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Richard Hooker and His Theory of Anglicanism Loyola University Chicago Loyola eCommons Master's Theses Theses and Dissertations 1959 Richard Hooker and His Theory of Anglicanism Marilyn Jean Becic Loyola University Chicago Follow this and additional works at: https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses Part of the History Commons Recommended Citation Becic, Marilyn Jean, "Richard Hooker and His Theory of Anglicanism" (1959). Master's Theses. 1540. https://ecommons.luc.edu/luc_theses/1540 This Thesis is brought to you for free and open access by the Theses and Dissertations at Loyola eCommons. It has been accepted for inclusion in Master's Theses by an authorized administrator of Loyola eCommons. For more information, please contact [email protected]. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-Noncommercial-No Derivative Works 3.0 License. Copyright © 1959 Marilyn Jean Becic by Marilyn Jean Beeic A 7hesls Submitted to the Faculty of the Graduate School of Loyola Cn1vers1ty in Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements tor the Degree of 14aster of .Arts June 1959 TABLE OF CONTENTS Chapter Page I. INTROroCTION • .. .. • • • • • • • • • • 1 Protestant Reformation--Engllsh reform--Eocle!l­ sstteel Poltty--Rlehard Hooker--Character-­ Contemporary oplnion--Blrth--Famlly--Patrons-­ Oxford--Degrees--Hebrew Instruotor--Expulsion trom Corpus ChrlstI--Relnstatement--Ordination-­ St. Paults Cross--Puritan movement--Puritan ten­ ete--Booker's marriage--Recent scholarship--Mas­ tership ot the Temple--Walter Travers--Controversy --CalvInist threat--Eocleslastlos1 Pollty--Its Purpose--Its oontent--John Ohurchman--First four booka--Edwin Sandys, Jr.--Copyright--Fifth book-­ Sixth and eIghth books--Ohuroh livings--Absentee­ Ism--Blshopabourne--Death--WI1l--Authentlolty of Polltz--Theorles--Supportlng authentloIty--Re­ ]eoting authentlcIty--Early AnglIcan system--Iook­ erts oontributions. II. LAW • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 19 Puritan errors--Authorlty--Purltan oonvictions-­ Law--DefIn1tIon--First ete:rnal law--Seoond eter­ nal law--taw of l"eason--Use .01' reason--Divine .. law--Human law--Unity of law--Source of law--WIl1 --Knowledge--Acquisition of knowledge--Goodness-­ Evil--Moral actions--Reason and wIll--Truth-... Moral dutIes--Rlght and wrong--Immediate ends--Final end --Natural blessedness--Salvatlon--Scriptural law-­ Tradltlon--Immutable laws--Mutable laws--Hooker's emphasis on reason--Hooker's rationa11sm--Danger of CalvIn1sm--Hooker's oontributions. III. AUTHORITY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 32 Puritan problem--Fundamental errors--Scope ot Blble--Wisdom--Man's Quthorlty--Man's potential­ ities--Human atfaIrs--Divlne matters--Scriptural aida--Reason--Use ot reason--Purpose of reason-­ Privete judgment--Church's role--Serlptural sane­ tions--Indirterent matters--Faith--SalvatIon-­ Lawtul human authority--~ divinum. iv v IV. THEOLOGY • • • • • • • • • • • • • • 39 Religion--Churches--Instructio'D--Prayer--Prayer and faith--Ceremonies--Roman rituals--Sacraments-­ The Trinity--Christ's Incarnation--Personal Pres­ ence--Invieible church--Participation in Christ-­ Sacraments--Form and matter--Force of sacraments-­ Purpo se of sacraments--Grace--Bapti sm--Ho,ly Eucha­ rist--Tbeories of the EUCharist--Sin--Original sin --Actual sin--Justification--Faith--Rope and char­ ity--Predestination--Definition and nature--Pur­ pose--Purgatory--Repentance--Contrition--Confession --Satisfa.ction--Prayers--Fasting--Almsgiving--Ab­ so,lution--Hooker's theology--Eve,luation. V. CHURCH AND ECCLESIASTICAL POLITY • • • • • • 57 Criticism--Invisible church--Visible church--Salva­ tion--The state--Ecclesiastical polity--Scripture --English Church--Bishops--Clerical orders--Apostles --Christian ministry--Holy orders--Power of order-- Ministerial qualifications--Defense of bishops--His­ torica1 a,rgument--Functions of bishops--First bis­ hops--Succession of bishops--Early church regiment-­ Archbishops--BishoP o,f Rome--Origin of episcopacy-­ Theories--Historica~ origin--Divine origin--Hooker's opinion--Epi scopal authori ty--Epi sco'pal preeminence --Episcopal honor--Maintenance of bishoPs--Church property--Validity--Dissolution of monasteries-­ Church of England--ReformedChurch of England--Cal- vinist pretensions--Conclusi"on. " VI. STATE AND CHURCH-STATE BELATIOlfSHIPS • • • • • 72 Concept of the state--Interest of critics--Hooker's conservatism--Fall of Adam--Human nature--Law of nature--State of nature-'-Group society--"Social com­ pact"--Lawful government--Limitation of authority-­ Hereditary kingdoms--Supremacy of sovereign--Human positive law--Kinds--Locus of sovereignty--Interpre­ tations--Hooker's definition--Social contract--John Locke--Popular sovereignty--Church-state relation­ ships--Identity of church and state--l?urpose of so­ ciety--Monarch's role--Head of the church--Monarch's ecclesiastical supremacy--Prerogatives--Limitations --Visible church--Invisible church--Church ordin­ ances--Participation in church laws--Parliament-­ Composition--Superior Anglican system--Conscien­ tious dissenters--Conformity--Contempora~ situation --Advantages of English system--Evaluation. vi VII. C01WLUSIOl~ • • • • • • .. • .. • • .. • 90 ~lchard Hooker--Personality--Charmcter--Attributee-­ Eccles astioal POlttX--Content--Effects--The Tudor s ate-- onoep of he sta.te--Hooker's conservatism --l'Iedieval thougnt--V1a med1a-- Inconsistencies in Hooker--Lay-olericnlecefeslaetieaJ. jurisdiotion-­ Supremacy of eovereit;Pl--Condi tion of ohuroh and elergy.-Supremaoy of natural order--Erastlan1sm-­ HUman ordinaoce versus natural law--Contemporary situation--Puritanism--xooker's appralsal--Unity in society-.. ~olj,t:ttf?, merlts--Hooker'e apology--Its obsoleteneea--Its persistent relevance--Hookerism-­ Hooker'a learning--Hookerts style--Hooker's theory of the state--Later theoriste--Tolere.tion--Jiuman nature--3alvation--Differences of opinion--Con­ science--Final ~.alY8i8. ::aIBLIOGH1..P"'.tlY .. • • • • .. • • • • • .. • • • 102 CHAPTER I Il'tTRODUCTION The disruptive and portentous period in history con~only termed the Protestant Reformation, was crowded with determined, forceful, and frequently bombastio men, moved to action sometimes by thatr own self-rig..hteous conclusions, and sometimes by sincere conviction.l The course of the reformation 1n England as compared with the continental revolt was relatively peaceful and orderly, unattended by bitter internecine religious wars, and unrecoverable national prostration, but nevertheless boasting its share of interesting, strong-willed personages.2 Some fifty-nine years after religious change 1n England be- , omaa 8 legal fact, a rather obsoure English divine wrote a work entitled Q! !h! ~ 2! ~clesiastical Politi_ which proved to be a foundational monument 1n the development of a theory ot Angli­ oanism.3 Richard Hooker was not the type 01' aggressive, offioious lThe decisive year. 01' the continental reformation were 1517 to 1564; in England, 1529 to 1803. 8trb.is does not mean that the religious changes in England caused no reaction, but compared with the continental revolt, re­ sponse was mild. 3This legal fact refers to the 1534 Acts ot Parliament making Henry VIII head 01' the English Church and repudiating papal power. 1 2 letar w'ho rose 110 hi C:1ar'f:!uter was II compos! to of' chari ty, shrewdness, and sinceri ty. wI th en nnl~suel intellectual acumen that en.abled him to analyze and synthesize issues in their pronar ryerspectlve. ContenH'lorsry ace ounts of Hooker f s pers on.s11 ty, when s tri po ad of their' slavishly laud.atol·Y garnish" l~€nroaled 111rn to be a l'llQrl of 'floft an.d milde dlsoosi tion, tt whose '~hl';~il)ht of lear:i:ling and depth o.f judgementlt were admirable quaIl ties esteemed by even his eccle ... siastical adversaries." fietirlng and unambi tl QUS, another aCClount o:ll.plained, Hooker's wealth consisted tfin his religious contentment, X'DI' he was tttru1y of' a milde spiri t and an humble hart, and ab.:rund- ling in all other vertuss; yet he specially excelled in the grace of meekeness .ItS hooker fa .first biographer, John Gauden, bishop oi' );xeter, characterized his ~n.lbject as ~v:t:ng a body and sou.l in complete ha.t"mony, and whose ttoutwerd asnect and carriage was irather comely then court1Y$ his l~okB always grave and reserved. • •• He went 81wayo, as if he :meditated some great and good de- 4Rlchercl Hooker, .Q! The ~ .2.!: f c,glesiastlcal Poll tI, ed., John Spenser (London, 1604), 1. We llave retained the original spelling, gI'annnar, snd punctuation in all quotations from primary s-::mrces. Stili 1110m Covel, ! 1 va t liVid tempera tEl derrnge .Q.( ..t;l;w. .1'.3..m books .Q.! eccleSiastiCAl policia (!london, 1603 , 8-9. 3 siGn. no A1 thougJl his .fr'iends ';lare few, they were choica; while he himself evIdenced in his tem::>erament equal amounts of' wisdom Except for the \"lriting at the Lcclesiastica!. Polity, however, Lila lifa arld career of' Hichard Hooker were not of such unusual tn'illianca that he would otherwise rmv·e earned the reC0cini tiol1 01" posteri ty. Due to the unavai1abill ty of reoords, the exaot date 01.' Hooker's birth is uncertain, but it is probable that he was born in a1 t.."'ler 1533 or 1534. in or near 1-::Xeter in Devonshire. 7 llis 1>amily was poor and if' his early schoolll:1aS tar (whose name rerll8ins un.!!nov/n) had not persuaded the elder Hookers thatllohard should be givE3n f'urthor o.i)portunities, the boy would doubtless have been ttl);')I'emticed in some trade. F'ortunately., the i'amily l~d one relativo of means, John Hooker, then Chamberlain of Exe­ ter, who agreed
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