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Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page i Conservation research in the African rain forests a technical handbook i Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page ii ii Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page iii Conservation research in the African rain forests a technical handbook EDITED BY Lee White & Ann Edwards Illustrations by Kate Abernethy, Richard Parnell & Deborah Haines Bonobo Pan paniscus iii Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page iv Published by: The Wildlife Conservation Society, New York, U. S. A. Copyright: The Wildlife Conservation Society Any section of this manual may be reproduced without prior agreement of the copyright holder for non-commercial use, provided the source is cited. Reproduction for commercial purposes is forbidden without prior agreement of the copyright holder. Citation: White, L., Edwards, A. eds.. (2000). Conservation research in the African rain forests: a technical handbook. Wildlife Conservation Society, New York. 444 pp., many illustrations. Design: Lee White, Kate Abernethy & Serge Akagha Cover page: Red river hog, Potamochoerus porcus. Drawing and design K. Abernethy. Available from: The Wildlife Conservation Society, 185th St. & Southern Blvd., Bronx, New York, NY 10460-1099, U. S. A. WILDLIFE CONSERVATION SOCIETY Printed by: Multipress-Gabon, Libreville ISBN 0- 9632064-4-3 ENGLISH ISBN 0-9632064-5-1 FRENCH First Edition 2000 D. L. B. N. #### iv Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page v This book was made possible by financial support from: The Protected Area Conservation Strategy (PARCS) project, funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID) and managed by the Biodiversity Support Program (BSP), a consortium of the World Wildlife Fund, The Nature Conservancy and the World Resources Institute. The Central African Regional Program for the Environment (CARPE), funded by the United States Agency for International Development (USAID). The John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation v Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page vi vi Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page vii ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This manual was conceived and begun in 1993, as a logical extension of long-running discussions within Wildlife Conservation Society (WCS) Africa Program field staff about standardisation of field methods between sites. The first draft, dated March 1994, was circulated to many of our colleagues who took the time to read and comment on it. We would like to express particular thanks to Kate Abernethy, Richard Barnes, Patrice Christy, Bryan Curran, Cheryl Fimbel, Rob Fimbel, Benoit Fontaine, John Hart, Terese Hart, Richard Oslisly, Andy Plumptre, George Schaller, Hilary Simons-Morland, Caroline Tutin, Amy Vedder and Peter Walsh, all of whom have ploughed through one or more of the four drafts. Over the last three years 75 participants in the WCS regional plant and animal inventory training program have acted as guinea pigs for the manual - their constructive criticisms (and occasionally their confused expressions) have improved the final product greatly. Joseph Maroga, in particular, encouraged us continuously to see the book into print. Alan Rabinowitz offered enthusiastic encouragement and generously authorised us to use illustrations and text from his own Wildlife field research and conservation training manual. Benoit Fontaine translated the English version into French and also made extensive improvements on the text. Serge Akagah of the Gabonese NGO Amis du Pangolin helped to design the layout of the manual. Kate Abernethy scanned all the illustrations and advised about page layout. Financial and technical support for the preparation of the manual came from the Wildlife Conservation Society, the United States Agency for International Development (through their CARPE regional program in central Africa and the PARCS project of the Biodiversity Support Program), the John D. and Catherine T. MacArthur Foundation, Citibank and the Centre International de Recherches Médicales de Franceville, whose research station in the Lopé Reserve provided the tranquil environment in which the manual took its final form. Paristolochia flos-avis vii Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page viii This manual is dedicated to the people who have participated in the WCS Regional Ecological Training Program in Central Africa. viii Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page ix The forest’s future is in your hands. ix Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page x Male sitatunga Tragelaphus spekei x Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page xi Contents Acknowledgments vii Contributors xiii Preface xiv 1. Protected area management and the role of research 1 ANNETTE LANJOUW, ANN EDWARDS & LEE WHITE 2. Research priorities and design of research programmes 15 LEE WHITE & ANN EDWARDS 3. An introduction to sampling 22 LEE WHITE & ANN EDWARDS 4. An introduction to data analysis and interpretation 30 LEE WHITE & ANN EDWARDS 5. Making observations and recording data 51 ANN EDWARDS, ALAN RABINOWITZ & LEE WHITE 6. Maps, compasses, GPS units and the principals of navigation 60 ANN EDWARDS & LEE WHITE 7. Methods for recording the weather 81 ANN EDWARDS & LEE WHITE 8. Collecting Botanical Specimens 89 ANTHONY DOLD, PETER PHILLIPSON, RICK LIESNER, PETER LOWRY & LEE WHITE 9. Vegetation inventory and description 115 LEE WHITE & ANN EDWARDS 10. Information from animal tracks and trail 152 RICHARD J. PARNELL 11. Information from dead animals and their curation 185 ALAN RABINOWITZ, JOHN HART, & LEE WHITE 12. Necropsy procedures for wild animals 196 LINDA MUNSON 13. Methods for assessing the status of animal populations 218 LEE WHITE & ANN EDWARDS 14. Behavioural ecology data and its relevance for management 269 KATE ABERNETHY xi Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page xii Contents 15. Socio-economic data and their relevance to protected area management 322 BRYAN CURRAN, DAVID WILKIE & RICHARD TSHOMBE 16. Statistical Techniques 345 NEIL CHALMERS, PHIL PARKER & KEVIN MCCONWAY 17. Presenting and conserving your findings 413 ANN EDWARDS & LEE WHITE Recommended reading 431 References 432 List of Boxes 436 Index 438 Blue duiker Cepholophus monticola xii Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page xiii Contributors KATE ABERNETHY CIRMF, B. P. 769, Franceville, Gabon. LINDA MUNSON VM-PMI, University of California Davis, NEIL CHALMERS CA 95616, USA The Open University, PO Box 76, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AN, UK RICHARD J. PARNELL Department of Psychology, University of BRYAN CURRAN Stirling, FK9 4LA, UK WCS, 185th St. & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460-1099, USA PHIL PARKER The Open University, PO Box 76, Milton ANTHONY DOLD Keynes, MK7 6AN, UK Department of Botany, Rhodes University, South Africa. PETER PHILLIPSON Department of Botany, Rhodes University, ANN EDWARDS South Africa. Department of Zoology, University of Washington, Box 351800, Seattle, WA 98195- ALAN RABINOWITZ 1800, USA. WCS, 185th St. & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460-1099, USA DEBORAH HAINES College of Veterinary Medicine, University of JUSTINA RAY Tennessee, USA Faculty of Forestry, University of Toronto, 33 Willcocks St., Toronto, Canada Canada. JOHN HART WCS, 185th St. & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY RICHARD TSHOMBE 10460-1099, USA WCS, 185th St. & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460-1099, USA ANNETTE LANJOUW IGCP, c/o African Wildlife Foundation, P. O. PETER WALSH Box 48177, Nairobi. WCS, 185th St. & Southern Blvd., Bronx, NY 10460-1099, USA RICK LIESNER Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. LEE WHITE Louis, MO 63166, USA SEGC, B.P. 7847, Libreville, Gabon & WCS, 185th St. & Southern Blvd., Bronx, PETER LOWRY NY 10460-1099, USA Missouri Botanical Garden, P.O. Box 299, St. Louis, MO 63166, USA DAVID WILKIE 18 Clark Lane, Waltham, MA 02451-1823, KEVIN MCCONWAY USA The Open University, PO Box 76, Milton Keynes, MK7 6AN, UK xiii Lee.White.train.Manual.qxd 4/18/02 2:24 PM Page xiv Preface The rain forests of central and west Africa, with the multitude of plant and animal species found within them, are one of the world’s greatest biological treasures, and represent one of the most valuable assets for many countries in equatorial Africa. Rain forests are valuable because they serve so many life-sustaining functions. They provide food such as fruit, nuts and meat to the people who live in and near them. They provide building materials and medicines for local uses, as well as timber for export. Intact rain forests stabilise soils, reducing erosion and hence providing clean water to drink, and play a key role in the regulation climate, both locally and globally. The beauty, diversity and rarity of rain forest species attract tourists and scientists from all over the world, as well as inspiring unique and lasting cultural traditions among the people of forested African countries. The African rain forest still covers a vast area, stretching from Guinea in the west across to the coast of east Africa, but it faces a wide range of threats. The rain forests of east and west Africa have already been greatly reduced by human activities in the last century or so, and today little natural forest vegetation survives outside protected forest reserves, wildlife sanctuaries and National Parks. The central African forest block remains largely intact, but even the most remote areas are likely to be affected in the near future by the combined forces of deforestation and exploitation. As human populations increase steadily, more and more land is needed for agriculture; and as technology advances, exploitation for timber, meat and other forest products becomes more and more intensive and damaging. Under this scenario, protected areas and their management staff have a crucial role to play if biological diversity is to be conserved. However, just as there are a wide variety of habitats and vegetation types within the forest, protected areas are designed to fulfil many different roles and face a wide variety of threats.
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