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Univerzita Karlova Diplomová Práce Univerzita Karlova Filozofická fakulta Ústav Blízkého východu a Afriky Diplomová práce Bc. Denisa Glacová The Israeli Secular Society in the View of the Haredi Press Izraelská sekulární společnost pohledem ultra- ortodoxního tisku Praha 2018 Vedoucí práce: Ing. Arch. Daniel Ziss Konzultant: Mgr. Aleš Weiss ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I would first like to thank all those who helped me gather and organise information and steered me in the right direction whenever they thought I needed it. I am grateful for consultations with Daniel Ziss, Pavel Sládek, Aleš Weiss, and David Peter. I am indebted to them for their very valuable comments on my thesis. I would also like to thank Esther Lang, Jan Nevyjel, and Zuzana Pavlovská who corrected the manuscript. Finally, I acknowledge Shim῾on Breyṭqofef, ᾿Avraham Grinẓayig, ᾿Aryeh ᾿Erlikh, ᾿Eli Pala᾿i, Benyamin Rabinoviẓ, Ya῾aqov Riwlin, Meni Gir᾿e Shwarẓ and other Haredi journalists and editors who helped me to familiarise myself with the Haredi press and answered all my questions. Without their input and participation, my research could not have been successfully conducted. Prague, 18 May 2018 Prohlašuji, že jsem tuto diplomovou práci vypracovala samostatně a výhradně s použitím citovaných pramenů, literatury a dalších odborných zdrojů. V Praze, dne 18. května 2018 Denisa Glacová KEY WORDS (ENGLISH) The Press; The Haredi Press; The Ultra-Orthodox Press; Haredi Jews; The Ultra- Orthodox Jews; Israeli Society; Israel KEY WORDS (CZECH) Tisk; ultra-orthodoxní tisk; ultra-ortodoxní židé; izraelská společnost; Izrael ABSTRAKT Cílem práce je rozbor vývoje a charakteristiky židovského ultra-ortodoxního (ḥaredi) tisku v Izraeli s důrazem na jeho vztah k ostatním skupinám izraelské společnosti. Nejprve shrnujeme historické pozadí ḥaredi tisku jak v Evropě, tak v osmanské a mandátní Palestině a mapujeme jeho vývoj po založení Státu Izrael do roku 2017. Následně provádíme jeho charakteristiku včetně pojetí sebedefinice, vnitřní cenzury, hlavních tematických okruhů a jazykových prostředků. Na závěr analyzujeme, jakým způsobem ḥaredi periodika reflektují sekulární témata. Práce je doplněna o přílohu, která obsahuje přehled nejoblíbenějších Ḥaredi tiskovin a jejich příloh, proporční schéma zastoupení náboženských a nenáboženských témat v těchto periodikách, přehled vnějších vlivů na formát datace a paginace, příklady aplikace cenzury a příklady titulních stran Ḥaredi deníků a týdeníků, jež byly využity během výzkumu. ABSTRACT This thesis analyses the development and characteristics of the Ultra-Orthodox (Haredi) press in Israel focusing on its relationship to non-Haredi Israeli society. Firstly, the historical background of the Haredi press in both Europe and Palestine is described and its development after the establishment of the State of Israel up until 2017 is surveyed. Secondly, the main features of the press including its self-definition, self-censorship, thematic elements, and language tools are defined. Lastly, we examine the secular topics in the Haredi press and its view of secular issues. The attachments contain samples of the most popular Haredi newspapers and their supplements, chart of proportions of religious and non-religious topics, overview of the external influences on the format of date and pagination, examples of self- censorship and examples of front pages of Haredi dailies and weeklies used for our research. TABLE OF CONTENTS NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION ................................................................................. 9 PREFACE ...................................................................................................................... 10 Haredi Community ....................................................................................................... 10 Hasidim .................................................................................................................... 12 Mitnagdim ................................................................................................................ 14 Haredim in Israel ...................................................................................................... 15 Haredim and the Mass Media ...................................................................................... 16 Methodology ................................................................................................................ 17 1. DEVELOPMENT OF THE HAREDI PRESS ....................................................... 22 1.1 Origin of the Haredi Press ...................................................................................... 22 1.2 Inception of the Haredi Press in the Middle East .................................................. 23 1.3 The Haredi Press and the State of Israel ................................................................ 26 1.4 Rise of the Haredi Commercial Press .................................................................... 29 2. THE HAREDI PRESS IN THE LAST TWO DECADES ..................................... 32 2.1 Hamodia῾ ................................................................................................................ 34 2.2 Yated Ne᾿eman ...................................................................................................... 36 2.3 Hamevaśer .............................................................................................................. 38 2.4 Hapeles ................................................................................................................... 39 2.5 Mishpaḥah .............................................................................................................. 41 2.6 Yom Leyom ........................................................................................................... 44 2.7 Baqehilah ............................................................................................................... 45 3. FEATURES OF THE HAREDI PRESS ................................................................. 47 3.1 Self-Definition of the Haredi Press ........................................................................ 47 3.2 Contacts with Non-Haredi Media .......................................................................... 49 3.3 Editorship ............................................................................................................... 50 3.3.1 Female Journalists ........................................................................................... 51 3.4 Self-censorship ....................................................................................................... 52 3.5 Content of the Haredi Press ................................................................................... 54 3.6 Language of the Haredi Press ................................................................................ 58 3.6.1 Linguistic Tools .............................................................................................. 58 4. HAREDIM AND THE SECULAR SOCIETY ....................................................... 61 4.1 Haredi View of the Secular Jewish Society ........................................................... 61 4.2 Image of the Secular Milieu in the Haredi Press ................................................... 62 4.3 Topics Disputed by the Haredi Press ..................................................................... 65 CONCLUSION .............................................................................................................. 70 BIBLIOGRAPHY .......................................................................................................... 72 APPENDIX .................................................................................................................... 85 Appendix no. 1: Survey of the Most Popular Haredi Press in Israel ........................... 85 Appendix no. 2: Overview of Supplements ................................................................. 88 Appendix no. 3: Proportion of Religious and Non-Religious Topics .......................... 89 Appendix no. 4: External Influences ........................................................................... 90 Appendix no. 5: Degrees of the Self-censorship ......................................................... 92 Appendix no. 6: Failure of the Self-censorship ........................................................... 97 Appendix no. 7: Front Pages of the Most Popular Haredi Press ................................. 98 NOTE ON TRANSLITERATION The transliteration of Hebrew, Aramaic, and Yiddish correspond with the approach of the Scientific Philological Transcription.1 Set terms and names that are generally familiar to the English-speaking reader and are used in English regularly (e.g. Haredi, Hasidic, Halakhah, David Ben Gurion, etc.) follow the English orthography. 1 Encyclopaedia Judaica (Jerusalem: Keter Pub. House, 1996), 90–91. 9 PREFACE To understand contemporary Jewish identity and society in the twenty-first century means not only examining Jewish traditions and customs but also exploring modern phenomena and their impact upon the Jewish community. The current Jewish society in Israel is comprised of diverse units stretching all over the wide spectrums of religiosity, degrees of traditionalism or their political orientation. One of the most dominant and influential groups are the Haredi (Ultra- Orthodox) Jews. 11 percent of Israel’s Jewish population defined themselves as Haredim (plural of Haredi) in 2015.2 The number of Haredi Israelis rose above one million
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