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This Study Was Held from December'2007 to Septrmber'2008 Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 11, 12-21, 2020 ISSN: 1996-8914 Exploration of Issues in Local-level Climate Finance Transparency and Accountability in Southwest Bangladesh Syed Hafizur Rahman1*, Md. Nurul Islam2, Ziaul Hoque Mukta2 1Department of Environmental Sciences, Jahangirnagar University, Dhaka-1342, Bangladesh 2 Campaign for Sustainable Rural Livelihoods (CSRL), Dhaka, Bangladesh (Received: 02 January 2020, Revised: 23 May 2020, Accepted: 01 June 2020, Online: 30 June 2020) Abstract Financing on climate change mitigation, adaptation and resilience are pressing need in Bangladesh, where efficiency, transparency and accountability are very critical. The objective of this study was to investigate the issues in local-level climate finance transparency and accountability. The study was limited to Koyra Upazila of Khulna district and Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira district. This research reviewed the significant hazards and vulnerabilities along with identified the most vulnerable community of the study area. It also assesses the need of the community and analyses the capacity of the community following both desk review and participatory research approaches. A mixture of research techniques has been taken such as Key Informant Interview, in-depth interview with stakeholders, Focus Group Discussion and case studies. Semi- structured questionnaire interview with community people administrated to know the peoples` perceptions, need, and attitude towards climate finance and activities. This study found significant gaps between communities’ needs and taken initiatives where embankment (polder) and water management are the most reported need from the communitys` side. Taken initiatives focused on infrastructure development like roads, cyclone centres. Bangladesh Water Development Board (BWDB) hold the sole authority over embankment and water management. At the same time, the local government identified as the first responder to an embankment and water-related crisis without any official mandate or little scope of the engagement. This study suggested that community engagement through participatory community monitoring approach could increase the transparency and accountability of the climate related programme implementation. Keywords: Shymnagar, Koyra, BWDB, Polder, Adaptation, Local Government. Introduction Climate finance requires accountability in the governance of climate change adaptation (Mees and Peter, 2019) which requires locally applicable activities and community-based solutions to increase the resilience of the local people to the impacts of climate change (Klijn and Koppenjan, 2014; Forrer et al., 2010; Grasso, 2010). Although both ‘bottom-up’ and ‘top-down’ actions help in reducing the probable loss of human lives and livelihoods vulnerable by changes in the climate where bottom-up actions will depend on shaping the debate around national interests and representing denotative actions on the ground to build confidence (E3G Research Team, 2011). *Corresponding Author ([email protected]) Citation: Rahman, S.H. et al., 2020. Exploration of Issues in Local-level Climate Finance Transparency and Accountability in Southwest Bangladesh, Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Research, 11, 12-21. Exploration of issues in local level climate finance transparency and accountability Bangladesh is one of the principal victims of climate change where financing on climate change mitigation, adaptation and resilience are noteworthy and essential (Vinke et al., 2017; Mahmood, 2012). The second and third-order adversative effect of climate change could take many forms, from devastating cyclone to tidal surge, sea-level rise to salinity in surface and groundwater, massive flood to severe drought, climate pattern disruption to livelihood change and finally migration. Low economic growth, inadequate infrastructure, and lack of good governance are making the climate stimuli even worse (Khan, 2017). The south-west coastal region of Bangladesh has been facing most damaging effects: such as repeated tidal surge, floods, salinity intrusion and scarcity of freshwater due to its unique and vulnerable geographical location (Mahmuduzzaman et al., 2014; BARC, 2005). Since the adverse effect of climate change has gained much attention Bangladesh Government (GoB) had established a fund called Bangladesh Climate Change Trust Fund (BCCTF) and channelling 100 million USD since the establishment (ERD, 2018). Along with the BCCTF, Bangladesh has been trying to pull resources from several multi-lateral funds, such as Green Climate Fund (GCF), Adaptation Fund (AF), Least Developed Countries Fund (LDCF), Climate Investment Fund (CIF), Climate Change Fund (CCF). Bangladesh is receiving many other funds and loans to fight climate change from bilateral Development Partners (DPs) and International Financial Institutions (IFIs). Many development partners also have different types of interventions to tackle the climate change related to adverse effect in Bangladesh and expending millions of dollars each year (Mukta, 2012). Bangladesh is also implementing many climate change-related programmes and projects from its fund through respective agencies. As, financing on climate change mitigation, adaptation and resilience are pressing need (UNFCCC, 2014), efficiency, transparency and accountability are very critical for Bangladesh to design and implement sustainable adaptation strategies and climate change related funding (Tashmin, 2016). In this consideration, developing transparency mechanism and ensure accountability in climate finance, it is important to know local level vulnerability, the impact of climate change, community’s needs, perception and local level participation in taken initiatives by government and development partners (Samaddar et al., 2019; Karim and Andreas, 2017; Asia Foundation, 2012; Measham et al., 2011). The objective aimed to investigate the gaps among needs, taken initiatives and implementation. The study was limited to Koyra Upazila of Khulna district (Figure 1) and Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira district (Figure 2). 13 Bangladesh Journal of Environmental Research, Vol. 11, 12-21, 2020 Rahman et al. Figure 1: Map of Koyra Upazila of Khulna district. Figure 2: Map of Shyamnagar Upazila of Satkhira district. 14 Exploration of issues in local level climate finance transparency and accountability Methodology Study Area Koyra and Shyamnagar Upazila are the coastal upazila of Khulna and Satkhira districts in the vicinity of Sundarban. They lie in the Ganges Tidal Floodplain (AEZ 13) agroecological zone (CGC, 2009). In both upazilas, more than 50% of people rely on rainwater, PSF and pond water for drinking and other household use (BBS, 2012a,b). In Koyra, Amadi and Bagali unions have an acute problem in the source of drinking water. Uttar Bedkashi and Koyra have most of the tube wells in the upazila. Monda and Sawntal are the ethnic populations in the upazila. Most of the Mondas live in Koyra, Uttar and Dakshin Bedkashi unions whereas, Sawntals live only in Koyra union (Islam et al., 2018a). In Shyamnagar upazila, Ishwaripur, Kaikhali, Bhurulia, and Ramjan Nagar unions have an acute problem in the source of drinking water. Kashimari and Padma Pukur have most of the tube wells in the upazila. Monda is the only ethnic population in the upazila who live in Ishwaripur, Kaikhali, and Ramjan Nagar unions (Islam, et al., 2018b). Method of Study This research followed both desk review and participatory research approaches. Secondary data were collected from related books, journals, articles, reports of government and non-government organisations, seminar papers and citizen charters of associated institutions in Bangladesh. On the other hand, to gather specific knowledge regarding programmes and project related to climate change, a mixture of research techniques have been taken such as Key Informant Interview (KII), in-depth interview (IDI) with stakeholders, Group Meetings (FGDs) and case studies. Semi- structured questionnaire interview with community people administrated to know the people’s perceptions, need, and attitude towards climate finance and activities. Different types of collected data were analysed using EXCEL software. GIS-based location maps prepared using ArcGIS software. Different climatic hazards and its impacts, livelihood resources (i.e. natural, physical, financial, human and social resources as well as practised coping strategies of the study areas) were identified using the PRA tools (i.e. KII and FGD). Respondent’s observations were found from personal interviews or group meeting with key persons in the community. The case studies were collected during fieldwork, which has been conducted in July and in August 2017. Results Hazards and Vulnerability Due to Koyra’s geographical location, it is vulnerable to several climatic hazards. Among, the riverbank erosion is the foremost. Apart from that, salinity in surface and groundwater (foster drinking water crisis), floods due to bank failure and heavy rains, tidal surges, cyclone are other hazards which affect life and livelihood of the local community. Some unions of Shyamnagar upazila are vulnerable to several climatic hazards due to their geographical location. Among, salinity in surface and groundwater is the principal hazard. Apart from that, polder failure, riverbank erosion, floods due to bank failure and heavy rains, tidal surges, cyclone are other hazards which affect life and livelihood of the local community. In both upazilas, leasing of khals (canals)
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