Khulna District Children Equity Profile

Unicef Zone Office: 2014

1.0 Overview of the district District: Khulna

Khulna District is bounded by and District Map Narail districts on the north, the Bay of on the south, on the east, district on the west. Annual average temperature is 35.5°C and lowest 12.5°C; annual rainfall is 1710 mm. The main rivers are Rupsa-Pasur, Bhairab, Shibsha, Dharla, Bhadra, Ball, and Kobadak . The local economy of this district is dependent on agriculture and Fishing. Paddy, jute, sesame, betel nut, and vegetables are main crops of this district. The main occupation of the population is agriculture. More than 25% people involve inagriculture. About 11% people are wage labour

Economics and Occupation profile of district population: The local economy of this district is dependent on agriculture and Fishing. The main occupation of the population is agriculture. More than 25% people live on agriculture while about 11% people are wage labour. In years with particular negative weather conditions – Cyclone, tidal surge, Flash flood, water logging, cold spells are created unemployment in addition to seasonal. In this context of vulnerability, seasonal food insecurity manifests itself in all three of its dimensions: availability; access and utilization. As this is disaster prone area most of , Union, and villages are situated in the very remote/isolated area. So the people from remote places cannot easily access the services from Upazila and District town. Administration: Khulna district was established on 1882. It consists of 9 Upazillas and 5 thanas, 71 union parishads, 2 municipalities and 1106 villages

1.1 Demographic Profile1

Indicator Number Total population Total: 1512484 Male: 758387 Female: 754097 Under 5 population Total: 132440 0- 5 months:13460 6-23 months: 34385 6- 59 months: 121977 Female adolescent 13-19 yrs.: 120999 Pregnant and lactating women Pregnant women: 27043

1Estimated for 2014 based on census 2011 Lactating women: 71891

1.2 Access to basic services 10% of country’s children live in of which 24% are either living in households under the 1$ day/person PPP-s threshold or experiencing severe deprivation of human need. 57% children are facing at least one severe deprivation of their basic needs.

The coastal belt in Khulnadivision is prone to cyclones and flooding so it is a pocket of vulnerability, with approximately 3 million extremely poor people living there. These people suffer from a lack of fresh water (salinity problem), lack of income generating options (leading to urban migration), lack of access to basic services (health problems related to salinity), low levels of children attending school, lack of access to social protection.

1.3 Natural Disaster Khulna as coastal district is prone to cyclone, salinity, sea upsurge, flood and other natural and manmade disasters. In recent years this district was hit by natural disasters called Aila.

On May 25, 2009 Tropical made landfall in with windspeeds of more than 100 km per hour. Associated tidal surge and flooding resultedin the deaths of 131 individuals and affected more than 3 million people in Khulna, and divisions. The cyclone destroyed houses and agricultural crops. The inhabitants of thedevastated area lost their all kinds of livelihood & livestockand took shelter in the hovel on the existing WAPDA road.Their children were also facing boundless heart rending suffering. Thefuture of the children is uncertain as the schools were closed.

In 2011, southwest region of Bangladesh faced severe flood. Khulna as a coastal district of Bangladesh was the worst flood affected district. 1482 villages of Khulna district were seriously affected. According to Government information the number of total affected families are 1, 81,759. 1, 69,137 children are affected by flood. Around 1,52,034 households have been reported taken temporary shelter in school buildings which have not flooded, on roadsides or in other institutions while many others are living under the open sky with no shelter at all. This number is increasing daily as the situation worsens.

The access to food for the flood victims are extremely limited. The flood victims who have taken shelter at the flood shelters are facing serous food crisis. They are forced to reduce their daily intake. Protein is absolutely absent in their daily food intake. Around 1, 52,034 households have been reported taken temporary shelter in school buildings which have not flooded, on roadsides or in other institutions.

Most of the people in flood-affected areas were living at homestead made of mud walls. Due to flood their homesteads have been completely damaged and destroyed. They have taken shelter on roads, high land and in school and college premises. Those who are living under open sky such as roads and high land have gone through in explicable sufferings due to incessant heavy downpour. They need immediate pollythene sheet support. 115408 houses are damaged.

Health, hygiene, water and sanitation situation even in the flood shelters have nearly collapsed. The number of tube wells and latrines are not sufficient to meet the need of marooned people who have taken shelter on roads, high land and in school and college premises. On roads, high land and in school and college premises. Women are facing more difficulties because of lack of latrine facilities. Emergency latrine, tube well, WPT, ORS, bleaching powder are essential at the moment.

2.0 Situation Analysis

2.1 Education Educational Profile of district NAR Proportio at School School n out of prima Attend attenda Proportion out of NAR at secondary school School attendance ry ance nce rate school children (6- school (11-15 children rate at five (%) school rate at at 10 years) (%) years) (%) (11-15 (6-10 primar seconda years) years) y (%) ry (%) (%) (%) Total M F Total Total Total M F Total M F Total Total

28.8 28.6 29.0 62.7 81.8 18.2 18.8 17.6 61.9 57.6 66.7 82.6 17.4

Status of pre-primary education :( BBS Data): School age children (6+10) Total enrolment in school Enrolment in Drop out children PPE class Total Girls Boys Total Girls Boys Total Total and % 290323 143937 146386 289847 143689 146158 33906 6630; 11.38

Major Challenges to equity in education:  Teachers are less interested to work in the remote and isolated school, as a result quality education hampered due to teacher shortage.  Being disaster prone vulnerable areas, Children are engaged in child labour and earning.

Children complete a full cycle of basic primary education from grade 1 to grade 5 at the appropriate age

One year PPE service (based on Interim package) for children of 5 years of age

Khulna Equity Profile - Pre-Primary Education (PPE)*

82.2 82 82 81.8 81.6 81.4 81.2 81 81 80.8 80.6 80.4

Availability Accessibility Utilization Adequate Effective

Khulna Equity Profile - Primary Education (PE)** 120 100 100 100 91

80

60

40

20 11

0

Availability Accessibility Utilization Adequate Effective

2.2 WASH The WASH programme (2013-2016) builds on the lessons learned from the previous phase of Sanitation, Hygiene Education and Water Supply Project in Bangladesh (SHEWA-B) and the Environmental Sanitation Hygiene and Water Supply in Rural Area Project (ESHRWA). Through these phases a social model was developed based on pro-poor community action planning to establish social change for safe and sustainable WASH. Empowered people thus make their communities open-defecation free, identify and select water technologies to improve their water supply and to practice improve hygiene behaviour. The model, with community, school and mass media components, rural and urban, triggers social change for WASH

The specific objectives are:  Improved standards of hygiene behaviour i. e hand washing with soap before eating food and after defecation on a sustainable basis particularly among the poor;  Improved access to improved sanitation by all households and reduction/zero open defecation in programme intervention areas by 2016  End exposure of poor and affected communities to high level of arsenic contamination in drinking water;  Increased access of poor and unserved communities to safe water throughout the year in saline and deep water table areas;  Strengthened capacity of the local government institutions (LGIs) to provide sustainable water supply, sanitation facilities and hygiene promotion to rural and urban population and to take appropriate measures to ensure safety of drinking water  Adequate/increased operation and maintenance services/ capability to meet the needs of a In Khulna (Water): changing sector.  Availability = 99% HH with improved water Khulna WASH Equity Profile source  Accessibility = 36% water sources are within Khulna Equity Profile - SANITATION 150m of home  Utilization =32% water sources are usable 94 89 100 72 within 150 m of home UNICEF supported WASH programs in Khulna:

Action Research on Managed Aquifer 26 sites in 04 Upazillas, working with 02 PNGOs (LOCOS Recharge (MAR) and Mukti Foundation) School Led Total sanitation (SLTS) 59 schools (GPS, High school and Madrasa) of 02 Unions of Terokhada upazila. (PNGO-Caritas)

In Khulna (Sanitation): Khulna Equity Profile - WATER  Availability = 94% HH with improved latrine 120 99 100 (JMP) 80  Accessibility = 89% latrines are within 20m of 60 36 32 home 40 20 20  Utilisation = 72% latrines are usable by all 0 members (>5 yrs old)  Adequate = 19% latrines are year round accessible and clean Availability Accessibility Utilization Adequate  Effective = 01% latrines has water and soap within 5m.

Community Reverse Osmosis Plant (CROP) 02 plants at .

Action Research on Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR), AWP with University • Community mobilization by 07 selected PNGO. • Renovation of existing 20 MAR sites. • Construction of new 80 new MAR sites. • Abstraction management and data collection. Action research, testing and upscaling of recharge and storage of fresh water in the saline portions of the coastal plain for rural water supply. This method has various names internationally including Managed Aquifer Recharge (MAR) as used here, as well as groundwater buffering, and aquifer storage and recovery (ASR). Purpose: To provide potable water for rural communities in areas in without any fresh water resources in the dry season Duration: 10 months, Area: 03 UNDAF districts , Partner: DU, DPHE and Acacia The main objectives of MAR: • To complete the construction of 100 MAR schemes to provide 20,000-25,000 people in the Khulna region with fresh water in 2014 • To develop a plan for sustainable upscaling (technical, social, financial, operational) of the schemes in the 3 Districts which have a total population of 0,5-1 million • To explore and test the suitability of this technology in other areas of Bangladesh to combat fresh water scarcity or two mitigate over-pumping of groundwater

Expected outcome • 20 schemes tested during a full hydrologic year • 80 new schemes constructed and handed over (15,000 people) and 1200 children of 5 schools will have access to safe water. • A minimum of 5, and maximum of 10, NGO’s trained in siting, construction and O&M of the schemes • Water User Groups (including women) established at 75 sites and members trained to operate and manage the schemes; • Five School Management Committees (SMC's) trained to manage school systems. • Technical and social feasibility for up scaling completed and business plan prepared for large scale implementation • Replication of the MAR technology tested in three other areas in Bangladesh and recommendations made for follow up • Results disseminated and cooperation established with a range of Bangladeshi and Dutch organizations

School Led Total Sanitation approach (SLTS), PCA with Oxfam-UK and Caritas-bangladesh Period: 01 November 2013 to 31 December 2014 (14 months in total) comprising 9 months active duration and 5 months observation.

Partners: Oxfam with Bachteshekha and Caritas. Location: 175 primary and secondary schools in 03 districts (Khulna, Narail and Sathkira). These schools will be divided between primary (80%) and secondary (20%) and will account for 40% of the total number of schools for the Dutch project.

Purpose: To increase the utilisation of improved water, sanitation and hygiene facilities and practice of key WASH behaviours using schools as entry points into the communities, through the School Led Total Sanitation (SLTS) Approach.

Key approach:  Conduct a baseline of the WASH conditions in the schools  Construct new water points and rehabilitate existing water points in the schools  Connect existing water points to latrine blocks in the schools (where necessary)  Construct new WASH latrine blocks and rehabilitate WASH latrine blocks in the schools.  Install group hand washing facilities in the schools  (Re)Form and train School Brigades in the primary and secondary schools  Provide training to the School Management Committees (SMCs) and School Brigades on key Hygiene messages and School Led Total Sanitation (SLTS) approach  Provide support to communities to improve their demand for, and access to, improved WASH facilities, services and practice of key hygiene behaviors  Conduct social mobilization in schools and communities simultaneously  Provide training to government officials on the SLTS approach

Expected Outcomes:  Baseline of WASH facilities and practice conducted in the schools  Improved access to WASH facilities and group hand washing facilities installed in the schools  Improved practice of key hygienic behaviours in schools and surrounding communities by school children and their families  Strengthened School Management Committee with dedicated budget and allocated roles for operation and maintenance of the facilities  Stronger connection between the school and the surrounding community  Increased demand for improved WASH facilities, services and practice of key WASH behaviour in the community and the school  New water pointsconstructed and existing water points rehabilitatedin the schools  Existing water points connected to latrine blocks in the schools (where necessary)  New WASH latrine blocks constructed and existing WASH latrine blocks rehabilitated in the schools  School Brigades in the primary and secondary schools (re)formed and trained  Social mobilisation conducted in schools and communities simultaneously  Increased government capacity on the principles, strategies, implementation and monitoring of SLTS Beneficiaries:  47,750 students from 175 primary and secondary schools  175 School Management Committees and School communities around the School. Community Reverse Osmosis Plant (CROP),

AWP with Department of Public Health & Engineering (DPHE) Department of Public Health Engineering (DPHE) is Bangladesh Government mandated agency for rural water supply and sanitation. On response to growing concern of drinking water salinity, this is time to try out and implement some proven high tech water treatment system in rural area to find out suitable sustainability model to operate up ended systems. CROP is initiated to address above concerns. This is well known and accepted that R.O. plants are complex to operate and maintain but this is also proven that for Bangladesh Coastal belt drinking water salinity is increasing and we need to find out some systematic solution for now and future. This CROP concept will executed as follow: i. Plant Implementation: Part One ii. Plant Trail & Fixing : Part Two iii. Plant Handover: Part Three iv. Evaluation of CROP Concept; Part Four  Part One: At part one full focus would be implement Reverse Osmosis plant, dialogue with LGI, community people.  Part Two: At part two full focuses on testing water supply, skill operator development, involving LGI/committee to know about R.O. Plant.  Part Three: Phase out stage for DPHE and UNICEF and gradually shifted responsibilities to LGI/Committee.  Part Four: Develop implementation process of high ended water supply/filtering options in rural area, Bangladesh.

Expected Outputs: i. At least two union will get salinity free drinking water source in Bangladesh coastalbelt ii. At least 2065 people will find year around safe salinity free drinking water source iii. WASH cluster will get two safe salinity free drinking water supply source inEmergency period in Bangladesh. Expected Outcomes: Process & Procedures to implement and operate complex water supplysystems/filtering system at rural area in Bangladesh with balancing equity andsustainability

Challenges of WASH sector  Ensure safe water in saline and arsenic prone areas.  Ensuring equity for allocation of safe water option in costal belt areas.  Spend 20% union’s ADP fund for WASH.  Establish good WASH practices and ODF status in Disaster prone areas.  Water point’s site selection and collecting DTWs contribution money by the LGIs.  Implementing SLTS project activities and construction at Govt. primary schools.  Delayed and poor quality supply from UNICEF.  Too short PCA duration to ensure quality output and staff dropout.

2.3 Child Protection Basic data on Child Protection in Khulna:

Child Protection Indicators % Source Birth registration by 5 years of age 53.5 MICS, 2012-1013 Women married before 15 30.2 MICS, 2012-1013

Women married before 18 69.2 MICS, 2012-1013 Girls (15-19) currently married 45.4 MICS, 2012-1013 Children <18 living with neither biological parents 5 Children <18 with one or both biological parents dead. 3.6 Children age 1-14 years who experienced 88.1 MICS, 2012-1013 psychological aggression or physical punishment during the last one month Women age 15-49 years who are in a polygamous 6.2 MICS, 2012-1013 union Young women who are married or in union and whose 28.6 MICS, 2012-1013

spouse is 10 or more years older among women age 15-19 years Young women who are married or in union and whose 31.3 MICS, 2012-1013 spouse is 10 or more years older among women age 20-24 years Children 0-17 years with at least one biological 2.1 MICS, 2012-1013 parent living abroad Children aged 6-14 years not attending school and 2 MICS 2009 engaging in work Children (0-18 years) suffered some form of injury 6.5 MICS, 2006 out of which 1.3% is road accident and 1% children drowned Children aged 5-18 can’t swim 20.6 MICS, 2006

Birth Registration MiCS 2012 shows that 53.5% children’s (less than 5 years) birth is registered in Khulna District.

Online Birth Registration Information System (BRIS) was rolled-out in all the unions of Khulna district in 2010. Some of the Wards of Khulna City Corporation and Union Parishads are yet to complete the data entry and start the full automation of birth registration.

Child marriage 69.2% of girls are married before age of 18 in Khulna District, whereas 30.2% of girls are married off before the age of 15. (MICS 2012)

Though marriage registration for Muslims is mandatory by law and Kazi (Marriage registrar) is supposed to check the birth certificates as a proof of age. Parents can still get fake birth certificates with false date of birth and Kazi’s don’t have the option to check the validity of the birth certificates presented by the parents. On the other hand, registration of marriage is optional for Hindu people. This makes is very difficult to monitor and stop the child marriage.

Child Trafficking Six districts of Khulna Division is sharing international borders with India, which put the women and children of this area more susceptible to trafficking.The border areas of Jessore, Satkhira, and Jhenidah are frequently used as land routes for trafficking.

There at least are six recognised brothels in Khulna Division of which two brothels are in Khulna District (Phultala and Baniashanta. There are children involved in the sex profession as well as children of sex- workers who at risk of sexual exploitation.

Monitoring or Results for Equity System (MoRES) for Child Protection

Khulna Equity Profile - Life Skills Based Education 5 4.53 4.5 4 3.49 3.5 3 2.73 2.37 2.37 2.5 2 1.5 1 0.5 0

Availability Accessibility Utilization Adequate Effective

Availability: Proportion of adolescent girls and boys aged 15-19 years for whom adolescent club space is available

Accessibility: Proportion of adolescent girls and boys aged 15-19 years who are able to reach an adolescent club within 30 minutes

Utilization: Proportion of adolescent girls and boys aged 15-19 years who attend one LSBE session at adolescent club

Adequate Coverage: Proportion of adolescent girls and boys aged 15-19 years who complete Appropriate LSBE course at adolescent club

Effective Coverage: Proportion of adolescent girls and boys aged 15-19 years who completed Appropriate LSBE course and are not married before the age of 18 Khulna Equity Profile - Birth Registration within 45 days 120 100 100

80

60

40

20 3.19 1.5 0

Availability Accessibility Utilization Adequate Effective

Availability: Proportion of birth registration units connected with BRIS, equipped with computers, printers and forms and operated by trained personnel

Accessibility: Proportion of parents of children under the age of one who know where and how or who can help them reporting birth and obtaining birth registration certificate

Utilization: Proportion of parents of children under the age of one who submitted an application for birth registration and birth registration certificate for their children

Adequate Coverage: Proportion of children under the age of one who are registered in BRIS and provided with birth registration certificate

Effective Coverage:Proportion of children under the age of one who are registered in BRIS and provided with birth registration certificate within 45 days of their birth

Challenges of Child Protection Sector:  Children act 2013 not implemented by all stakeholders.  Lack of human resource in DSS, MoWCA and BSA  Less training opportunity for the field level workers in government  Less scope for local level stakeholders to participate in the decisions taken at the central level  Inter-sectoral cooperation/coordination is difficult 2.4 Health

Basic data on Health in Khulna: Indicator Status *Data Source Under Five Mortality 53 per thousand live births 2 Infant Mortality 46 per thousand live births 2 Neonatal Mortality 31 per thousand live births 2 Maternal Mortality 64 per 100,000 live births 4 (Khulna divisional value) Delivery by SBA 40.1% 2 Delivery at Facility 33% 2 Total Fertility Rate (TFR) 2.14 2 Contraceptive Prevalence Rate (CPR) 54.8% 2 Fully Vaccination Coverage (FVC) 88 % 5

Health Facilities: Facility Number *Data Source District Hospital 1 3 MCWC (Maternal and Child Welfare Center) 2 3 UHC (Upazila Health Complex) 9 3 UH&FWC (Union Health & Family Welfare Center) 47 3 CC (Community Clinic) 175 3

*Data Source: 1. Census-2011 2. Bangladesh District Level Socio-demographic and Health Care Utilization Indicators-2011 3. Divisional Director's Office-Khulna (Health and Family Planning) 4. BMMS-2010 5. EPI Coverage Evaluation Survey-2013

UNICEF supported Health projects in Khulna:

Project Location

Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI) All upazilla of Khulna district

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI) All upazilla of Khulna district

Expanded Programme on Immunization (EPI)

As a nation-wide programme to reduce child and maternal mortality and morbidity, UNICEF is supporting Govt. of Bangladesh since 1979. Initially, the programme covered vaccination against six major infectious diseases, later vaccines for three more diseases were included. The diseases are: 1.Tuberculosis, 2. Diphtheria, 3. Whooping Cough, 4. Tetanus, 5. Hepatitis-B, 6. Heamophilus Infuenza-B, 7. Poliomyelitis, 8. Measles and 9. Rubella.

The vaccines are: 1. BCG, 2. Pentavalent vaccine, 3. OPV, 4. Measles-Rubella (MR), 5. Measles and 6. Tetanus Toxoid (TT)

Integrated Management of Childhood Illness (IMCI): To reduce under five mortality and to prevent child hood malnutrition, UNICEF is supporting the Govt. in setting up of IMCI and Nutrition Corners at all Upazilla Health Complexes and District Hospital of Khulna. Khulna Equity Profile - ANC (PP) 120

100 100 82 82 77 80

60

40

20

0 0

Availability Accessibility Utilization Adequate Effective

Khulna Equity Profile - Fully Vaccinated Children (Health) 102 100 100 99 99 98 96 96 94 92 90 88 88 86 84 82

Availability Accessibility Utilization Adequate Effective Khulna Equity Profile - CCM for Pneumonia 120 100 100 90

80 74

60

40 29 29

20

0

Availability Accessibility Utilization Adequate Effective

2.5 Nutrition

Nutrition Indicators % District 35.61 Stunting Coastal Belt2 382 District 6.71 Wasting Coastal Belt2 103 District 25.71 Underweight Coastal Belt2 323 Prevalence of Low Birth Weight 27.21 Prevalence of anemia in children 6-59 months 54.23 Prevalence of anemia in women 15-49 years (ever married women) 37.44 Early Initiation of breastfeeding within first hour after District 40.11 birth Coastal Belt2 543 Exclusive breastfeeding for children up to 6 months District 60.91 Coastal Belt2 503 Minimum dietary diversity for children 6-23 months Division 31.44 Coastal Belt2 343

1 Bangladesh Multiple Indicator Cluster Survey (MICS), 2012-2013 2 Coastal Belt : Batiaghata, Dumuria, Paikgacha, Dacope and Koyra 3 State of Food Security and Nutrition in Bangladesh-2012, FSNSP Food Security Surveillance Project 4 Bangladesh Demographic and Health Survey 2011 Minimum acceptable diet for children 6-23 months Division 364 Coastal Belt2 293 Caregivers with appropriate hand washing behavior Division 164 Coastal Belt2 123 Vitamin A supplementation coverage (6- 59 months) 994 Vitamin A supplementation coverage (12- 59 months) 995 Deworming coverage of children 24-59 months 986 Pregnant women who took IFA during pregnancy Division 304 Coastal Belt2 313 Adolescent girls (10-18 years) who are underweight by National 433 BMI Inadequate dietary diversity consumptionamong women Division 374 Coastal Belt2 393 Pregnant women who are undernourished (by MUAC) Division 184 Coastal Belt2 263 Children 6-59 months screened for their nutritional status 97267 (Number) Estimated caseload of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) among children 109858 U5 (Number) Children U5 screened as SAM 1.89 Children U5 with SAM who are admitted and treated (in-patient) 1.510

According to MICS 2012 -2013 the prevalence of wasting (low weight for height), stunting (low height for age) and underweight (low weight for age) of children 6-59 months in Khulna district are lesser than the prevalence of national and divisional prevalence of wasting, stuntingand underweight of children 6-59 months. It seems that more children in Khulna district are well-nourished compared to national level. However, as per WHO classification, stunting and underweight prevalence are in serous category and wasting prevalence falls under poor category of public health significance all of which are not within the acceptable category.

The bottleneck analysis of different 12 Direct Nutrition Intervention (DNI)s showed that availability and accessibility coverage [except DNI 12: Management of Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM)] for all of the DNIs are good. The effective coverage of Early Initiation of Breastfeeding and Exclusive Breastfeeding improved over the past two years and that of Appropriate Complementary Feeding was still as low as 42%. The effective coverage for Hand washing, Iodized Salt Consumption, Iron Folic Acid (IFA) supplementation during pregnancy, Zinc with ORS during diarrhoea, Appropriate maternal diet consumption were found to be as low as 12%, 41%, 34%, 14% and 18 respectively. Vitamin A supplementation and Deworming programme showed high coverage rate. However more focus should be given on nutrition screening and management of SAM.

5District NVAC administrative report- April 2014 6District NVAC administrative report-March 2014 7 9000 (estimated) U2 screened by PROSHAR project+ 696 U5 children screened by IHABI project+ 30 (estimated) U5 children by KMCH in last quarter (Apr-Jun, 2014) 8 Caseload= 248525 (# 6-59 month children)*1.7%(Prevalence)*2.6(Need=1+{time period/7.5}) 9%Calculation: No. of U-5 children screened as SAM in last quarter/ (Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) caseload of U-5 years aged children/4) 10%Calculation: U-5 SAM children admitted or treated in last quarter/ (Severe Acute Malnutrition (SAM) caseload of U-5 years aged children/4)}

Khulna 120%

100% 100% 97%

80%

70% 67% 60%

40% 42% 41% 34%

20% 18% 20% 12% 14% 6% 0% Availability Accessibility Utilisation Adequate Target Effective

Challenges of nutrition sector:

1. Despite of being very essential/basic human need, Nutrition has not well understood by the community as well as service providers and relevant stakeholders. 2. Inadequate skilled HR, infrastructure, job aids, logistics for Nutrition mainstreaming. 3. Multi-sectoral coordination, planning and monitoring at district and sub-district levels. 4. Low level of community mobilization on Nutrition issues. 5. IFA is available in sufficient amount in community level but intake is very low due to lack of awareness on full course IFA intake and its benefits. 6. Establishment and functionalize of SAM unit at all level facilities. 7. Supervision and monitoring from local level. 8. Operationalization of integrated nutrition information management (availability, timeliness, quality) and expansion to other health structures (ex. UHC, FWC). 9. Coordination between DGHS and DGFP on nutrition at all levels.

2.6 Field Operation Section: Local Capacity Building and Community Empowerment (LCBCE) Programme: Decentralization, capacity building and empowerment of local government bodies and institutions from ward level to national level is the prime objective of this programme. Under this programme routine mechanism for bottom up planning starting from the ward level and accumulated up to the national level is being standardized, institutionalised and exemplified by evidence through technical, human resource and monetary support

Specifically, the programme seeks to enhance the capacity of Local Government Institutions (LGI), Civil Society Organizations (CSO), and Community-Based Organizations (CBO) and networks in inclusive bottom-up and participatory micro planning for social development and Disaster Risk Reduction (DRR). It will strengthen coordination mechanisms for inter-sector programme synergy, and strengthen local systems for results-based monitoring and reporting in the convergence district. LCBCE programme covered eight union of Dacope and five unions of Rupsha upazila of Khulna district. End result of this programme is all round development of communities across sectors at their own planning, resources and initiative. It has routine coordination platform from ward level to the national level bridging critical analysis of the ground reality.

2.6.1 Emergency Emergency Indicators (Hazard, likelihood and damage analysis) Area Key information Hazards Likelihood Extent of causality and damage Khulna Population- 23,18,527 Cyclone High Huge (M-11,75,686,F-1,42,841), Tsunami High Huge Households-5,47,347 , Water logging Very low Very low Area-4394.45 sq.km, Flood Very low Very low Upazilas-14, Union-70, Salinity Moderate Moderate Village- 1122 and Climate change High Very slow Municipalities- 2 Earthquake Low Low

3.6.2 Status of disaster preparedness and risk reduction  Cyclone Preparedness Programme (CPP) is the largest programme being operated at Cyclone prone areas including all Ups of . They have trained and experience volunteers even at the ward level. This programme became weak now due to lack of logistics and vacant position of assistant director from long time  UNDP (CDMP), Rupantar, World vision, Muslim Aid, Caritas, some local NGOs and UNICEF is working in this sector but there is duplication of work in terms of union preparedness and response plan prepare, committee formation, training, selection of issues and messages. It also creates confusion among mass people and service providers.  The dyke along the cost was severely damaged during the devastating cyclone SIDR 2007 and Ayla 2008 those were not fully repaired.

Challenges in emergency sector  Most importantly the partially damages and unprotected dyke along the coast. This dyke was damaged during the devastating cyclone SIDR 2007 and Ayla 2008.  Disaster Management Committees has been formed from union to district level but these mechanism not fully functional and empowered.  Volunteer lists at various levels are not updated regularly. New volunteers are not getting training. Most cases they are short of logistics like hand mikes.  Different development partners often disseminating different messages often conflicting. This is also confusing for the mass people.  The universal truth of emergency –“A disaster strikes when the previous one is forgotten.” 3.0 Overall Challenges for development: Khulna is a most important districts in Bangladesh for development work. Its geographic and demographic diversities and location made it vulnerable as result people of this area are behind in almost all the areas of development. A good number of UN, international and national NGOs are working in various location of the district dealing with various issues but there are many challenges still ahead. Few of these challenges are-

 Lack of coordination: Despite the fact that many organizations are working, there is lack of cooperation and coordination among them. As a result duplication of work, unserved/ underserved sectors and overlooked geographic locations. In some cases some organizations do not want to share information which hinders overall development trend and increase duplication of work and effort.  Low awareness level: Overall awareness level of mass population is considerably low. Most of them thinks infrastructural development as avenues for development being ignorant and negligent about most of the human development indicators

4.0 Conclusion Khulnais situated at the fringe of the with the plentiful boundaries of Sundarban. Many organisations have concentrated their effort and resources in the district yet a long way to go. There are many programmatic, social, economic, demographic, political, administrative challenges, and unfortunately only some of them are being addressed. Coordinated effort, integrated plan, resource mobilization & leveraging and community participation as a whole are not only keys but also a must for desired all round development of the district.