughes, R. John Hawley, F. William Herskovits, Jean Hoinkes, Mary Elizabeth Hughes, Thomas Lowe Hawthorne, Amy W Hersman, Rebecca K.C. Holbrooke, Richard C. Hull, Edmund J. Hayden, Michael V. Herspring, Dale R. Holcomb, M. Scottf Hulsman, John C. Hayek, Alexandre P. Herter, Frederic P. Holden, John L. Hultman, Tamela Hayes, Margaret Dalv Hertog, Roger Holdren, John P. Hultquist, Timothy A. Hayes, Rita Derrick Hertzberg, Hendrik Holford, Mande N.f Hume, Cameron R. Haynes, Fred Hertzberg, Robert M. Holgate, Laura S.H. Hume, Ellen H. Havnes, Lukas Harrison* Herz, Barbara Hollick, Ann Lorraine Hunker, Jeffrey A. Haynes, Ulric Herzfeld, Charles M. Holliday, Stuart W* Hunt, Swanee Hayward, Thomas B. Herzstein, Jessica A* Hollifield, James Frank Hunter, Robert E. Heald, LisaW Herzstein, Robert E, Hollis, Duncan Baker Hunter, Shireen T. Healey, Kerry Murphv Hesburgh, Theodore M. Holloway, Dwight F. Jr. Hunter, Thomas O.* Holmer, Alan F Hunter, William Curt Healy, Harold H. Jr. Hess, John B. Heaney, Andrew P.f Holmes, Henry Allen Hunter-Gault, Charlayne Hess, Marlene Heck, Charles B. Holmes, Kim R. Huntington, Patricia Skinner Hessler, Curtis A. Hecker, Siegfried S. Holmes, Stephen T. Huntington, Samuel Phillips Hewlett, Sylvia Ann Heckman, Leila Hoist, Eric Allan Hurd, Elizabeth Shakmanf Heyman, William H. Hedges, Christopher Lynn Holt, Pat M. HurdJosephKindaHIII Hiatt, Fred Hedstrom, Mitchell W Holtz-Eakin, Douglas Hurewitz, J. C. Hicks, Irvin Heep-Richter, Barbara D. Holum, John D. Hurlock, James B. Hicks, John F. Sr. Heer, Paul Hooker, Richard D. Jr. Hurowitz, Richard A. Hicks, Kathleen Holland* Hope, Judith Richards Hurst, Robert J. Heginbotham, Stanley J. Hicks, Peggy L. Hope, Richard O. Hurwitz, Sol Hehir, J. Bryan Hidary, Jack D. Horelick, Arnold L. Hutchings, Robert L. Heimann, John G. Higginbotham, F. Michael Horlick, Gary N. Hutchins, Glenn H. Heimbold, Charles A. Jr. Higgins, Heather Richardson Hormats, Robert D. Huyck, Philip M. Heimowitz, James B. Higgins, Neal Horn, Karen N. Hvatt, Joel Z. Heineman, Benjamin W. Jr. Higgins, Robert F. Horn, Sally K. Hyland, Richard* Heineman, Melvin L. Hight, B. Boyd Horner, Matina Souretis Hyland, William G. Heintz, Stephen B. Hill, Fiona Hornik, Richard H. Hyman, Allen I. Heintzen, Harry Leonard Hill, J. Tomilson Hornthal, James Heinz, Christopher D. Hill, James T. Horowitz, Irving Louis Heinz, Teresa HillJanineW. Horton, Robert Scott I Hejlik, Dennis J. Hill, Joseph C. Hosmer, Bradley C. Ibargiien, Alberto Hclander, Robert C. Hill, Pamela Hoston, Germainc A. Ignatius, David R. Heldring, Frederick Hill, Raymond D. Hottelet, Richard C. Ijaz, Mansoor Heleniak, David W Hillen, John Houghton, Amory Jr. Ikenberry, G. John Heifer, Ricki Tigert Hillgren, Sonja Houghton, James R. Iklc, Fred C. Helgerson, John L. Hills, Carla A. Houlihan, Kathleen Ilchman, Alice Stone Heller, Jane J. Hindery, Leo J. Jr.* House, Brett E. Immergut, Mel M. Heller, Richard M. Hinerfeld, Ruth House, Karen Elliott Inderfurth, Karl F. Hellman, F. Warren Hines, Rachel Howard, A. E. Dick Indyk, Martin S. Hellman, Steven E. Hinton, Deane R. Howard, Christopher Bernard* Ingersoll, Robert S. Hellmann, Donald Charles Hirsch, John L. Howard, John R. Inglis, Shelley Casef Helm, Robert W. Hirsh, Michael P. Howard, Lyndsay C. Inman, Bobby R. Helm, Suzanne Hitz, Frederick P. Howard, M. William Jr. Intriligator, Michael D. Helman, Robert A. Hoagland, Jim Howell, Ernest M. Irish, Leon E. Helprin, Mark Hoar, Joseph Paul Howson, Nicholas C. Irvin, Patricia L. Hendricks, Darryll E. Hobbs Miracky, Tammany D. Hoyt, Kendall L. Isaacs, Maxine Hendrickson, David C. Hobson, H. Lee Hoyt, Mont P. Isaacson, Walter S. Henkin, Alice H. I lobson, Mellody Hrinak, Donna J.* Iselin, John Jay Henkin, Louis Hoch, Frank W Hrynkow, Sharon H. Iseman, Frederick J. Hennessy, John M. Hodin, Michael W. Hsu, Ta-Lin Isenberg, Steven L. Henninger, Daniel P. Hoeber, Amoretta M. Isham, Christopher

93 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Ispahani, Mahnaz Johnson, Willene A. Kaplan, Mark N. Kempner, Maximilian W Istel, Yves-Andre Johnson, Wyatt Thomas Kaplan, Richard N* Kendall, Donald Mcintosh Itoh, William H. Jones, Alan Kent Kaplan, Stephen S. Kenen, Peter B. Ivester, M. Douglas Jones, Anita K. Kapnick, Scott Bancroft Keniston, Kenneth Izlar, William H. Jr. Jones, David C. Kapp, Robert A. Kennan, Christopher J. Jones, David L. Kapstein, Ethan B. Kennan, Elizabeth T. Jones, Frederick L. II Karabell, Zachary Kennedy, Caroline Bouvier Jabber, Paul Jones, James R. Karalekas, Anne Kennedy, Craig Jackelen, Henry Jones, Jeffrey B. Karamanian, Susan L. Kennedy, David W Jacklin, Nancy P. Jones, Kali Chantelle Karatnycky, Adrian Keohane, Nannerl O. Jackson, Bruce P. Jones, Kerri-Ann Karatz, Bruce E. Keohane, Robert O. Jackson, Jesse L. Sr. Jones, Thomas V. Karis, Thomas G. Kern, Paul J. Jackson, John H. Jones, Thomas W. Karl, Jonathan David* Kerr, Ann Zwicker Jackson, Lois M. Joost, Peter Martin Karl, Terry Lynn Kerrey, Bob Jackson, Sarah Jordan, Eason T. Karnow, Stanley Kerry, John F. Jackson, Shirley Ann Jordan, Robert W Karns, Margaret P. Kerry, Peggy Jacob, John E. Jordan, Vernon E. Jr. Karp, Jonathan D. Kessler, Glenn Andrew Jacobs, Eli S. Joseph, Geri M. Kartman, Charles Kessler, Martha Neff Jacobs, Jack H. Joseph, James A. Kasdin, Robert Kester, W. Carl Jacobs, Jennifer A.f Joseph, Jofi John Kass, Stephen L. Khalidi, Rashid I. Jacobs, Nehama Joseph, Richard A. Kassalow, Jordan S. Khalilzad, Zalmay M. Jacobson, Jerome Josephson, William Kassinger, Theodore W* Khan, Moushumi M. Jaffe, Amy Myers Judge, Barbara Thomas Kassof, Allen H. Khosrowshahi, Cameron Jamal, Amaney A. Juhasz, Christina S. Kathwari, Farooq Kamran James, Francis John Jumper, John P. Katulis, Brian M. Khuri, Nicola N. Janes, David P. Junz, Helen B. Katz, Abraham Kifayat, Adnan Janes, Jackson Juster, Kenneth I. Katz, Daniel Roger Kiley, Robert R. Janis, Mark Weston Jutkowitz, Alexander S. Katz, Robert J. Kim, Andrew Byong-Soo Janklow, Morton L. Katz, Sherman E. Kim, Hanya Marie Katz, Stanley N. Janow, Merit E. K Kim, Sukhan Katzenstein, Peter J. Jaquctte, Jane S. Kadel, Eric John Jr. Kimmitt, Robert M. Kauffman, Richard L.* Jarvis, Nancy A. Kaden, Lewis B. Kimsey, James V. Kaufman, Daniel J. Jastrow, Robert Kadlec, Robert P. Kinane, William Patrick Kaufman, Henry Jebb, Cindy R. Kagan, Robert W. King, Henry L. Kaufman, Robert R. Jefferson, Ian Markusf Kahan, Jerome H. King, Kay Kaufmann, William W. Jenkins, Bonnie D. Kahler, Miles King, Robert R. Kavoukjian, Michael E. Jenkins, Jennifer Cecelia Kahn, Thomas S. King, Susan Robinson Kay, Kira* Jensen, Kenneth M. Kaiser, Miranda Margaret Kinsella, Kevin J.* Kaye, Charles R. Jervis, Robert Kaiser, Philip M. Kipper, Judith Kaye, David A. Jessup, Alpheus W Kaiser, Robert G. Kireopoulos, Antonios S.* Kaysen, Carl Jessup, Philip C. Jr. Kalb, Bernard Kiriakou, Heather Katherine Kazemi, Farhad Jeter, Howard F. Kalb, Marvin Kirkland, Richard I. Kea, Charlotte G. Jett, Dennis C. Kalicki, Jan H. Kirkpatrick, Jeane J. Kean, Thomas H. Jillson, Calvin C. Kamarck, Andrew Martin Kirkpatrick, John David* Keane, John M.* Joffe, Robert D. Kamarck, Elaine C. Kirkpatrick, Melanie M. Keel, Alton G. Jr. Johns, Lionel Skipwith Kaminsky, Howard Kishkovsky, Leonid Keene, Lonnie S. Johnson Ward, L. Celeste Kampelman, Max M. Kissinger, Henry A. Keeny, Spurgeon M. Jr. Johnson, Howard W Kamsky, Virginia Ann Kittrie, Orde F Kelleher, Catherine M. Johnson, James A. Kanak, Donald P. Kizer, Karin L. Keller, Edmond J. Johnson, James E. Kanet, Roger E. Kladakis, Monica Vegas Keller, Kenneth H. Johnson, Jay L. Kang, C. S. Eliot Klein, David Kellerman, Barbara L. Johnson, Jeh Charles Kang, Richard S. Klein, Edward Kelley, PaulX. Johnson, Jerry L.f Kann, Peter R. Klein, George Kellner, Peter Bicknell Johnson, Karen H. Kansteiner, Walter H. Ill Klein, Jacques Paul Kellogg, David Johnson, L. Oakley Kanter, Arnold Klein, Joseph A. Kelly, Alfred F Jr. Johnson, Larry D. Kanter, Rosabeth Moss Kleine-Ahlbrandt, Kelly, Arthur L. Johnson, Nancie S. Kantor, Mickey Kelly, Francis J. Stephanie T.f Johnson, Robbin S. Kaplan, Eloise D. Kelly, James P. Klimp, Jack Wilbur Johnson, Robert W IV Kaplan, Gilbert Kelly, John H. Kline, Roger C. Johnson, Scott S. Kaplan, Helene L. Kelman, Herbert C. Klotz, Frank G. Johnson, Thomas S. Kaplan, Joel D. Kemble, Eugenia Klurfeld, James M. Kemp, Geoffrey Knell, Gary E. * Elected to membership in 2006. Kempe, Frederick S. Knight, Edward S. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2006. Knight, Jessie J. Jr.

94 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Knowlton, William Allen Kupperman Thorp, Tamarat Lawrence, Robert Z. Lewis, Bernard Knudsen, Christine M. Kupperman, Robert H. Lawson, Chappell H. Lewis, Edward T. Kogan, Richard Jay Kurth, James R. Lawson, Eugene K. Lewis, John P. Kohut, Andrew Kurtzer, Daniel C. Layne, Christopher Lewis, Maureen A.* Kojac, Jeff Kushen, Robert A. Lazarus, Shelly B. Lewis, Stephen R. Jr. Kolb, Charles E.M. Kux, Dennis Lazarus, Steven Lewis, W. Walker Kolbe, Jim Kwoh, Stewart Leach, James A. Lewy, Glen S. Kolodziej, Edward A. Leclerc, Paul Li, Lu* Koltai, Steven R. Lcderberg, Joshua Libby, I. Lewis Jr. Komisar, Lucy Laber, Jeri L. Lederman, Gordon Lichtblau, John H. Kondracke, Morton Labott, Elise S.f Nathaniel* Lichtenstein, Cynthia C. Koonin, Steven E. Ladd, Edward Lee, Chong-Moon Lieber, James E. Korb, Lawrence J. Lader, Philip Lee, Nancy Lieber, Robert J. Korbonski, Andrzej Ladner, Drew J. Lee, Thea Mei Lieberman, Joseph I. Kormos, Cyril Frederic LaFleur, Vinca Leebron, David W. Lieberman, Nancy A. Kornblum, John C. Lagomasino, Maria Elena Leed, Maren Lieberthal, Keith L. Kornblut, Anne E. Lagon, Mark P. Leeds, Jeffrey T. Lieberthal, Kenneth G. Kostiw, Michael Vincent Laipson, Ellen Leeds, Roger S. Liebman, Benjamin Lesler Kotecha, Mahesh K. Lake, David A. Lee-Kung, Dinah Liebowitz, Jessica K. Kotler, Steven Lai, Venkateshwar Leet, Kenneth H.M. Lifton, Robert K. Kovner, Bruce S. Lamb, Denis Leet, Mildred Robbins Light, Timothy Kraft, Robert K. Lambert, Brett B. Leffall, LaSalle D. Ill Lighthi/.er, Robert E. Kramek, Robert E. Lambeth, Benjamin S. Leghorn, Richard S. Lilienthal, Sally L. Kramer, J. Reed Lambright, James H. Legro, Jeffrey W. Lillevik, Line Kramer, Jane Lamont, Lansing Legvold, Robert Lincoln, Edward J. Kramer, Michael Lampton, David M. Lehman, John F. Lindberg, Tod Kramer, Orin S. Lancaster, Carol J. Lehman, Orin Lindborg, Nancy E.* Kramer, Steven Philip Land, Richard D.* Lehman, Ronald Frank II Linden, Josephine Kranwinkle, C. Douglas Landau, George W. Lehrer, Jim Lindsay, Beverly Kranz, Thomas F. Landers, James M. Leich, John Foster Lindsay, Franklin A. Krasner, Stephen D. Lane, Charles M. Leklem, Erik James Lindsay, James M. Krasno, Richard M. Lane, David J. Leland, Marc E. Linen, Jonathan S. Krauss, Clifford Laney, James T. Lelyveld, Joseph Ling, Lisa J. Krauthammer, Charles Langlois, John D. Jr. LeMelle, Gerald A. Link, Troland S. Kravis, Henry R. Langlois, Robert J. LeMelle,TildenJ. Linnington, Abigail T. Kravis, Marie-Josee Lanskoy, Miriam Lemkin, Bruce S* Linowes, David F Kreek, Mar)' Jeanne Lantz, Matthew P. Lemle, J. Stuart Lipman, Ira A. Krens, Thomas LaPalombara, Joseph Lempert, Robert J. Lippard, Joshua J. Krepinevich, Andrew F. Lapenn, Jessica E. Lempert, Yael Lipper, Kenneth Krepon, Michael Lapham, Lewis H. Lennon, Alexander T.J. Lippert, MarkW. Kriegel, Jay L. Lapham, Nicholas Payne Lennox, William J. Jr. Lippey, Brian C. Krikorian, Victoria Reznik Lapidus, Gail W. Lenti, Sarah M. Lippman, Thomas W Krisher, Bernard Lardv, Nicholas R. Lenzen, Louis C. Lipset, Seymour Martin Kristof, Nicholas D. Lariviere, Richard W* LeoGrande, William M. Lipsitz, Rochelle J. Kristoff, Sandra J. Larrabee, F Stephen Leonard, James F. Lipsky, John P. Kroeger, Kate MJ. Larsen, Randall J. Leone, Richard C. Lipsky, Seth Kronman, Anthony Larson, Charles R. Lesch, Ann Mosely Lissakers, Karin M. Lasensky, Scott B. Leslie, John W Jr. Litan, Robert E. Townsend Lash, Jonathan Lesser, Ian O. Little, David Krueger, Anne O. Lasry, Marc* Levensohn, Pascal N. Little, Milton J. Jr. Krueger, Harvey Lasser, Lawrence J. Leverett, Flynt L. Littlefield, Elizabeth L. Krulak, Charles Chandler Lateef, Noel V. Levin, Gerald M. Littles, Sean-Noel Ku, Charlotte Latif, S. Amer Levin, Herbert Litwak, Robert S. Kubarych, Roger M. Lau, Edwin Levin, John A. Liu, Eric P. Kubisch, Jack B. Lauder, Leonard A. Levin, Michael Stuart Kuenstner, Nancy Jo Lauder, Ronald S. Levine, Irving R. Livingston, Robert Gerald Kull, Steven G. Lauder, William Philip* Levine, Mel Llewellyn, J. Bruce Kulma, Michael G. Laudicina, Paul A. Levine, Susan B. LodalJanM. Kumar, Nisha Lauinger, Philip C. Jr. Levinson, Marc Lodge, George Cabot Kumar, Raj U. Laurenti, Jeffrey Levitt, Arthur Jr. Loeb, Marshall Kumar-Sinha, Punita Lautenbach, Ned C. Levitt, Matthew A. Logan, Francis D. Kuniholm, Bruce Robcllet Lautz, Terrill E. Levy, Reynold Lombardi, Clark B. Kunstadter, Geraldine S. Laventhol, David A. Lew, Jacob J.* London, Herbert I. Kupchan, Charles A. Lawrence, Richard D. Lewis, Anthony Long, William J. Kupchan, Clifford A. Longmuir, Shelley A.

95 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Longstreth, Bevis MacLaury, Bruce K. Martin, Daniel Richard McDonald, Tom Longworth, Richard C. Macomber, John Dewitt Martin, Lynn Morley McDonough, William J. Loranger, Donald Eugene Macy, Robert M. Jr. Martin, Susan F. McDougall, Gay J. Lord, Bette Bao Madigan, John W. Martin, William F. McEntee, Joan M. Lord, Winston Magras, Krista M. Martinez, Jennifer S. McFarlane, Jennifer A. Lorentzen, Oivind III Maguire, John David Martinez, Roman IV McFarlane, Robert C. Louis, William Roger Mahmoud, Adel* Marton, Kati I. McFate, Patricia Ann Loury, Glenn Cartman Mahnken, Thomas G* Masin, Michael T. McFaul, Michael A. Lovejoy, Thomas E. Mahoney, Margaret E. Massey, L. Camille McGarr, Cappy R. Low, Stephen Mahoney, Paul G. Massey, Walter E. McGiffert, Carola H. Lowenfeld, Andreas F. Mahoney, Thomas H. IV Massimino, Elisa C. McGovern, George S. Lowenkron, Barry F. Mai, Vincent A. Mastanduno, Michael McGowan, Alan H. Lowenstein, James G. Maier, Charles S. Masters, Carlton A. McGrath, Eugene R. Lowenthal, Abraham F. Makin, John Holmes Matheson, Michael J. McGurk, Brett H. Lowry, Glenn D. Makinson, Carolyn Mathews, Jessica T. McGurn, William Lowry, Richard A. Mako, William P. Mathews, Michael S. McHenry, Donald F. Loy, Frank E. Makovsky, David Mathews, Sylvia M. Mcintosh, Brent J.f Lozano, Ignacio E. Maldonado, Wendy A. Mathias, Charles McC. Jr. McKenna, Patrick R. Lozano, Jose Ignacio Malek, Frederic V. Mathias, Edward J. McKeon, Robert B. Lozano, Monica C. Malik, Arslanf Mathis, Brian Pierre McLarty, Mark C. Lu, Xiaobo Malinowski, Tom Matlock, Jack F. Jr. McLarty, Thomas F. Ill Lubin, Nancy Mallery, Richard Matney, William Alan McLaughlin, Andrew Lubman, Stanley B. Mallett, Robert L. Matsukata, Naotaka McLaughlin, Charles James IV Lucas, C. Payne Malmgren, Harald B. Matteson, William B. McLaughlin, John E. Lucas, Sarah T. Malmgren, K. Philippa Matthews, Barbara C. McLean, Mora L. Luck, Edward C. Malone, Kim Matthews, Eugene A. McLean, Sheila Avrin Lucy, William Maloney, Jason D.f Mattingly, Amanda Curtisf McLin, Jon Blythe Ludes, James M. Malpass, David R. Mattox, Gale A. McManus, Doyle Luers, Wendy W Manatt, Charles T. Matuszewski, Daniel C. McManus, Jason D. Luers, William H. Manca, Marie Antoinette Matzke, Richard H. McMaster, Herbert Raymond Lugo, Luis E. Mandelbaum, Michael Maxwell, Kenneth R. McNally, Thomas A. Luke, John A. Jr. Maniatis, Gregory A. May, Ernest R. McNamara, Dennis L. Lustick, Ian S. Manilow, Lewis May, Michael M. McNamara, Kathleen R. Lute, Jane Holl Mann, James H. Mayer, Claudette McNamara, Robert S. Luttwak, Edward N. Mann, Michael D. Mayer, Gerald M. Jr. McNamara, Thomas E. Luzzatto, Anne R. Mann, Sloan C.f Mayhew, Alice E. McNaugher, Thomas L. Lyall, Katharine C. Mann, Thomas E. Maynes, Charles William McNerney, Patricia Ann Lyman, Princeton N. Manyin, Mark E. Mazur, Jay McPeak, Merrill A. Lyman, Richard W. Manzi, Jim McPherson, M. Peter McAfee, William Gage Lynch, Thomas F. Ill Marans, J. Eugene McQuade, Lawrence C. McAllister, Jef Olivarius Lynk, Myles V. Marcom, John E. Jr. McWade, Jessica C. McAllister, Singleton B. Lynn, James T. Marcum, John Arthur Meacham, Carl E. McCaffrey, Barry R. Lynn, Laurence E. Jr. Marder, Murrey Meacham, Jon McCain, John S. Ill Lynton, Michael M* Margolis, David I. Mead, Dana G. McCann, Edward F II Lyon, David W. Mariotti, Steven J. Mead, E. Scott McCartan, Patrick F. Lyons, Gene M. Mark, Hans M. Mead, Walter Russell McCarter, John W Jr. Lyons, James E. Markey, Daniel S. Meadows, Jeanne Terry McCarthy, James P. Lyons, Richard Kent Mark-Jusbasche, Rebecca P. Meagher, Robert F. McCarthy, Kathleen D. Marks, Paul A. Mearsheimer, John J. McChrystal, Stanley A. Marlin, Alice Tepper Medavoy, Mike McClean, Lilyanne H. M Marquet, L. David Medawar, Adrienne McCloyJohnJ.il Ma, Christopher Marr, Phebe A. Medeiros, Evan Sabino McClure, Robert L. Mabry, Marcus B.* Marron, Donald B. Medina, Kathryn B. McCormack, Elizabeth J. Mabus, Raymond E. Marsh, Tom F Medish, Mark Christian McCouch, Donald G. MacCormack, Charles Marshall, Andrew W Medley, Richard McCoy, Debra R.f Frederick Marshall, Anthony D. Meers, Sharon I. McCoy, Jennifer L. MacDonald, Bruce Walter Marshall, Dale Rogers Meertens, Michelle A. McCracken, Paul W MacDougal, Gary E. Marshall, F. Ray Mehlman, Bruce Paul McCray, Ronald David* Mack, Consuelo Cotter Marshall, Katherine Mehreteab, Ghebre Selassie McCurdy, Dave K. Mack, J. Curtis II Marshall, Zachary Blake Mehta, Ved McDermott, Jim Mackay, Leo Sidney Jr. Marten, Kimberlyjoy Mackevich, Eileen R. McDevitt, Sean Daniel Meigs, Montgomery C. McDonald, Alonzo L. Meiman, Kellie A. McDonald, James S.* * Elected to membership in 2006. Meissner, Doris M. McDonald, Kara C.f fElected to five-yearter m membership in 2006. Meister, Irene W.

96 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Melby, Eric D.K. Mishkin, Alexander V. Mujal-Leon, Eusebio Nederlander, Robert Jr. Melloan, George R. Mitchell, Andrea Mulberger, Virginia A. Negroponte, Diana Villiers Melton, Carol A.* Mitchell, Arthur M. Ill Mulcahy, Anne M. Negroponte, John D. Mendelson, Sarah E. Mitchell, George J. Mulford, David C. Neier, Aryeh Mendelson-Forman, Johanna Mitchell, Patricia E. Muller, Edward R. Neilson, Trevor Davidf Mendlovitz, Saul H. Mitchell, Wandra G. Muller, Steven Nelson, Anne Mendoza, Roberto G. Mize, David M. Mulvaney, Sean Nelson, Daniel N. Menges, Carl B. Mochizuki, Kiichi Mundie, Craig James Nelson, Jodi Lee MenkeJohnR. Moe, Sherwood G. Mundy, Carl E. Jr. Nelson, Merlin E. Menon, Rajan Moffett, George D. Munger, Edwin S. Nelson, Richard D. Merkel, Claire Sechler Molano, Walter Thomas Munoz, George Nelson, Robert L. Jr. Merkel, David Austin Mondale, Walter F Munroe, Alexandra K* Nemazee, Hassan Meron, Theodor Moniz, Ernest J. Munroe, George B. Nenneman, Richard A. Merow, John E. Montelongo, Michael Munsch, Stuart B. Nepomnyashchy, Catharine Merritt, Jack Neil Montgomery, George Munyan, Winthrop R. Theimer Merszei, Zoltan Cranwell Murase, Emily Moto Nesbit, Lynn Mesdag, Willem Montgomery, Harold H. Muravchik, Joshua Neuger, Win J. Meselson, Matthew S. Montgomery, Parker G. Murdoch, Rupert Neuman, Stephanie G. Messing, F. Andy Jr. Montgomery, Philip Murdock, Deroy Neureiter, Norman P. Mestres, Ricardo A. Jr. O'Bryan III Murdy, William F Newberg, Esther R. Metzger, Barry Moock, Joyce Lewinger Murillo, Maria Victoria Newburg, Andre Metzl, Jamie Frederic Moody, Jim Murphy, Caryle Marie Newcomb, Nancy S. Meunier, Sophie Moody, William S. Murphy, Ewell E. Jr. Newell, Barbara W. Meyer, Edward C. Moore, Joanne C. Murphy, Richard W. Newhouse, John Meyer, John Robert Moore, John J. Jr. Murphy, Sean Patrick Newman Hood, Alisa Meyer, Karl E. Moore, John M. Murphy, Thomas S. Newman, Jay H. Meyer, Michael Ryder Moore, John Norton Murray, Alan S. Newman, Pamela J. Meyer, Paul H.f Moore, Jonathan Murray, Douglas J. Newman, Pauline Meyerman, Harold J. Moore, Julia A. Murray, Douglas P. Newman, Priscilla A. Meyerson, Martin Moorman, Thomas S. Jr. Murray, Ian P. Newman, Richard T. Michaels, Marguerite Moose, George E. Murray, Janice L. Newsom, David D. Mickiewicz, Ellen Moose, Richard M. Murray, Lori Esposito Newstcad, Jennifer Gillian Midgley, Elizabeth Mora, Alberto J. Murray, Robert J. Newton, M. Diana Helweg Mihaly, Eugene B. Mora, Antonio G. Muse, Martha Twitchell Ney, Edward N. Mikell, Gwendolyn Moran, Theodore H. Musham, Bettye Martin Nicholas, N. J. Jr. Miles, Edward L. Moravcsik, Andrew Mustafa, Herro K. Nichols, Mark Alexander Milestone, Judith B. Morey, David Edward Myers, Richard B. Nichols, Rodney W. Millard, Robert Morgan, Betsy Lake Myerson, Toby S. Nicholson, Jan Miller, Aaron David* Morgan, Charlotte M. Myrow, Stephen A. Nicocelli, Ann M.f Miller, Charles R. Morningstar, Richard L. Nides, Thomas R. Miller, Christopher D. Morris, Charles R. Niehuss, John M. Miller, David Charles Jr. Niehuss, Rosemary Neaher Morris, Frederic A. Nachmanoff, Arnold Miller, Debra Lynn Nielsen, Nancy Morrison, J. Stephen Nacht, Michael Miller, Franklin C. Nilsson, A. Kenneth Morrissey, Arthur C. Nadiri, M. Ishaq Miller, Judith Nilsson, Keith R. Morse, Edward L. NaglJohnA.* Miller, Ken Nimetz, Matthew Morse, Kenneth P. Nagorski, Andrew Miller, Linda B. Nitze, William A. Morse, Stephen S* Nagorski, Zygmunt Miller, Marcia E. Noam, Eli M. Mortimer, David H. Nakhleh, Emile A. Miller, Martha Nogales, Luis G. Mosbacher, Robert A. Naplan, Steven J. Miller, Matthew L. Nolan, Janne Emilie Moseley, Teed Michael Napolitano, Janet A* Miller, Michael T. Noland, Marcus Moses, Alfred H. Nash, Jack Miller, Scott L. Nolte, William M.* Mosettig, Michael David Nash, William L. Miller, William Green Nonacs, Eric S. Moskow, Kenneth A. Nasher, Raymond Donald Miller, William Scott II Nooter, Robert Harry Moskow, Michael H. Nasr, Vali R. Millett, Allan R. Norman, William S. Moss, Ambler H. Jr. Nathan, Andrew J. Millington, John A. Norquist, Grover Glenn Mossman, James Nathan, James A. Mills, Bradford Norton, Augustus Richard Motley, Joel W. Nathan, Scott Andrew Mills, Karen Gordon Norton, Eleanor Holmes Mottahedeh, Roy P. Nathanson, Marc B. Mills, Susan Linda Nossel, Suzanne F Motulsky, Daniel T. Nathoo, Raffiq A. Milner, Helen V. Noto, Lucio A. Mouat, Lucia Nau, Henry R. Minow, Newton N. Novack, Lynne Dominick Moyer, Homer E. Jr. Nauert, Heather Anne Mintz, Daniel R. Novogratz, Jacqueline Mroz, John Edwin Neal, Jeffrey C. Miranda, Lourdes R. Novy-Marx, Milena K. Mudd, Daniel H. Neal, Stephen L. Miscik, Judith A. Nuechterlein, Jeffrey D. Mudd, Margaret F Nealer, Kevin G.

97 MEMBERS H IP ROSTER

Nunn, Sam Owens, James W. Pavilonis, Brigid Myers Pilgrim, Kathryn Nussbaum, Bruce Owens, William A. Pearl, Frank H. Pillar, Paul R. Nye, Joseph S. Jr. Oxman, Bernard H. Pearlstine, Norman Pilling, Donald L. Oxman, Stephen A. Peckham, Gardner G. Pillsbury, Marnie S. 0 Oxnam, Robert B. Pedersen, Richard Foote Pillsbury, Michael Oakley, Phyllis E. Oye, Kenneth A. Pederson, Rena M. Pilon, Juliana Geran Oakley, Robert B. Pell, Claiborne Pincus, Lionel I. Oberdorfer, Don P Pellathy, Gabriel B. Pincus, Walter H. O'Cleireacain, Carol Paal, Douglas Haines Pelletreau, Robert H. Jr. Pinkerton, W Stewart Jr. O'Connor, Walter F. Pacheco, David A.t Pefia, Federico F. Pipes, Daniel Odeen, Philip A. Pachios, Harold C. Penn, Lawrence Edward III Pipes, Richard OdellJohnS. Pachon, Harry P. Penn, Mark Jeffrey Pitts, Joe W. Ill Odom, William E. Packard, George R. Perella, Joseph R. Pivik, George A. Oettinger, Anthony G. Page, Carter W.* Peretz, Don Pizer, William A. Oftenheiser, Raymond C. Jr. Paine, George C. II Perez, Antonio F* Pizzarello, Louis D. Offit, Morris W. Paisner, Bruce Lawrence Perez, David Plaks, LiviaB. O'Flaherty, J. Daniel Pakula, Hannah C. Perkin, Linda J. Piatt, Alan A. Oh, Kongdan Palmer, Mark Perkins, Edward J. Piatt, Alexander H. O'Hanlon, Michael Palmer, Ronald D. Perkins, Roswell B. Piatt, Nicholas O'Hare, Joseph A. Palmieri, Victor H. Perkovich, George R. Piatt, Sheila Maynard Okawara, Merle Aiko Pam, Jeremiah S. Perlman, Janice Elaine Plattner, Marc F. Oliva, L. Jay Pan, Eric J. Perlmutter, Barbara S. Plepler, Richard L. Oliver, April A. Pan, Michael Perlmutter, Louis Plimpton, Calvin H. Olmstead, Cecil J. Pan, Philip P. Perritt, Henry H. Jr. Plutzik, Jonathan Olson, David Andrew Panofsky, Wolfgang K.H. Perry, Elizabeth Jean Poats, Rutherford M. Olson, Jane T. Paperin, Stewart J. Perry, Robert C. Pocalyko, Michael Nicholas Olson, Lyndon L. Jr. Pardee, Scott E. Perry, William J. Pogue, Richard W. Olson, Ronald L. Pardes, Herbert Persico, Joseph E. Poizner, Steve L* Olson, William Clinton Pardew, James W. Jr. Peters, Mary Ann Polk, William R. Olvev, Lee D. Parekh, SanjayM. Peters, Michael P. Pollack, Gerald A. OMalley, Cormac K.H. Parent, Louise M. Peterson, Holly Pollack, Jonathan D. Omestad, Thomas E. Paris, Jonathan Peterson, Michael A. Pollack, Kenneth Michael O'Neal, E. Stanley Parker Feld, Karen Peterson, Peter G. Pollack, Lester O'Neil, Kathleen A. Parker, Elizabeth Rindskopf Petraeus, David H. Pollard, Neal A.t O'Neil, Michael J. Parker, Jason H. Petree, Richard W. Pollock, Robert Lansing O'Neill, Brian Deveraux Parker, Jay M. Petree, Richard W. Jr. Polsby, Nelson W O'Neill, Louis F. Parker, Penny L. Petri, Thomas E. Pond, Elizabeth O'Neill, Mark E. Parker, Richard B. Petschek, Stephen R. Poneman, Daniel Bruce O'Neill, Michael J. Parkinson, Roger P. Pettibone, Peter J. Pool-Eckert, Marquita J. Onek, Joseph N. Parks, Michael Christopher Petty, John R. Popkin, Anne B. Oppenheimer, Andres M. Parsky, Gerald L. Peyronnin, Joseph F. Popoff, Frank Oppenheimer, Franz Martin Parsons, Richard D. Pfaltzgraff, Robert L. Jr. Porter, John Edward Oppenheimer, Michael F Pascual, Carlos E. Pfeiffer, Jane Cahill Portes, Richard D. O'Prey, Kevin P. Passer, Juliette M. Pfeiffer, Leon K. Porzecanski, Arturo C. Orentlicher, Diane Passman, Pamela S.* Pfeiffer, Steven B. Posen, Adam S. Orlins, Stephen A. Paster, Howard G. Phan, Dang Tan Posen, Barry R. Ornstein, Norman J. Pastor, Robert A. Pharr, Susan J. Posner, Michael O'Rourke, Patrick J. Patrick, Hugh T. Phelan, John J. Jr. Poste, George H. Orr, Robert C. Patrick, Stewart M. Phillips, Cecil M. Postol, Theodore A. Osborn, John E. Patrick, Thomas Harold Phillips, Christopher H. Potter, William C. Osborne, Richard de J. Patricof, Alan Joel Phillips, David L. Pottinger, Matthew F. Osius, Margaret Elizabeth Patrikis, Ernest T. Phillips, Jeanne L. Powell, Colin L. Osmer McQuade, Margaret Patterson, Michael D. Picker, Harvey Powell, Dina Habib Osnos, Peter LW. Patterson, Patricia M. Pickering, Thomas R. Powell, Jerome H. Osnos, Susan Sherer Pattiz, Norman J. Pieczenik, Steve R. Powers, Averill L. Ostrander, F. Taylor Paul, Douglas L. Piedra, Alberto M. Jr. Powers, Thomas Ostrov, Shirlene Delacruz Paul, Roland A. Pierce, John vanden Heuvel Powers, Timothy E. Otero, Maria Paulson, Henry M. Jr. Pierce, Lawrence W Pozen, Robert C. Ovitz, Michael S. Paulus, Judith K. Pierce, Ponchitta Pranger, Robert J. Owen, Henry David Paumgarten, Nicholas Biddle Piercy, Jan Prasso, Sheridan T. Owen, Roberts Bishop Pavel, Barry Pierre, Andrew J. Precht, Henry Pifer, Steven K.* Pregenzer, Arian L. * Elected to membership in 2006. Pigott, Charles M. Prescott, Elizabeth M. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2006. Pike, John E. Press, William H.

98 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Pressler, Larry Rattner, Steven L. , Richards, Stephen H. Rohatyn, Felix G Pressman, Jeremy Rattray, Gregory John Richardson, Benjamin F. Rohlen, Thomas P. Preston, Stephen W. Rauch, Rudolph S. Richardson, Frank E. Rokke, ErvinJ. Prewitt, Kenneth Raul, Alan Charles Richardson, Henry J. Ill Roman, Nancy Ellen Price, Daniel M. Ravenal, Earl C. Richardson, John Romano, Christina M. Price, John R. Jr. Ravenholt, Albert V. Richardson, Richard W Romanowski, Alina L. Price, Raymond K. Jr. Ravich, Samantha F Richardson, William B. Romberg, Alan D. Price, Robert Ravitch, Richard Richardson, William R. Romero, Philip Joseph Price, Steven Raymond, David A. Richardson, Yolonda C. Romero-Barcelo, Carlos A. Priest, William W. Jr. Raymond, Douglas A. Richburg, Keith B.* Rondeau, Ann E. Prieto, Daniel B. Ill Raymond, Jack Richter, Anthony Roosevelt, Theodore IV Prince, Charles O. Ill Raymond, Lee R. Riddell, Malcolm C. Rosand, Eric Alexander Pritzker, Penny S. Read, Benjamin L. Ridgway, Rozanne L. Rose, Charles Peete Jr. Pritzker, Thomas J. Reade, Claire E. Rieff David Rose, Daniel Proenza, Luis M. Realuyo, Celina B* RiellyJohnE. Rose, Elihu Protz, Jonathan M.f Redman, Charles E. Riffat, Imran Rose, Gideon Prueher, Joseph Wilson Reed, Charles B. Rifkind, Robert S. Rose, Joseph B.* Pryce, Jeffrey F. Reed,Jack Ringold, Dena Rose, Marshall Puchala, Donald James Reed, Joseph Verner Riordan, Michael L. Rosecrance, Richard Puckett, Robert H. Reed, Lucy Ferguson Riotta, Giovanni Rosen, Andrew A.f Pulling, Thomas L. Rees, Matthew R. RitchJohnB. Ill Rosen, Arthur H. Punke, Timothy E. Reese, William Sears Rivers, Richard R. Rosen, Daniel H. Purcell, Susan Kaufman Regan, Ned Riviera, Gloria S. Rosen, Gary Pursley, Robert E. Regens, James L.* Rivkin, David B. Jr. Rosen, Jack Pustay, John S. Reichert, William M. Rivkin, David W. Rosen, Jane K. Putnam, Robert D. Reid, Ogden Rivlin, Alice M. Rosen, Jeffrey Allen Pye, Lucian W. Reiling, Peter A. Rizk, Nayla M. Rosen, Robert L. Pyle, Kenneth B. Reilly, Saskia S.* Robb, Charles S. Rosenberg, Mark B. Reilly, William K. Robbins, Carla Anne Rosenblatt, Lionel A. Reimer, Dennis Joe Robert, Joseph E. Jr. Rosenblatt, Peter R. Reimers, Fernando Miguel* Robert, Stephen Rosenblum, Mort L. Quainton, Anthony C.E. Reinhardt, John E. Roberts, Bradley H. Rosenfeld, Stephen S. Qyam, Lois E. Reinhart, Carmen M. Roberts, John J. Rosenfield, Allan Quandt, William B. Reinharz, Jehuda Roberts, Walter R. Rosenfield, Patricia L. Quartel, Robert Jr. Reinke, Jeffrey A. Robertson, Cara W. Rosenkranz, Nicholas Quinnf Qiiester, George H. Reisman, William Michael Robinson, Barbara Paul Rosenkranz, Robert Quigley, Kevin F.F. Reiss, Mitchell B. Robinson, David Z. Rosensweig, Jeffrey A. Quinn, Jane Bryant Remington, Thomas F Robinson, Davis R. Rosenthal, Douglas Eurico Remnick, David J* Robinson, James D. Ill Rosenthal, Jack Renfrew, Charles Bvron Robinson, Linda Rosenthal, Mitchell S. Raab, Jennifer J.* Renne, Jeannie M. Robinson, Pearl T Rosenwald, E.John Jr. Rabb, Bruce Rennie, Milbrey Robinson, Torrance W Rosenwald, Nina Rabinowitch, Alexander Rennie, Renate Robison, Olin C. Rosenwasser, Jon Jason Rabinowitch, Victor Reppert, John C. Rocca, Christina B. Rosenzweig, Robert M. Racz, Gregory N.f Reppy, Judith V. Rocha, V. Manuel Rosett, Claudia Radtke, Robert W Resnicoff, Arnold E. Roche, James G. Roskens, Ronald W Raine, Fernande Scheid Resor, Stanley R. Rockefeller, David Rosner, Jeremy D. Raines, Franklin D. Revzin, Philip S.* Rockefeller, David Jr. Rosovsky, Henry Raiser, Skye Rey, Nicholas A. Rockefeller, John D. IV Ross, Arthur Raisian, John Rhind, Eric Scott Rockefeller, Nicholas Ross, Christopher WS. Ramakrishna, Kilaparti Rhinelander, John B. Rockwell, Hays H. Ross, Dennis B. Ramer, Bruce M. Rhodes, William R. Rockwell, Keith McElroy Ross, Gary N. Ramer, Lawrence J. Ricardel, Mira R. Rodin, Judith* Ross, Robert S. Ramirez, Lilia L. Rice, Condoleezza Rodman, Peter W Rossabi, Morris Ramo, Simon Rice, Donald S. Rodriguez, Rita M. Rosso, David J. Ramsey, W Russell* Rice, Joseph A. Rodriguez, Vincent A. Rossotti, Charles O. Randolph, R. Sean Rice, Joseph Lee III Rodrik, Dani Rostow, Elspeth Davies Randt, Clark T. Jr. Rice, Susan E. Roett, Riordan Rostow, Nicholas Ranis, Gustav Rich, John H. Jr. RoffJ.HughJr. Rotberg, Robert I. Rankin, Clyde E. Ill Rich, Michael D. Rogers, John M. Roth, Kenneth Raphel, Robin Lynn Richard, Anne C. Rogers, William D. Roth, Stanley Owen Rappaport, Alan H. Richard, James J. Roggero, Frederick F Roth, William M. Ratchford, J. Thomas Richards, Ann W Rogoff, Kenneth S. Rothkopf, David Jochanan Rather, Dan Richards, Paul G. Rohan, Karen M. Rottenberg, Linda D. Ratnesar, Romesh M.

99 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Route, Ronald A. Sapiro, Miriam SchukerJiUA. Shattuck, John Rovine, Arthur W. Sapolsky, Harvey M. Schulhof, Michael Peter Shaw, David E. Rowen, Henry S. Sapp, Angela M.f Schulz, William F. Shearer, Brooke L. Rowny, Edward L. Sargeant, Stephen Thomas Schumacher Matos, Edward Sheehan, Kevin P. Roy, J. Stapleton Sarotte, Mary Elise Schwab, George D. Sheehan, Michael A. Rubenstein, David M. Sassen, Saskia Schwab, Susan Carroll Sheffield, Jill W Rubin, Arthur Mark Sasser, James R. Schwalbe, Nina R.* Sheinbaum, Stanley K. Rubin, Barnett R. Satcher, David Schwartz, Bernard L. Sheldon, Eleanor B. Rubin, Gretchen C* Satloff, Robert B. Schwartz, Eric Paul Shelp, Ronald K. Rubin, James R Saul, Ralph Southey Schwartz, Norton A. Shelton, Joanna Reed Rubin, Nancy H. Saunders, Harold H. Schwartz, Peter Shelton-Colby, Sally A. Rubin, Nilmini Gunaratne Savage, Frank Schwarz, Adam Shenk, George H. Rubin, Robert E. Sawoski, Mark Schwarzer, William W Shepard, Stephen B. Rubin, Trudy S. Sawyer, Diane Schwarzman, Stephen A. Shepardson, Robert Thomas Rudder, Philip C. Sawyer, Reid L. Schwebel, Stephen M. Shepherd, J. Michael Rudenstine, Neil L. Scalapino, Robert A. Schweitzer, Theodore U.f Shepherd, Karen F. Rudesill, Dakota S. Schacht, Henry B. Schwerin, Samuel L.f Sheriff, Alan R. Rudin, William C. Schaffer, Howard Bruner Sciolino, Elaine F Sherman, Wendy R. Rudman, Warren B. SchafFer, Matthew Sciutto, James E. Sherr, Lynn B. Ruenitz, Robert M. Schaffer, Teresita C. Scott, Jeannine B.* Sherry, George L. Ruggie, John G. Schake, Kori Scott, Robert A.* Sherwood, Benjamin B. Rugh, William A. Schearer, S. Bruce Scowcroft, Brent Sherwood-Randall, Elizabeth Runge, Carlisle Ford Schecter, Jerrold L. Scranton, William W. Shields, Geoffrey B. Rupp, George E. Schecter, Kate S. Scully, Timothy R. Shields, Lisa Katherine Ruttan, Vernon W Scheffer, David J. Seagrave, Norman P. Shiftman, Gary M. Ryan, Arthur F. Schein, Jacqui Selbst Seamans, Robert C. Jr. Shifter, Michael Ryan, John T. Ill Scheinman, Lawrence Sears, Jonathan E. Shiner, Josette S. Ryan, Kevin R Schell, Orville Hickok Seasholes, Mark S. Shinn, James J. Ryan, Michael E. Schell, Theodore H. Seaton, James B. Ill Shinseki, Eric Ryan, Patrick G. Jr. Schenker, David K. Segal, Sheldon J. Shipley, Walter V. Schick, Thomas Segal, Susan Louise Shirk, Susan L. Scruff, Frank W. Seib, Gerald F* Shirzad, Faryar Schiff Karenna Gore Seibold, Frederick C. Jr. Shlaes, Amity Ruth Sacerdote, Peter M. Schifter, Richard Seiple, Chris Shoemaker, Christopher C. Sachs, Jeffrey D. Schijman, Alixandre Sekulow, Eugene A. Shonholtz, Raymond Sacks, Paul M. Schiller, Vivian L. Selee, Andrew D. Shribman, David M. Saeed, Ahmed M. Schlesinger, Arthur Jr. Selin, Ivan Shriver, Donald W Sagan, Scott D. Schlesinger, James R. Sender, Henny Shriver, Timothy P.* Sakoian, Carol Knuth Schlesinger, Stephen C. Sesno, Frank W Shu, John Salacuse, Jeswald William Schlosser, Herbert S. Sestanovich, Stephen R. Shulman, Colette Salazar, Ana Maria Schmemann, Serge Setser, Brad W. Shulman, Marshall D. Salem, George R. Schmertz, Herbert Sevilla, Christina R. Shultz, George P. Salomon, Richard E. Schmidt, Benno Jr. SewalLJohnO.B. Shultz, Susan Kent Fried Salomon, William R. Schmoke, Kurt L. Sewall, Sarah Shuman, David L. Salzhauer, Amy Lynn Schneider, Jan Sewell, John W Shuman, Stanley S. Salzman, Anthony David Schneider, William Sexton, John E. Sick, Gary G. Samore, Gary Schneider, William Jr. Seymour, Frances J. Siebert, Muriel F. Sample, Steven B. Schneier, Arthur Shafer, D. Michael Siegal, Bippy M. Samuels, Barbara Christie II Schnetzer, Amanda W.f Shafer, Jeffrey R. Siegel, William D. Samuels, Michael A. Schoen, Douglas E. Shaheen, Mark A. Siegman, Henry Samuels, Richard J. Schoettle, Enid C.B. Shailor, Barbara Sievers, Sara E. Samway, Michael A. Schorr, Daniel L. Shalala, Donna E. Sifton, Elisabeth N. Sanchez, Miguel Antonio Schrage, Elliot J. Shalikashvili, John M. Sifton, John Sanchez, Orlando Schrage, Steven Patrick Shambaugh, David Sigal, Leon V. Sandalow, David Schramm, Carl J. Shanker, Thomas Daniel Sigmund, Paul E. Sandel, Michael J. Schreiber, Brian T. Shapiro, Andrew J. Sikkink, Kathryn A. Sander, Alison B. Schroeder, Christopher Shapiro, Andrew L. Silas, C.J. Sanders, Barry A. Shapiro, Daniel B. Silber, Laura J. Sanders, Marlene Matthew Shapiro, Harold T Silberman, Laurence H. Sanderson, Steven E. Schubert, Richard Francis Shapiro, Isaac Silberman, Robert S. Sands, Amy Schuepbach, Martin A. Shapiro, Judith R. Silberstein, Alan M. Sanger, David E. Schuh, G. Edward Shaplen, Jason T. Silkenat, James R. Sharma, Anita Silver, Allison * Elected to membership in 2006. Sharp, Daniel A. Silver, Brian M. t Elected to five-year term membership in 2006.

100 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Silver, Daniel B. Smith, Richard M. Stahl, Lesley R. Straus, Donald B. Silver, Ron Smith, Stephen G. Stam, Allan C. Straus, Oscar S. II Silvers, Robert B. Smith, Theodore M. Stamas, Stephen Strauss, Robert S. Simes, Dimitri K. Smith, Tony Stanford, Nina Zinterhofer Streeb, Gordon L. Simmons, Adelc Smith, W Y. Stanger, Allison Katherine Stremlau, John J. Simmons, Matthew R. Smith, Winthrop H. Jr. Stanislaw, Joseph A. Stringer, Howard Simmons, P. J. Snider, Don M. Stanley, Elizabeth A. Strmecki, Marin J. Simmons, Ruth J. Snider, L. Britt Stanton, Frank Strock, James M. Simon, Denis Fred* Snow, Robert Anthony Staples, Eugene S. Stromseth, Jane E. Simon, Francoise L. Snowe, OlympiaJ. Starr, Alexandraf Stroock, Thomas F. Simon, Hugh V. Jr. Snyder, Jed C. Starr, Kenneth I. Strossen, Nadine Simon, Jennifer J.f Snyder, Richard E. Stavridis, James G. Styron, Rose Sims, Calvin G. Sobol, Dorothy Meadow Steel, Ronald Sudarkasa, Niara Sinclair, Paula J. Soderberg, Nancy E. Steiger, Paul E. Sufi, Awais Sinding, Steven W. Softer, Abraham David Stein, David F. Sughrue, Karen M. Singer, Peter Warren Solarz, Stephen J. Stein, Elliot Suh, Ryung Singh, Manisha Solnick, Steven L. Stein, Eric Suleiman, Ezra N. Singham, Shanker A. Solomon, Andrew Wallace Steinberg, David J. Sullivan, Gordon R. Singleton, Lincoln Cameron Solomon, Anne G.K. Steinberg, James B. Sullivan, John D. Sinkin, Richard N. Solomon, Anthony M. Steinberg, Mark R. Sullivan, Louis W. Sitrick, James Baker Solomon, Joshua N. Steinberg, Richard H. Sumerlin, Donald M.f Skidmore, Thomas E. Solomon, Peter J. Steinbruner, John D. Summers, Lawrence H. Skinner, Elliott P. Solomon, Richard H. Steiner, Joshua L. Sundiata, Ibrahim K. Skinner, Kiron Kanina Solomon, Robert Steiner, Steven E. Suro, Roberto A. Sklarew, Jennifer Friedman Sonenshine, H. Marshall Stempel, John D. Sutphen, Mona K. Skol, Michael M. Sonenshine, Tara Diane Stent, Angela Evelyn Sutterlin, James S. Skolnikoff, Eugene B. Song, Diana M.H. Stepan, Alfred C. Sutton, Francis X. Skora, Alexander J. Sonnenberg, Maurice Stern, David J. Suzman, Cedric Skorton, David J.* Sonnenfeldt, Helmut Stern, Fritz Swank, Emory C. Slade, David R. Sonnenfeldt, Richard W Stern, H. Peter Swanson, Carl Axel Slattery, Jim C. Sorensen, Gillian Martin Stern, Jeffrey M. Sweeney, John J. Slaughter, Anne-Marie Sorensen, Juliet Suzanne Stern, Jessica E. Sweig, Julia Ellen* Slaughter, Richard A. Sorensen, Theodore C. Stern, Paul G. Sweitzer, Brandon W. Slavin, Barbara Soros, George Stern,Paula Swid, Scott L.* Slawson, Paul S. Soros, Jonathan Allan Stern, Todd D. Swid, Stephen Claar Sloane, Ann Brownell Soros, Paul Stern, Walter P. Swiers, Peter Bird Sloane, Margaret Sosnicky, James R.f Sternberg, Marc S. Swing, John Temple Slocombe, Walter B. Soudriette, Richard W Sternberg, Seymour Szporluk, Roman Small, Lawrence M. Sovern, Michael I. Sterner, Michael E. Smalley, Kathleen Spagnuolo, Stephen A. Stetson, Anne Smalley, Patricia T. Spahn, Blake A. Stevens, Charles R. Smart, Christopher W. Spain, James W Stevens, James W. Taft, Julia Vadala Smart, S. Bruce Jr. Spalter, Jonathan Stevens, Paul Schott Taft, William H. IV Smeall, Christopher Spaner, Jonathan S. Stevens, Robert J. Tagliabue, Paul Smith, Clint E. Spangler, Scott M. Stevenson, Charles A. Tahir-Kheli, Shirin R. Smith, Dane F. Jr. Spears, Suzanne Alexandra Stewart, Brittany D. Talbot, Phillips Smith, David Shiverick Spector, Leonard S. Stewart, C. Evan Talbott, Strobe Smith, Edwin M. Speedie, David C. Stewart, Donald M. Talwar, Puneet Smith, Fern M. Spencer, John Stewart, Gordon C. Tan Bhala, Kara W.Y. Smith, Fred Gary* Sperling, Gene B. Stewart, Jamie B. Jr. Tang, David K.Y. Smith, Frederick Wallace* Spero, Joan E. Stewart, Ruth Ann Tanner, Harold Smith, Gayle E. Spero, Joshua B. Stiehm, Judith Hicks Tanter, Raymond Smith, Hedrick L. Speyer, Jerry I. Stiglitz, Joseph E. Tapia, Raul R. Smith, Jean Kennedy Speyer, Robert J. Stiles, Deborah F Tarnoff, Alexanderf Smith, Jeffrey H. Spiegel, Daniel L. Stith, Kate Tarnoff Peter Smith, John T. II Spiegel, John W Stobaugh, Robert B. Tarter, C. Bruce Smith, Justin B. Spielvogel, Carl Stockman, David A. Tarullo, Daniel K. Smith, Leighton W Jr. Spiers, Ronald I. Stoessinger, John G. Tatlock, Anne M. Smith, Malcolm B. Spindler, J. Andrew Stoga, Alan J. Tauber, Charles E. Smith, Martin* Spinelli-Noseda, Carlos Javier Stokes, Bruce Taubman, William Smith, Michael B. Spiro, Herbert John Stone, Christopher B. Taylor, Arthur R. Smith, Perry M. Spoon, Alan Stone, Jeremy J. Taylor, Cathy L. Smith, Peter Hopkinson Spratt, John M. Jr. Stonesifer, Patricia Q, Taylor, Diana L. Smith, R. Jeffrey Stacks, John Strasser, Jacqueline Lauraf Taylor, James S.

101 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Taylor, Kathryn Pelgrift Topping, Seymour Upton, Maureen T von Eckartsberg, K. Gayle Teece, David J. Torano, Maria Elena Usher, William R. Rose Teichner, Martha A. Torop, Jonathan P. Usher, William R. Ill von Lipsey, Rod Teitel, Ruti G. Torres, Art Utgoff, Victor A. von Mehren, Robert B. Teitelbaum, Michael S. Torres, Gerald Utley, Garrick Votaw, Carmen Delgado Telhami, Shibley Torricelli, Robert G. Uzeta, Jaime E. Vradenburg, George III Tellis, Ashley Joachim Toth, Robert C. Vuono, Carl E. Tempelsman, Maurice Toungara, Jeanne Maddox Temple-Raston, Dina Simone Townsend, Kathleen Kennedy Vaccaro, Jonathan Matthew W Tenet, George J. Trachtenberg, Stephen Joel Vagliano, Sara Wachner, Linda J. Terracciano, Anthony P. Train, Harry D. II Vagts, Detlev F Wachtel, Andrew Baruch Terry, Sarah M. Train, John Vaitheeswaran, Vijay V Wadhams, Caroline P.f Theobald, Thomas C. Train, Russell E. Vaky, Viron P. Wadsworth-Darby, Mary Theros, Patrick N. Trainor, Bernard E. Valenta, Jiri Waggoner, Robert C. Thiessen, Marc Alexander Tran, Ly K. Valenti, Jack Wais, Marshall I. Jr. Thoman, G. Richard Trani, Eugene P. Valentine, Debra A. Wait, Jarett F* Thomas, Brooks Traub, James Valenzuela, Arturo A. Waldron, Arthur Thomas, Evan W. Ill Treadway, Stephen J. van der Vink, Gregory E. Wales, Jane M. Thomas, Franklin A. Treanor, Adam J. Van Dusen, Michael H. Walker, Anna R. Thomas, James P. Treanor, Mark C. Van Dyk, Ted Walker, Chads E. Thomas, Lee B. Jr. Treat, John Elting Van Evera, Stephen Walker, George R. Thomas, Lydia Waters Trebat, Thomas J. Van Fleet, James Alward Walker, Gregg Alexander Thomas, Troy S. Treverton, Gregory Frye Van Oudenaren, John Walker, Jenonne Thomas-Graham, Pamela A. Trice, Robert H. Jr. Van Zandt, David Edgar Walker, John L. Thompson, Fred D. Trimble, Charles R. Vande Berg, Marsha Walker, Nancy J. Thompson, Heather Dawnf Trojan, Vera M. vanden Heuvel, Katrina Walker-Huntley, Mary L. Thompson, Nicholas E.S.f Trooboff Peter D. vanden Heuvel, William J. Wallace, Roger Windham Thompson, Robert L. Truitt, Nancy Sherwood Varela, Marta B. Wallach, Kenneth L. Thompson, W. Scott Truman, Edwin M. Varmus, Harold E. Wallander, Celeste Ann Thomson, James A. Tsalik, Svetlana Vecchi, Sesto E. Wallerstein, Mitchel B. Thornburgh, Dick Tsehai, Elizabeth G. Veit, Carol Michele Wallich, Christine I. Thornell, Richard P. Tsingos, Basilios E. Veit, Lawrence A. Wallison, Peter J. Thornton, John L. Tsipis, Kosta Veliotes, Nicholas A. Walsh, Ian K* Thoron, Louisa Tucher, H. Anton Vendley, William F. Walsh, Michaela L. Thorpe, Allen R. Tucker, Cynthia A. Veneman, Ann M* Walt, Stephen M. Tien, John K. Jr. Tucker, Jonathan B. Verleger, Philip K. Jr. Walters, Barbara Tienda, Marta* Tucker, Nancy Bernkopf Verma, Gagan Walton, Anthony John Tierney, Matthew S. Tucker, Richard Frank Vermilye, Peter H. Walton, R. Keith Tierney, Patricia E. Tuggle, Clyde C. Verstandig, Toni G. Waltz, Kenneth N. Tierney, Paul E. Jr. Tuminez, Astrid S. Verveer, Melanne S. Wanger, Leah Zell Tiersky, Ronald Tung, Ko-Yung Verville, Elizabeth G. Ward, Jennifer C. Till, Kimberly Tunkey, James P. Vessey, John W Ward, Katherine T. Tillman, Seth P. Tunnell, David Randolph Vester, Linda J. Ware, Carl Tilton, Andrew Turner, Douglas W.f Viccellio, Henry Jr. Warner, Edward L. Ill Timbers, William H. Turner, J. Michael Vicenzino, Marco S. Warner, John William Timothy, Kristen Turner, James M. Vick, Edward H. Warner, Margaret G. Timpson, Sarah Livingston Turner, Robert F. Victor, Alice S. Warner, Mark R. Tindell, Cynthia A. Turner, Stansfield Vidal,DavidJ. Warner, Volney James Tipson, Frederick S. Tusiani, Michael D. Videt, Pote P. Warren, Gerald L. Tirana, Amina Tyrrell, R. Emmett Jr. Viebranz, Curtis G. Warren, Rick* Tirpak, Bradley M. Tyson, Carole Henderson Viets, Richard Noyes Washburn, John L. Tisch, Andrew Herbert Tyson, Laura DAndrea Vila, Adis M. Wasserman, Debra L. Tisch, James S. Vinjamuri, Leslie Wasserstein, Bruce Tisne, Claire Marvelf Viorst, Milton Waterbury, John Todman, Terence A. U Viscusi, Enzo Watson, Alexander F. Toft, Monica Duffy* Udovitch, Abraham L. Vitale, Alberto Watson, Peter S. TolLMaynardJ.Jr. Uhlig, Mark Vitale, David J. Watts, John H. Tomlinson, Alexander C. Ullman, Richard H. Voell, Richard Allen Watts, William Toobin, Jeffrey R* Ulman, Cornelius M. Vogel, Ezra F. Waxman, Matthew C* Toomey, Kathleen Elizabeth Ulrich, Marybeth Peterson Vogelgesang, Sandy Louise Weatherstone, Dennis Topping, Audrey Ronning Ungar, Sanford J. Vogelson, Jay M. Weaver, David R. Unger, David C. Vojta, George J. Webb, Hoyt K. Volcker, Paul A. Weber, Doron * Elected to membership in 2006. Volk, Stephen R. tElected to five-year term membership in 2006. Weber, Vin

102 MEMBERSHIP ROSTER

Webster, William H. White, John P. Winkler, Matthew A. Yegen, Christian C. Wechsler, William Frederick White, Julia A. Winokur, Herbert S. Jr. Yellen, Janet Louise* Weddle, Steven White, Mary Jo Winston, Michael R. Yergin, Daniel H. Wedgwood, Ruth White, Maureen Winterer, Philip S. Yochelson, John N. Wehrle, Leroy Snyder White, Peter C. Winters, Francis X. Yoffie, David B. Weidenbaum, Murray White, Robert J. Wirth, David A. Yoran, Catherine Lotrionte Weigel, George White, William H. Wirth, Timothy E. Yordan, Jaime Ernesto Weiksner, George B. Whitehead, John C. Wisch, Steven J. Yost, Casimir A. Weil, Frank A. Whitman, Christine Todd Wise, Carol Young, Alice Weill, Sanford I* Whitman, Marina v.N. Wise, Louise Holly B. Young, Andrew Weinberg, David B. Whitney, Christopher B. Wisner, Frank G. Young, George H. Ill Weinberg, Steven Whitney, Craig R. Wisner, Graham G. Young, Gwen Kathleen Weinert, Richard S. Whittemore, Frederick B. Witkowsky, Anne A. Young, Jay T. Weinrod, W. Bruce Wiarda, Howard J. Woerner, Fred F. Young, M. Crawford Weinstein, David E. Wien, Anita Volz Wofford, Harris Young, Michael K. Weinstein, Jeremy M. Wiener, Carolyn Seely Wohlforth, William C. Young, Nancy Weinstein, Michael M. Wiener, Malcolm H. Wohlstetter, Roberta Youngblood, Kneeland C. Weinstock, Davis II Wiesel, Elie Wojcicki, Anne E.t Youngwood, Alfred D. Weintraub, Sidney Wiesel, Elisha Wolf, Charles Jr. Yu, Frederick TC. Weisberg, Jacob M. Wilby, Peter Wolf, Ira Yun, Philip W. Weisman, Steven R. Wilcox, Elizabeth Roberts Wolfensohn, Adam R. Yzaguirre, Raul H. Weiss, Andrew S. Wildenthal, C. Kern Wolfensohn, James D. Weiss, Charles Jr. Wiley, Richard A. Wolff, Alan Wm. Weiss, Cora Wilhelm, Robert E. Wolff, I. Peter Zabel, William D. Weiss, Edith Brown Wilkerson, Thomas Lloyd Wolff, Jason R. Zagoria, Donald S. Weiss, Stanley A. Wilkie, Edith B. Wolfowitz, Paul D. Zahn, Paula A. Welch, C. David Wilkins, Roger W. Wolin, Ncal S. Zakaria, Arshad R. Welch, Jasper A. Jr. Wilkinson, Amy M. Wolosky, Lee S. Zakaria, Fareed Welch, Larry D. Wilkinson, Daniel C. Wolpe, Howard Zakheim, Dov S. Weld, Susan Roosevelt Wilkinson, Sharon P. Wolstencroft, Tracy R. Zaleski, Michel Weld, William F. Wille, Serena B. Woo-Cumings, Meredith Zamagni, William E. Jr. Wellde, George W Jr.* Williams, Aaron S. Woodruff, Judy C. Zanoyan, Vahan B. Weller, David L. Williams, Brian D. Woods, Ward W. Zarb, Frank G. Wells, Damon Williams, Christine Woodward, Susan L. Zartman, I. William Wells, Louis T. Jr. Williams, Cindy Woolsey, R. James Zbar, Brett I.W Wells, Samuel F. Jr. Woolsey, Suzanne H. Zegart, Amy B. Wender, Ira T. Williams, Dave H. Woon, Eden Y. Zeikel, Arthur Wendt, Allan Williams, Elizabeth Helenf Williams, Harold M. Worden, Minky Zelikow, Philip D. Wertheim, Mitzi Mallina Zelnick, C. Robert Wesbrook, Stephen D. Williams, Haydn Worenklein, Jacob J. Williams, Howard R. Wortzel, Larry M. Zemmol, Jonathan I. Weschler, Joanna Zilkha, Ezra K. Wesely, Edwin J. Williams, Joseph W Wray, Cecil Williams, Lawrence H. Wriggins, W Howard Zimmerman, Edwin M. Wessel, Michael R. Zimmerman, Peter D. West, Francis J. Williams, Margaret Douglas* Wright, Joseph R. Jr. Williams, Reba White Wright, Lawrence G. Zinberg, Dorothy Shore West, J. Robinson Zinder, Norton D. West, Togo D. Jr. Williams, Thomas R. II Wright, Robin Williams, William J. Jr. Wright, William H. II Zinni, Anthony Charles Westfield, Elisa M. Zipp, Brian R. Westin, David L. Williamson, Edwin D. Wrona, Richard M. Jr. Williamson, Irving A. Wu, Timothy Zirin, James D. Westly, Steven P. Zittrain, Jonathan L.* Williamson, Richard Wulf, Norman A. Weston, Burns H. Zoellick, Robert B. Salisbury Wylie, Andrew Wethington, Olin L. Zogby, James J. Williamson, Samuel Gates Wyser-Pratte, Guy Patrick Wexler, Anne Zolberg, Aristide R. Willrich, Mason Weymouth, Elizabeth G. Zonis, Marvin Wilmers, Robert G. Y Whalen, Richard J. Zorthian, Barry Wilson, Don M. Ill Yacoubian, Mona Wharton, Clifton R. Jr. Zucker, Howard Alan Wilson, Donald M. Yalman, Nur O. Wheeler, John K. Zuckerman, Harriet Wilson, Ernest James III Yang, Linda Tsao Wheeler, John P. Ill Zuckerman, Mortimer B. Wilson, Margaret S. Yang, Phoebe L. Whitaker, C. S. Zwick, Charles J. Winch, Steven D. Yankelovich, Daniel Whitaker, Jennifer Seymour Zwirn, Daniel B.f Winfield, W. Montague Yanney, Michael B. Whitaker, Mark Zysman, John A. White Barton, Laura J. Wing, Adrien Katherine Yao Maasbach, Nancy Winik, Jay

103 credits

Editor: Patricia Lee Dorff Designer: Gene Crofts Associate Editor: Molly Graham Photo Editor: Kathleen Zimmerman Publications Intern: Alexandra Kahan Copy Editor: Traci C. Nagle Cover Design: Th e Halo Project, Inc. PHOTOS Associated Press: 4 bottom Carl Cox Photography: 9 left CFR: 6 top left, 7 top right Charlie Rose Show: 51 bottom Melanie Einzig: 23, 27 top, 32 far right Ken Levinson: table of contents bottom; 4 top; 5 bottom right and bottom left; 6 top right; 11 bottom left; 12 top; 13 top; 17; 27 bottom; 28; 32 fi rst, second, and fourth from left; 34 bottom; 35 top; 40; 41; 43 Patrick McMullen: 35 bottom Meet the Press: 19 Dean Northcott: 9 right Don Pollard: 5 top, bottom left and right; 6 top center; 7 top left; 11 bottom right; 13 bottom two; 15; 24; 29 top; 33; 34 top; 44; 46; 50 Rod Searcey: 22 bottom Sardari.com: title page, Offi cers and Directors, table of contents top and center two, 5 bottom center, 6 bottom, 7 bottom left, 8, 10, 11 top, 12 bottom, 14, 18, 20, 22 top and center, 26, 27 center two, 29 bottom two, 32 center, 36, 37, 38, 39, 47, 48, 49, 51 top FRONT COVER PHOTOS (left to right)* A protester marches at a rally against Venezuelan President Hugo Chávez in Caracas, Venezuela (February 4, 2006). Two Sudanese children look out of a thatched hut at the refugee camp of Zamzam in Sudan (June 9, 2006). A Pakistani Rangers soldier and an Indian Border Security Force soldier shake hands during a fl ag-off ceremony at the joint Indian and Pakistani border checkpost at Wagah, India (August 13, 2005). A young man rides his bicycle by a poster in Baghdad, Iraq, showing Islamic fundamentalist Shiite cleric Muqtada al-Sadr and his late father, former spiritual leader Ayatollah Mohammed Sadiq al-Sadr (December 10, 2005). A member of the Palestinian veterinary medical team examines a chicken for avian fl u at a poultry farm in Beit Lahiya in northern Gaza City (February 23, 2006). BACK COVER PHOTOS (left to right)* General view of the Hutchison international container port in Hong Kong (March 25, 2006). Gas prices rise to over $3 per gallon at a gas station in San Francisco (August 31, 2005). Seen from a NASA satellite, Hurricane Katrina turns slightly eastward before slamming into shore (August 29, 2005). South Korean protesters stage an anti-U.S. rally opposing a plan to deploy upgraded versions of Patriot antimissile batteries in Seoul, South Korea (June 28, 2005). A Palestinian woman attends a rally in support of the Islamic group Hamas in Gaza City (February 17, 2006).

* Reprinted with permission from AP/Wide World Photos.

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