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ODISHA REVIEW VOL. LXXIV NO.2-3 SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER - 2017 SURENDRA KUMAR, I.A.S. Commissioner-cum-Secretary LAXMIDHAR MOHANTY, O.A.S Director DR. LENIN MOHANTY Editor Editorial Assistance Production Assistance Bibhu Chandra Mishra Debasis Pattnaik Bikram Maharana Sadhana Mishra Cover Design & Illustration D.T.P. & Design Manas Ranjan Nayak Hemanta Kumar Sahoo Photo Kishor Kumar Sinha Raju Singh Manoranjan Mohanty Niranjan Baral The Odisha Review aims at disseminating knowledge and information concerning Odisha’s socio-economic development, art and culture. Views, records, statistics and information published in the Odisha Review are not necessarily those of the Government of Odisha. Published by Information & Public Relations Department, Government of Odisha, Bhubaneswar - 751001 and Printed at Odisha Government Press, Cuttack - 753010. For subscription and trade inquiry, please contact : Manager, Publications, Information & Public Relations Department, Loksampark Bhawan, Bhubaneswar - 751001. Rs.5/- Five Rupees / Copy E-mail : [email protected] Visit : http://odisha.gov.in Contact : 9937057528(M) CONTENTS Sakti Cult in Odisha Dr. Sanjaya Ku. Mahapatra ... 1 Worship of Durga : The Goddess of Nature Er. Raghunath Patra ... 8 Good Governance ... ... 9 Recognition for Political Stability, Good Governance and Pro-Poor Development Programmes Prof. Surya Narayan Misra ... 44 Tantric Centres of Western Odisha Dr. Balaram Panda ... 46 The Temple of Maa Ashtadasabhuja Durga in Remuna Devidutta Das ... 48 Emergence of Sakti Worship in Odisha Dr. Janmejay Choudhury ... 50 Surkhanda Devi : A Divine Destination Dr. Sanghamitra Deobhanj ... 54 Sakti Worship in Ganjam Dr. Chitta Ranjan Satapathy ... 56 A Tale of Gandhi and Martin Luther King Junior Dr. Susanta Kumar Mallick ... 61 Women Empowered : Successful Strategies for Supporting Reena Mohanty ... 64 Self-Sufficiency in Rural India Mausima Temple at Puri Dr. Ratnakar Mohapatra ... 68 The Tribal Religion of Odisha : Its Change and Continuity Rinky Behera ... 71 Future of Our Higher Education System Prof. Kumar B. Das ... 74 The Trends of Education in Odisha during the Dr. Manaswini Dash British Rule in India Dr. Ranjit Kumar Pati ... 78 E-Governance in Odisha : Initiatives and Implementation Satyajit Nayak ... 80 Impact of Technology on Fish Farmers of Odisha Shantanu Kumar Mohanty ... 95 Dr. Taranisen Panda The Text and Context of Mayadhar Mansingha's Poetry Santosh Kumar Nayak ... 98 Beliefs of Kondhs Concerning Diseases Dr. Bhabani Maharana ... 116 BIRTHDAY TRIBUTES Mahatma Gandhi 2.10.1869 - 30.01.1948 BIRTHDAY TRIBUTES Utkalmani Gopabandhu Das 09.10.1877 - 17.06.1928 BIRTHDAY TRIBUTES Lal Bahadur Shastri 02.10.1904 - 11.01.1966 Sardar Vallabhbhai Patel Jaya Prakash Narayan 31.10.1875 - 15.12.1950 11.10.1902 - 08.10.1979 TRIBUTES TO MARTYR Baji Rout (Shot dead on 11.10.1938) Editor’s Note “Let all of us – Hindus, Mussalmans, Parsis, Sikhs, Christians – live amicably as Indians, pledge to live and die for our motherland. Let it be our ambition to live as the children of the same mother, retaining our individual faiths and yet being one ………” - Mahatma Gandhi Mahatma Gandhi was indeed the spokesperson for the conscience of all mankind. There is no limit to which the Gandhian Philosophy is believed to have shown a new and special path for the benefit of the whole world. No wonder, when Barack Obama the former President of USA who was asked once whom he would most like to have dinner with, he picked up Mohandas Karamchand Gandhi. As an Indian I am proud that Obama has referred India and Gandhi when he called for people to listen to stories around them to develop empathy. It is sad now a days that there is so much of bloodshed and lynching across the country due to persual of faulty and half hearted policies. The vision of Gandhi’s India needs a relook now than ever before. We in Odisha are thankful to the Hon’ble Supreme Court of India for propelling our country into the ranks of progressive society that ensures privacy of their citizens. A 9 Judge Supreme Court Bench unanimously ruled that the right to privacy is a Fundamental Right, protected as an intrinsic part of the right to life and personal liberty and as a part of the freedom guaranteed by the Constitution. The Hon’ble Supreme Court also struck down the controversial practice of instant Talaq, terming it as unconstitutional. These decisions are historic and step forward in the direction of empowering citizens in general and women empowerment in particular. However, unmindful of the popular sentiments which oscillate between abject disappointment and incipient rage after utter failure of the much hyped demonetization – there is burden of Rs.1.10 lakh crore bullet train. It is definitely not a dream of a common man. “New India” and “Achhe Din” are now hollow promises with the nation’s GDP at 5.7%, private investment remaining weak, manufacturing and exports have lost steam, companies and banks weighed down by bad loans. Such is the crisis that even an economic revival package built around a fiscal stimulus is no longer enough to solve Indian economic challenges. In spite of hostile weather and steep and unfair rise of petroleum prices the Durga Puja festivities have kicked off in a big way across the state. It is in fact a glittering celebration of artistry and opulence in our state in Odisha. The income of our farmers have doubled, the per-capita income of our nation as a whole is 6.05% but in our state it is 7.05%. The rate of decrease in poverty level in our state is 24.61% which is highest in the country, 30 lakh lactating mothers have benefited out of the Mamata Yojana. Odisha has registered a significant growth in the field of exports since 2001 – 2002 due to productive efforts of the State Government as the turnover has increased 34 times in last 15 years. The export turn over increased from Rs.563 crore in 2001-2002 to Rs.19082 crore in 2015-16. The turnover rose to Rs.40872 crore in 2016-17. The State Government has also issued an official notification constituting special development councils in 9 tribal dominated districts. The councils will focus on preservation of tribal culture, heritage and the unique identity of every tribe. The Government felt the tribal community should be extensively involved in all stages of development process starting from identification of backward areas, their needs, plan formulation and implementation and monitoring so that development will be more inclusive. With Hon’ble Chief Minister Shri Naveen Patnaik’s thrust on 3Ts (Technology, Transparency and Team work), Odisha is scaling new heights. This is the reason for which Government of India has reckoned Odisha as a “leader” for facilitating reforms in the State. Wishing everyone a Happy Durga Puja. Editor, Odisha Review Odisha Review ISSN 0970-8669 akti, the cradle of the phenomenal existence Sof beings, plays a vital role not only in India but also in the whole world. She is the source of cosmic evolution and the controller of all forces and potentialities of nature. She is the immediate cause of the perceptible world and all the beings are in Her domain. As such, to know Her in the entirety is to know Her reality. To add more, Saktism is the worship of Sakti or the female principle, the primary factor in the creation, sustenance and dissolution of the universe. The term Sakti represents divinity in general and stands for the energising power of some divinity in Sakti Cult in Odisha Dr. Sanjaya Kumar Mahapatra particular. Being feminine in gender She has long Sakti cult played an important role in the been associated with the various male deities as socio-religious life of the Odishan people. The their energy but in Saktism the energy of each archeological as well as literary sources prove the God becomes personified as his consort, and thus, prevalence of Sakti cult in Odisha to an early age. if a god is separated from his consort or Sakti, he Both in paintings and engravings of Odishan rock art several instances of bisected triangles is powerless and inert. To justify this statement, resembling female genital have been Sankaracharya, the propounder of monistic encountered1. Repeated occurrences of such theory, in the Saundaryalaharî has eulogised the symbols in the different rock shelters amply greatness of Sakti in the following manner: suggest the popularity of the primordial mother Sivah saktya yukto yadi bhavati saktah prabhavitum cult or the cult of fecundity during the pre-historic na ced evam devo na khalu kusalah spanditumapi; ata stvam aradhyam Hari-Hara-Virincadibhir api period. Discovery of perforated stones in rock pranantum stotum va katham akrta-punyah prabhavati shelters, the other objects related to Saktism from Neolithic and Chalcolithic sites and the Yoni stone (Saundaryalahari, sloka I) found from the district of Kalahandi and Nuapada SEPTEMBER - OCTOBER - 2017 1 ISSN 0970-8669 Odisha Review region have often proved the beginning of Sakti under the name Patarasuni is still prevalent in the cult in Odisha to a hoary past. Besides, one of rural areas of Odisha8. By the 4th century A.D. the earliest references appears in the line six of due to the influence of south Indian campaign of Rock Edict XIII of Asok which alludes to the Samudragupta9, Brahmanical form of Hinduism mother-worship by the Atavikas who lived in the percolated into the tribal hinter lands of ancient forest regions of Kalinga2. The writings of Sarala Kosala and Kalinga leading to the transformation Das, celebrated author of Odia literature also of the tribal Stambha/Khamba or the pillar to illustrates this point. This great poet has written a Stambhesvari or Khambhesvari. Moreover, the special version of the Mahabharata in the 15th copper plate of Terasinga refers to Bhagavati century A.D.