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RESTLESS BLOOD Frans Blom, Explorer and Maya Archaeologist

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RESTLESS BLOOD Frans Blom, Explorer and Maya Archaeologist RESTLESS BLOOD Frans Blom, Explorer and Maya Archaeologist High resolution version and version in single pages for printing available at www.mesoweb.com/publications/Blom Tore Leifer Jesper Nielsen Toke Sellner Reunert RESTLESS BLOOD Frans Blom,Explorer and Maya Archaeologist With a preface by Michael D. Coe Middle American Research Institute Tulane University, New Orleans Precolumbia Mesoweb Press San Francisco Contents 6 Author biographies 7 Acknowledgements 8 Preface by Michael D. Coe 10 Introduction: A Life 13 Chapter 1. A Wealthy Merchant’s Son (1893-1919) 38 Chapter 2. Revolution and Rebels (1919) 58 Chapter 3. Oil, Jungles and Idols of Stone (1919-1922) 90 Chapter 4. The Right Track (1922-1924) 120 Chapter 5. The Great Expeditions (1925-1931) 163 Chapter 6. A Temple in Tulane (1932-1943) 197 Chapter 7. Return to the Great Forests (1943-1944) 219 Chapter 8. A Lady in Gray Flannel (1944-1950) 262 Chapter 9. Na Bolom – House of the Jaguar (1950-1963) 288 Epilogue: The Cross from Palenque 290 Archival Sources 290 End Notes 297 Illustration Credits 298 Bibliography 308 Index © 2017 The authors, Middle American Research Institute, and Precolumbia Mesoweb Press Translated from Det urolige blod – Biografi om Frans Blom © 2002 The authors and Høst & Søn / Rosinante & Co, Copenhagen All rights reserved Translated by Julie Nehammer Knub and the authors Produced and designed by Joel Skidmore and Chip Breitwieser Library of Congress Control Number 2017952616 ISBN 978-0-9859317-4-2 Printed in the United States of America 6 7 Acknowledgements This book could not have been written without the enthusiasm and generous help of the American documentary filmmaker Jaime Kibben, who Author Biographies was killed in a tragic car accident in 2003, just two months after its initial Tore Leifer (1964), MA in Musicology, Film, and Media from the University publication in Danish. We owe him our deepest gratitude. of Copenhagen; graduated in Solfège and Conducting from the Royal Our heartfelt thanks to Frans Blom’s late nephews, Nils Kiær and Ib Danish Academy of Music. A well-known radio host at the nationwide Andersen, for their unfailing trust and support. Danish Broadcasting Corporation (DR), Tore is also a writer and translator, Likewise our warmest thanks to Ib Andersen’s descendants Benedicte the author of several books in the fields of musicology and cultural history. Berg and Hans Niels Andersen. He is a Knight (Chevalier) of the Ordre des Arts et des Lettres. Thanks to the staff at Na Bolom (San Cristóbal de las Casas) at the time of our research and writing, Manuel Palma, Ian Hollingshead, Ana B. Jesper Nielsen (1972), Ph.D. and Associate Professor in American Indian Molina Hipolito, and especially Beatriz Mijangos Zenteno. Languages and Cultures at the University of Copenhagen. Also a member Thanks to Marcello Canuto, E. Wyllys Andrews V, and Kathe Lawton of the Proyecto La Pintura Mural Prehispánica en México at the National (Middle American Research Institute, Tulane University, New Orleans); Autonomous University of Mexico. Jesper has published numerous books, Hortensia Calvo, Guillermo Náñez Falcón, and Paul Bary (Latin American chapters, and articles on Mesoamerica in international peer-reviewed Library, Tulane University, New Orleans); Michael Maire Lange, Jack journals (including Ancient Mesoamerica, Antiquity, Latin American Antiquity, von Euw, and David Kessler (Bancroft Library, University of California, Mexicon, The PARI Journal, and Ancient America). Recent book publications Berkeley). include Palaces and Courtly Culture in Ancient Mesoamerica, co-edited with Thanks to Ian Graham, Stephen Houston, Michael D. Coe, Mrs. Norman Julie Nehammer Knub and Christophe Helmke (2014) and The Writing Armour Jr., Wanya F. Kruyer, and Birgit Faber Morse. System of Cacaxtla, Tlaxcala, Mexico, co-authored with Christophe Helmke Thanks to Amy Filiatreau (Harry Ransom Humanities Research (2011). Center, University of Texas, Austin); Kate Holland and Christie Lutz (Princeton University); Cindy Smolovik (National Archives and Records † Toke Sellner Reunert (1971–2016), MA in Philosophy and American Indian Administration, Fort Worth); Peter Baldam (Foreign and Commonwealth Languages and Cultures from the University of Copenhagen. Co-author Office, London); Davina Parrott (Río Tinto, London); David Williamson with Jesper Nielsen of peer-reviewed articles and chapters on Mesoamerican (Debrett’s Peerage, London); Jonathan Smith (Trinity College, Cambridge); cosmology and religion (among them “Estratos, regiones e híbridos: una Marianne Wiiburg (Riddarhuset, Stockholm); Lars Hallberg (Riksarkivet, reconsideración de la cosmología mesoamericana” from 2015). Toke also had Stockholm); Anneli Ekström (Konstakademiens Bibliotek, Stockholm); a successful career as an author and songwriter. Firmin de Muynck (Centre Historique Belge du Scoutisme, Brussels); and the Russian State Historical Archives (Saint Petersburg). Thanks to Berete Due, Jesper Kurt Nielsen, and Mille Gabriel (National Museum, Copenhagen); Christophe Helmke, Una Canger, and Ejvind Slottved (University of Copenhagen); Hans Christian Bjerg (Danish Defense Archives); Knud J. V. Jespersen (Royal Danish College of Heralds); Hans Jørgen W. Jensen (Hørsholm Regional Museum); Henrik Lundbak (Museum of the Danish Resistance); the Danish National Archives; the Royal Library; the Museum of Copenhagen; the Royal Copenhagen Shooting Club; Rungsted High School; the Danish Boy Scout Museum; Jens Lohmann; Mike and Annette Robson; Anne Wedell-Wedellsborg; Bent Christiansen; Anne- Marie Overbye; and many others. Thanks to the Danish Authors’ Society and the Danish Council for Literature for their financial support of our research. And thanks to our patient and supportive wives, Ida Lund-Andersen, Mette Haakonsen, Stine Kongsgart Reunert, and Laura Reunert Winding. 8 9 reports have little or nothing to do with such matters as the stratification of sites, on which all field archaeology is based. That is particularly true with La Venta, Tabasco, which Blom and La Farge explored and photographed in 1925. To these two, the great stone monuments that they found there showed that La Venta was merely a western outlier of the Maya civilization. We now know that this was a capital center of the Olmec culture, and was occupied from about 1000–400 BC. Later excavations by the Smithsonian’s Matthew Stirling and others proved that the Olmec Preface was Mesoamerica’s founding civilization, far earlier than the Classic Maya. By Michael D. Coe Professor Emeritus, Yale University Frans Blom was the archetypal archaeologist of public imagination. Like the fictional hero of Indiana Jones films, or the real Hiram Bingham (discoverer of Machu Picchu), Blom was an explorer, adventurer, and scholar combined in one extraordinary individual. But, as will be seen in this biography, Blom had his internal demons, resulting in a life that saw outstanding achievements alternating with personal, self-made disasters. The worst of these demons – the bottle – would ultimately destroy him. From his early days as a young Dane exploring for oil in the back country of the Mexican Gulf Coast until his fading days in his last home in the highlands of Chiapas, he was never so content as when he was on muleback searching If Blom had only come back to La Venta with an excavation team, he, rather out Maya ruins, and making camp in dense jungle. Back in the 1950s, when than Stirling, would have been renowned as the discoverer of a hitherto I was an anthropology graduate student at Harvard, the two great works unknown people. describing his major explorations, Tribes and Temples (written with Oliver La And yet in my eyes, Frans Blom was a truly great Mayanist and scholar. I Farge) and La Selva Lacandona (with Gertrude Duby) were cherished readings. knew well most of his contemporary Mayanists, such as his Harvard mentor To Blom goes most of the credit for having set up a major institute for Alfred Tozzer, but I had never met him. I suppose that I was a little afraid Maya research at Tulane University; even though a growing addiction to to come across his reputedly formidable wife Gertrude “Trudi” Duby, who alcohol resulted in his dismissal, during the fourteen years that he directed it, (I was told) had “dried out” Frans and had him totally under her control in M.A.R.I. (as it is known) resulted in great discoveries and first-rate research Na Bolom. I had actually mounted an exhibit of her fine photographs taken publications. Frans Blom was clearly an independent thinker, not afraid to in Lacandon country, in Yale’s Peabody Museum, but I avoided her as our “think outside the box” in interpreting the ancient Maya. It was he who first personalities would certainly have clashed. proved the existence of certain mounds in the earliest Maya sites (called But I did meet him at last. In August 1962, the biannual International “E-Groups”) as marking sight lines for astronomical events. Congress of Americanists met in Mexico City. I was there, along with several He was among the first to photograph fallen Maya monuments at hundred attendees, both foreign and Mexican – archaeologists, ethnologists, night, with lights, to bring out the hieroglyphs carved into them. But more linguists, and the like. One evening, the director of the National Museum of significantly, he insisted that glyph specialists were wrong about their Anthropology, the brilliant and urbane Ignacio Bernal, held a large reception approach to the Maya decipherment, that they had been assuming that all for the participants in his beautiful home. At one point I met my old friend the many, still unread glyphs that followed calendric notations were nothing David Kelley (we had been fellow students at Harvard), and he told me that more than ritual or calendric commentaries on the dates. On more than one none other than Frans Blom was all by himself in a back room, “four sheets occasion, Blom published his opinion that these writings would some day to the wind” as we say. It was apparent that he had escaped Trudi and Na prove to be phonetic.
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