Puri District, Odisha

कᴂ द्रीय भूमि जल बो셍ड जल संसाधन, नदी विकास और गंगा संरक्षण विभाग, जल शक्ति मंत्रालय भारि सरकार Central Ground Water Board Department of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation, Ministry of Jal Shakti Government of India

AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT OF GROUND WATER RESOURCES PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

दक्षक्षण पूिी क्षेत्र, भुिने�िर South Eastern Region, Bhubaneswar

Government of India Ministry of Jal Shakti

DEPARTMENT OF WATER RESOURCES, RIVER DEVELOPMENT & GANGA REJUVENATION

AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN OF PURI DISTRICT ODISHA

BY CHIRASHREE MOHANTY (SCIENTIST-C)

CENTRAL GROUND WATER BOARD South Eastern Region, Bhubaneswar July – 2018

HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS & AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

CONTRIBUTORS PAGE

Data Acquisition : Sh. D. Biswas, Scientist-‘D’ Sh Gulab Prasad, Scientist-‘D’ Smt. C. Mohanty, Scientist-‘C’ Shri D. N.Mandal, Scientist-‘D’ Shri S.Sahu- Scientist-‘C’

Data Processing : Smt. C. Mohanty, Scientist-‘C’ Shri D. Biswas, Scientist-‘D’ Dr. N. C. Nayak, Scientist-‘D’

Data Compilation & Editing: Smt. C. Mohanty, Scientist-‘C’ Dr. N. C. Nayak, Scientist-‘D’

Data Interpretation : Smt. C. Mohanty, Scientist-‘C’ Dr. N. C. Nayak, Scientist-‘D’

GIS : Smt. C. Mohanty, Scientist-‘C’ Dr. N. C. Nayak, Scientist-‘D’ Shri P. K. Mohapatra, Scientist-‘D’

Report Compilation : Smt. C. Mohanty, Scientist-‘C’

Technical Guidance : Shri P. K. Mohapatra, Scientist-‘D’ Shri S. C. Behera, Scientist-‘D’ Dr. N. C. Nayak, Scientist-‘D’

Overall Supervision : Dr Utpal Gogoi, Regional Director Shri D. P. Pati, ex-Regional Director Dr. N. C. Nayak, Scientist-‘D’

Puri Urban Report : Dr. N. C. Nayak, Scientist-‘D’ Sh A.Choudhury, AHG

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HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS & AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

PURIDISTRICT AT A GLANCE GENERALI PARTICULARS . (a) Location : 1928 to 2010 North Latitudes 8509 to 86 25 East Longitudes (b) Area : 3479 Km2 (c) District Headquarters : PURI

(d) Sub Division : 1 (d)Tehsils : 11 (e) Blocks : 11 Astaranga Puri Sadar Pipili Satyabadi Delang Nimapara Kanas Gop Krushnaprasad Kakatpur Brahmagiri

(g) Towns(including 13Census Towns) : 4 (h) Municipalities : 1 – PURI (i) N.A.C.s : 3 – Pipili, Nimapara, Konark (j) Police Stations : 23 (k) Gram Panchayats : 230 (l) Villages : Total: 1715 Inhabited: 1591 Uninhabited: 124 (m) Parliamentary Constituency : 1 (n) Assembly Constituency : 7 (g) Population (as per Census 2011) : Total : 1,44,4475 Male: 733687

Female : 7,10,788 Density : 488 / Km2 Growth: 26.5 % (Decadal Growth Rate)

I CLIMATOLOGY I (a) Normal Annual Rainfall : 1409 mm (b) Average Annual Rainfall : 1388 mm (1995 – 2015) (b) Temperature (Mean Daily) : Maximum – 36C Minimum – 17C (c) Relative humidity : 62 % (Summer) 85 % (Rainy)

ILAND USE II (a) Forest Land : 4259 Ha (ii)

HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS & AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

(b) Non-Agricultural Land : 60491 Ha (c) Barren & Non-Cultivable Land : 3243 Ha (d) Permanent Pastures & Grazing Land : 41426 Ha (e) Misc. Tree, Crop & Groves Land : 19223 Ha (f) Cultivable Waste : 6202 Ha (g) Other Fallows : 40988 Ha (h) Current Fallows : 15130 Ha (i) Net Sown Area : 144469 Ha

IRRIGATIONI POTENTIAL CREATED Kharif Rabi V (source -wise) (2011) (Ha) (Ha) (a) Major& Medium irrigation Projects : 75339 17215 (Flow) (b) Minor irrigation Projects (Flow) : 166 0 (c) Minor irrigation Projects (Lift) : 15876 14828 (d) Others : 12071 15059 (Total) EXPLORATORYV WELLS(As on 31-03-2019) Borewells drilled by CGWB under Normal Exploratory: Wells : 57(EW+ Exploration Programme OW+PZ+ Inhouse Deposit wells Exploratory Wells :

Outsourcing 16 V DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES (As on 31.03.2011) I a) Net Ground Water Availability : 61117.78 HaM

b) Net Annual Ground Water Draft : 29713.74HaM

c) Net Ground Water availability for 32618.1HaM future irrigation development

d) Stage of ground water 48.62% development

V II Ground Water Issues Fluoride Water Quality Issues Salinity Over exploitation Iron Draingae congestion

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FOREWORD

PURI district is centrally located in the state of Odisha. The district is endowed with vast natural resources and is one of the agriculturally developed districts of Odisha. The district is underlain by unconsolidated sedimentary alluvial formations ranging from quaternary to recent. Due to proximity to the sea and other geologic, many areas have turned in to saline. Managing the existing ground water resource is the prime challenge before the authority. The agrarian development of the district can be boosted by tapping this enormous ground water resources through dug wells, medium deep bore wells.

The present stage of ground water development is only 23.79 %,leaving a vast scope for future ground water development in the district. Ground water irrigation practices can ensure increased agricultural production by enhancing the area irrigated and scope of irrigation. Apart from irrigation, drinking water scarcity can also be mitigated through the judicious utilization of ground water.

Due to wide variation in hydrogeological set up in the district, the occurrence and distribution of aquifers are non-uniform and so also their yielding properties. Proper site selection holds the key to the success of sustainable ground water development, which requires a thorough knowledge of hydrogeology and the pattern of water usage in the terrain.

Based on the available data and the earlier hydrogeological studies taken up in 11 blocks of the district viz. Astaranga, Bramhagiri, Delang, Gop, Kakatpur, Kanas, Krushnaprasad, Nimapara, Pipili, Puri Sadar, and Satyabadi covering an area of 3479 sq. km,an attempt has been made in this report to compile all relevant information, such as hydrogeological, agriculture, irrigation, land use, rainfall, the chemical quality of water, and other collateral data. Smt. Chirashree Mohanty, Scientist-‘C’, has compiled and prepared the present report on“Hydrogeological Framework, Ground Water Development Prospects & Aquifer Management Plan in PURI District, Odisha.”Her sincere efforts in preparation of the report will no doubt be very useful and benefit the state. It is hoped that it will be of immense help to different ground water user agencies, administrators, and planners in preparation for ground water development plans and will be a handy tool in the effective management of ground water resources in the district.

Place: Bhubaneswar Date: July 2018 ( Dr. Utpal Gogoi) Regional Director

HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

Central Ground water Board has taken up National Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM) program during the XIIth five year plan to carry out the integration of micro-level hydrogeological, geophysical, hydrochemical data and information on geology, geomorphology, soil, hydrometeorology, hydrology, landuse, cropping pattern, etc. on a GIS platform to formulate district, block or aquifer-wise Ground Water Management Plan. The formulation of a sustainable ground water management plan would help in achieving the demand for drinking, irrigation, and industrial need for water with minimal stress on the aquifer.The activities under NAQUIM are aimed at identifying the aquifer geometry, aquifer characteristics their yield potential along with the quality of water occurring at various depths, aquifer wise assessment of ground water resources, and development. Aquifer mapping itself is an improved form of groundwater management – recharge, conservation, harvesting, and protocols of managing groundwater. With these aims, Aquifer Mapping study was carried out in eleven blocks of PURI district in Odisha, namely, Astaranga, Bramhagiri, Delang, Gop, Kakatpur, Kanas, Krushnaprasad, Nimapara, Pipili, Puri Sadar and Satyabadi.Puri is one of the nine coastal alluvial districts of eastern Odisha, with a geographical area of 3,479 sq. km. About 84.3 percent of the population of the district lives in rural areas, and agriculture is the main stay of the people. Puri district lies between North Latitudes 19°28 and 20° 10 and East Longitude 85° 09 and 86°25, falling in Survey of India Degreesheet(1: 2,50,000 Scale) nos74 E, 73 H, 74I, 73L. It is bounded on the north by Jagatsinghpur and Cuttack district; on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Ganjam district, and on the west by Khurda district. The district has only one subdivision. There are 11 community development blocks in the district, with its district headquarters at Puri. The district is well connected by railways and roads and is about 60 kms from state capital Bhubaneshwar. All the block headquarters are connected by metalled roads.According to the 2011 census data, the total population of the district is 16,97,983 constituting 4.05 % of the total population and 2.33% of total land area of Odisha. The rural and urban populations are 14,32,537 and 2,65,446 respectively. The density of the population is 488 against the state figure of 270 persons per sq. km.

Puri district falls in the Mahanadi river basin, and the main drainage is formed by the rivers Daya, Devi, Kushabhadra, Bhargavi, and Prachi, which have southerly, southeasterly and southwesterly courses. The other important surface water bodies in the district are Sar and Samang lakes. Another important water body in Chilika, which is a lagoon, separated long back from the Bay of Bengal.

Puri district is covered by a well-developed irrigation network covered by Mahanadi Delta Stage-II canal systems.The net sown area in the district is 1,31,093 ha. The total cultivable land in the district is 1,88,745 Ha, out of which 1,05,106 Ha is irrigated. There are three crop seasons in the command area and two crop seasons in the non-command area. v

HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The Kharif crops are Paddy, Jute, Oilseeds, and Pulses, etc. The Rabi crops are Paddy, Gram, Pulses, Groundnut, Oilseeds, Mustard, Vegetables, and Potato, etc. and summer crops include summer Paddy, Cowpea, Vegetables, Groundnut, Ragi. Paddy is the principal crop and is being cultivated in 142000 Ha and 19400 Ha during Kharif and Ravi seasons, respectively.

Ground water exploration by deep drilling to a depth of 602 m has been taken up in the district, and 13 numbers of exploratory wells have been drilled so far to delineate the deeper potential aquifer.Similarly,341 no. of key observation wells were established in the NAQUIM area for monitoring of ground water regime as well as assessment of ground water quality of the phreatic aquifer. CGWB has 85 National Hydrograph Network Stations in the eleven blocks. The data from 32 monitoring stations from State Govt. (GWSI) were included for analysis for aquifer mapping

The undulating hard rock terrain occurring over a limited area in the western parts covering Delang and Kanas blocks maintain a general slope towards the south. The country rocks are often covered by laterites, and the general elevation varies from 8 to 15m above mean sea level.

There are mainly three types of soils in the area, which are Alfisols, Aridsols, and Entisols. However, Ultisols occur over a small patch in the north-western sector of the district.

The deltaic plains may be divided into three parts: lower, middle, and upper. The lower deltaic plains occur adjacent to the coastal sand dunes, having a width of 5 to 10 km. Extensive flood plains, meandering stream curves, swamps, minor ridges, etc. characterize this geomorphic unit. The Sar and Samang lake near Puri were important features in this terrain, which have been silted up at present. The middle deltaic plains have the characteristic parallel to sub-parallel drainage patterns and splitting distributaries. The upper deltaic plains occur along the course of the Daya river with a width of 2 to 3 km. This alluvial plain is characteristically flat. The altitude of the deltaic plain varies from 1 to 10m above mean sea level. The geological setup, as discussed in the previous chapter, controls the occurrence and movement of ground water. The crystalline Archeans are devoid of primary porosity. Although they possess secondary porosity on being weathered and fractured. However, the unconsolidated sand and gravel layers of Tertiary and Quaternary age form the main repository of ground water. Groundwater occurs under water table conditions in shallow aquifers and semi-confined to a confined condition in deeper aquifers. All the hydrogeological formations can be broadly divided into three sub groups viz. (a) Crystalline formations (b) Sedimentary formations and (c) Laterites.

HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

EXECUTIVE SUMMARY

The long-term trend of water levels for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods for the last 16 years (1999-2015) have been computed. The long term water level data of 89 National Hydrograph Network Stations (NHNS) CGWB has been utilized. In the study area, rise in pre-monsoon water levels trend has been recorded at 51 stations, and it ranges between 0.004 m/year (Delang) to 1.5 m/year (Atharanala) while falling trend was observed in 38 stations varying from -0.368 m/year (Garapada) to -1.24 (Dandamukundapur).A perusal of the data and hydrographs reveal that in a major part of the district, the phreatic aquifer does not show any significant decline.

A perusal of the water quality analysis data reveals that the majority of the wells in both phreatic and deeper aquifers have potable water. However, high EC values ranging from 2000-4000 µS/cm and more have been observed in manylocations. Higher F value was recorded in either or both the shallow and deep aquifers.

The 3D Disposition of the Aquifer System Map of Puri District depicts a multilayered aquifer system in the area. The aquifers are prolific, extensive, and interconnected. The district was explored to 600m down, and water-bearing formations are mainly divided into three systems. Aquifer-I to a depth of 75m from ground level, Aquifer-II to a depth of 150m and Aquifer III up to a depth of 300m were identified. Though the area is explored to 600m at two places, Puri and Konark, the data is not adequate to map the entire region.

The resource below the water level fluctuation zone is termed as the In-storage (Static) resource. As per the resource estimated during 2013 with due modifications thereafter based on the data collected through NAQUIM, the stage of ground water development is maximum in Kakatpur block (63.11%) and minimum in Satyabadi block (23.05 %) which indicates that sufficient scope exists for further ground water development. The district average development is 48.62 %. There exists adequate scope for the development of this resource in the area for the overall socio-economic development.

The ground water problems arise in the coastal district of Puri due to its proximity to the sea, presence of canal command area, and rapid growth of the exiting township Puri town. The ground water issues can be broadly discussed in the following points. Issue-I Salinity Issue both Saline Water Ingress and Insitu Salinity in geological formations, Issue-II Lowground water development

Issue-III Water quality problem (Fluoride and Iron), Issue-IV Drainage Congestion. Ground Water management addressing all the above issues are discussed in detail.

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HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

CONTENTS

Contributors Page District at a Glance

Foreword

Executive Summary

PART-I AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT (3479 Sq. Km)

PURIDISTRICT AT A GLANCE ...... ii PART-III AQUIFER MAPPING & MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PURI URBAN AREAxiv PART-I ...... 1 AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN INPURI DISTRICT, ODISHA(3479 Sq Km) ...... 1 1 INTRODUCTION ...... 1 1.1 Objective ...... 1 1.2 Scope of the study ...... 1 1.3 Approach and methodology ...... 2 1.3.1 Approach and Working Methodology: ...... 2 1.3.2 Compilation of Existing data and identification of Data gaps: ...... 2 1.3.3 Hydrogeological Investigations: ...... 2 1.3.4 Geo -hydro chemical Investigations: ...... 2 1.3.5 Geophysical Investigations: ...... 2 1.3.6 Generation of relevant thematic layers using GIS: ...... 3 1.4 Study area ...... 3 1.5 Data Adequacy and Data Gap Analysis: ...... 4 1.6 Rainfall And Climate ...... 7 2 PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETUP ...... 11 2.1 Physiography ...... 11 2.1.1 The Saline marshy tract along the coast ...... 11 2.1.2 The very gently sloping plain ...... 11 2.1.3 Hard rock areas with lateritic capping and isolated hillocks ...... 12 2.2 Geomorphology ...... 12 2.3 Land Use and Cropping pattern ...... 13 2.4 Soil ...... 17

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HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

2.4.1 Alfisols:...... 17 2.4.2 Aridisols: ...... 17 2.4.3 Entisols: ...... 17 2.4.4 Coastal Sandy Soils: ...... 17 2.4.5 Ultisols: ...... 18 2.5 Drainage ...... 18 There are also a few small rivers worth a mention, chiefly Ratnachira and Nuna, which drain into the Bhargabi river and Daya river, respectively...... 20 3 HYDROGEOLOGY ...... 21 3.1 Geology Sequence ...... 21 3.2 Stratigraphic Disposition of Puri ...... 21 3.3 Depositional History: ...... 22 3.4 Lithological disposition ...... 23 3.5 Auto flow zones : ...... 24 3.6 Ground Water Exploration and Monitoring for Aquifer Mapping ...... 24 3.7 Ground Water Dynamics ...... 25 3.7.1 Depth to water level (Phreatic) ...... 25 3.7.2 Depth to Water Level (Aquifer-I) (pre-monsoon 2015) ...... 26 3.7.3 Depth to Water Level Trend (1999-2015) ...... 29 3.7.4 Hydrograph Analysis ...... 30 3.7.5 Ground Water Flow ...... 38 4 GROUND WATER QUALITY ...... 39 5 AQUIFER MAP AND AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS ...... 45 5.1.1 Alternate fresh & saline zone : ...... 47 5.1.2 Saline all through : ...... 47 5.1.3 Utilizable Brackish Water Zone: ...... 47 5.1.4 Auto flow zones ...... 49 5.2 Aquifer Characteristic ...... 49 5.3 Aquifer Group Thickness & Demarcation ...... 49 5.4 Aquifer Disposition ...... 55 5.5 Aquifer Parameters and Yield Potentials ...... 57 5.5.1 Recharge Parameters ...... 58 6 Ground Water Resources ...... 61 7 AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 65 7.1 Issue-ISalinity ...... 65 ix

HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

7.1.1 Astaranga – Kakatpur – Tompallo ...... 65 7.1.2 Konark – Gundi – Kundra – Patalia – Kusupur ...... 66 7.1.3 Astaranga-Juinti–Nimapara ...... 66 7.2 Issue-II Future Ground Water Development Potential ...... 67 7.3 Issue-IIIFluoride in Ground Water ...... 71 7.3.1 Plan for Fluoride in Ground Water ...... 72 7.3.2 Plan for High Iron content in Ground Water ...... 72 7.4 Issue-IV Drainage Congestion/Water Logged Areas ...... 74 Management plan for retrieval of water logging condition ...... 76 7.4.1 Construction of Link Drains ...... 77 7.4.2 Outfall and Secondary Drains ...... 77 7.4.3 Prevention of Tidal Inundation ...... 77 7.5 Previous Special Studies ...... 77 7.6 Conjunctive Use Aspects ...... 77 7.7 Arresting Salinity Ingress And Ground Water Recharge ...... 78 7.7.1 Talasuan Creek ...... 78 7.7.2 Advantage of the Schemes ...... 79 8 Summary and Recommendations...... 79 8.1 Summary ...... 79 8.2 Recommendations ...... 80

HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

LIST OF FIGURES Figure 1.1 Index map of study area under NAQUIM in PURI District ...... 5 Figure 1.2 Administrative map of Study area in parts of PURI District ...... 6 Figure 1.3 Locations of Exploratory wells in the NAQUIM area, PURI District ... 7 Figure 2.1 Land Elevations in the NAQUIM area, PURI District ...... 12 Figure 2.2 Geomorphology of the NAQUIM area, PURI District ...... 13 Figure 2.3 Landuse in the NAQUIM area, PURI District...... 15 Figure 2.4 Soil in the NAQUIM area, PURI District...... 18 Figure 2.5 Drainage in NAQUIM area, PURI District ...... 19 Figure 3.1 lithological map of the NAQUIM area, PURI district ...... 23 Figure 3.2 Locations of exploration and monitoring stations ...... 25 Figure 3.3 Depth to Water Level (Phreatic) (pre-monsoon 2015) ...... 26 Figure 3.4 Depth to Water Level (Phreatic) (Post-monsoon 2015) ...... 27 Figure 3.5 Pre-Monsoon DTWL Aquifer-II ...... 27 Figure 3.6 Depth to Water Level (Aquifer-I) (Post-monsoon 2015) ...... 28 Figure 3.7 Pre-monsoon decadal water level trend (2006-15) ...... 29 Figure 3.8 Post-monsoon decadal water level trend (2006-15) ...... 30 Figure 3.9 Hydrograph of Astaranga NHS in Puri District (A) ...... 31 Figure 3.10 Hydrograph of Gopinathpur1 NHS in Puri District (B) ...... 31 Figure 3.11 Hydrograph of Rebananuagaon NHS in Puri District (C) ...... 32 Figure 3.12 Hydrograph of Satpada NHS in Puri District (D) ...... 32 Figure 3.13 Hydrograph of Beleswarpatna NHS in Puri District (E) ...... 33 Figure 3.14 Hydrograph of Konark NHS in Puri District (F) ...... 33 Figure 3.15 Hydrograph of Kakatpur NHS in Puri District (G) ...... 34 Figure 3.16 Hydrograph of Balanga NHS in Puri District (H) ...... 34 Figure 3.17 Hydrograph of Mangalpur NHS in Puri District (I) ...... 35 Figure 3.18 Hydrograph of Kumareswar NHS in Puri District (J)...... 35 Figure 3.19 Hydrograph of Nuasamsarpur NHS in Puri District (K) ...... 36 Figure 3.20 Hydrograph of Chandalpur NHS in Puri District (L) ...... 36 Figure 3.21 Hydrograph of Baliguali NHS in Puri District (M) ...... 37 Figure 3.22 Hydrograph of Puri town NHS in Puri District (N) ...... 37 Figure 3.23 Ground water flow in the NAQUIM area, PURI District ...... 38 Figure 4.1Electrical Conductivity of the phreatic aquifer(Aquifer-I) ...... 40 Figure 4.2Iso Conductivity map of aquifer-II ...... 41 Figure 4.3 Iso-conductivity map OF AQUIFER-III IN NAQUIM AREA ...... 41 Figure 4.4 USSL Diagram/US-Salinity diagram, Aquifer-I ...... 42

HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

Figure 4.5 US-Salinity diagram, Aquifer-II (a) and Aquifer-III(b) ...... 44 Figure 5.1Lithological logs and disposition of fresh-saline water ...... 46 Figure 5.2Geo-electrical Section in parts of Puri district (Mahanadi Delta) ...... 47 Figure 5.3 hydrogeological map of Puri ...... 48 Figure 5.4 Isopach of Weathered Zone (Aquifer-I) ...... 50 Figure 5.5 Aquifers delineation & hydrochemical profiles ...... 52 Figure 5.6resistivity profile along Delang and Puri, Odisha ...... 53 Figure 5.7 Field photographs depicting artesian condition and mudflat area . 54 Figure 5.83-D depicting the hydrogeochemical profile along the coast ...... 55 Figure 5.9 lithological section Kalikabari to Astaranga and Pipili to Puri ...... 56 Figure 7.1Flood Control Embankment near Kakatpur ...... 74 Figure 7.2Kushabhadra left embankment ...... 75 Figure 7.3Flood inundation layers corresponding to years (2001-2013) ...... 76

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HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1.1Block wise area distribution of Puri District, Odisha ...... 4 Table 1.2Year-wise Annual Rainfall of Puri District (1995 to 2015) ...... 8 Table 1.3 Drought analysis for 20 years for the District ...... 9 Table 1.4 Rainfall analysis curve with percent departure from normal ...... 10 Table 2.1Crop wise Irrigation Status ...... 14 Table 2.2Land Use Pattern indifferent Blocks of PURI District (Ha) ...... 14 Table 2.3Land Use Pattern Corresponding to Agricultural Activities ...... 15 Table 2.4 Area Irrigated by different sources in Ha ...... 16 Table 2.5 Status of Water Availability ...... 16 Table 3.1Generalized geological succession of the Study Area ...... 21 Table 3.2 Seasonal fluctuation (May-15 vs. Nov-15) in water level...... 28 Table 4.1Aquifer wise ranges of chemical constituents...... 39 Table 4.2 Location of high EC values in some pocket locations ...... 40 Table 5.1 Summary of the hydrochemical profile along selected sections ...... 45 Table 5.2Aquifer Characteristic of NAQUIM area, PURI District ...... 51 Table 5.3: Recharge estimated for Ground Water Resources Calculation ...... 60 Table 6.1Dynamic ground water resources of Aquifer-I ...... 61 Table 6.2 In-Storage ground water resources of Aquifer-II ...... 62 Table 6.3In-Storage ground water resources of Aquifer-III ...... 63 Table 6.4In-Storage ground water resources of Krushnaprasad block ...... 63 Table 6.5Total ground water resources of the entire area ...... 64 Table 7.1 Ground Water development potential ...... 68

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HYDROGEOLOGICAL FRAMEWORK, GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT PROSPECTS &AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA

LIST OF ANNEXURES

Annexure-I Data Gap analysis for Aquifer Mapping in parts of PURI District

Annexure-II Details of Exploratory wells done by CGWB in Puri District.

Annexure-III Blockwise and year wise 20 years rainfall data of Puri District.

Annexure-IV A. Details of key wells established in Aquifer-I of NAQUIM area.

Annexure-IV B. Details of key wells established in Aquifer-II of NAQUIM area.

Annexure-IV C. Details of key wells established in Aquifer-III of NAQUIM area.

Annexures V A. Chemical analysis of basic parameters for phreatic wells(Aquifer-I).

Annexure V B. Chemical analysis of basic parameters for Aquifer-II in the study area.

Annexures-V C Chemical analysis of basic parameters for Aquifer-III in the study area.

PART-II BLOCK-WISE AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN

PART-III AQUIFER MAPPING & MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PURI URBAN AREA

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Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

PART-I

AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN INPURI DISTRICT, ODISHA(3479 Sq Km)

1 INTRODUCTION 1.1 Objective Central Ground water Board has taken up National Aquifer Mapping (NAQUIM) program during the XIIth five year plan to carry out integration of micro level hydrogeological, geophysical, hydrochemical data and information on geology, geomorphology, soil, hydrometeorology, hydrology, landuse, cropping pattern etc on a GIS platform to formulate district, block or aquifer-wise Ground Water Management Plan. The formulation of a sustainable ground water management plan would help in achieving the demand for drinking, irrigation, and industrial need for water with minimal stress on the aquifer.

The activities under NAQUIM are aimed at identifying the aquifer geometry, aquifer characteristics their yield potential along with the quality of water occurring at various depths, aquifer wise assessment of ground water resources, and development. Aquifer mapping itself is an improved form of groundwater management – recharge, conservation, harvesting, and protocols of managing groundwater.

With these aims, Aquifer Mapping study was carried out in eleven blocks of PURI district in Odisha,namely, Astaranga, Bramhagiri, Delang, Gop, Kakatpur, Kanas, Krushnaprasad, Nimapara, Pipili, Puri Sadar and Satyabadi.

1.2 Scope of the study Aquifer mapping is a multidisciplinary exercise wherein a combination of geological, geophysical, hydrological, hydrogeological, meteorological, and hydro-chemical information is integrated to characterize the spatial and temporal variation of quantity and quality of the aquifer system. PURI district was included under NAQUIM because it poses many socioeconomic and geochemical challenges keeping because of the importance of the holy city both from tourism and pilgrimage point of view. The main issues and challenges are the effect of Saline water intrusion and inland salinity due to overexploitation and other natural causes. Apart from that, Iron, Fluoride, and excess nitrate contamination are reported from various parts of the district. To resolve such issues, NAQUIM study was carried out with the following broad objectives: to define the aquifer geometry with precise lateral and vertical demarcation down to the depth of 600 mbgl, to define the behaviour of ground water regime in time and space, To study the hydraulic characteristics of both shallow and deeper aquifers,to study the hydrochemistry of aquifer systems,to prepare Aquifer Maps indicating dispositions of aquifers

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha along with their characterization and to formulate the Aquifer Management Plans for sustainable development and management of ground water resources.

1.3 Approach and methodology

1.3.1 Approach and Working Methodology: A multi-disciplinary approach involving geological, geophysical, hydrological, hydrogeological, and hydro-geochemical survey would be carried out in topo-sheet scale (1:50,000) to meet the aim and objectives.

1.3.2 Compilation of Existing data and identification of Data gaps:

Preliminary work will consist of the collection and review of all existing data which relate to the area that includes the results of any previous hydrogeological studies. Also, Exploration data which have been carried out by CGWB and State agencies and by local administrations shall be collected and compiled to identify the data gaps in the study area. After the Data Compilation, all the data were Integrated and Analysed.

1.3.3 Hydrogeological Investigations:

A review of background information will lead the study teams to further studies in the field, where they will employ various techniques to determine the three-dimensional extent and aquifer characteristics of the significant water-bearing formations. Key Observation wells representing the different aquifers will be established, and monitoring will be carried out. Village wise well inventory and data collection are to be carried out to strengthen the database. Exploratory wells and Observation wells will be constructed, Litholog samples of aquifer materials and ground waters samples will be collected. Aquifer Performance tests will be carried out to determine the aquifer parameters. The analysis of the data will be carried out for construct maps.

1.3.4 Geo -hydro chemical Investigations:

Water samples will be collected, analyzed, and interpreted to bring out ground water quality scenarios of the study area.

1.3.5 Geophysical Investigations:

Geophysical studies would be carried to assist the hydrogeological survey in aquifer mapping/geometry.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

1.3.6 Generation of relevant thematic layers using GIS:

Drainage Soil Land use and land cover Geomorphology Geology Hydrogeological map Aquifer disposition Ground Water Quality Development of aquifer wise management plan: Collaborative studies that combine geologic, hydrogeological, hydrological, geochemical, and geophysical information are to be integrated. Determining aquifer potential for effective, development and management are cantered on for long-term sustainable development of aquifers. 1.4 Study area During XII five year plan(2012-2015), the National Aquifer Mapping Programme (NAQUIM) was taken up for detailed hydrogeological investigation, data-gap analysis and Aquifer Mapping in eleven blocks of Puri district namelyAstaranga, Bramhagiri, Delang, Gop, Kakatpur, Kanas, Krushnaprasad, Nimapara, Pipili, Puri Sadar and Satyabadi covering an area of 3479 sq. Km. The index map of the study area is presented in Figure 1.1while an administrative map is presented asFigure 1.2Puri comprises of 11 Community Development blocks, 11 Tahasils, and 1 subdivision. 11 blocks of PURI district, namely Puri, Nimapara, Gop, Astaranga, Kanas, Delang, Satyabadi, Kakatpur, Brahmagiri, Krushnaprasad, and Pipili cover a geographical area of 3479 Sq. km (Mappable area 2765, sq.km). The Blockwise area of the district has been depicted in Table 1.1.

The study area lies between North Latitudes 19° 28 and 20° 10 and East Longitude 85° 09 and 86° 25, falling in Survey of India Degree toposheet (1:2,50,000 Scale) numbers 74 E, 73 H, 74I, 73L. It is bounded on the north by Jagatsinghpur and Cuttack district, on the east by the Bay of Bengal, on the south by Ganjam district, and on the west by Khurda district. The majority of the population lives in rural areas, and agriculture is the main occupation of the District. Out of each 100 workers in the district, 60 are engaged in the agricultural sector. About 84.3 percent of the population of the district lives in rural areas. The district is well connected by rail and roads and is about 60 km from Bhubaneshwar. All the block headquarters are connected by metaled roads.

According to the 2011 census data, the total population of the district is 16,97,983 constituting 4.05 % of the total population and 2.33% of the total land area of Odisha. The rural and urban populations are 14,32,537 and 2,65,446 respectively. The density of the

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha population is 488 against the state figure of 270 persons per sq. km.The coastal district is endowed with an abundance of water resources and a vast stretch of fertile land.

The economy is agriculture-based. Because of its characteristic geological, hydrological, hydrogeological setting, the tract presents typical problems in ground water development and management. This is the area where the population density is high and agriculture activities intense with ever increase demands for freshwater. This terrain is endowed with large freshwater reserve in the subsurface geological formations. But its development is constrained due to proximity of the sea and salinity hazards. Its unplanned development may upset hydro-chemical balance leading to seawater ingress. Thus, the development of ground water in the terrain requires a proper understanding of the hydrogeological and hydro-chemical setup and management scenarios.

Geographical Geographical Block Area Block Area(Sq.Km) (Sq.Km)

Astaranga 163.78 Krushnaprasad 1053.04 Brahmagiri 326.75 Nimapara 301.66 Delanga 208.02 Pipili 209.05 Gop 379.83 Puri 276.3 Kakatpur 158.61 Satyabadi 173.46 Kanasa 229.5 Total 3480 TABLE 1.1BLOCK WISE AREA DISTRIBUTION OF PURI DISTRICT, ODISHA 1.5 Data Adequacy and Data Gap Analysis: The available data of the Exploratory wells drilled by Central Ground Water Board, Southeastern Region, Bhubaneswar, Geophysical Survey carried out in the area, Ground water monitoring stations and ground water quality stations monitored by Central Ground Water Board were compiled and analyzed for the adequacy of the same for the aquifer mapping studies. The data adequacy and data gap analysis werecarried out for each of the quadrantsof falling in the study area, mainly in respect of following primary and essential data requirements: Exploratory Wells

GeophysicalSurveys Ground Water M onitoring and

Ground Water Q uality

The details of data gap analysis are given in Annexure-I

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 1.1 INDEX MAP OF STUDY AREA UNDER NAQUIM IN PURI DISTRICT

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 1.2 ADMINISTRATIVE MAP OF STUDY AREA IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT After taking into consideration, the available data of Ground Water Exploration, Geophysical survey, Ground Water Monitoring,and Ground Water Quality, the data adequacy and datagap analysis was carried out.

The unconsolidated or porous formations are comprising of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments encountered in the major parts of the district. The occurrence of fresh water- bearing deeper aquifers is identified from available borehole data down to a maximum depth of 602m in Puri town.The aquifers are prolific, extensive, and interconnected. The district was explored to 600m down, and water-bearing formations are mainly divided into three systems. Aquifer-I up to a depth of 75m, Aquifer-II up to a depth of 150m and Aquifer III up to a depth of 300m. Though the area is explored to 600m at two places, Puri and Konark the data is not adequate to map the entire area.Figure 1.3shows the distribution of exploration carried out by Central Ground Water Board till the preparation of aquifer maps for this report.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 1.3 LOCATIONS OF EXPLORATORY WELLS IN THE NAQUIM AREA, PURI DISTRICT 1.6 Rainfall And Climate

The area experienced the sub-tropical to tropical, temperate monsoon climate and characterized by a hot summer and general dryness throughout the year except during the south-west monsoon season, i.e., June to September. December is the coldest month with a mean daily maximum temperature at 26.90C and the mean daily minimum temperature at 13.40C. Both day and night temperature increases rapidly from March, and by May, the mean daily maximum temperature reaches to 420C, while the mean minimum temperature is 26.80C. As per the IMD observation in the district, the air is generally dry except during the monsoon period. In the summer months, the relative humidity is low in the range of 30%. During monsoon, the humidity goes up to 82% or more. Wind velocity, in general, is low to moderate with some increase in summer and monsoon season. Winds are mostly blown from southwest and northeast direction during the monsoon period. In the cold season, winds are mainly from west or north. In the summer months, the wind flows from variable directions. The mean annual wind speed is 6.8 km./hr. The mean monthly potential evapotranspiration

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha value range from 40 mm in December to 326 mm in May. The South-west monsoon is the principal source of rainfall in the area. The normal rainfall of the district is 1401.9 mm. The rainfall pattern is erratic, and drought is a common feature of the district. The long term analysis of rainfall data recorded at block headquarters for the period 1995-2014 has been carried out, and the salient features of rainfall analysis arepresented inTable 1.2 and Table 1.3.

Month/YearJan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total of TRF 1995 8 3 14 712 89 143 279 327 354 134 0 2035 1996 14 0 0 0 15 110 249 268 63 78 22 0 792 1997 47 6 36 0 0 113 112 671 245 35 12 0 1053 1998 3 59 75 0 11 155 232 216 495 309 106 0 1696 1999 0 0 0 0 138 153 161 249 241 586 35 0 1548 2000 0 28 0 0 35 208 289 179 109 47 0 0 944 2001 14 0 30 0 63 500 526 241 152 116 99 0 1692 2002 12 0 0 0 126 138 375 229 69 45 0 974 2003 0 0 17 0 13 136 246 377 203 454 10 0 1466 2004 0 17 0 28 79 502 248 147 215 0 0 1286 2005 13 0 51 0 23 101 334 191 431 375 16 0 1527 2006 12 0 18 0 87 154 498 826 242 51 53 0 1933 2007 0 59 9 0 61 228 99 418 391 87 13 0 1340 2008 0 41 6 0 34 294 317 297 273 46 33 0 1384 2009 0 11 0 0 96 78 609 245 240 152 44 0 1463 2010 0 6 0 0 142 125 162 358 253 283 124 0 1513 2011 0 15 0 0 111 167 238 272 261 22 0 0 1052 2012 0 0 0 0 36 118 305 322 217 104 192 0 1265 2013 0 8 0 0 54 225 330 0 207 654 0 0 1492 2014 8 14 31 0 127 79 553 276 413 89 0 0 1579 2015 44 25 2 0 24 110 230 320 237 32 40 0 1121 Average 8 14 14 0 91 159 299 316 256 198 47 0 1388

TABLE 1.2YEAR-WISE ANNUAL RAINFALL OF PURI DISTRICT (1995 TO 2015)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

Year Normal Actual Departure Percentage Remark Rainfall Rainfall from Departure Normal from Normal 1995 1409 2035 626 44.4% Excess 1996 1409 792 -617 -43.8% Moderate Drought 1997 1409 1053 -356 -25.3% Moderate Drought 1998 1409 1696 287 20.4% Normal 1999 1409 1548 139 9.9% Normal 2000 1409 944 -465 -33.0% Moderate Drought 2001 1409 1692 283 20.1% Normal 2002 1409 974 -435 -30.9% Moderate Drought 2003 1409 1466 57 4.0% Normal 2004 1409 1286 -123 -8.7% Deficit-Normal 2005 1409 1527 118 8.4% Normal 2006 1409 1933 524 37.2% Excess 2007 1409 1340 -69 -4.9% Deficit-Normal 2008 1409 1384 -25 -1.7% Deficit-Normal 2009 1409 1463 54 3.9% Normal 2010 1409 1513 104 7.4% Normal 2011 1409 1052 -357 -25.4% Moderate Drought 2012 1409 1265 -144 -10.2% Deficit-Normal 2013 1409 1492 83 5.9% Normal 2014 1409 1579 170 12.1% Normal 2015 1409 1121 -288 -20.4% Mild Drought

TABLE 1.3 DROUGHT ANALYSIS FOR 20 YEARS FOR THE DISTRICT

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

Rainfall Analysis Curve

1990 1995 2000 2005 2010 2015 2020 60 Year

-20 % Departure Departure % from Normal -40

-60

TABLE 1.4 RAINFALL ANALYSIS CURVE WITH PERCENT DEPARTURE FROM NORMAL There has been 50% or above crop loss during Kharif in 2012 which is followedby a moderate Drought in 2011 where as many as 1769 village in Puri District got affected. Source:Odisha Agricultural Statistics 2012-1013

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

2 PHYSIOGRAPHIC SETUP 2.1 Physiography Physiographically the district can be broadly divided into three natural divisions.

1. The Saline marshy tract along the coast.

2. The very gently sloping plain.

3. Undulating hard rock areas with lateritic capping and isolated hillocks.

The variation in land elevations above MSL is shown in Figure 2.1.

2.1.1 The Saline marshy tract along the coast The coastal sand dunes occur as a linear strip, running parallel to the shoreline, which maintain a higher altitude than the immediate interior part. The width of this tract varies from a few hundred meters to 7km. Swamps and tidal flats are also common in this tract. The deltaic plains may be divided into three parts: lower, middle, and upper. The lower deltaic plains occur adjacent to the coastal sand dunes, having a width of 5 to 10km. Extensive flood plains, meandering stream curves, swamps, minor ridges etc. characterize this geomorphic unit. The Sar and Samang lake near Puri were important features in this terrain which have been silted up at present. The middle deltaic plains have characteristic parallel to sub-parallel drainage pattern and splitting distributaries. The upper deltaic plains occur along the course of the Daya river with a width of 2 to 3 km. This alluvial plain is characteristically flat. The altitude of the deltaic plain varies from 1 to 10m above mean sea level (CGWB District report, 2004).

2.1.2 The very gently sloping plain The coastal plain is a gently sloping plain occurring parallel to the coast and mainly formed by fluvio–marine action and is intersected by a network of creeks, which are mainly saline due to tidal action. The area is marshy with shrubby vegetation. The width of this coastal plain varies from 5 to 25 km. The coastal plain encompasses a series of beach ridges characterized by sand dunes of various relief and extends for kilometers, almost parallel to the coast. The Deltaic alluvial plain spreads over a large area, and it represents a major part of the district. This has developed due to depositional activities of the major river systems in a fluviatile environment. Human and agricultural activities are intense in this area. It also encompasses geomorphic units like paleochannel, meander scars, ox-bow lakes of smaller dimensions. The area is well drained by Rivers.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

2.1.3 Hard rock areas with lateritic capping and isolated hillocks The undulating hard rock terrain occurring over a limited area in the western parts covering Delang and Kanas blocks maintain a general slope towards the south. The country rocks are often covered by laterites, and the general elevation varies from 8 to 15m above mean sea level. The geomorphological map is given in fig. The fine sediments carried by the rivers get deposited along the coast because of tidal action, as tidal flat/mud flat. The width of this tidal flat varies from 2 to 5 km. Tidal flats and mudflats support the growth of varieties of mangroves.

FIGURE 2.1 LAND ELEVATIONS IN THE NAQUIM AREA, PURI DISTRICT 2.2 Geomorphology The analysis of geomorphological data and thematic maps collected from ORSAC(Odisha Remote Sensing Application Centre), Bhubaneswar, reveals that The undulating hard rock terrain occurring over a limited area in the western parts covering Delang and Kanas blocks, maintain a general slope toward south. The country rocks are often covered by laterites, and the general elevation varies from 8 to 15 m above mean sea level.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

The geomorphology of the area is shown in Figure 2.2. Major portions of the study area are covered by deltaic plain with a 2-3 degree slope towards the coast. Sanddunes or sand bar are the important geomorphic features as they are the repository of ground water. They are spread all along the coast. Mudflats are located in the southwestern part in Kanas, Delang, and Brahmagiri block. These features are mainly the area where major rivers debouch to the lake chilika. The siltation, carried by the rivers are deposited at the mouth where the rivers meet the lake.

FIGURE 2.2 GEOMORPHOLOGY OF THE NAQUIM AREA, PURI DISTRICT 2.3 Land Use and Cropping pattern The total geographical area of the district is 3,48,102 ha, out of which total net sown area is 1,88,229 ha, and the gross cropped area is 2,84,633 ha. Area sown more than once is 117381 ha.The cropping intensity is highest (194%) in Pipili, followed by Kakatpur block (193%). In other blocks, the cropping intensities are 166% in Astaranga, 141% in Brahmagiri, 180% in Delanga, 150% in Gop, 154% in Kanasa, 113% in Krushna Prasad, 169% in Nimapara, 160% in Puri Sadar and 174 % in Satyabadi blockTable 2.3. The irrigated area of the district is 1,89,972 ha, and the rainfed area is 1,16,093 ha, out of which Kharif irrigated area is 1,11,900 ha, and Rabi irrigated area is 78,072 haTable 2.1. Agriculture occupies an important place in the economy of the Puri district. The total landuse pattern is shown in Table 2.2and Figure 2.3

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

Type of the Kharif 2014 Rabi 2014-15 Summer Total Crop Area(ha) Area(ha) Area(ha) Area(ha)

Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated

Rainfed Rainfed Rainfed Rainfed

Total Total Total Total

Cereals 94550 47965 142515 37119 0 37119 0 0 0 131669 47965 179634 Course 0 230 230 30 0 30 0 0 0 30 230 260 cereals Pulses 0 0 0 13955 52485 66440 0 0 0 13955 52485 66440 Oil Seed 0 40 40 7330 13708 21038 0 0 0 7330 13748 21078 Fibre 0 65 65 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 65 65 Vegetables 17150 0 17150 16538 0 16538 0 0 0 33688 0 33688 Spices 0 1600 1600 2900 0 2900 0 0 0 2900 1600 4500 Sugarcane 200 200 400 0 400 Total 111900 49900 161600 78072 66193 144065 0 0 0 189972 116093 305665 TABLE 2.1CROP WISE IRRIGATION STATUS

Block Forest Misc. Barren & Land put Cultiva Permane Curre Other Net Area tree Uncultivab to non- ble nt nt fallow area Astaranga 620 480crops 43le land 4126agricultur 1062waste 1258pastures 152fallow 326s 7827sown & al use and other s Bramhagiri 845 5159grove 1008 5376 1002 2076grazing 2027 1269 13029 s not lands inclu 0 346 647 4408 61 976 138 323 13661 Delanga ded in net Gop 1053 area2702 110 5228 732 1496 1661 1074 20292 sown Kakatapur 490 493 0 3057 729 745 318 361 10151

Kanas 0 341 0 4426 238 594 2392 314 13998

Krushnaprasad 235 2139 1362 15666 839 3112 605 3519 10533

Nimapara 131 1277 4 5000 476 1761 450 670 18748

Pipili 17 1301 0 3750 479 431 226 1521 12218

Purisadar 40 2207 0 4106 247 344 4550 682 13523

Satyabadi 0 2164 0 2647 141 270 2164 482 9307

URBAN 828 614 69 2701 196 1063 447 447 1182

Total 4259 19223 3243 60491 6202 14126 15130 10988 144469

Source: PURI District Plan, TSI-ERA/DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION/PURI 2011-12

TABLE 2.2LAND USE PATTERN INDIFFERENT BLOCKS OF PURI DISTRICT (HA)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

Block Name Gross Net Sown Area Sown Cropping Cropped Area more than Intensity Area Once (1-2) (% Astaranga 17033 10915 7163 166 Bramhagiri 21825 17448 7212 141 Delanga 34188 18014 14442 180 Gop 38652 25325 12757 150 Kakatpur 17022 9406 8749 193 Kanas 28291 17023 9129 154 Krushna Prasad 18833 14708 1877 113

Nimapara 45394 26205 18090 169 Pipili 19480 19305 18081 194 Puri sadar 25025 16482 9903 160 Satyabadi 18890 13398 9978 174 Total 284633 188229 117381 1794 TABLE 2.3LAND USE PATTERN CORRESPONDING TO AGRICULTURAL ACTIVITIES

FIGURE 2.3 LANDUSE IN THE NAQUIM AREA, PURI DISTRICT. During Kharif, the maximum coverage of the net sown area is under cereals (142515 ha), so also during Rabi (37119 ha).Pulses and oilseeds are the only two crops grown under both

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha irrigated and rainfed conditions during rabi. Vegetables occupy the second place in coverage, particularly under irrigated conditions.(Kharif-17150ha and Rabi-16538ha) followed by pulses and oilseeds under irrigated situations during the rabi season. Some progressive farmers have taken up spices both under rainfed and Irrigated conditions in Kharif and rabi, respectively. Sugarcane has not gained importance occupying 200ha each in both Kharif and rabi season, particularly in irrigated conditions.

Block Area Area Area Area Area Area Total Area Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated irrigated by Canal by River by by by Tank by Other Dugwell Tubewell Sources Astarang 3436 0 0 0 270 1254 4960 Brahmagiri 23944 0 0 0 0 8106 32050 Delang 10146 0 0 216 0 1889 12251 Gop 13582 0 0 545 675 2895 17748 Kakatpur 4100 0 0 35 645 1935 6715 Kanas 7515 0 0 0 0 8415 8587 Krushnaprasad 203 0 0 0 0 0 0 Nimapara 17559 0 0 1761 0 1521 20841 Pipili 12260 0 0 486 8 996 13750 Puri Sadar 10502 0 0 314 5 6502 17323 Satyabadi 12496 0 0 54 5 548 13103 Total 115743 0 0 3411 1608 34061 147328 Source:PURI District Plan,TSI-ERA/DISTRICT ADMINISTRATION/PURI 2011-12

TABLE 2.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY DIFFERENT SOURCES IN HA

Rabi & Sl.No Sources Kharif (Ha) Summer Total (Ha) (Ha) 1 Surface Irrigation Canal (Major & Medium Irrigation) - - - ii Minor Irrigation 431 46 477

iii Lift Irrigation/Division 22336 12863 34233 Various Water Bodies including Rain and iv 20701 15008 35709 water harvesting structure v Perennial sources of water 90 18 108

2 Ground Water Deep Tube Well 990 198 1188 Total 261441 TABLE 2.5 STATUS OF WATER AVAILABILITY Source: Irrigation plan PURI District Plan

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

2.4 Soil There are mainly five types of soil found in the study areaFigure 2.4, i.e., Alfisols, Ardisols Coastal sandy soil, Entisols, Ultisols

2.4.1 Alfisols:

Alfisols form in semiarid to humid areas. They have a clay-enriched subsoil and relatively high fertility. They are rich in aluminum (Al) and iron (Fe). Because of their productivity and abundance, the Alfisols represent one of the most important soil orders for food and fiber production. Calcium, magnesium, and potassium are relatively abundant in these types of soil. This contrasts with Ultisols described later. The deltaic alluvial soils belong to this group and occupy major parts of the area. These deltaic soils are generally deficient in P2O5 and N2. The K2O is adequate, and pH varies between 6.5 and 7.3. These types of soil support paddy crops.

2.4.2 Aridisols:

These are saline and saline-alkali soils found near the coast and are restricted to Krushnaprasad block. Aridisols have a very low concentration of organic matter reflecting the paucity of vegetative production on these dry soils. Accumulation of salts on the surface can result in salinization. Dry climate and low humus content limit their arability without irrigation.

2.4.3 Entisols:

These include youngest alluvial soils occurring in the western parts of the district may be called as fluvisols.

2.4.4 Coastal Sandy Soils:

These types of soil are found along the coastal tract. Coastal sandy soils are deficient in nitrogen, phosphoric acid, and humus material, but rich in potash and lime. The pH values are on the alkaline side. The texture varies from sandy to loamy sand. These are fertile soils and can produce a wide variety of crops, including paddy, wheat, sugarcane, cotton, banana, and tobacco. These types of soil support the growth of plantations like Casuarina equisetifolia and Eucalyptus tereticornis.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

2.4.5 Ultisols:

Ultisols vary in color from purplish-red to a bright reddish-orange tone. They are typically quite acidic, often having a pH of less than 5. The red and yellow colors result from the accumulation of iron oxide (rust), which is highly insoluble in water. Major nutrients, such as calcium and potassium are typically deficient in ultisols. The Ultisols soil includes the laterite and lateritic soils are confined to a small area in the northern part of the district in and around Delang, characterized by compact vesicular mass. The fertility of the soil is low.

FIGURE 2.4 SOIL IN THE NAQUIM AREA, PURI DISTRICT. 2.5 Drainage Puri district falls in the Mahanadi river basin, and the main drainage is formed by the rivers Daya, Devi, Kushabhadra, Bhargavi, and Prachi, which have southerly, south-easterly and south-westerly courses. The river Bhargavi changes its course from north-south to southwest near Sakhigopal, and further downstream, it bifurcates into numerous channels. All the rivers have reached their old stage and are meandering in nature, branching into several distributaries draining into the sea or the Chilika lake Figure 2.5.Other important rivers flowing in the area are Kadua, Ratnachira, Dhanua, and Kandal. The tidal effects are observed

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha upstream, even up to 10kms from the confluence point. All the rivers maintain sluggish flow during the summer months but swell menacingly during the rainy season. The other important surface water bodies in the district are Sar and Samang lakes. Another important water body inChilika, which is a lagoon separated long back from the Bay of Bengal by a linear extending spit.

FIGURE 2.5 DRAINAGE IN NAQUIM AREA, PURI DISTRICT All the rivers of the Puri district have common characteristics. In the hot weather, they are beds of sand with tiny streams or none at all, while in the rains, they receive more water than they can carry. Generally, all rivers are distributaries of Mahanadi rivers.

a. Kushabhadra River- A branch of the Kuakhai river originates from Balianta and meets the sea of Bay of Bengal at the shrine of Ramachandi, located 15 miles east of Puri. Its tributary Mugei joins with Kushabhadra.

b. Daya River- A branch of Kuakhai river drains into the Chilika lake. Two small rivers join with Daya river, i.e., the Gangua and the Managuni below Kanas. Daya river has been attributed with the problem of causing silt build-up in Chilika Lake.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

c. Bhargavi River- A branch of Kuakhai meets the sea of Bay of Bengal after breaking up into numerous distributaries in the last two and a half miles of its course. There are four main branches all branching off from the left bank viz. Kanchi, the East Kania, the Naya Nadi and the South Kanchi (which drains into Sar Lake); and by various channel the first three are interconnected and finally join the Suna Munhi river which falls into Bali Harchandi and ultimately drains to the Bay of Bengal sea via the mouth of Chilika. The South Kania gets lost in the marshes on the western shore of Chilika.

d. Kadua River- It is a monsoon fed river that drains into the Prachi river.

e. Prachi River- It is a branch commencing from Puri and Jagatsinghpur district. It has its origin near Kantapara on Cuttack-Gop road and passes through the village of Kakatpur before draining into the sea of Bay of Bengal.

f. Devi River- It is a branch of Kathajori. It runs into Puri district near the extreme east forming numerous branches.

There are also a few small rivers worth a mention, chiefly Ratnachira and Nuna, which drain into the Bhargabi river and Daya river, respectively.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

3 HYDROGEOLOGY 3.1 Geology Sequence The geological formations in the district span in age from Archean to Recent (Quaternary). The Tertiary and Quaternary formations occur over major parts of the district while the Archeans occupy the hilly areas at higher altitudes in the west. The generalized geological succession of the area Table 3.1and brief description described as follows.

Geological Time Age Lithology Recent to Dune sand, younger alluvium, older alluvium and Quaternary Pleistocene laterites Brown, yellowish-brown and grey clays, sand and gravel Tertiary Mio - Pliocene with fossils and calcareous concretions. Unconformity Lower Jurassic to Sandstone, carbonaceous shale, conglomerate, etc. of Mesozoic Lower Cretaceous Upper Gondwana Group. Unconformity Precambrian Precambrian Quartz and pegmatitic veins, Khondalites TABLE 3.1GENERALIZED GEOLOGICAL SUCCESSION OF THE STUDY AREA 3.2 Stratigraphic Disposition of Puri The Precambrian hard rocks, i.e., Khondalites, occupy limited areas along the western border of the district, having a general strike of NE-SW. The foliation dip varies from 450 to 550 towards NW. The rocks are intensely jointed and fractured. The major joint direction is NW-SE. Quartz and pegmatite veins intrude the country rocks.

The sandstones and shales of the Upper Gondwana group are encountered in the boreholes in the western and north-western parts only. The Tertiary deposits are encountered in the area at varying depths, almost from ground level in the northwestern and western parts of the district to depth of 100 to 120m below ground level in the eastern parts. The Tertiary deposits include marine fossiliferous and calcareous units, followed by a sequence of mainly brown, yellowish-brown and grey clays.

The Quaternary formations consist of laterites and alluvium. While the laterite occurs only in the western and north-western parts, major parts of the district are covered by alluvium of varying thickness Error! Reference source not found.. The average thickness of laterite is around 8 to 10m.The older alluvium is generally exposed in the north-western parts including a sequence of sand, clay and kankars of grey to brown in colour. The younger alluvium, which covers nearly 90% of the area, occurs as flood plain deposits along the course of major rivers and streams. These sediments consist of an admixture of silt, sand, gravel and pebble in varying proportions. These layers increasein thickness towards the sea, showing a

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha gentle dip. Discontinuous ridges of sand dunes occur along the coast and are formed due to wind action.

3.3 Depositional History: The study area is a part of Mahanadi Delta system which is the third largest delta of Eastern India with a drainage spread of about 1,32,000 sq. km (Nayak, 2006) along the east coast and is conspicuous with radially divergent drainage comprising the Mahanadi, Devi, Kushbhadra, Bhargavi and Daya rivers. The delta-building activity seems to have been initiated after a major regression of the Early- Middle Miocene and continued till Recent with northward progression (Bharali et al., 1991). Huge amounts of sediments derived from the intensely eroded rugged terrain under hot and humid monsoonal climate are deposited in the Mahanadi basin (Enayat Ahmed, 1985) The basin has been formed because of rifting and break-up of Gondwana land during the Jurassic period. Vast tracts of Granite, Khondalite, Charnockite, and Anorthosite are exposed towards the western part of the area. These rocks belong to the Eastern Ghat group and are disposed in the form of hillocks striking NE-SW and/or ENE-WSW directions. The Upper Gondwana beds, known as Athagarh sandstone, are exposed in the northern part. The majority part of the area is fully covered by recent alluvium brought down by the Mahanadi and its tributaries.

Exploratory drilling and geophysical surveys revealed the occurrence of depressions and ridges in the crystalline basement, controlled by parallel to sub-parallel faults, which influenced the sedimentation in the post-Mesozoic era. The Gondwana graben occurs in the north-western parts of the district with a maximum sedimentary thickness of about 280m. South of this graben, lies the Bhubaneshwar basement ridge, the shallowest part of which is at a depth of about 200m. between Bhubaneshwar and Nimapara. South east of this in the coastal area and in the adjacent off shore region, Puri/ Konark basin developed during the Tertiary period. As per the aeromagnetic data collected from NGRI and DANIDA unpublished data, the trend of the stream network comprising the Mahanadi and its tributaries are being controlled by several magnetic lineaments and the thickness of the sediment deposits vary. Devi, Kushbhadra, Daya, and Bhargavi cut transversely the ENE-WSW trending inferred basement structures whereas the Kushabhadra and Bhargavi channels in almost an N-S direction.

DANIDA project under took a program of exploration along the Delang-Puri tract for locating and developing ground water to meet drinking water needs of the area. The wells at Delang, Tolapada, Sadanandapur, Sakhigopal, Birgobindpur, Biraharekrishnapur, Puri were used for study of stratigraphy and depositional history. The cuttings from basement consists mostly of Eastern Ghat Group, e.g. Khondalite, charnockite, leptynite and granite gneiss etc. The depth of the basement is very shallow at land ward side to very deep towards the sea. At Delang it is about 100m below ground level but around Puri the basement is not reached even at 600m depth. The data from deep boreholes drilled by Oil India Ltd. (OIL) depicts that the

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

Puri - Konark depression is filled with a maximum sediment thickness of 2500 m. The drop-in depth of basement indicates presence of coastal faults. These faults have given rise to coastal depressions. The stratigraphy as brought out from the above studies is presented below:

FIGURE 3.1LITHOLOGICAL MAP OF THE NAQUIM AREA, PURI DISTRICT 3.4 Lithological disposition The geological setup as discussed in the previous chapter controls the occurrence and movement of ground water. The crystalline Archeans are devoid of primary porosity. Although they possesses secondary porosity on being weathered and fractured. However, the unconsolidated sand and gravel layers of Tertiary and Quaternary age form the main repository of ground water. Groundwater occurs under water table conditions in shallow aquifers and under semi confined to confined condition in deeper aquifers. All the hydrogeological formations can be broadly divided into three sub groups viz. (a) Crystalline formations (b) Sedimentary formations and (c) LateritesFigure 3.1.

The unconsolidated or porous formations comprising of Tertiary and Quaternary sediments, encountered in the major parts of the district. The sand and gravel layers form the main repository of ground water in this area. The groundwater in near surface shallow aquifers occurs under phreatic conditions, even down to a depth of even 135 m below ground

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha level. The deeper aquifers occur under semi confined and confined conditions. The aquifers are extensive, interconnected and have prolific yield potentials (upto 65 lps). The thickness of individual aquifers varies from 6 to 7m, while the cumulative thickness of aquifer materials down to a depth of 250m varies from 10 to 79m. The common groundwater abstraction structures are dug wells, shallow tube wells, deep tube wells and filter points.

The laterites occurring as capping over the country rocks are vesicular, ferruginous and highly porous, which support large number of domestic wells. To study the groundwater occurrence and movement, and the distribution of shallow aquifers, the area has been covered by systematic hydrogeological surveys, followed by reappraisal hydrogeological surveys. The hydrogeological map has been given in

3.5 Auto flow zones : In the southern sector of the area, adjoining Chilika lake a numbers of auto flow wells are found, which have been constructed by PHED and DANIDA. Auto-flow wells are located in Krushnaprasad, Brahmagiri blocks, and partly in Kanas, Delang, Puri Sadar, and Satyabadi block. The zones tapped vary from 150m to 250 mbgl. At Sadanandapur and Birgobindapur (74 E/13), two auto flow wells have been constructed by Danida. The piezometric head at Birgobindapur has been found to be 2.64 magl, and at Sadanandapur it is about 0.45 magl. The temperature of water from auto flow wells varies from 29 0C at Sadanandapur to 35 0C at Bengama. The temperature of the auto flow wells around Chilika varies from 32 0C to350C. The quality of water varies from fresh at Sanabandha to saline at Sadanandapur. The well at Birgobindapur was fresh at the beginning, but at present, it has turned into saline well. The hydrogeological map of NAQUIM area, PURI district is represented in Figure 5.3 3.6 Ground Water Exploration and Monitoring for Aquifer Mapping Ground water exploration data, down to the depth of 600 m bgl in the NAQUIM area, has been taken up for the preparation of Aquifer Map. The data includes the exploration data of datagap analysis and subsequently constructed exploratory wells in the area. The total no of Exploration points, including EW, PZ, Slimholes, and Deposit well, are 36.The major objectives of ground water exploration in the study area were 1) To understand the aquifer geometry of the area. 2) Estimation of various aquifer parameters required for the formulation of the aquifer management plan. 3) Assessment of ground water quality in various aquifers systems occurring up to 300 m depth for ensuring its suitability for various uses. Similarly, 341 no. of key observation wells were established in the NAQUIM area for

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha monitoring of ground water regime as well as an assessment of ground water quality of the phreatic aquifer. CGWB has 85 National Hydrograph Network Stations in the eleven blocks.

The data from 32 monitoring stations from State Govt. (GWSI) were included for analysis for aquifer mapping. The exploration and monitoring locations are shown on map inFigure 3.2.The details of key observation wells aquifer wise are given in Annexure-IV, A,B,&C.

FIGURE 3.2 LOCATIONS OF EXPLORATION AND MONITORING STATIONS 3.7 Ground Water Dynamics

3.7.1 Depth to water level (Phreatic)

3.7.1.1 Depth to Water Level (pre-monsoon 2015) The depth to water levels during May 2015 ranges between 0.45 (Maluda) and 7.7 (Harirajpur) m bgl. Depth to water levels during pre-monsoon shows water levels mostly lie within 2-4 mbgl in 60% of the monitoring wells. Water level more than 6 m bgl lies only in 2% of the wells. The pre-monsoon depth to water level map is given in Figure 3.3.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 3.3 DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL (PHREATIC) (PRE-MONSOON 2015)

3.7.1.2 Depth to Water Level (Post-monsoon 2015) The depth to water levels during Nov 2015 ranges between 0.1 (Nadiamatha, Kakatpur) and 8.5 (Beleswar, Gop) m bgl. Except for small isolated patches, depth to water level is mostly within 0-4 mbgl(91% of monitoring well). A deeper water level of more than 6m to 8.5 mbgl was observed at only one site. The post-monsoon depth to water level map is given in Figure 3.4

3.7.2 Depth to Water Level (Aquifer-I) (pre-monsoon 2015) The water level measured during pre and post-monsoon period were used to calculate the fluctuation. The seasonal fluctuation (May 15-Nov 15) in water level was obtained from the difference in water level during pre and post-monsoon water level. In the area, the number of wells and their percentage falling in each fluctuation range is presented inTable 3.2

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 3.4 DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL (PHREATIC) (POST-MONSOON 2015)

FIGURE 3.5 PRE-MONSOON DTWL AQUIFER-II

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

No. of key Seasonal fluctuation in water level m with % of wells wells 0 to 2 2 to 4 4 to 6 137 21 nil 159 (86%) (13 %) (1%)

TABLE 3.2 SEASONAL FLUCTUATION (MAY-15 VS. NOV-15) IN WATER LEVEL

It is observed that minimum water level fluctuation was measured atTalajanga, Puri Sadar block(0.04m),while maximum water level fluctuation was measured at Rameswarpatna of Puri Sadar block (5.66 m). The water level fluctuations are grouped under three categories and are discussed under. 0-2 m and 2-4 m - Less water level fluctuation 4-6 m - Moderate water level fluctuation >6 m - High water level fluctuation The majority area is under less water level fluctuation, about 87% of wells were showing the water level fluctuation less than 4m. The area with moderate water level fluctuation is only covered by about one well showing the moderate water level fluctuation between 4 and 6 m. None of the blocks show water level fluctuation > 6m.

FIGURE 3.6 DEPTH TO WATER LEVEL (AQUIFER-I) (POST-MONSOON 2015)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

3.7.3 Depth to Water Level Trend (1999-2015) The long-term trend of water levels for pre-monsoon and post-monsoon periods for the last 16 years (1999-2015) have been computed. The long term water level data of 89 National Hydrograph Network Stations (NHNS) CGWB has been utilized. The maps depicting the special variation in long-term water level trend is presented as Figure 3.7. In the study area, rise in pre-monsoon water levels trend has been recorded at 51 stations, and it ranges between 0.004 m/year (Delang) to 1.5 m/year (Atharanala) while the falling trend was observed in 38 stations varying from -0.368 m/year (Garapada) to -1.24 (Dandamukundapur).

In pre-monsoon, a falling water level trend has been observed in the areas surrounding Puri Urban and Pipili NAC.

FIGURE 3.7 PRE-MONSOON DECADAL WATER LEVEL TREND (2006-15) In the study area, post-monsoon rise in water levels trend has been recorded at 52 stations, and it ranges between 0.001 m/year (Beleswarpatna) to 1.133 m/year (Atharanala) while a falling trend was observed in 43 stations varying from -0.009 m/year (Mangalpur) to - 2.61 (Dolamandap)Figure 3.8.In post-monsoon, the falling water level trend has been observed in Puri urban and northern parts of the study area, and a rising trend has been

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha found in the Central and western parts of the study area.

FIGURE 3.8 POST-MONSOON DECADAL WATER LEVEL TREND (2006-15)

3.7.4 Hydrograph Analysis The hydrographs of 14 ground water monitoring stations from the eleven blocks under NAQUIM in PURI district, were analysed for the period from 2001 to 2016. The variation in short term and long-term water level trends may be due to variation in natural recharge due to rainfall and withdrawal of groundwater for various agricultural activity, domestic requirement,etc. The analysis of hydrographs shows that the annual rising limbs in hydrographs indicate the natural recharge of groundwater regime due to monsoon rainfall, as the monsoon rainfall is the only source of water Figure 3.9(A-N). However, the groundwater draft continuously increases, as indicated by the recessionary limb. The groundwater resources are not replenished or recharged fully, and the groundwater levels are under continuous stress and depleting. It has also been observed that there were few years when the recharge exceeded draft for a particular period or year, but in the next successive year, the draft again exceeded recharge. Out of the 14 NHS stations, 6 wells shows a declining trend both in pre-monsoon and post-monsoon with intercept, as shown in the respective figures

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha below. Other network stations are having a rising trend.

FIGURE 3.9 HYDROGRAPH OF ASTARANGA NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (A)

FIGURE 3.10 HYDROGRAPH OF GOPINATHPUR1 NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (B)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 3.11 HYDROGRAPH OF REBANANUAGAON NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (C)

FIGURE 3.12 HYDROGRAPH OF SATPADA NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (D)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 3.13 HYDROGRAPH OF BELESWARPATNA NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (E)

FIGURE 3.14 HYDROGRAPH OF KONARK NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (F)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 3.15 HYDROGRAPH OF KAKATPUR NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (G)

FIGURE 3.16 HYDROGRAPH OF BALANGA NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (H)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 3.17 HYDROGRAPH OF MANGALPUR NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (I)

FIGURE 3.18 HYDROGRAPH OF KUMARESWAR NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (J)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 3.19 HYDROGRAPH OF NUASAMSARPUR NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (K)

FIGURE 3.20 HYDROGRAPH OF CHANDALPUR NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (L)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 3.21 HYDROGRAPH OF BALIGUALI NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (M)

FIGURE 3.22 HYDROGRAPH OF PURI TOWN NHS IN PURI DISTRICT (N)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

3.7.5 Ground Water Flow In a groundwater regime, equipotential lines, the line joining points of the equal head on the potentiometric surface, were drawn based on the area of variation of the head of an aquifer. Based on the Water table elevation, ground water flow directions are demarcated in Figure 3.23. It has been observed that the ground water flow directions follow the major drainage channels and topography of the area. This indicates the topographic control for the ground water movement.

FIGURE 3.23 GROUND WATER FLOW IN THE NAQUIM AREA, PURI DISTRICT

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

4 GROUND WATER QUALITY The suitability of ground water for drinking/irrigation/industrial purposes is determined to keep in view the effects of various chemical constituents present in water on the growth of various plants, animals,human beingssand industrial requirements. Though many ions are essential for the growth of plants and the human body, when present in excess, it has an adverse effect on health and growth. The chemical quality of ground water in the district is monitored annually on a routine basis by CGWB through its national Hydrograph Network Stations. Quality of ground water from deeper aquifers was assessed during the Exploration activities like drilling and pumping tests. Apart from these, several special studies have been carried out by CGWB in the area on ground water quality and its pollution aspect. During the NAQUIM program, about 278 water samples collected during the pre-monsoon period and were analysed for chemical quality. 73 number of samples represent the phreatic zone, 88 samples were collected from aquifer-I, and 117 number of data represents the second aquifer. The ground water samples were analysed for major chemical constituents, and the results are shown in Annexure-V A,B,C. Taking the results of chemical analysis during NAQUIM fieldwork and the available historical chemical data, the aquifer wise ranges of different chemical constituents present in ground water, are determined andgiven in Table 4.1

Param Unit Phreatic Aquifer(Aquifer-I) (Aquifer-II) (Aquifer-III) eter Minimu Maximu Avg Mini Maximum Avg Minim Maximu Avg m m mum um m pH - 6.9 8.9 8.1 6.7 8.96 8.1 6.6 8.94 8.01 EC mS/cm 180 4007 1046 140 3700 829 230 15730 2532 TDS mg/L 113 1596 524 64 2108 394 121 8599 1797 TH mg/L 40 1095 278 25 790 154 45 1665 271 TA mg/L 55 525 165 45 375 149 55 1120 297 Ca mg/L 6 116 61 6 102 25 6 338 47 Mg mg/L 2 210 44.25 0 173 21 1 225 37 Na mg/L 2.28 408 74 1.74 21 87.8 8.04 2753 610 K mg/L 0.1 348 38 0.1 81.7 8.69 0 102 19.0 CO3 mg/L 0 54 2.3 0 48 2.19 0 45 7.76 HCO3 mg/L 67 531 196 55 451 178. 67 1336 347 25 Cl mg/L 21 794 183 7 744 141. 21 4832 839 9 SO4 mg/L 0 298 44 0 322 18 0 498 66 F mg/L 0 2.4 0.34 0 2 0.58 0 2 0.62 SAR Milieq/ 0.02 3.8 0.83 0.06 31 4.26 0.30 40 15.9 L Cl/ - 0.1 4.3 0.81 0.1 4.3 0.81 0.13 37.7 3.2 (HCO3 +CO3) TABLE 4.1AQUIFER WISE RANGES OF CHEMICAL CONSTITUENTS.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

Based on the chemical analysis of water samples from different sources, it was observed that almost all chemical parameters lie within the permissible limit for drinking and irrigation purposes except a few samples of some isolated pockets. Higher EC more than 4000 (µS/cm) has been found at 16 locations as shown in the following table Table 4.2

Location EC(µS/cm) Location EC(µS/cm) Bhailpur 13000 Damadarpur 5980 Patajashipur 15730 Oramba 6240 Amari 7685 Dihura 9560 Garaila 4350 Bartara 6621 Nuaparha 5800 Achyutpur 4870 Alasankha 9500 Korual 4850 Inchol 5400 Baulanga 4600 Siso 4460 Anasara 9310

TABLE 4.2 LOCATION OF HIGH EC VALUES IN SOME POCKET LOCATIONS

µs/cm

FIGURE 4.1ELECTRICAL CONDUCTIVITY OF THE PHREATIC AQUIFER(AQUIFER-I)

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 4.2ISO CONDUCTIVITY MAP OF AQUIFER-II

µs/cm

FIGURE 4.3 ISO-CONDUCTIVITY MAP OF AQUIFER-III IN NAQUIM AREA

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 4.4 USSL DIAGRAM/US-SALINITY DIAGRAM, AQUIFER-I SAR(Sodium Absorption Ratio) is an important parameter for the determination of the suitability of irrigation water because it is responsible for the sodium hazard. The sodium or alkali hazard in the use of ofwater for irrigation is determined by the absolute and relative concentration of cations. It is expressed in terms of Sodium Adsorption Ratio (SAR).

A more detailed analysis for the suitability of water for irrigation was made by plotting the sodium absorption ratio and electrical conductivity fig- data on the US Salinity Laboratory

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

(USSL) diagram Accordingly, 34% of the wells in phreatic aquifer fall in the category of C1S1 and C2S1 indicating a low salinity/low sodium type and the remaining 48% belong to C3S1 and the rest 17% belong to C4S1 category. The 34 % of the wells are of good quality for irrigation use, and 48% are of medium quality, and the rest are unsuitable.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 4.5 US-SALINITY DIAGRAM, AQUIFER-II (A) AND AQUIFER-III(B)

In 2nd aquifer, 51% of wells are good for irrigation purpose, but the wells in the 3rd aquifer are not suitable for irrigation use.

Higher fluoride (F>1.5ppm) has been recorded in numerous locations. The occurrence of high F does not show any pattern and can be linked with the sediment characteristics of the aquifer material. The details of the sites showing high fluoride are discussed in the management section of this report.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

5 AQUIFER MAP AND AQUIFER CHARACTERISTICS The exploration data drilled by CGWB and other collateral data from state government agencies were studied thoroughly and divided into different aquifer zones based on their hydrogeological and hydrochemical characteristics. The saline and freshwater profile, as brought out by the study, occurs in the following dispositions as described below(CGWB Report 2004).

Freshwater Zone Overlying Saline Water Zone:

This situation is found in the northern part covering Nimapara-Kakatpur-Astarang-Gop blocks and also in the eastern part of Satyabadi and Pipli blocks. The thickness of fresh water- bearing zones varies from only 11m at Astarang to 110m at Charichhak. The depth of fresh water-bearing zones is given below for different sections. Two slimholes were drilled at Charichak 259m and 239m with 15m apart at the height of 8.5m above MSL. The wells were unsuccessful, but the detailed lithological chart was carefully studied. The lithological disposition reveals that the top 110m is fresh with an interlayer of sand and gravel of greyish color with rounded to subrounded quartzites. Two thin layers of clay zone separate the aquifer zones down to 110m. The aquifers beyond that have turned saline. The piezometer at Kakatpur was drilled up to 250.85m and was found fresh up to 90m. The aquifer zone between 75 to 90m was mostly gravel,brownish,quartzitic,sub-angular to subrounded with a mixture of fine to coarse-grained sand. The discharge at Kakatpur was found to be around 43m3/hr. The deposit wells at Juinti were drilled up to 305.07m. The aquifers up to 80m were fresh. The zones 28 to 46m and 54 to 68m were tapped. The discharge was measured around 75 lps with EC 1678 Microsiemen/cm. At Juinti, the aquifer zones beyond 80m are found to be brackish.

Section- Charichak(0- Astarang(0- Charichak- Astarang Kakatpur(0-90m) Juinti (0-80m) I 110m) 11m) Section- Nimapara-Konark Nimapara(0-73) Kusupur(0-109m) Kundra (0-88m) Konark(0-31m) II

Section- Dahijanga- Dahiganga(0- Jaganathballav(0- Bolanga(0-39m) - III Jaganathballav 26m) 16m)

TABLE 5.1 SUMMARY OF THE HYDROCHEMICAL PROFILE ALONG SELECTED SECTIONS At, Nimapara the slim hole was drilled up to 258m. The quality of the formation of water was found to be fresh from 6 to 75m, and beyond it was saline. The zone between 75 to 258m bgl zone was tapped by 101mm slotted casing. The discharge was 8.3 lps, and the static water level was 2.98 m bgl. EC was recorded 542 micro Siemens/cm. At Kusupur, along the Pipili-Konark stretch, the formation was fresh up to 109m and beyond it was brackish. The well at Kusupur was tapped at various depth, 34-50m, 62-70m, and 80-92m. The discharge was found to be very high, 75 lps. At Kundra and Patalia, the formation was fresh from 0-88m

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha and brackish up to 305.39m. The two wells at Kundra and Patalia were high yielding wells having discharge 75lps. In the area, in and around Gundi and Dasbatia, saline water occurs down to 300m depth. The thickness of fresh water-bearing zones varies from 6 to 34m, with the yield ranging from 10 lps (section 3 and at Konark) to 74 lps. The average thickness of the aquifer is around 20 to 25m, and the average yield varies between 40 to 50 lps. Different section showing the extension of the freshwater aquifer below the land surface has been shown inFigure 5.1. The geoelectrical section along Nimapara and Astrang has been depicted in Figure 5.2

FIGURE 5.1LITHOLOGICAL LOGS AND DISPOSITION OF FRESH-SALINE WATER

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 5.2GEO-ELECTRICAL SECTION IN PARTS OF PURI DISTRICT (MAHANADI DELTA)

5.1.1 Alternate fresh & saline zone :

This area occurs as a narrow strip along the coast and exists between Puri and Ramchandi section. The thickness of the top fresh zone varies from 40 to 46 mbgl in and around Puri town and reduces to 15 to 18 mbgl in and around the Ramchandi area. The deeper freshwater zones occur between 160 and 240m depth at the Gaurabatasahi area while it occurs between 218 and 228m depth at Ramchandi, and the thickness of aquifer zones reduces from the south to north i,e from Puri to Ramchandi. The maximum cumulative thickness of fresh water zones in Puri area is around 40m while in Ramchandi area it is negligible. The yield recorded in Puri area varies from 3 lps at Chakratirtha , 8 lps at Gourbatisahi to 18 lps at Agricultural farm. The detail aquifer wise lithological disposition along with cross sections are described in Urban Management of Puri town later this report.

5.1.2 Saline all through :

This type of situation is found in Brahamagiri block and also in large part of Kanas blocks. In these areas barring few meter at the top, saline water-bearing zones generally occur down to 300m depth or upto bedrock. At local pockets, thin fresh water- bearing zones occurs within 50m depth with limited yield potential.

5.1.3 Utilizable Brackish Water Zone:

This zone covers a large part of Satyabadi block and southern part of Pipli block( beyond Pipli due south). In this section, the dug well zones (8 to 12m) contain fresh

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha water and below which saline ground water occurs. Below this saline zone, the brackish water having chloride content 600 to 900 mg/l occurs at depths varying from 62 m to 100 m bgl and extends down to 150 to 200m depth. This picture is prominent along Pipli – Sakhigopal Tract.

The fashion in which the saline freshwater occurs has been depicted in the geo- electrical section inFigure 5.2. The geo-electrical section along Astaranga - Juinti – Nimapara(Indo- German Collaboration Project, 1976) reveals the fresh water-saline water disposition from Astaranga, 6 km from the coast to Nimapara in WNW over a distance of 28 km. It reveals shallow fresh water aquifer within a depth of 70m below ground level sandwiched between two clay layers. Below this occurs an extensive fresh water aquifer having a maximum thickness of 173m between Garh Amarprasad and Jangalbari within a depth range of 30 to 215m below ground level and forms a huge lens - shaped aquifer between Nimapara and Juinti. Below this occurs a thick clay layer around Nimapara, which changes to a sandy facies towards coast and is charged with Saline water at varying depths, the interface slope towards Nimapara.

FIGURE 5.3 HYDROGEOLOGICAL MAP OF PURI

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

5.1.4 Auto flow zones

In the southern sector of the area, adjoining Chilika lake, a number of auto flow wells are found, which have been constructed by PHED and DANIDA. The zones tapped vary from 150m to 250 mbgl. At Sadanandapur and Birgobindapur(74 E/13), two auto flow wells have been constructed by Danida. The piezometric head at Birgobindapur has been found to be 2.64 magl, and at Sadanandapur it is about 0.45 magl. The temperature of water from auto flow wells varies from 29 0C at Sadanandapur to 350C at Bengama. The temperature of the auto flow wells around Chilika varies from 32 0C to350C. The quality of water varies from fresh at Sanabandha to saline at Sadanandapur. The well at Birgobindapur was fresh at the beginning, but with time at present, it has turned into saline well. Some of the field photographs of autoflow wells are depicted inFigure 5.7

5.2 Aquifer Characteristic The main rock type of the area is Pre-cambrian consolidated formations like Granite, Granite-Gneiss, Charnockites, Khondalites, Quartzites, Phyllites, and Mica Schists and Gondwana semi-consolidated formations like Sandstone and Shale. The Pre-cambrian crystalline formations are hard, compact, and does not have primary porosity and hence impermeable. Weathering, jointing, and fracturing induce secondary porosity. Ground water occurs under phreatic/ unconfined conditions in weathered residuum from which water moves downward through joints, fractures, etc. Ground water occurs in semi-confined to confined conditionsinsuch deep fracture zones. The semi-consolidated Gondwana formations in the area have very little or no primary granular porosity. They are hard and indurated in nature. Fracture and faults play an important role in the occurrence and movement of ground water in them. Ground water occurs in top weathered zones as a phreatic aquifer, and at depth, water occurs in the fractured zones only in these formations lacking primary porosity. The yield of bore wells is generally poor in comparison to the Pre-Cambrian formations. 5.3 Aquifer Group Thickness & Demarcation Based on extensive analysis of historical data, micro-level hydrogeological survey data generated and ground water exploration carried out in the area, the following two types of aquifers can be demarcated, and the details are given below: Aquifer I - Unconfined aquifer occurs in the entire area except for rocky outcrops, formed by the weathered mantle atop all crystalline as well as Gondwana formations and discontinuous alluvial tracts along major river channels. This aquifer generally occurs down to a maximum depth of 30m bgl. Based on field observations, exploration data, both CGWB and State govt.isopach map of Aquifer–I is generated and shown in FIGURE 5.4 Aquifer II – Semi-confined to the confined aquifer. It generally occurs up to 150m. Based on the exploration data, the delineation of Aquifer-I and Aquifer-II has been done from the lithological section, as shown in FIGURE 5.5.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 5.4 ISOPACH OF WEATHERED ZONE (AQUIFER-I)

Based on field survey and ground water exploration, the deeper aquifer, i.e., Aquifer- III(150-300m)Fossiliferous clay formation withtertiary deposits confining the aquifer zones, consists of sand, silt gravel of varying proportions and somewhere in Easternghat formations viz. Charnockite and Khondalite formations have comparatively poorer yield prospect. the aquifer characteristic of NAQUIMarea has been computed and is given in Table 5.2.

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

Type of Aquifer Formation Depth range of Yield Aquifer Suitability for the aquifers parameter drinking/ (mbgl) (lps) irrigation (T: m2/day)

Aquifer-I Quaternary formations 0-50 2-18 - Yes for both consist of laterites and (except (phreatic) alluvium. Fluoride affected villages Aquifer-II Recent sticky clay 50-150 Negl. to 34-8189 Yesfor drinking) for both confining the quarternary 75 (semi-confined to the recent formation of to confined) aquifer zones of sand and silt and gravel of varying proportions. Yes for both Aquifer-II Fossiliferous clay Beyond 150 up Negl. to 8 66-3757 Yes for both formation with tertiary to 300m (confined) deposits confining the explored Not aquifer zones consists of recommended sand, silt gravel of varying 600m at few for irrigation. proportions. locations

TABLE 5.2AQUIFER CHARACTERISTIC OF NAQUIM AREA, PURI DISTRICT

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 5.5 AQUIFERS DELINEATION & HYDROCHEMICAL PROFILES

A. ALONG PIPILI AND PURI,

B. ALONG DAHIJANGA AND KONARK,

C. ALONG DAHIJANGA AND ASTARANGA

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 5.6RESISTIVITY PROFILE ALONG DELANG AND PURI, ODISHA

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 5.7 FIELD PHOTOGRAPHS DEPICTING ARTESIAN CONDITION AND MUDFLAT AREA

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

5.4 Aquifer Disposition The ground water exploration data has been used to generate the 3D disposition of deeper aquifers. It comprises of all existing litho-units and the zones tapped during the ground water exploration, forming an aquifer. Based on the ground water exploration and micro-level hydrogeological survey data and aquifer delineation method adopted.A schematic 3-D diagram of aquifer disposition has been prepared and shown in Figure 5.8,and a lithological Fence diagram has been generated and shown inFigure 5.9. To visualize the Aquifer-I and Aquifer-II, Based on ground water exploration,different sub-surface lithological sections have been prepared to know the lithological continuity and extent.

FIGURE 5.83-D DEPICTING THE HYDROGEOCHEMICAL PROFILE ALONG THE COAST

Aquifer Mapping and Management Plan, Puri District, Odisha

FIGURE 5.9 LITHOLOGICAL SECTION KALIKABARI TO ASTARANGA AND PIPILI TO PURI

5.5 Aquifer Parameters and Yield Potentials The principle of pumping test is that if we pump water from an Exploratory well and measure the discharge and drawdown in both EW and OW, which is a known distance, we can substitute these measurements to calculate different aquifer parameters such as Transmissivity (T) Storativity (S) and yield potentials.

Transmissivity (T): It is defined as the rate of flow under a unit hydraulic gradient through a cross-section of unit width over the saturated thickness of the aquifer. It is expressed as m2/day. The T value in the NAQUIM area range between 66.20 m2/day (Patalia) to 8189 m2/day (Tompallo) in the unconsolidated sedimentary formation of tertiary to quaternary formations.

Yield potential (Q): The yields of wells are functions of the permeability and transmissivity of aquifer encountered and varies with location, diameter, and depth, etc. There are three types of ground water structures, i.e., dugwells, shallow tubewells, and borewells in the area. Their yield characteristics are described below. 1.1.1 Aquifer-I: Dugwells tapping weathered residuum in unconsolidated alluvial deposits within the depth range of 4.3 to 15.75 mbgl and shallow tubewells up to a depth of 50m constitute the Aquifer-I. The yield of dugwells ranges from 10 to 50 m3/day. Shallow tube wells are feasible in very limited areas, especially in the flood plains of rivers. The cumulative thickness of productive zones varies from 10-15m. The effective diameter of these wells can be even 155 mm, and the yield may be up to 18.0 lps. At Bastadiha in Astranga block, the discharge was measured 18 lps in the shallow tubewells of depth 52m. 1.1.2 Aquifer-II: The data of exploratory wells in the NAQUIM area reveals that high yielding area is restrict to eastern and southern part of area, mostly in Nimapara, Kakatpur, Gop, and Puri block where most of the successful wells have been drilled. The exploratory wells have discharge 3.0 lps or more with the maximum at 75 lps. The aquifers though high yielding, but the quality issue(High EC) is a measure contain regarding the development and management of the same. 1.1.3 Aquifer-III: The data of exploratory wells in the NAQUIM area within the depth range beyond 150 to 300m are categorized under this group. The aquifers are only tapped in few locations, Sakhigopal( 150-155), Puri Agricultural farm( 150-159m, 188-201m, 212- 228m), Chakratirtha( 150-152m, 180-195, 202-206, 208-210m), Goudabatisahi(184-197m, 57

204-216m, 218-230m). Maximum yield recorded was 18lps at Puri.

5.5.1 Recharge Parameters During monsoon season, the rainfall recharge is the main recharge parameter, which is estimated as the total of the change in storage and gross draft. The change in storage is computed by multiplying groundwater level fluctuation between pre and post-monsoon periods with the area of assessment and specific yield. The specific yield value as estimated from the dry season balance method or field studies was taken, wherever available. In the absence of field values of specific yield values through the above methods, recommended values as per GEC-1997 norms have been taken. The specific yield value of 0.03 has been used for ground water estimation in the PURI district.

The monsoon ground water recharge has two components- rainfall recharge and recharge from other sources. The other sources of groundwater recharge during monsoon season include seepage from canals, surface water irrigation, tanks and ponds, ground water irrigation, and water conservation structures. During the non-monsoon season, rainfall recharge is computed by using Rainfall Infiltration Factor (RIF) method. Recharge from other sources is then added to get total non-monsoon recharge. In Puri district, the infiltration factor is taken as 0.08. The details of recharge and discharge parameters are given in Table 5.3. The discharge parameters include natural discharge in the form of springs and base flow and discharge for ground water irrigation, domestic and industrial draft.

Sl Block Command Rechar Rechar Recha Recha Total Provisi Net No / Non- ge ge rge rge Annual on for Annual Command from from from from Groun Natura Ground / Total Rainfal Other Rainfa Other d l Water l Source ll Sourc Water Discha Availabi during s during es Rechar rges lity monso during non- during ge (HM) (HM) on monso monso non- (HM) season on on mons (HM) season season oon (HM) (HM) seaso n (HM) 1 Astaranga Command 61 428 31 412 932 93 839 Area Non- 1181 54 426 83 1744 87 1657 Command Area Total 1242 482 457 495 2676 180 2496 2 Bramhagiri Command 118 1283 53 1190 2644 264 2380 Area Non- 3725 114 1346 220 5405 270 5135 58

Command Area Total 3843 1397 1399 1410 8049 534 7515 3 Delanga Command 766 760 244 762 2532 253 2279 Area Non- 1290 67 352 128 1837 92 1745 Command Area Total 2056 827 596 890 4369 345 4024 4 Gop Command 854 568 383 559 2364 236 2128 Area Non- 3202 105 984 149 4440 222 4218 Command Area Total 4056 673 1367 708 6804 458 6346 5 Kakatpur Command 880 407 338 413 2038 102 1936 Area Non- 1050 102 324 127 1603 160 1443 Command Area Total 1930 509 662 540 3641 262 3379 6 Kanasa Command 314 702 121 679 1816 182 1634 Area Non- 2260 49 621 85 3015 151 2864 Command Area Total 2574 751 742 764 4831 333 4498 7 Krushnapras Command 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 ad Area Non- 3247 20 1578 50 4895 601 4294 Command Area Total 3247 20 1578 50 4895 601 4294 8 Nimapara Command 2352 523 781 534 4190 210 3980 Area Non- 1406 117 403 187 2113 211 1902 Command Area Total 3758 640 1184 721 6303 421 5882 9 Pipili Command 1720 722 438 718 3598 180 3418 Area Non- 1457 146 320 209 2132 213 1919 Command Area Total 3177 868 758 927 5730 393 5337 10 Puri Command 458 560 190 529 1737 174 1563 Area 59

Non- 2179 189 739 239 3346 167 3179 Command Area Total 2637 749 929 768 5083 341 4742 11 Satyabadi Command 554 818 206 784 2362 118 2244 Area Non- 686 66 181 95 1028 103 925 Command Area Total 1240 884 387 879 3390 221 3169 DISTRICT Command 8077 6771 2785 6580 24213 1812 22401 TOTAL Area Non- 18436 1009 5696 1522 26663 1676 24987 Command Area Total 29760 7800 10059 8152 55771 4089 51682

TABLE 5.3: RECHARGE ESTIMATED FOR GROUND WATER RESOURCES CALCULATION

6 Ground Water Resources Central Ground Water Board and Ground Water Survey and Investigation (GWSI) have jointly estimated the ground water resources based on the GEC-97 methodology as of 2017. The ground water resource can be aquifer wise divided into Dynamic and Static resources. The dynamic resource is the part of resource within the water level fluctuation zone, which is also the annual replenishable resource. The resource below the water level fluctuation zone is termed as the In-storage (Static) resource. As per the resource estimated during 2017 with due modifications thereafter based on the data collected throughNAQ UIM, the stage of ground water development is maximum in Kakatpur block (63.11%) and minimum in Kanasa block (23.05%), which indicates there is minimal scope available for further ground water development except for few blocks like Satyabadi and Krushnaprasad. The district average development is 48.62 %.The ground water resources for Aquifer-I, as estimated in the year 2017, are given inTable 6.1.

Existing Gross Existing Provision Existing Net Ground Ground Gross for domestic Net Annual Gross Water Stage of Water Ground & industrial Sl Ground Ground Availability Ground Block Draft for Water requirement No Water Water for future Water domestic Draft supply for Availability Draft for irrigation Development & for all the next 25 Irrigation development Industrial uses years Supply (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) 1 Astaranga 3936.93 2036.06 142.46 2178.52 131.88 1768.99 55.34 2 Brahmagiri 6469.78 2897.05 294.11 3191.16 23.18 3549.55 49.32 3 Delanga 5727.98 2538.25 306.59 2844.84 258.5 2931.23 49.67 4 Gop 6945.95 2999.88 408.86 3408.74 359.62 3586.45 49.08 5 Kakatpur 4642.28 2715.7 214.07 2929.77 188.92 1737.66 63.11 6 Kanasa 5463.66 2391.35 339.6 2730.95 270.28 2802.03 49.98 7 Krushnaprasad 1255.96 281.58 131.43 413.01 108.23 866.15 32.88 8 Nimapara 9516.22 3237.13 531.19 3768.32 467.29 5811.8 39.60 9 Pipili 6109.26 3139.24 454.69 3593.93 377.37 2592.65 58.83 10 Puri 6853.87 2116.79 1570.52 3687.31 1036.15 3700.93 53.80 11 Satyabadi 4195.89 676.92 290.27 967.19 248.31 3270.66 23.05 Total 61117.78 25029.95 4683.79 29713.74 3469.73 32618.1 48.62

TABLE 6.1DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I

Sl Block Assessment SWL bgl The Maximum Avg. Sp. GW No Area of maximum permitted Yield Resources permitted SWL 2ndAquifer decline in 1st (3-2) (1*4*5) water Aquifer level (Ha) (mbgl) (mbgl) (mbgl) (HaM) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Astaranga 10828 3.2 6 2.8 0.005 152 2 Bramhagiri 24863 3.2 6 2.8 0.006 418 3 Delanga 18712 - - - - - 4 Gop 27663 3.2 6 2.8 0.006 465 5 Kakatpur 11861 3.9 6 2.1 0.006 149 6 Kanasa 19501 - - - - - 7 Krushnaprasad 0 - - - - 8 Nimapara 25711 5.6 6 0.4 0.006 62 9 Pipili 19815 5.2 6 0.8 0.006 95 10 Puri 21502 5.05 6 0.95 0.006 123 11 Satyabadi 16226 4.9 6 1.1 0.006 107 12 Total 196682 1570 TABLE 6.2 IN-STORAGE GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-II Based on the data available, the static resource available below the dynamic zone is calculated where there is availability for aquifer zones in the second aquifer and third aquifer. The difference between the maximum permitted water level to the static water level is taken in calculating the resource potential. In delang and krushnaprasad block, there is no aquifer zone between 50-150, so the second aquifer static water resource for the rest is calculated and shown in Table 6.2. Likewise, there is no report of the third aquifer in the block of Astaranga, Delang, Krushnaprasad, and Nimapara Table 6.3. The static water resources of the second and third aquifer are calculated as 1570 ham and 2039 ham, respectively. The static water resources of Krushnaprasad block is calculated as 986.52 ham Table 6.4.

Sl No Bl Assessment SWL bgl The Maximum Avg. Sp. GW ock Area of maximum permitted Yield Resources permitted SWL 3rd Aquifer decline in 2nd water (3-2) (1*4*5) Aquifer level (Ha) (mbgl) (mbgl) (mbgl) (HaM) 1 2 3 4 5 6 1 Astaranga 10828 - - - - - 2 Bramhagiri 24863 2.61 6 3.39 0.005 421 3 Delanga 18712 - - - - - 4 Gop 27663 3.2 6 2.8 0.005 387 5 Kakatpur 11861 1.78 6 4.22 0.006 300 6 Kanasa 19501 2.4 6 3.6 0.005 351 7 Krushnaprasad 0 - - - - - 8 Nimapara 25711 - - - - - 9 Pipili 19815 3.89 6 2.11 0.006 251 10 Puri 21502 4.4 6 1.6 0.006 206 11 Satyabadi 16226 4.5 6 1.5 0.005 122 12 Total 196682 2039 TABLE 6.3IN-STORAGE GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-III

Sl No Block Assessment Top Bottom Total Percentage Avg. In Storage Area Depth Depth Saturated of the Sp. Ground of of Thickness fractured Yield Water Aquifer Aquifer (3-2) zone Resources (1)*(5)*(6) (Ha) (mbgl) (mbgl) (m) (%) (Ham) -1 -2 -3 -4 -5 -6 -7 1 Krushnaprasad 32884 3.82 50.00 46.18 5 0.006 986.52

TABLE 6.4IN-STORAGE GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF KRUSHNAPRASAD BLOCK The summarised all total ground water resources including the dynamic and static water resources is calculated as 65712.78Table 6.5

Total Ground In Storage Sl No Block Dynamic Resource Water Resource Resource

1 Astaranga 3936.93 152 4088.93 2 Brahmagiri 6469.78 839 7308.78 3 Delanga 5727.98 0 5727.98 4 Gop 6945.95 852 7797.95 5 Kakatpur 4642.28 450 5092.28 6 Kanasa 5463.66 351 5814.66 7 Krushnaprasad 1255.96 986 2241.96 8 Nimapara 9516.22 62 9578.22 9 Pipili 6109.26 346 6455.26 10 Puri 6853.87 329 7182.87 11 Satyabadi 4195.89 229 4424.89 Total Total 61117.78 4595 65712.78

TABLE 6.5TOTAL GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF THE ENTIRE AREA

7 AQUIFER MANAGEMENT PLAN A thorough study was carried out based on data gap analysis, data generated in-house, data acquired from State Govt. departments, and maps procured from GSI and other sources; an integrated approach was adopted while preparing the aquifer management plan of the NAQUIM area of Puri district. Based on this, geomorphology, soil, land use, field data, lithological information, and ground water-related issues, aquifer management plan is carried out, and the detailed taluka wise aquifer management plan is prepared.

1) Issue-I Salinity Issue both Saline Water Ingress and Insitu Salinity in geological formations

2) Issue-II Low ground water development

3) Issue-III Water quality problem (Fluoride and Iron)

4) Issue-IV Drainage Congestion

7.1 Issue-ISalinity The study of the lithological logs of boreholes, drilled in Puri District, reveals that at places it appears that considerable thickness of fresh water column is floating over saline water as the same aquifer zone contain both fresh and saline water and at places fresh and saline water is separated by thin semi impervious and impervious layer; instead of thick clay (impervious) horizon. In Puri district, it occupies parts of Kakatpur, Gop, Astaranga blocks covering Konark - Gop – Tompalla – Chari chak – Kakatpur – Astarang sector.The thickness of fresh water aquifers increases towards the inland area, i.e., away from the coast.The aquifer that contains fresh water in inland areas (away from the coast) appears to be charged with saline water near the coast. The vertical distribution of fresh water and saline water along different sections, as revealed by borehole drilling data, are described below.

7.1.1 Astaranga – Kakatpur – Tompallo

In this section, saline water occurs below 10m depth at Astaranga, at Kakatpur below 89m and Tompallo below 110m depth. At Astaranga, the saline and fresh water aquifer are separated by only 3m thick clay layer while at Kakatpur and Tompallo, clay layers in between fresh and saline aquifers are absent. At Kakatpur, fresh and saline water occur within the same aquifer composed of sand and gravel occurring from 40 to 130m depth range. Similarly,

at Tompallo, the fresh water followed by saline water occurs in the same aquifer occurring from 75 to 116m depth. At Tompallo and Kakatpur, fresh water appears to be floating on saline water within the aquifer. At Astaranga, fresh aquifer (10m thick) composed of well- sorted fine sands, which indicates that this may be a sand dune.

7.1.2 Konark – Gundi – Kundra – Patalia – Kusupur

In this section, saline water occurs at Gundi from very shallow depth while at Konark, below 31m depth. Saline water at Kundra, Patalia, and Kusupur occurs below 92m, 118m, and 120m depths, respectively. At Kundra and Patalia, fresh water and saline water aquifers are separated by 3 m and 4 m thick clay beds respectively. Still, at Kuspur bottom, most of the fresh water zone is composed of 6 m thick semipervious (clay with gravels) layer. 'The fresh zone (31m thick) at Konark is composed of well-sorted fine to medium sand, the origin of which may be sand dune occurring along the coast line.

7.1.3 Astaranga-Juinti–Nimapara

The geo-electrical section (Indo- German Collaboration Project,1976) reveals the fresh water-saline water disposition from Astarang, 6 km from the coast to Nimapara in WNW over a distance of 28 km. It shows shallow fresh water aquifer within a depth of 70m below ground level sandwiched between two clay layers. Below this occurs an extensive fresh water aquifer having a maximum thickness of 173m between Garh Amarprasad and Jangalbari within a depth range of 30 to 215m below ground level and forms a huge lens-shaped aquifer between Nimapara and Juinti. Below this occurs a thick clay layer around Nimapara, which changes to a sandy facies towards the coast and is charged with Saline water at varying depths, the interface slope towards Nimapara.

The well at Juinti is around 10km away from the coastline and 4 km west of Astaranga. Saline water occurs below 10m bgl at Astaranga while at Juinti below 80m depth, and both the places thick aquifers occur down to 100m depth. Hence it is apparent that the aquifer which contains fresh water at Juinti may be charged withsaline water at Astaranga. The change in quality may have resulted in tide action. The saline waterfront was pushed further inland during full tide resulting in more concentration of chemical constituents. In contrast, the front was pushed back by the potentiometric head of fresh water during the low tide period.

The discussion in the above paragraphs indicates that the fresh and saline water- bearing aquifers are not separated by thick and extensive impervious layer. At places, fresh water appears to float directly on saline water. It also appears that saline water wedge extends upto 20 to25 km inland. Construction of a large number of tube wells, particularly near the coast, may lead to saline water contamination. Hence the development of fresh water

aquifer in this area needs much care. Besides these periodic water quality monitoring of existing tube wells, water is also required to keep a vigil on the area.

Besides the above area, another vulnerable area on saline water ingress point of view is the Puri – Ramchandi sector occurring along the coast in which Puri Town, along with the famous Lord Jagannath Temple, is situated. In this narrow, elongated tract, huge freshwater at shallow depth practically occurs within paleo and recent sand dunes. Shallow fresh water- bearing aquifers extend down to a maximum of 30 to 35m in Puri town and adjoining area while the same extends down only to 20m at Ramchandi area. The freshwater zones are underlain by distinct clay horizons, which separates this fresh zone from the saline zone occurring below. The available data indicates that the shallow fresh aquifer formed by dune sands extends into the sea. The water supply of Puri town is largely dependent on this shallow aquifer. A large number of energized tube wells extract ground water from this shallow zone, and day-by-day, the number of tube wells is being increased. Considering the limited aerial extension and potentiality of this zone, immediate steps should be taken up to put a bar on the consumption of tube wells tapping this shallow zone, particularly in the Puri town and its immediate surroundings. Otherwise, the huge extraction of fresh ground water may lead to the ingress of saline water into the aquifer resulting in the spoiling of the fresh water-bearing aquifers. This is also to be mentioned here that the deeper fresh water aquifers in this tract (Puri – Ramchandi sector) are not at all potential, and the water from the deeper aquifers are not so fresh like the shallow aquifers. Hence every caution should be taken up to protect the shallow zone; otherwise, Puri town and the adjoining areas will face the worst situation.

7.2 Issue-II Future Ground Water Development Potential From the ground water resource estimation carried out for the Aquifer-I in 2017, the present ground water development ranges from 23.05 % in Satyabadi Block to maximum of 61.11% in Kakatpur block. This includes ground water usage for all usage domestic, industrial as well as irrigation. Taking ground water development safely up to 60% of the resource available, the ground water potential for further development is calculated, which is about 6956 Ham in the NAQUIM area with minimum -144 Ham in Kakatpur block and maximum 1951 Ham in Nimaparablock. Kakatpur hasa negative gap shows there is maximum development of ground water, and no further development would adverse the ground water situation in the block. The details of the same are shown inTable 7.1.

Surplus Resource at Existing Stage of Ground Net Annual 60% of Gross Ground Water Ground Ground Sl No Block Ground Water available at Water Water Water Draft Developmen 60% GW Availability Developmen for all uses t Developmen t t (ham) (ham) ( % ) (ham) (ham) 1 Astaranga 3936.9 2178.5 55.3 2362.2 183.6 2 Brahmagiri 6469.8 3191.2 49.3 3881.9 690.7 3 Delanga 5728.0 2844.8 49.7 3436.8 591.9 4 Gop 6946.0 3408.7 49.1 4167.6 758.8 5 Kakatpur 4642.3 2929.8 63.1 2785.4 -144.4 6 Kanasa 5463.7 2731.0 50.0 3278.2 547.2 Krushnaprasa 7 d 1256.0 413.0 32.9 753.6 340.6 8 Nimapara 9516.2 3768.3 39.6 5709.7 1941.4 9 Pipili 6109.3 3593.9 58.8 3665.6 71.6 10 Puri 6853.9 3687.3 53.8 4112.3 425.0 11 Satyabadi 4195.9 967.2 23.1 2517.5 1550.3 Total 61117.8 29713.7 48.6 36670.7 6956.9 TABLE 7.1 GROUND W ATER DEVELOPMENT POTENTIAL The above table,Error! Reference source not found.1depicts the block-wise demand for water in the Puri district. The water demand includes both surface water and ground water. For better management of the water sector in the district, the conjunctive use of both surface and ground water needs to be taken in to account. The stage of ground water development in Kakatpur block has exceeded the 60% stage of ground water development with no surplus water available for ground water development. So the number of ground water situation is adverse in the block. Since Puri is an agriculture-based economy, the crop water demand takesa major share of the water. There is, as such, no major industry, mining, or power sector operating in the district, so the demand from these sectors is nil. So the above table can be taken as the demand of the whole district, which needs to be managed properly.

Management plan for addressing this issue is the biggest challenge for the water sector department. There are many methods to mitigate the water gap by conjunctive use, optimum use of water, water conservation, Rainwater water harvesting, etc. One of the suggested method is to increase the utilization of ground water resources to 60%. The stage of ground water development of the district is 48%. There is very little scope to increase the resource to 60%.

The water from aquifer-I is basically utilized for irrigation development. So as discussed earlier, the district’s average ground water development is 48.62 %. There is limited scope to enhance the ground water development up to 60%. Additional resources after enhancing the development to 60% are being depicted in Table 7.. Tubewells or Dugwells are the feasible structures for practice in the area. The draft of tubewells and Dugwells are taken as 2.05 and 0.65, respectively. So the number of feasible structures in each is summarised in the table below. From the calculations, a total of 1697 tubewells and5351 number of dugwells can be constructed to utilize the grondwater development up to 60%.

Block The Nos. of Nos. of additional resource to additional ground water be used for ground water structures(Dugwell) irrigation at structures(Tube feasible for 60% Ground Well) feasible irrigation use for irrigation use

Water 2.05 unit draft Unit draft of development for tubewells dugwell 0.65 (Hectare- Metre) Astaranga 183.6 44.8 141.3 Brahmagiri 690.7 168.5 531.3 Delanga 591.9 144.4 455.3 Gop 758.8 185.1 583.7 Kanasa 547.2 133.5 421.0 Krushnaprasad 340.6 83.1 262.0 Nimapara 1941.4 473.5 1493.4 Pipili 71.6 17.5 55.1 Puri 425.0 103.7 326.9 Satyabadi 1550.3 378.1 1192.6 Total 6956.9 1696.8 5351.5

TABLE 7.2 GROUND WATER FEASIBLE STRUCTURES IN THE STUDY AREA

Resource

to be used Irrigatio Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation for Irrigation Irrigation n Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential Blocks irrigation Potentia (Groundnu (Vegetable (Vegetable (Pulses) (Paddy) at 60% l (Paddy) ts) s) s) Ground Allocation1 Allocation2 water

in Ham Rabi Kharif

Astaranga 183.6 110.2 40.1 82.6 55.1 20 73.5 267.1 133.6 Brahmagiri 690.7 414.4 150.7 310.8 207.2 75.3 276.3 1004.7 502.3 Delanga 591.9 355.2 129.2 266.4 177.6 193.7 236.8 861 430.5 Gop 758.8 455.3 165.6 341.5 227.6 82.8 303.5 1103.8 551.9 Kanasa 547.2 328.3 119.4 246.3 205.2 149.2 218.9 796 398 Krushnaprasad 340.6 204.3 74.3 153.3 204.3 74.3 136.2 495.4 247.7 Nimapara 1941.4 1164.8 423.6 873.6 582.4 211.8 776.6 2823.9 1411.9 Pipili 71.6 43 15.6 32.2 21.5 7.8 28.7 104.2 52.1 Puri 425 255 92.7 191.3 127.5 46.4 170 618.2 309.1 Satyabadi 1550.3 930.2 338.3 697.7 465.1 169.1 620.1 2255 1127.5 Total 7101.3 4260.8 1549.4 3195.6 2273.6 1030.5 2840.5 10329.2 5164.6

TABLE 7.3IRRIGATION POTENTIAL FOR MAJOR CROPS IN KHARIF AND RABI SEASONS *Crop Water Demand per hactare Rabi in m Kharif in m Paddy 1.1 0.22 Pulses 0.4 - Groundnuts 0.4 - Vegetables 0.55 0.11 The additional resource can be utilized for different crops in different blocks of the district. Based on the cropping pattern of different blocks,the resource has been allocated to different major crops. Paddy, pulses, groundnuts, and vegetablesare the major crops cultivated in the districts.The per hectare water requirement both in Kharif and Rabi are mentioned below Table 7.. Crop water demand for paddy is 1100 mm, but 80% can be met from normal rainfall. Hence crop water demand will be 20%. In the rabi season, as the crop is grown in assured irrigation system, hence water demand will be 100%. Accordingly required water potential will be more(2.4 times) in rabi than in kharif.Existing water potential is almost three times in rabi than in kharif although kharif irrigated area is more than that of rabi. According to the crop water requirement of different crops like Paddy, Pulses, Groundnuts and Vegetables the 70

utilization of additional water resources can be utilized for irrigation potential of 1549 hactares of Paddy, 3196 ha of Pulses, 2274 ha of groundnuts and 1030 hactares of vegetables during Rabi season and 10329 ha of Paddy and 5167 ha of vegetables during Khariff season. 7.3 Issue-IIIFluoride in Ground Water It has already been found that a higher concentration of fluoride has been observed in the ground water in shallow as well as a deeper aquifer.The analysis of key wells data of CGWB reveal the following locations where fluoride is high in ground waterTable 7.

Sl.no Location Types of well Block Fluoride (mg/l)

1 Santras DW Kakatpur 2.4 2 Biraharekrushnapur TW Puri 2 3 Balisahi TW Gop 2 4 Bhairpur TW Gop 2 5 Bam TW Gop 2 6 Kundura TW Gop 2 7 Samakula TW Kakatpur 1.5 8 Bobua TW Kakatpur 1.5 9 Bastadiha TW Astaranga 1.2 10 Tadasa ramghansapur TW Puri 2 11 Chengeila TW Gop 2 12 Budhiabar DW Brahmagiri 1.64 TABLE 7.4FLUORIDE IN CGWB KEYWELLS

Sl.No Block Name Panchayat Village Name Habitation Name Type Of Source F in Mg/l Name 1 Bramhagiri Amapada Torana Genguti Chhaka (Near Deep Tubewell 2.07 Pathagar) 2 Bramhagiri Amapada Torana Haladia Chhaka Deep Tubewell 2.54

3 Bramhagiri Goruala Alipada Alipada Deep Tubewell 2.34

4 Bramhagiri Goruala Girola Girila Deep Tubewell 1.77

5 Bramhagiri Goruala Girola Girila Shallow 1.89 Tubewell 6 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Anki Patna Deep Tubewell 2.07

7 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Anki Patna Deep Tubewell 2.02

8 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual AnkiPatna Dobha Sahi Deep Tubewell 2.02

9 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Atibadi Jagganth Deep Tubewell 1.55 Chhaka

10 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Bali Padia Deep Tubewell 2.25

11 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Bhoi Sahi Deep Tubewell 2.06

12 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Budhia Bara Deep Tubewell 1.68

13 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Budhia Bara Deep Tubewell 2

14 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Godha Bazar Deep Tubewell 1.72

15 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Godha Bazar Deep Tubewell 2.29

16 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Goruala Deep Tubewell 1.91

17 Bramhagiri Goruala Gorual Mahadeb Chhak Deep Tubewell 2.25

18 Krushnaprasad Bajrakote Udayagiri Nuasahi-B Shallow 1.89 Tubewell 19 Puri Sadar Gadamurg Bagha Jodalinga Temple Sahi Deep Tubewell 1.86 asira

TABLE 7.5FLUORIDE IN THE HABITATION WELLS OF RWSS GOVT OF ODISHA.

7.3.1 Plan for Fluoride in Ground Water

Fluoride higher than the permissible limit of drinking has been found in the NAQUIM area in shallow as well as deeper aquifers. Drinking water sources like dugwells, borewells, and hand pumps, once found to be of high F, should be immediately marked unsuitable and informed to the public to prohibit the use of such sources for drinking. The occurrence of fluoride is known to be a local phenomenon, and in none of the village, fluoride is found everywhere and in all ground water sources. Hence it’s advisable to make suitable arrangement for providing an alternate, safe, and hygienic source for drinking water in those fluoride affected villages.

7.3.2 Plan for High Iron content in Ground Water

As common in coastal tracts of Odisha, sporadic and isolated pockets of marginally high values of Iron is found in almost all blocks of Puri mostly within the range of 1 – 3 mg/L. There is no definite pattern of iron occurrence. Neither it is co-relatable to any particular formation or aquifer in particular.Solution or remedy is to Use of Terrafil Filters, Ion removal Plants , Alternate source of Water in extreme cases.Table 7. depicts the location of state government data points affected by high Iron content, and Table 7.describes the location of CGWB NHS points showing high Iron content.

Sl.No Block Total Habitation affected Iron Salinity

1 Astarang 20 20 0 2 Bramhagiri 98 25 73 3 Delang 17 11 6 4 Gop 10 8 2 5 Kakatpur 7 7 0 6 Kanas 0 0 0

7 Krushnaprasad 0 0 0 8 Nimapara 0 0 0 9 Pipili 0 0 0 10 Puri Sadar 0 0 0 11 Satyabadi 36 19 17 Total 188 90 98 TABLE 7.6 HABITATIONWISE CONTAMINATION IN AFFECTED BLOCKS

SOURCE: HTTPS://INDIAWATER.GOV.IN Sl.No Location Block Iron in mg/l 1 Tikarpara ASTARANGA 1.155 2 Madrang GOP 1.153 3 Balighai GOP 1.234 4 Mahapur GOP 1.234 5 Baleshwarpatna GOP 1.055 6 Gop GOP 3.621 7 Kakatpur KAKAT PUR 2.905 8 Haripur NIMAPADA 4.103 9 Garapada NIMAPADA 4.203 10 Balanga NIMAPADA 2.706 11 Totasahi SADAR 7.972 12 Puri Urban SADAR 9.836 13 Puri Urban SADAR 12.728 14 Puri Urban SADAR 3.588 15 Puri Urban SADAR 11 16 Puri Urban SADAR 8.778 17 Puri Urban SADAR 11.28 18 Puri Urban SADAR 1.122 19 Puri Urban SADAR 1.722 20 Puri Urban SADAR 1.934 21 Puri Urban SADAR 5.27 22 Sadanandapur SATYABADI 3.204 23 Sakhigopal SATYABADI 1.009 TABLE 7.7 HIGH IRON IN NHS LOCATIONS

7.4 Issue-IV Drainage Congestion/Water Logged Areas The natural topographical factor (flat terrain) is the primary cause of drainage congestion in coastal belts of Odisha. Therefore, disposal of runoff resulting from rainfall takes considerable time. Further, the problem gets aggravated due to the formation of sand bars across the river mouths and tidal lockage. Drainage congestion affects crop yield. It has been estimated that 30% of the CCA in the deltaic area about 2.17 lakh ha suffers from poor drainage and waterlogging problems. To harness the potential for increased agricultural growth, conjunctive use of surface and ground water is the need of the hour. The Government of Odisha has launched the “Drainage Improvement Programme (DIP)” with an outlay of `1000.00 crores to be implemented over five years, i.e., from 2014-15 to 2018-19. The Scheme will be operational in the seventeen Doabs facing drainage congestion where a part of agricultural land is mostly waterlogged due to poor drainage, selected urban areas and low lying area around wetlands where flooding for a longer period possess a threat to the life and property of the affected people. The main objectives of the scheme are as follows:

1) Retrieval of cultivable area. 2) Increase in crop productivity by an average of 10% in the area of influence. 3) Arresting saline ingress 4) Reduction of inundation time through the improvement of carrying capacity by removal of shoals and islands etc. from rivers and drainage channels and river mouth clearance. 5) Improved natural drainage facilities in select urban areas and areas facing acute drainage problem around wetlands through gravity or by pumping arrangement, 6) Renovation and de-silting of select urban water bodies.

FIGURE 7.1FLOOD CONTROL EMBANKMENT NEAR KAKATPUR 74

FIGURE 7.2KUSHABHADRA LEFT EMBANKMENT Areas to be retrieved in Primary Secondary Link Sl.no Doab Name Thousand Ha Drain Drain Drain Total

Doab-I(Mahanadi- 1 Kathajodi-Devi) 20.5 388.99 421.99 302.22 1113.22 Doab-II(Mahanadi- Chitrotpala-Luna- 2 Birupa) 29.5 113 452 342 907 Doab-III(Chitrotpala- 3 Luna) 2.6 33.65 22.62 46 102.27 Doab-V(Kathajodi- 4 Kushabhadra) 20 204.48 246.33 559.65 1010.46 Doab- VI(Kushabhadra- 5 Bhargavi) 11 84.2 234.87 171.5 490.57 Doab-VI(Daya- 6 Bhargavi) 20 67.7 249.65 580.11 897.46 TABLE 7.8 AREAS TO BE RETRIEVED THROUGH DOAB

Source: Department Of Water Resources Government Of Odisha

The Mahanadi Delta stage-II command suffers from water logging conditions, with depth to water level lying within 2 meters from the surface. The worst affected areas are in Puri Sadar, Brahmagiri, Gop & Kakatpur blocks with depth to water level lying within 1 meter below the surface. The waterlogged area spreads over an area of 955 sq. km. in November,

which shrinks to 484 sq. Km during January and then to 153 sq. km during May. The waterlogging condition affects the physical, chemical, and biological properties of the soils, which in turn affect the plant growth and reduces crop yield.

Prevention of accumulation of surface runoff, collection and safe disposal of excess

rainwater from the area, timely and controlled irrigation, restricting the water table with

FIGURE 7.3FLOOD INUNDATION LAYERS CORRESPONDING TO YEARS (2001-2013)

In desired depth below the land surface through conjunctive use are the ways to control waterlogging. Drainage must be capable of carrying the excess water from the area. In ground water polluted areas and water table depleted areas, special studies like artificial recharge projects, schemes on arresting salinity ingress are to be taken up for mitigation of the situation.

Management plan for retrieval of water logging condition

Drainage of coastal land is vital for agricultural development. Drainage congestion and water loggingare major problems standing on the way of better agricultural productivity. Without improvement of drainage, irrigation service will have relatively limited impact and crop yields will continue to stagnate or decline. Project design and improvement would therefore be largely concentrating around the requirements of drainage. Several remedial measures are needed to relieve drainage congestion, which is described below.

7.4.1 Construction of Link Drains

Link drains connect the field chak drainage network with the secondary and main (macro) drainage system

7.4.2 Outfall and Secondary Drains

Secondary drains are mostly clogged with sediment and water-borne plants like hyacinth, which worsens the already poor flow conditions in the drains. These drains would be cleared, resectioned to a design cross-sections, channelized where appropriate, and embanked as needed, particularly in the lower reaches.

7.4.3 Prevention of Tidal Inundation

Cyclonic storms in the Bay of Bengal is widespread. During each storms, tidal waves rising several meters inundate the coastal land, making them unsuitable for cultivation, killing several lives and damaging properties. Construction of the tidal structures along with the marginal embankment will prevent the ingress of the tidal surge and consequential losses

7.5 Previous Special Studies After the Super Cyclone on 29th Oct1999, Central Ground Water Board took the immediate initiative in drilling production wells in affected areas for improving the imminent drinking water problem during post-cyclone period. In this process, meetings were held with Special Relief Commissioner, Govt. of Orissa, and Chief Engineer of RWS&S and PHED, Govt. of Orissa, to identify the areas where wells to be constructed for providing drinking water supply to the affected population.

As per the requirement of the State Govt. the Board embarked upon a program of drilling of high fresh water yielding wells in Kakatpur -Astarang Sector, Puri district. During the process, CGWB constructed 4 tube wells each at Bastadiha, Beguniabasta, Uklai, Gadanayarchadha. The discharge of the wells varied from 4.72 Beguniabasta to 18 lps at Bastadiha, and the details have been given in the annexure-II. All the wells have been handed over to the user agencies for utilization.

7.6 Conjunctive Use Aspects The irrigation command of Mahanadi delta is lying inside the Mahanadi delta, covering an area around 2800 sq. Km, a major part of which falls in the Puri district. With the high use of irrigation water accompanied by flat topography, low water table gradient, soil type, drainage condition, a vast tract of the area inside the command has become waterlogged. The areas under waterlogging conditions during May 1991, Nov’91, Dec’91, and Jan’1992 were

208, 2130, 1710, and 1486 sq. km respectively. It is observed that the extent of water logging is gradually increasing. In 1984 (November), while it was only 834 sq.km in 1991 November, it further increased to the tune of 2130 sq.km. The inland salinity and permanent water logging have been reported as 202 and 160 sq. km respectively. With the upcoming of water level, the areas with shallower water table condition come to the close proximity to the applied fertilizer and the shallow aquifer system is reported to be contaminated with N-P-K fertilizers. The available groundwater resource offers a vast scope of conjunctive use of surface and ground water This may solve the dual purpose of minimization of water logging and restriction of ground water contamination through the applied fertilizers.

Planned conjunctive use of surface and ground water draws sufficient ground water from the aquifer to lower the water table and to create space for ground water recharge during the monsoon period, thus decreasing the volume of runoff from the agricultural lands and thereby reducing the surface water congestion

With the change in copping pattern and better water management, sufficient water can be given to about 80 % of the cultivable areas during Rabi season. The remaining 20 % cultivable area should be irrigated with pumping sets/tube wells / dug wells. There should be a need for supplementing canal irrigation in some parts of the 80 % area, getting canal; water. Such areas will also need lift irrigation. Lift irrigation this way will offer twin advantages of reducing ground water level and ensuring 100 % irrigation of the command areas in combination with canal water.

7.7 Arresting Salinity Ingress And Ground Water Recharge The Coastal track of Puri district is traversed by a network of creeks that are fed by tidal water. It has been observed that impounding freshwater in the creeks and subcreeks could save the agriculture. The salinity ingress can be prevented through regulatory sluices from off take and intake points of creek from the main rivers. The water stored in the creeks can be utilized by the farmers to save crops during drought and raise rabi crops. This will boost the rural economy of the area. It is proposed to arrest salinity ingress and improve irrigation facilities in the area through development of creeks. With the above objective in mind Talsuan creek was taken for arresting salinity ingress in the area and for ground water recharge.

7.7.1 Talasuan Creek

The project is situated in Kakatpur block of the district. The Talsuan nalla originates from village Talsuan, meets the Kadua Nadi near village Pubei and runs for a length of 3.5km and with sub creeks of 7.0 km. The total drainage area is 500 ha. The tidal fresh from the river Kadua enters into Talsuan nala , which invade upto 3 km to 3.5 km landward from the

confluence point. There is no regulatory provision for movement of sweet water and preventing ingress of saline water in the creeks. Presently creeks and sub creeks are silted up.

Under the project, sluice gate has been constructed to regulate the flow of sweet/fresh water across the Talsuan nala. Talsuan creek (main creek) for a length of 3.6 km and sub creeks for a length of 2.2 km have been renovated. Four shallow piezometers have been constructed to study the impact of recharge on ground water regime from impounded freshwater and flow irrigation. With this, drainage congestion will be relieved, and the ingress of saline water can be checked through the sluice gate.

7.7.2 Advantage of the Schemes

On implementation of the above schemes, this will lead to an increase the agricultural productivity during Kharif and Rabi seasons. The scheme will ensure sweet/fresh water and mitigate drought and go a long way to stabilize the socio-economic conditions of the people in the area. The fresh water impounded in the main creek and sub creeks will facilitate recharge to ground water regime. The impounding of fresh water in the creeks and sub creeks and through agricultural activities by creek irrigation is likely to improve water quality of phreatic aquifer.

8 Summary and Recommendations

8.1 Summary During XII five year planperiod, i.e. 2012-2015, the National Aquifer Mapping Programme (NAQUIM)were taken up for detailed hydrogeological investigation, data-gap analysis and Aquifer Mapping in eleven blocks of PURI district namely, Astaranga, Bramhagiri, Delang, Gop, Kakatpur, Kanas, Krushnaprasad, Nimapara, Pipili, Puri Sadar and Satyabadi covering an area of 3479 sq. km. The following are the summarised details.

1. A data gap analysis was carried out in the area, and further data acquisition is planned accordingly.

2. The geological formations in the district span in age from Archean to Recent (Quaternary). The Tertiary and Quaternary formations occur over major parts of the district while the Archeans occupy the hilly areas at higher altitudes in the west. Ground Water Occurs in Phreatic condition in weathered portions generally down to a depth of about 30 mbgl.

3. The deeper aquifers occur under semi-confined and confined conditions. The aquifers are extensive, interconnected, and have prolific yield potentials (upto

65 lps). The thickness of individual aquifers varies from 6 to 7m, while the cumulative thickness of aquifer materials down to a depth of 250m varies from 10 to 79m. The common groundwater abstraction structures are dug wells, shallow tube wells, deep tube wells, and filter points.

4. In the southern sector of the area, adjoining Chilika lake, a number of auto flow wells are found, which have been constructed by PHED and DANIDA. Auto-flow wells are located in Krushnaprasad, Brahmagiri blocks, and partly in Kanas, Delang, Puri Sadar, and Satyabadi block.

5. The South-west monsoon is the principal source of rainfall in the area. The normal rainfall of the district is 1401.9 mm. The rainfall pattern is erratic, and drought is a common feature of the district.

6. The average pre-monsoon water level in the area is within 5 mbgl.

7. The estimated dynamic ground water resource shows that the stages of development of ground water range from 12.02 to 32.85 %, therefore sufficient scope still exists for further ground water usage.

8. The quality of ground water is potable and good except saline affected areas of Astaranga, Brahmagiri, Kanas, and Kakatpur area and some isolated cases of excessive fluoride.

9. Urban Puri town is facing issues of saline water intrusion at located pockets with excessive demand of drinking water alternate recharge areas are to be demarcated, and sweet water zones are to be protected for the supply of water from shallow aquifer zones to the entire Puri town.

8.2 Recommendations

The highly diversified occurrence and considerable variations in the availability and utilization of groundwater make its management a challenging task. Scientific development and management strategy for groundwater has become imperative to avert the looming water crisis. In this context, various issues such as prioritization of areas for development of groundwater resources vis-a-vis its availability, augmentation of groundwater through rainwater harvesting and artificial recharge, pricing, and sectoral allocation of resources and participation of the stakeholders must be considered. In view of the above, the present study area, a systematic, economically sound and politically feasible framework for groundwater

management is required.Considering the local physiographical and hydrogeological set up the following ground water management strategy is suggested.

1. As the current stage of ground water withdrawal is within 48%, utilization of ground water resources for the socio-economic development is feasible. Annually about 32618 Ham of ground water can be withdrawn safely for further usage.

2. Drinking water sources like dugwells, borewells, and hand pumps, once found to be of high F and Iron they should immediately be marked unsuitable and informed to the public to prohibit the use of such sources for drinking. Moreover, it’s advisable to make suitable arrangement for providing an alternate, safe, and hygienic source for drinking water in those affected villages.

3. The effect of large scale ground water pumping from the habitation and hoteliers all along the coast, especially in Puri town, should be controlled as Sea water front may change, and there can be irreversible damage to the shallow fresh water aquifers.

4. Artificial recharge through the construction of the Percolation tank and check dams are feasible where source water is available.The check dams should be constructed on 2nd and 3rd order drainages. Further details such as aquifer wise storage potential, source water availability, etc. are discussed in Part-II of the report.

PART-II BLOCK-WISE AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN (3479 SQ KM) content

PART-II ...... 1 BLOCK-WISE AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN ...... 1 (3479 SQ KM) ...... 1 1 BLOCK: ASTARANGA ...... 7 1.1 Salient Information: ...... 7 1.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 12 1.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:12 2 BLOCK: BRAHMAGIRI...... 18 2.1 Salient Information: ...... 18 2.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 21 2.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:21 3 BLOCK: DELANG ...... 24 3.1 Salient Information: ...... 25 3.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 27 3.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:28 Proposed structures under different schemes ...... 30 4 BLOCK: GOP ...... 32 4.1 Salient Information: ...... 32 4.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 35 4.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:35 5 BLOCK: KAKATPUR ...... 39 5.1 Salient Information: ...... 39 5.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 42 5.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:43 6 BLOCK: KANAS ...... 46 6.1 Salient Information: ...... 46 6.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 48 6.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:49 7 BLOCK: KRUSHNAPRASAD ...... 53 7.1 Salient Information: ...... 53 7.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 55 7.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:56 8 BLOCK: NIMAPARA ...... 60 8.1 Salient Information: ...... 60 1

8.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 62 8.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:63 9 BLOCK: PIPILI ...... 67 9.1 Salient Information: ...... 67 9.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 71 9.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:71 10 BLOCK: PURI SADAR ...... 73 10.1 Salient Information: ...... 73 10.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 77 10.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:77 11 BLOCK: SATYABADI ...... 81 11.1 Salient Information: ...... 81 11.2 Aquifer Disposition: ...... 84 11.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues:84

List of Tables

Table 1.1 Population Break Up, Astaranga Block...... 7 Table 1.2Rainfall Data in Astaranga Block in mm...... 7 Table 1.3 Land Use Pattern (ha), Astaranga Block ...... 8 Table 1.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (ha), Astaranga Block...... 8 Table 1.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation , Astaranga Block ...... 8 Table 1.6 Ground Water Resources of Astaranga Block ...... 8 Table 1.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic), Astaranga Block 12 Table 1.8 Stage of Ground Water Development Astaranga Block...... 12 Table 1.9 Irrigation Ptential For Major Crops In Khariff And Rabi Seasons ...... 13 Table 2.1 Population Break Up, Brahmagiri Block...... 18 Table 2.2 Rainfall Data in Brahmagiri Block in mm...... 18 Table 2.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Brahmagiri Block...... 20 Table 2.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Brahmagiri Block...... 20 Table 2.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation (ha), Brahmagiri Block...... 20 Table 2.6 Ground Water Resources of Brahmagiri Block in Ham...... 20 Table 2.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic) ...... 21 Table 2.8 additional irrigation potential created ...... 22 Table 2.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN Brahmagiri 24 Table 3.1 Population Break Up, Delang Block. Source: Census, 2011 ...... 25 Table 3.2 Rainfall Data in Delang Block in mm...... 25 Table 3.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Delang Block...... 25 Table 3.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Delang Block...... 27 Table 3.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation (ha), Delang Block...... 27 Table 3.6 Ground Water Resources of Delang Block in Ham ...... 27 Table 3.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic), Delang Block ...... 28 Table 3.8 Additional Irrigation potential created ...... 30 Table 3.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN DELANG .... 31 Table 4.1 Population Break Up, Gop Block...... 32 Table 4.2 Rainfall Data in Gop Block in mm...... 32 Table 4.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Gop Block...... 33 Table 4.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Gop Block...... 33 Table 4.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation (ha), Gop Block ...... 33 Table 4.6 Ground Water Resources of Gop Block in Ham ...... 33 Table 4.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic), Gop Block...... 35 Table 4.8 Additional Irrigation potential created ...... 36 Table 4.9 structures proposed for irrigation development ...... 37 Table 5.1 Population Break Up, Kakatpur Block...... 39 Table 5.2 Rainfall Data in Kakatpur Block in mm...... 39 3

Table 5.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Kakatpur Block...... 40 Table 5.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Kakatpur Block ...... 42 Table 5.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation (ha), Kakatpur Block ...... 42 Table 5.6 Ground Water Resources of Kakatpur Block in Ham...... 42 Table 5.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic), Kakatpur Block. 43 Table 5.8 structures proposed for irrigation development ...... 44 Table 6.1 Population Break Up, Kanas Block...... 46 Table 6.2 Rainfall Data in Kanas Block in mm...... 46 Table 6.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Kanas Block...... 48 Table 6.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Kanas Block...... 48 Table 6.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation (ha), Kanas Block...... 48 Table 6.6 ground water resources of kanas block in ham ...... 48 Table 6.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic), Kanas Block ...... 49 Table 6.8 additional irrigation potential created ...... 51 Table 6.9 Structures Proposed For Irrigation Development Kanasa ...... 52 Table 7.1 Population Break Up, Krushnaprasad Block...... 53 Table 7.2 Rainfall Data in Krushnaprasad Block in mm...... 53 Table 7.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Krushnaprasad Block ...... 55 Table 7.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Krushnaprasad Block...... 55 Table 7.5 Ground Water Resources of Krushnaprasad Block in Ham...... 55 Table 7.6 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic), ...... 56 Table 7.7 Additional Irrigation Potential Created...... 58 Table7.8 Structures Proposed For Irrigation Development In Krushanaprasad ...... 59 Table 8.1 Population Break Up, Nimapara Block...... 60 Table 8.2 Rainfall Data in Nimapara Block in mm...... 60 Table 8.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Nimapara Block...... 60 Table 8.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Nimapara Block...... 62 Table 8.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation (ha), Nimapara Block...... 62 Table 8.6 Ground Water Resources of Nimapara Block in Ham...... 62 Table 8.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic), Nimapara Block. 63 Table 8.8 additional irrigation potential created ...... 65 Table 8.9 Structures Proposed For Irrigation Development In Nimapada ...... 66 Table 9.1 Population Break Up, Pipili Block...... 67 Table 9.2 Rainfall Data in Pipili Block in mm...... 67 Table 9.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Pipili Block...... 67 Table 9.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Pipili Block...... 69 Table 9.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation (ha), Pipili Block...... 69 Table 9.6 Ground Water Resources of Pipili Block in Ham...... 69 Table 9.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic), Pipili Block...... 71 Table 9.8 Additional irrigation potential created ...... 72 4

Table 9.9 Structures Proposed For Irrigation Development In Pipili ...... 72 Table 10.1 Population Break Up, Puri Sadar Block...... 73 Table 10.2 Rainfall Data in Puri Sadar Block in mm...... 74 Table 10.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Puri Sadar Block ...... 74 Table 10.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Puri Sadar Block...... 76 Table 10.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation (ha), Puri Sadar Block...... 76 Table 10.6 Ground Water Resources of Puri Sadar Block in Ham...... 76 Table 10.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic) ...... 77 Table 10.8 additional irrigation potential created ...... 79 Table 10.9 Structures Proposed For Irrigation Development In Puri Sadar ...... 80 Table 11.1 Population Break Up, Satyabadi Block...... 81 Table 11.2 Rainfall Data in Satyabadi Block in mm ...... 81 Table 11.3 Land Use Pattern (in ha), Satyabadi Block...... 82 Table 11.4 Area Irrigated by Various Sources (in ha), Satyabadi Block...... 82 Table 11.5 Contribution of Ground Water in Irrigation (ha), Satyabadi Block...... 82 Table 11.6 ground water resources of Satyabadi sadar block in ham...... 82 Table 11.7 Dynamic Ground Water Resources of Aquifer-I (Phreatic) ...... 84 Table 11.8 additional irrigation potential created ...... 86 Table 11.9 Structures Proposed For Irrigation Development In Satyabadi ...... 87

List of Figures

Figure 1.1 Salt pan Area shown on Toposheet ...... 15 Figure 1.2 Google imageries showing the salt pan area ...... 15 Figure 1.3 proposed structure for arresting salinity ...... 15

PART-II BLOCK-WISE AQUIFER MAPPING AND MANAGEMENT PLAN (3479 SQ KM)

1 BLOCK: ASTARANGA 1.1 Salient Information: Area: 163.74 sq. km

District/State: Puri / Odisha

Population: The total population of Astaranga block as per the 2011 Census is 82176 out of which the rural population is 82,176 & the urban population is 0. The population breaks up, i.e., male- female, rural & urban, is given below :

Block Total Male Female Rural Urban population population population Astaranga 82,176 41,628 40,548 100% 0 Source: Census, 2011

TABLE 1.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, ASTARANGA BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 15.4%, as per the 2001 census.

Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from the south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with heaviest showers in July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months, and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years, i.e., 1995 to 2015) of Astaranga Block area is 1529 mm with 88 rainy days whereas the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm. Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Rainfall 1847 986 1130 1865 1918 891 2164 1024 1792 990 2129

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Rainfall 1903 1659 1755 2092 1426 1114 1234.8 1205 1709 1275 TABLE 1.2RAINFALL DATA IN ASTARANGA BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation: Agriculture is practiced in the area during Kharif and Rabi season every year. The Kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, ground nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger, and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, niger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane, etc. The groundwater abstraction structures are generally Dugwells, Borewells/Tubewells. The principal crops in the block are Paddy, Wheat, and Vegetables. The Landuse pattern, area irrigated from different sources and contribution of ground water in irrigation of Astaranga block is given in Table 1.3

Block Forest Misc. tree Barren & Land put to Cultivable Permanent Current Othe Net Area crops & Uncultivable non- waste pastures fallows r area groves land agricultural and other fallo sown not use grazing ws included lands Astaranga 620 480in net 43 4126 1062 1258 152 326 7827 area TABLEsown 1.3 LAND USE PATTERN (HA), ASTARANGA BLOCK

Block Area Area Area Area Area Area Total Total Area Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated Area Unirrigated by Canal by River by by by Tank by Other irrigated Dugwell Tubewell Sources

Astaranga 3436 0 0 0 270 1254 4960 11414

TABLE 1.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (HA), ASTARANGA BLOCK.

Block Area irrigated Area irrigated Area Net area GW contribution in through through Dugwell irrigated irrigated Irrigation (%) Borewell/ through through all Tubewell Groundwater sources

Astaranga 0 0 0 4960 0

TABLE 1.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION, ASTARANGA BLOCK Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Astaranga block up to 300 m depth is given in Table

Block Dynamic InStorage Total Ground Water Resource Resource Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Astaranga 3936.93 152 4088.93 TABLE 1.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF ASTARANGA BLOCK Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 2036.06 Ham, while the same for the domestic and industrial field is 142.46 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 1768.99 ham of ground water is available for future use. Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre-monsoon water level: In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Astaranga block, the minimum depth to water level is 3.1 mbgl at Tikarpara and the maximum water level is 4.2 mbgl at Juinti, the average water level is 3.8 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 2.8m bgl (Tikarpara) to 3.8 mbgl (Juinti) with an average of 3.2 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Astaranga block, water level fluctuation varies from 1.8 (Tikarpara) to 2.9 m (Juinti) with an average fluctuation of 2.2 m.

(iv) The long term water level trend(2006-2015): During pre-monsoon out of 3 stations, all the stations are showing falling trend ranging from 0.083 to 0.277 m/yr. In the post- monsoon season, 3 stations show falling trend in the range of 0.053 to 0.095 m/yr

PLATE-1

1.2 Aquifer Disposition: Number of Aquifers: There is only 3 aquifer systems, formed by fine Quartzitic sand, gravel, and silt. Subangular to subrounded in shape occurring at a depth varies up to 308m down the ground. The one exploration site at Astaranga has to be abandoned due to the salinity issue. The top aquifer up to 11m occurs in phreatic conditions and fresh. The other two aquifer systems are brackish to saline in nature.

Geology: Geologically, the district exhibits lithology of archean to Recent(Quaternary). The Tertiary and Quaternary formations are occurring over major parts of the area.

1.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination, and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in Table 1.7, where the total resource available in Astaranga block is 2496 ham, which is entirely from the phreatic aquifer.

Assessment Net Ground Existing Existing Existing Allocation Net Ground Unit / Block Water Gross Gross Gross For Water Availability Ground Ground Ground Domestic Availability in Ham Water Water Water & for Future Draft for Draft for Draft Industrial Irrigation Irrigation Domestic for All Water Development in Ham & Uses in Supply in in Ham Industrial Ham Ham Water Supply in Ham

Astaranga 3936.93 2036.06 142.46 2178.52 131.88 1768.99

TABLE 1.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC), ASTARANGA BLOCK

Block Stage of Ground water Categorization development (%) Astaranga 55.34 Safe

TABLE 1.8 STAGE OF GROUND WATER DEVELOPMENT ASTARANGA BLOCK. Categorisation: The Astaranga block falls in safe category. The stage of Ground water development is 55.34%. The Net Ground water availability is 1769 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 2178 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Astaranga block is 2036 Ham. Though there is scope for further Ground water development, but it should be handled with a careful observation as the block suffers from salinity problem.

Chemical Quality of Ground water and Contamination: Throughout the study area, EC of phreatic aquifer is good except few location at Balabhadrapur (2460), Sidhikeswar(2990) and Kusumbar(2720) and all other parameters are within permissible limit. The EC value for phreatic aquifer varies from 510 to 2990 micro Siemens per cm at 250c.

Ground Water Resource Enhancement: Stage of groundwater development in Astaranga block is only 55.34 %. There exists sufficient scope for ground water development for irrigational use. 12

If the present draft of 55.34 % is increased to 60%, the total resource to be used for irrigation will be increased to 183.6 ham. This is summarised in Depending upon the cropping practice of individual block allocation to different crops is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Khariff as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses, in rabi season as 0.4m, for ground nuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and for vegetables, in Rabi and Khariff it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively.

Resource

in Ha m Rabi Khariff

Astaranga 183.6 110.2 40.1 82.6 55.1 20 73.5 267.1 133.6 TABLE 1.9 Taking the unit draft of shallow tube wells and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65 respectively, a total of 44 tube wells and 141 number of dugwells will be feasible. Depending upon the cropping practice of individual block allocation to different crops is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Khariff as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses, in rabi season as 0.4m, for ground nuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and for vegetables, in Rabi and Khariff it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively.

Resource

in Ha m Rabi Khariff

Astaranga 183.6 110.2 40.1 82.6 55.1 20 73.5 267.1 133.6 TABLE 1.9 IRRIGATION POTENTIAL FOR MAJOR CROPS IN KHARIF AND RABI SEASONS

Also, Artificial Recharge structures may be constructed in suitable pocket locations to arrest salinity by the construction of suitable structures. The detail is described below. Management Plan in Salt affected area Issues

Astaranga block of Puri district is traversed by a network of creeks which are fed by tidal water is one of the worst affected blocks due to salinity. Fresh water-bearing aquifers exist at the top up to 11 m bgl, CGWB has drilled one exploratory well as Astarang up to 300m depth, but the well was abandoned due to salinity. Rural Water Supply & Sanitation (RWS & S), Govt of Odisha has constructed Sanitary wells/Dug wells for tapping the shallow fresh water zones at several panchayats for supply purposes. Moreover, inundation of paddy field due to tidal surge into the creeks during Ravi season is leading to the destruction of soil as well as crops in the area.

PLATE-2

FIGURE 1.1 SALT PAN AREA SHOWN ON TOPOSHEET FIGURE 1.2 GOOGLE IMAGERIES SHOWING THE SALT PAN AREA

FIGURE 1.3 PROPOSED STRUCTURE FOR ARRESTING SALINITY

Management

An area of 400 ha in Patalada gram panchayat of Astaranga block was declared as salt pan areas. The satellite photographs of different seasons were studied, and the area is demarcated by its difference in spectral reflectance than the surrounding. During several field visits, it can be very well visible by its barren and wasteland fields. The creeks and sub creeks joining the main Kadua river is affected by tidal water flow twice a day. The impounding of saline water not only affected the topsoil quality but also the irrigation potential of the area. The salinity ingress can be prevented through regulatory sluices from off-take and intake points of the creek from the main river Kadua. The water stored in the creeks can be utilized by the farmers to save crops during drought and raise rabi crops. Impounding freshwater in the creeks and subcreeks could save the agriculture and boost the rural economy of the area. The small creeks can be joined by construction of unlined channels of 370m length of 1m height and 1 m width capacity as proposed in the Figure 1.3 this method of surface spreading dilute the salinity over time. The area is characterised by a flat topography and its elevation is 1 to 6 meter above msl. Numerous creek systems have naturally developed to give passage to the water heaped over the area during the rainy season to nearby river and ultimately to sea. However after the cessation of monsoon, river water remains fresh for quite a period of time depending on the volume of base-flow. River course near to the coast first gets salinity and the saline front advances to tens of kilometres inland with the progress of summer. During tide, the river water can’t be released to sea leading to the impounding of fresh water. This has led to a rise in the water level of the river, which forces the fresh water in the river to enter and fill the creeks connected to it. During ebb, the water level in the river recedes, leading to drying up of the creeks. Since daily two tides are observed in this area, twice a day, the creeks have been filled and dried up. This phenomenon can be utilised for storing sufficient fresh water in the creeks by suitably modifying the creeks in the following manner.

1. Excavation of creeks to sufficient width and depth for storing water 2. To stop the release of the impounded water during ebb, two sluices at the creek and river junction is to be constructed. The sluice gates are to be opened during the full moon and new moon days when the tidal forces are at the peak, so that the maximum amount of fresh water of the river can be harvested. Once the creeks are full, the gates are to be closed, and the harvested water can be utilized for the next 15 days till the next filling.

3. Generally, creeks connected to the lower reaches of the river first get affected with salinity while those associated with the upper reaches turns saline during the middle of March. The sluice gates are permanently closed accordingly to deny the entry of saline water into the creek system. 4. By means of this, 6 to 10 fillings are possible, and the water can be used for the cultivation of Ravi crops. 5. Moreover, additional possibilities like pisciculture can also be promoted.

Proposed structures under different schemes

State govt of Odisha has proposed the activity for enhancement of irrigation potential through a number of structures. Table. By which 5953 ha area can be retrieved through the proposed structures.

Sl MoWR Component Activity Total Command No Number/Cap Area/Irrigation acity(Cum) potential(Ha)

1 MoWR Har khet ko New community river 1 10 pani Lift irrigation

2 MoWR Har khet ko The revival of defunct 4 10 pani community LIPs

3 MoWR Har khet ko Extention of the 21 20 pani distribution system at community LIPS

4 MoWR Har khet ko MICRO River Lift 15 4 pani Irrigation project

5 MoWR Har khet ko Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 2598 pani

6 MoWR Har khet ko Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 2598 pani

7 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 28 25

8 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-dams 3 6

9 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Nallah-bund 5000m. 132

10 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds(Renovated) 30 30

11 SCWD Watershed Water harvesting 6 120 (Convergence structures with MGNREGA)

12 SCWD Medium Improvement to 1 400 Irrigation Kakatpur Branch Canal Project and its sysyem

Total irrigation potential in hactares 5953

TABLE 1.10 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN ASTARANGA

2 BLOCK: BRAHMAGIRI 2.1 Salient Information: Area: 326.75 sq. km District/State: Puri / Odisha Population: The total population of Brahmagiri block as per the 2011 Census is 139449, out of which the rural population is 1,39,449 & the urban population is 0. The population breaks up, i.e., male- female, rural & urban, is given below.

Block Total Male Female Rural Urban population population population Brahmagiri 1,39,449 70,768 68,681 100% 0

Source: Census, 2011

TABLE 2.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, BRAHMAGIRI BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 39.6 % as per the 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from the south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with heaviest showers in July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months, and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years, i.e., 1995 to 2015) of Brahmagiri Block area is 1266 mm with 52 rainy days whereas the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm.

Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Rainfall 2009 461 1190 1476 1426 1001 1790 1359 1189 906 2071

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Rainfall 1976 1412 1511 1668 1554 988 759 773 614 455

TABLE 2.2 RAINFALL DATA IN BRAHMAGIRI BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation: Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, gound nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger, and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, niger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane, etc. The groundwater abstraction structures are generally Dugwells, Borewells /tubewells. The principal crops in the block are Paddy, Wheat, and Gram. The Landuse pattern, area irrigated from different sources and contribution of ground water in irrigation of Brahmagiri block is given in Table 2.3

PLATE-3

Block Forest Misc. tree Barren Land put to Culturab Permanent Current Other Net area Area crops & & non- le waste pastures fallows fallows sown groves not Uncultiv agricultura and other included in able l use grazing net area land land sown

Brahmagiri 845 5159 1008 5376 1002 2076 2027 1269 13029

TABLE 2.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), BRAHMAGIRI BLOCK.

Block Area Area Area Area Area Area Total Total Area Irrigated by Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated by Irrigated Irrigated Area Unirrigated Canal by River by Dugwell Tubewell by Tank by Other irrigate Sources d

Brahmagiri 23944 0 0 0 8106 32050 625

TABLE 2.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), BRAHMAGIRI BLOCK.

Block Area irrigated Area irrigated Area irrigated through Net area GW contribution in through through Groundwater irrigated Irrigation (%) Borewell/ Dugwell through all Tubewell sources

Brahmagiri 0 0 0 32050 0

TABLE 2.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION (HA), BRAHMAGIRI BLOCK. Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Brahmagiri block up to 300 m depth is given in Table 2.6

Block Dynamic In Storage Total Ground Resource Resource Water Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Brahmagiri 6470 839 7309 TABLE 2.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF BRAHMAGIRI BLOCK IN HAM. Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre-monsoon water level(2017): In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Brahmagiri block, the minimum depth to water level is 1.90 mbgl at Gokhara and the maximum water level is 3.15 mbgl at Brahmagiri; the average water level is 2.75 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 1.4 mbgl (Gokhara) to 2.3 mbgl (Alipada) with an average of 1.94 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Brahmagiri block, water level fluctuation varies from 1.3 (Brahmagiri) to 1.7 m (Alipada) with an average fluctuation of 1.54 m. (iv) The long term water level trend(2006-2015): During pre-monsoon, all the stations are showing a falling trend ranging from 0.032m/yr(Brahmagiri) to 0.12 m/yr(Girala). In the post-monsoon season, 3 stations show falling trend in the range of 0.003m/yr (Rebananuagaon) to 0.025m/yr( Budhiabar) m/yr. Three other stations show rising trend 0.059(Girala) and 0.084m/yr (Alipada). 20

2.2 Aquifer Disposition: Number of Aquifers: There is 3 major aquifer system, formed by fine Quartzitic sand, gravel, and silt. Subangular to subrounded in shape occurring at a depth varies up to 550 m down the ground. CGWB has drilled 3 EW in Brahmagiri block at Kalikabari, Rebananuagaon, and Gorul. Hard basement rock garnetiferous quartzite is found at Gorul at a depth of 488m bgl. All the exploratory wells had to be abandoned becaue the granular zones contain saline water. The phreatic aquifer-I up to a depth of 10m is fresh, and all other aquifers identified are Brackish except few patches.

Geology: Geologically, the district exhibits lithology of Archean to Recent(Quaternary). The Tertiary and Quaternary formations occur over major parts of the area. The basement is encountered at Gorul at a depth of 488m bgl. 2.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination, and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in Table 2.6, where the total resource available in Brahmagiri block is 7309 ham.

Block Net Existin Existing Existin Provision Net Ground Stage of Annual g Gross Gross g for Water Ground Ground Ground Ground Gross domestic & Availability Water Water Water Water Groun industrial for future Develop Availab Draft Draft for d requireme irrigation ment ility for domesti Water nt supply development Irrigati c & Draft for the on Industri for all next 25 al uses years Supply (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % )

Brahmagiri 6469.78 2897.05 294.11 3191.16 23.18 3549.55 49.32 TABLE 2.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC) Categorization: The Brahmagiri block falls in a safe category. The stage of Ground water development is 49.32%. The Net Ground water availability is 6470 Ham. Table 2.7 The Ground water draft for all uses is 3191 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Brahmagiri block are 3549 Ham. Though there is scope for further Ground water development, it should be handled with careful observation as the block suffers from salinity problems.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 2897 Ham, while the same for the domestic and industrial field is 294 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 3549 ham of ground water is available for future use. Chemical Quality of Ground water and Contamination: Throughout the study area, the water quality (phreatic aquifer) is good (except few location), and all the parameters are within the permissible limit. In conclusion, it may be said that the groundwater in the block is suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes. The EC value for phreatic aquifer varies from 670 to 2409 micro Siemens per cm at 250c.

Ground Water Resource Enhancement:

The stage of ground water development in Brahmagiri block is only 49.32 %. There exists sufficient scope for ground water development for irrigational use. If the present draft of 49.32% is

increased to 60%, a surplus resource to be used for irrigation will be 690 ham. This is summarised in Table 2.8. Taking the unit draft of shallow tube wells and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65 respectively, a total of 168 tube wells and 531 number of dugwells will be feasible for irrigation use. Depending upon the crop practice of individual block allocation to different crops is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Kharif as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses in rabi season as 0.4m for ground nuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and vegetables in Rabi and Kharif it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively. The

resource to Irrigatio Irrigation Irrigation Irrigation be used for Irrigation Irrigation n Potential Potential Potential Potential Potential Blocks irrigation Potentia (Groundnu (Vegetable (Vegetable (Pulses) (Paddy) at 60% l (Paddy) ts) s) s) Ground Allocation1 Allocation2 water

in Ha m Rabi Khariff

Brahmagiri 690.7 414.4 150.7 310.8 207.2 75.3 276.3 1004.7 502.3

TABLE 2.8 ADDITIONAL IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED

Also Artificial Recharge structures may be constructed in suitable pocket locations to arrest salinity by the construction of suitable structures. Water logging is one of the problems, which needs to be rectified through conjunctive use of surface water and ground water.

PLATE-4

Proposed structures under different schemes

State govt of Odisha has proposed the activity for enhancement of irrigation potential through number of structures. Table. By which 32330 ha area can be retrieved through the proposed structures.

Sl.no Concerned Component Activity Total Command Ministry or Number/Capaci Area/Irrigation Department ty(Cum) potential(Ha)

1 MoWR Har khet ko pani New community river Lift irrigation 20 200

2 MoWR Har khet ko pani Revival of defunct community LIPs 12 30

3 MoWR Har khet ko pani Extention of distribution system at community 138 130 LIPS

4 MoWR Har khet ko pani MICRO River Lift Irrigation project 60 15

5 MoWR Har khet ko pani Repairing, renovation and restoration of water Melonapokhari 3 bodies

6 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 3295

7 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 11880

8 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1 41

9 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 3295

10 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 11880

11 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1 41

12 MoWR Har khet ko pani Microirrigation 1-1.5 1320

13 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 40 60

14 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-dams 7 14

15 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Nallah-bund 2000m. 52

16 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Other Ground water recharge structures(Newly 10 30 Created)

17 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds(Renovated) 18 18

18 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Nallah-Bunds(Renovated) 1000m 26

Total irrigation potential in hactares 32330

TABLE 2.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN BRAHMAGIRI

3 BLOCK: DELANG

3.1 Salient Information: Area: 208.02 sq. km District/State: Puri / Odisha Population: The total population of Delang block as per 2011 Census is 1,23,376 out of which rural population is 1,17,409 & the urban population is 5,967 .The population break up i.e. male- female, rural & urban is given below : Block Total Male Female Rural Urban population populatio population Delang 123376 62357 61019 n 95% 0

TABLE 3.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, DELANG BLOCK. SOURCE: CENSUS, 2011 Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 22.3%, as per the 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from the south-west monsoon. It sets in the third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with heaviest showers in July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months, and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years, i.e., 1995 to 2015) of Delang Block area is 1348 mm with 58 rainy days whereas the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm.

Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Rainfall 2214 869 1142 1522 1585 1066 1961.5 1066 1366.5 970.2 871

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Rainfall 1453 645.5 428 544 1201 1791 1800 2695 1848.2 1287

TABLE 3.2 RAINFALL DATA IN DELANG BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation: Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, gound nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, niger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane, etc. The groundwater abstraction structures are generally Dugwells, Borewells /tubewells. The principal crops in the block are Paddy, Wheat, and Gram. The Landuse pattern, area irrigated from different sources and contribution of ground water in irrigation of Delang block is given in Table 3.3

Block Forest Misc. tree Barren & Land put to Cultura Permanent Current Other Net area Area crops & Uncultivable non- ble pastures fallows fallows sown groves not land agricultural waste and other included in use grazing land net area sown

Delang 0 346 647 4408 61 976 138 323 13661

TABLE 3.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), DELANG BLOCK.

PLATE-5

Delang 10146 0 216 0 1889 12251 8551

TABLE 3.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), DELANG BLOCK.

Block Area irrigated Area irrigated Area irrigated Net area GW contribution through through through Groundwater irrigated in Irrigation (%) Borewell/ Dugwell through all Tubewell sources

Delang 216 0 216 12251 1.7%

TABLE 3.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION (HA), DELANG BLOCK. Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Delang block up to 111 m depth is given in Table

Dynamic In Storage Total Ground Block Resource Resource Water Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Delanga 5727.98 0 5727.98 TABLE 3.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF DELANG BLOCK IN HAM Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre-monsoon water level: In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Delang block, the minimum depth to water level is 1.9 mbgl and the maximum water level is 2.45 mbgl at Delang, the average water level is 2.1 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 1.5 to 1.7 mbgl with an average of 2.1 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data in Delang block, is 0.2 to 0.95 mbgl. (iv) The long term water level trend(2006-2015): During pre-monsoon out of 1 statio shows rising trend of 0.286 m/yr (Deland PZ) and, 2 stations show falling trend in the range of 0.085(Beraboi)m/yr to 0.096(Delang) m/yr. During Post-monsoon out of 1 statio shows rising trend of 0.285 m/yr (Deland PZ) and, 2 stations show falling trend in the range of 0.085(Beraboi)m/yr to 0.053(Delang) m/yr. 3.2 Aquifer Disposition: Number of Aquifers: The hard crystalline basement complex was encountered at several places at different depths – shallowest in Delang (119.8m). There is 2 major aquifer system, formed by fine Quartzitic sand, gravel, and silt. Subangular to subrounded in shape occurring at a depth varies up to 40 m down the ground. CGWB has drilled 1 EW in Delang. The hard basement rock of Khondalite of eastern ghat group was encountered at 119m bgl. 27

Lithology is Clay, grey, very sorted, with a very little amount of sand, (maybe from weathered quartzofeldspathic sand) below 40m bgl up to the zone explored(119m).

Geology: Geologically the block is a hard rock area with Khondalite and Charnockite group of rocks. The top rock has been lateritized. Small hillocks of 70 m elevation above msl is exposed in this part of the district.

3.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in the Table 3.6 where the total resource available in Delang block is 4024 ham which is entirely from phreatic aquifer.

Existing Gross Existin Provision Existing Net Ground Net Ground g Gross for Gross Water Stage of Annual Water Groun domestic & Ground Availability Ground Ground Draft for d industrial Block Water for future Water Water domesti Water requireme Draft for irrigation Developme Availabili c & Draft nt supply Irrigatio developme nt ty Industri for all for the next n nt al uses 25 years Supply

(ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) Delanga 5727.98 2538.25 306.59 2844.84 258.5 2931.23 49.67 TABLE 3.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC), DELANG BLOCK Categorization: The Delang block falls in a safe category. The stage of Ground water development is 49.67 %. The Net Ground water availability is 5728 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 2845 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Delang block are 2931 Ham. Though there is scope for further Ground water development, it should be handled with careful observation as the block suffers from salinity problems.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 2538 Ham, while the same for the domestic and industrial field is 306.59 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 2931 ham of ground water is available for future use. Chemical Quality of Ground water and Contamination: Throughout the study area, the water quality (phreatic aquifer) is good (except a few locations), and all the parameters are within the permissible limit. In conclusion, it may be said that the groundwater in the block is suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes. The EC value for phreatic aquifer varies from 510 to 2990 micro Siemens per cm at 250c.

PLATE-6

Ground Water Resource Enhancement:

The stage of ground water development in Delang block is only 49.67 %. There exists sufficient scope for ground water development for irrigational use. If the present draft of 49.67% is increased to 60%, the surplus resource to be used for irrigation will be 592 ham. This is summarised in Table 3.8. Taking the unit draft of shallow tube and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65 respectively, a total of 144 tubewells and 455 number of dugwells structure will be feasible for irrigation use. Depending upon the crop practice of indivisual block allocation to different crop is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Khariff as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses in rabi season as 0.4m for ground nuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and for vegetables in Rabi and Kharif it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively. The

in Ham Rabi Kharif

Delanga 591.9 355.2 129.2 266.4 177.6 193.7 236.8 861 430.5

TABLE 3.8 ADDITIONAL IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED

1. Also, Artificial Recharge structures may be constructed in suitable pocket locations to arrest salinity by the construction of suitable structures. 2. Water logging is one of the problems, which needs to be rectified through conjunctive use of surface water and ground water. Proposed structures under different schemes State govt of Odisha has proposed the activity for enhancement of irrigation potential through number of structures. Table. By which 12811 ha area can be retrieved through the proposed structures.

Sl.no Concerned Component Activity Total Command Ministry or Number/C Area/Irrigation Department apacity potential(Ha)

(Cum)

1 MoWR Har khet ko pani New community river Lift irrigation 5 50

2 MoWR Har khet ko pani Revival of defunct community LIPs 6 15

3 MoWR Har khet ko pani Extention of distribution system at 33 30 community LIPS

4 MoWR Har khet ko pani MICRO River Lift Irrigation project 30 8

5 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 6219

6 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 6219

7 MOA & FW- Per drop more crop(Micro Non-DPAP-Drip 40 5 DAC&FW irrigation

8 MOA & FW- Per drop more crop(Micro Non-DPAP Sprinkler 60 20 DAC&FW irrigation

9 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 12 10

10 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-dams 30 60

11 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Other Ground water recharge 1no. 3 structures (Newly Created)

12 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds (Renovated) 32 32

13 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-Dam (Renovated) 10 8

14 SCWD Watershed(Convergence Water harvesting structures 8 132 with MGNREGA)

Total irrigation potential in hactares 12811

TABLE 3.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN DELANG

4 BLOCK: GOP 4.1 Salient Information: Area: 379.83 sq. km District/State: Puri / Odisha Population: The total population of Gop block as per 2011 Census is 1,65,952 out of which rural population is 1,65,952 & the urban population is 0 .The population break up i.e. male- female, rural & urban is given below : Block Total Male Female Rural Urban population population population Gop 1,65,952 84,008 81,944 100% 0

Source: Census, 2011

TABLE 4.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, GOP BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 22.4%, as per the 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from the south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with heaviest showers in July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months, and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years, i.e., 1995 to 2015) of Gop Block area is 1143 mm with 66 rainy days whereas the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm.

Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Rainfall 1602 912 1064 1587 1915 1040 1678.1 788 1506 991 1179.8

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Rainfall 1589 965.5 1001 1027.2 997 538.2 788.7 716.6 1323.1 798

TABLE 4.2 RAINFALL DATA IN GOP BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation: Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, gound nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger, and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, niger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane, etc. The groundwater abstraction structures are generally Dugwells, Borewells /tubewells. The principal crops in the block are Paddy, Wheat, and Gram. The Landuse pattern, area irrigated from different sources, and contribution of ground water in irrigation of Gop block is given in Table 4.3.

Block Forest Misc. tree Barren & Land put to Cultur Permanen Current Other Net Area crops & Uncultivabl non- able t pastures fallows fallows area groves not e land agricultural waste and other sown included in use grazing net area land sown

Gop 1053 2702 110 5228 732 1496 1661 1074 20292

TABLE 4.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), GOP BLOCK.

Block Area Area Area Irrigated Area Area Area Total Area Total Area Irrigated Irrigate by Dugwell Irrigated by Irrigated Irrigated by irrigated Unirrigate by Canal d by Tubewell by Tank Other d River Sources

Gop 13582 0 545 675 2895 17748.4 20234.6

TABLE 4.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), GOP BLOCK.

Block Area irrigated Area irrigated Area irrigated through Net area GW contribution in through through Groundwater irrigated Irrigation (%) Borewell/ Dugwell through all Tubewell sources

Gop 545 0 545 17748.4 3%

TABLE 4.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION (HA), GOP BLOCK Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Gop block up to 600 m depth is given in Table 4.6

Block Dynamic In Storage Total Ground Resource Resource Water Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Gop 6945.95 852 7797.95 TABLE 4.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF GOP BLOCK IN HAM

PLATE-7

Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre-monsoon water level: In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Gop block, the minimum depth to water level is 1.5 mbgl at Marad, and the maximum water level is 6.2 mbgl at Ramachandi, the average water level is 3.68 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Gop block, the minimum depth to water level is 1.25 mbgl at Beleswarapatna and the maximum water level is 5.7 mbgl at Ramachandi, the average water level is 2.92 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Gop block, water level fluctuation varies from 0.95 (Beleswarapatna) to 5 mbgl (Ramachandi) with an average fluctuation of 2.11 m. (iv) The long term water level trend(2006-2015): During pre-monsoon out of 9 stations, 3 stations are showing rising trend ranging from 0.088m/yr(Mahapur) to 0.269 m/yr(Tompalo) and 6 stations are showing falling trend 0.007 m/yr(Marad) to 0.131m/yr(Gop). During Post-monsoon out of 9 stations, 6 stations are showing rising trend ranging from 0.016m/yr(Marad) to 0.269 m/yr(Tompalo) and 4 stations are showing falling trend 0.010 m/yr(Beleswarapatna) to 0.114m/yr(Bhanti). 4.2 Aquifer Disposition: There are 3 major aquifer system, formed by fine Quartzitic sand, gravel and silt. Subangular to subrounded in shape occurring at a depth varies up to 600m (Konark) down the ground. CGWB has drilled 10 wells including EW and OW in Gop block at Various places(Annexure-I). Hard basement is not found at Konark drilled at a depth of 600m bgl. The exploratory wells at Gundi and Gop had to be abandoned because the granular zones contain saline water. The phreatic aquifer-I up to a depth of 50m is fresh at certain locations, and all other aquifers identified beyond 75m are Brackish except few patches. Geology: Geologically, the district exhibits lithology of archean to Recent(Quaternary). The Tertiary and Quaternary formations are occurring over major parts of the area. 4.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination, and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in Table 4.7, where the total resource available in Gop block is 6346 ham, which is entirely from the phreatic aquifer.

Existing Existin Provision Existing Gross Net Ground g Gross for Gross Ground Water Stage of Net Annual Groun domestic & Ground Water Availability Ground Blo Ground d industrial Water Draft for for future Water ck Water Water requireme Draft for domestic irrigation Developme Availability Draft nt supply Irrigatio & developme nt for all for the next n Industri nt uses 25 years al Supply

(ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) Gop 6945.95 2999.88 408.86 3408.74 359.62 3586.45 49.08 TABLE 4.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC), GOP BLOCK.

Categorization: The Gop block falls in a safe category. The stage of Ground water development is very high at 49.08 %. There is little scope available for future irrigation development. The Net Ground water availability is 6946 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 3408 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Gop block are 3586 Ham.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 3000 Ham, while the same for the domestic and industrial field is 408 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 3586 ham of ground water is available for future use.

Chemical Quality of Ground water and Contamination: Throughout the study area, the water quality (phreatic aquifer) is good (except one location) in aquifer-II, 17 locations are having more than 2000 EC (Annexures) and all the parameters are within the permissible limit. In conclusion, it may be said that the groundwater in the block is suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes except for a few locations due to salinity. Ground Water Resource Enhancement:

The stage of ground water development in the Gop block is only 49.08 %. There exists sufficient scope for groundwater development for irrigational use. If the present draft of 49.08 % is increased to 60%, the surplus resource to be used for irrigation will be increased to 758 ham. This is summarised in Table 4.8. Taking the unit draft of shallow tube and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65 respectively, a total of 185 and tubewells and 583 dugwells structure will be feasible for irrigation use. Depending upon the cropping practice of individual block allocation to different crops is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Kharif as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses in rabi season as 0.4m for groundnuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and for vegetables in Rabi and Kharif, it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively. The

in Ham Rabi Kharif

Gop 758.8 455.3 165.6 341.5 227.6 82.8 303.5 1103.8 551.9

TABLE 4.8 ADDITIONAL IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED

Artificial Recharge structures may be constructed in suitable pocket locations to arrest salinity by the construction of suitable structures. The detail is described below. Water logging is one of the problems, which needs to be rectified through conjunctive use of surface water and groundwater.

Proposed structures under different schemes

State govt of Odisha has proposed the activity for enhancement of irrigation potential through a number of structures. Table 4.9. By which 18922 ha area can be retrieved through the proposed structures.

Total Concerned Number/ Command Ministry or Capacity( Area/Irrigation Sl no Department Component Activity Cum) potential(Ha) New community river Lift 1 MoWR Har khet ko pani irrigation 4 35 Revival of defunct 2 MoWR Har khet ko pani community LIPs 7 18 Extention of distribution 3 MoWR Har khet ko pani system at community LIPS 65 65 MICRO River Lift Irrigation 4 MoWR Har khet ko pani project 30 8 5 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 8850 6 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 8850 MOA & FW- Per drop more 7 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation Non-DPAP-Drip 20 5 MOA & FW- Per drop more 8 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation Non-DPAP Sprinkler 30 20 9 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 32 48 10 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-dams 12 18 Fishery Ponds/Cattle 11 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Ponds(Newly Created) 7 15 12 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds(Renovated) 20 10 State Irrigation Medium Irrigation Improvement to Gop Branch 13 Dept. Project Canal and its sysyem 1 490 State Irrigation Medium Irrigation Improvement to Nimapara 14 Dept. Project Branch Canal and its sysyem 1 490 Total irrigation potential created in ha 18922

TABLE 4.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT

PLATE-8

5 BLOCK: KAKATPUR

5.1 Salient Information: Area: 158.61 sq. km District/State: Puri / Odisha Population: The total population of Kakatpur block as per the 2011 Census is 107406, out of which the rural population is 1,07,406 & the urban population is 0. The population breaks up, i.e., male- female, rural & urban, is given below. Block Total Male Female Rural population Urban population population Kakatpur 107406 54751 52655 100% 0

Source: Census, 2011 TABLE 5.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, KAKATPUR BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 25.4 %, as per the 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from the south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with heaviest showers in July and August. The months of July and August are the most massive rainfall months, and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years, i.e., 1995 to 2015) of Kakatpur Block area is 1457 mm with 69 rainy days where as the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm. Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Rainfall 2087 737 1196 1674.7 1964 428 1721 726 971.5 1077 1838.9

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Rainfall 2232.4 1817.8 1821 1753 1668 1142 1532.8 1138.6 1718.7 1349.8

TABLE 5.2 RAINFALL DATA IN KAKATPUR BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation: Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, ground nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger, and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, ginger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane, etc.

The groundwater abstraction structures are generally Dugwells, Borewells /tubewells. The principal crops in the block are Paddy, Wheat, and Gram. The Landuse pattern, area irrigated from different sources and contribution of ground water in irrigation of Kakatpur block is given in Table 5.3

Block Forest Misc. tree Barren & Land put to Cultiva Permanen Current Other Net area Area crops & Uncultivable non- ble t pastures fallows fallows sown groves not land agricultural waste and other included in use grazing net area land sown

Kakatpur 490 493 0 3057 729 745 318 361 10151

TABLE 5.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), KAKATPUR BLOCK.

PLATE-9

Block Area Area Area Irrigated Area Area Area Total Area Total Area Irrigated Irrigate by Dugwell Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated by irrigated Unirrigate by Canal d by by by Tank Other d River Tubewell Sources

Kakatpur 4100 0 35 645 1935 6715 20234.6

TABLE 5.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), KAKATPUR BLOCK Block Area irrigated Area Area irrigated Net area GW through irrigated through irrigated contribution in Borewell/ through Groundwater through all Irrigation (%) Tubewell Dugwell sources

Kakatpur 35 0 35 6715 0.52%

TABLE 5.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION (HA), KAKATPUR BLOCK Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Kakatpur block up to 300 m depth is given in the Table below.

Dynamic In Storage Total Ground Block Resource Resource Water Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Kakatpur 4642.28 450 5092.28 TABLE 5.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF KAKATPUR BLOCK IN HAM. Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre-monsoon water level:: In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Kakatpur block, the minimum depth to water level is 3.5 mbgl at Kakatpur and the maximum water level is 4.7 mbgl at Kakatpur-ii, the average water level is 3.97 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 3m bgl (Kakatpur) to 3.95 mbgl (Kakatpur-ii) with an average of 3.35 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Kakatpur block, water level fluctuation varies from 1.7 (Kakatpur) to 4 m bgl (Kakatpur-ii) with an average fluctuation of 2.62 m. (iv) The long term water level trend(2006-2015): During pre-monsoon out of 2 stations, all the stations are showing falling trends ranging from 0.063m/yr(Kakatpur) to 0.074(Konark-1) m/yr. In the post-monsoon season, out of 3 stations, 1 station shows rising trend 0.778m/yr( Kakatpur II) and 2 stations show falling trend in the range of 0.022 m/yr(Kakatpur) to 0.063 m/yr (Konark) 5.2 Aquifer Disposition: There is 3 major aquifer system, formed by fine Quartzitic sand, gravel, and silt. Subangular to subrounded in shape occurring at a depth varies up to 300m (Kakatpur) down the ground. CGWB has drilled 6 wells, including EW and OW and Pz in Kakatpur block at Various places(Annexure-I). The phreatic aquifer-I up to a depth of 50m is fresh at certain locations, and all other aquifers identified beyond 75m are Brackish except few patches. 42

Geology: Geologically, the district exhibits lithology of archean to Recent(Quaternary). The Tertiary and Quaternary formations are occurring over major parts of the area.

5.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination, and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in Table 5.7, where the total resource available in Kakatpur block is 3379 ham, which is entirely from the phreatic aquifer.

Provision Existing Net for Existing Gross Net Ground Annu Existing domestic Gross Ground Water Stage of al Gross & Ground Water Availability Ground Groun Ground industrial Block Water Draft for for future Water d Water requireme Draft for domestic irrigation Developmen Water Draft for nt supply Irrigatio & developme t Availa all uses for the n Industria nt bility next 25 l Supply years (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) Kakatpur 4642.28 2715.7 214.07 2929.77 188.92 1737.66 63.11 TABLE 5.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC), KAKATPUR BLOCK. Categorization: The stage of Ground water development is very high, 63.11 %. There is no scope available for future irrigation development as resource development has reached 60%. The Net Ground water availability is 4642 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 2930 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Gop block are 1738 Ham.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The current draft for irrigation in the area is 2715 Ham, while the same for the domestic and industrial field is 214 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 1737 ham of ground water is available for future use. Chemical Quality of Ground water and Contamination: Throughout the study area, the water quality (phreatic aquifer) is good (except few locations), and all the parameters are within the permissible limit. In conclusion, it may be said that the groundwater in the block is suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes.

Ground Water Resource Enhancement: The stage of ground water development in Kakatpur block is only 63.11 %. There exists no scope for ground water development for irrigational use.

Also, Artificial Recharge structures may be constructed at suitable pocket locations to arrest salinity by the construction of suitable structures. The detail is described below. Water logging is one of the problems, which needs to be rectified through conjunctive use of surface water and ground water. Proposed structures under different schemes

Sl MoWR Component Activity Total Command No Number/C Area/Irrigatio apacity(C n potential(Ha) um)

1 MoWR Har khet ko pani New community river Lift irrigation 3 30

2 MoWR Har khet ko pani The revival of defunct community 4 10 LIPs

3 MoWR Har khet ko pani Extention of the distribution system 34 30 at community LIPS

4 MoWR Har khet ko pani MICRO River Lift Irrigation project 15 4

5 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 2517

6 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 2517

7 MOA & FW-DAC&FW Per drop more Non-DPAP-Drip 20 5 crop(Micro irrigation

8 MOA & FW-DAC&FW Per drop more Non-DPAP Sprinkler 40 20 crop(Micro irrigation

9 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 32 48

10 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-dams 15 30

11 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds(Renovated) 14 18

12 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-Dam(Renovated) 15 10

13 State Irrigation Medium Irrigation Improvement to Kakatpur Branch 1 400 Project Canal and its sysyem

Total irrigation potential in hactares 5639

TABLE 5.8 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT

PLATE-10

6 BLOCK: KANAS 6.1 Salient Information: Area: 229.5 sq. km District/State: Puri / Odisha Population: The total population of Kanas block as per the 2011 Census is 142614, out of which the rural population is 1,42,614 & the urban population is 0. The population break up i.e. male- female, rural & urban is given below. Block Total Male Female Rural population Urban population population Kanas 142614 72183 70431 100% 0

Source: Census, 2011

TABLE 6.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, KANAS BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 32.7 %, as per the 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from the south-west monsoon. It sets in the third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with the heaviest showers in July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months, and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years, i.e., 1995 to 2015) of Kanas Block area is 1213 mm with 57rainy days whereas the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm. Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Rainfall 2099 758 664 1569 1212 483 894.4 811 1657 1060 1277.5

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Rainfall 1754 1184 1500 1322 1434 626.3 1163.4 1726 1463.4 814.2

TABLE 6.2 RAINFALL DATA IN KANAS BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation: Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, ground nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger, and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, ginger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane, etc.

The groundwater abstraction structures are generally Dugwells, Borewells /tubewells. The principal crops in the block are Paddy, Wheat, and Gram. The Landuse pattern, area irrigated from different sources and contribution of groundwater in irrigation of Kanas block is given in Table 6.3

PLATE-11

Block Forest Misc. tree Barren & Land put to Cultiva Permanen Current Other Net area Area crops & Uncultivabl non- ble t pastures fallows fallows sown groves not e land agricultural waste and other include d in use grazing net area land sown

Kanas 0 341 0 4426 238 594 2392 314 13998

TABLE 6.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), KANAS BLOCK.

Block Area Area Area Area Area Area Total Area Total Area Irrigated Irrigate Irrigated by Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated by irrigated Unirrigate by Canal d by Dugwell by by Tank Other d River Tubewell Sources

Kanas 7515.1 0 0 0 8415 8587 20234.6

TABLE 6.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), KANAS BLOCK.

Block Area irrigated through Area irrigated Area irrigated Net area irrigated GW contribution in Borewell/ Tubewell through through through all sources Irrigation (%) Dugwell Groundwater

Kanas 0 0 0 8587 0%

TABLE 6.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION (HA), KANAS BLOCK. Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Kanas block up to 200 m depth is given in Table 6.6

Block Dynamic In Storage Total Ground Resource Resource Water Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Kanas 5463.66 351 5814.66 TABLE 6.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF KANAS BLOCK IN HAM Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre-monsoon water level: In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Kanas block, the minimum depth to water level is 2.9 mbgl at Kanas, and the maximum water level is 3.1 mbgl at Kantapada, the average water level is 2.8 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 1.3 (Kanas) to 2.1 mbgl (Kantapada) with an average of 2.13 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Kanas block, water level fluctuation varies from 0.9 m bgl (Kanas) to 1.6 m bgl (Kanthapada) with an average fluctuation of 1.6 mbgl. 6.2 Aquifer Disposition: Number of Aquifers: Aquifer system is formed by fine Quartzitic sand, gravel, and silt. Subangular to subrounded in shape occurring at a depth varies up to 40 m down the ground. Lithology is Clay, grey, very sorted, with a very little amount of sand, (maybe from weathered quartzofeldspathic sand)

Geology: Geologically the block is a hard rock area with Khondalite and Charnockite group of rocks. The top rock has been lateritized. Small hillocks of 70 m elevation above MSL are exposed in this part of the district.

6.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination, and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in Table 6.7, where the total resource available in Kanas block is 4498 ham, which is entirely from the phreatic aquifer.

Existing Gross Existin Provision Existing Net Ground Net Ground g Gross for Gross Water Stage of Annual Water Groun domestic & Ground Availability Ground Ground Draft for d industrial Block Water for future Water Water domestic Water requireme Draft for irrigation Developme Availabil & Draft nt supply Irrigatio developme nt ity Industri for all for the next n nt al uses 25 years Supply

(ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) Kanasa 5463.66 2391.35 339.6 2730.95 270.28 2802.03 49.98 TABLE 6.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC), KANAS BLOCK Categorization: The Kanas block falls in a safe category. The stage of Ground water development is 49.98 %. The Net Ground water availability is 5464 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 270 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Kanas block is 2802 Ham. Though there is scope for further Ground water development, it should be handled with careful observation as the block suffers from salinity problems.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 273 Ham, while the same for the domestic and industrial field is 268 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 2802 ham of ground water is available for future use.

Chemical Quality of Ground water and Contamination: Throughout the study area, the water quality (phreatic aquifer) is good (except few locations at Khantapada(EC 4000) and Kanas (EC )1720), and all the parameters are within the permissible limit. In conclusion, it may be said that the groundwater in the block is suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes. The EC value for phreatic aquifer measured is 2450 micro Siemens per cm at 250c. Tube well located in 3rd aquifer below the depth of 150m at Kalamela(3999), Tigiria(3999), Jagannathpur(3999), Jankiagadasahi(2700) EC is found to be high. Ground Water Resource Enhancement:

The stage of ground water development in Kanas block is 49.98 %. There exists sufficient scope for ground water development for irrigational use. If the present draft of 49.98 % is increased to 60%, the surplus resource for irrigation is 547 ham. This is summarized in Table 6.7 Taking the unit draft of shallow tube and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65, respectively, a total of 133 tubewells or 421 number of dugwells structure will be feasible for irrigation use.

PLATE-12

The

in Ham Rabi Kharif

Kanasa 547.2 328.3 119.4 246.3 205.2 149.2 218.9 796 398

TABLE 6.8 ADDITIONAL IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED Also, Artificial Recharge structures may be constructed at suitable pocket locations to arrest salinity by the construction of suitable structures. The detail is described below. Water logging is one of the problems, which needs to be rectified through conjunctive use of surface water and ground water.

Sl.no Concerned Component Activity Total Command Ministry/ Number/ Area/Irrig Department Capacity ation (Cum) potential( Ha)

1 MoWR Har khet ko pani New community river Lift 1 150 irrigation

2 MoWR Har khet ko pani The revival of defunct 18 45 community LIPs

3 MoWR Har khet ko pani Extention of distribution 124 120 system at community LIPS

4 MoWR Har khet ko pani MICRO River Lift Irrigation 30 8 project

5 MoWR Har khet ko pani Repairing, renovation and Singadap 2.5 restoration of water bodies okhari

6 MoWR Har khet ko pani Repairing, renovation and Rajakham 2.5 restoration of water bodies a

7 MoWR Har khet ko pani Repairing, renovation and Panditaad 2.5 restoration of water bodies ia

8 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 3566

9 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1 288

10 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 3566

11 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1 288

12 MOA & FW- Per drop more Non-DPAP-Drip 10 5 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation

13 MOA & FW- Per drop more Non-DPAP Sprinkler 20 20 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation

14 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 40 36

15 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-dams 65 130

16 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Percolation Tank(Newly 32 20 Created)

17 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Other Ground water recharge 10no. 30 structures(Newly Created)

18 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Fishery Ponds/Cattle 24 50 Ponds(Newly Created)

19 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-Dam(Renovated) 15 10

20 DoLR-MoRD Megalift Rajua Diversionware(Megalift) 1 1270

Total irrigation potential in hactares 9609.5

TABLE 6.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT KANASA

7 BLOCK: KRUSHNAPRASAD 7.1 Salient Information: Area: 1053 sq. km District/State: Puri / Odisha Population: The total population of Krushnaprasad block as per the 2011 Census is 89371, out of which the rural population is 89371 & the urban population is 0. The population break up i.e. male- female, rural & urban is given below

Block Total Male Female Rural Urban population population population Krushnaprasad 89371 45736 43635 100% 0

Source: Census, 2011 TABLE 7.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, KRUSHNAPRASAD BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 35.4 % as per 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with heaviest showers in July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months, and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years, i.e., 1995 to 2015) of Krushnaprasad Block area is 1191 mm with 62 rainy days whereas the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm. Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005

Rainfall 1401 452 660 1399 718 995 1072 796 1301 656 766

Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015

Rainfall 1845 1335 1185 1970 1844 949.6 1242. 1766. 1650. 1009

TABLE 7.2 RAINFALL DATA IN KRUSHNAPRASAD BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation: Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, ground nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger, and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, ginger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane, etc.

PLATE-13

Block For Misc. tree Barren & Land put to Cultiv Permane Current Other Net est crops & Uncultivabl non- able nt fallows fallows area Are groves not e land agricultural waste pastures sown a included in use and other net area grazing sown land

Krushnaprasad 235 2139 1362 15666 839 3112 605 3519 10533

TABLE 7.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), KRUSHNAPRASAD BLOCK

Block Area Area Area Area Area Area Total Area Total Area Irrigated Irrigate Irrigated by Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated irrigated Unirrigate by Canal d by Dugwell by by Tank by Other d River Tubewell Sources

Krushnaprasad 203 0 0 0 0 0 0 20234.6

TABLE 7.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), KRUSHNAPRASAD BLOCK. Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Krushnaprasad block up to 100 m depth is given in the Table below

Dynamic In Storage Total Ground Block Resource Resource Water Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Krushnaprasad 1255.96 986 2241.96 TABLE 7.5 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF KRUSHNAPRASAD BLOCK IN HAM Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre-monsoon water level: In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Krushnaprasad block, the minimum depth to water level is 0.45 mbgl at Maluda and the maximum water level is 3.65 mbgl at Satapada, the average water level is 2.68 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 0.4 (Maluda) to 2.65 mbgl (Satapda) with an average of 2.13 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Brahmagiri block, water level fluctuation varies from 0.6 (Janhikuda) to 2.15 m (Bajrakot) with an average fluctuation of 1.7 m. (i) The long term water level trend(2006-2015): During pre-monsoon, only one station shows a rising trend of 0.248 m/yr. In the post-monsoon season, the station shows a rising trend of 0.27 m/yr. 7.2 Aquifer Disposition: DANIDA drilled 15 medium-deep tube wells within the Chilika lake area to depths ranging from 154 to 230m. And 13 shallow tubewells down to depths from 10-15m. The drilling results brought out the following conclusions:

(ii) In the south western part at Bajrakot the basement occur at a depth of 118m. having a top fresh aquifer down to 20m. Below 20m. only two major aquifers between 40-60m. and 100 to 118m. are inferred to be saline from geophysical logging.

(iii) Within the southern parts, the six tube wells at Moroda, Ora, Sial, Kumpuri, Annua and Gillinasi tapped the aquifers within the depths from 102 to 209 mbgl, and chloride concentrations vary from 290 to 430 mg/l. The quality of ground water is found to be slightly brackish.

(iv) In the central parts, no fresh water zones are encountered within the drilled depth of 200m except around Krushna Prasadgarh where a thin aquifer zone at around 100m. is reported in the PHED tubewell.

(v) Around the mouth of the Chilika lake, the tubewell at Dahikhiya yielded brackish water with a chloride concentration of 310mg/l between 154 to 195m. The other three tubewells in this area yielded saline water.

(vi) The bottom aquifers are under confined conditions and the tubewells registered artesian flow but it is brackish in nature.

The salinity problem extends further to north-eastern parts into Brahmagiri, Kanas, Balugaon NAC and Khalikote blocks adjoining Chilika Lake. There are also cases of saline water auto flow wells in the Raibidar Gram Panchayat of Brahmagiri block. Wells drilled adjoining to the Chilika in Khalikote block yielded saline water. This type of haphazard drilling will not only contaminate the available freshwater aquifers but also spoil the cultivated lands. In these circumstances it is needed to delineate the freshwater aquifer and assess safe yield to prevent groundwater contamination. The state Govt. should examine the critical areas and caution the public of the possible hazards.

Geology: Geologically the the block is a hard rock area with Khondalite and Charnockite group of rocks. The top rock has been lateritized. Small hillocks of 70 m elevation above msl is exposed in this part of the district. underlain by alluvium of Quaternary age consisting of sand, pebble, clay and silt. The Eastern Ghat group of rocks comprising granite gneiss, khondalites, and anorthosites are exposed in the northern part. Mudflat, sand dunes forming ridges are very common in the area.Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination, and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in the Table 7.6, where the total resource available in Krushnaprasad block is 4498 ham, which is entirely from the phreatic aquifer.

Existing Provision Gross Existi Net Net Existing for Ground ng Ground Annua Gross domestic Water Gross Water Stage of l Ground & Draft Groun Availabilit Ground Groun Water industrial Block for d y for Water d- Draft requireme domesti Water future Developm Water for nt supply c & Draft irrigation ent Availa Irrigati for the Industri for all developme bility on next 25 al uses nt years Supply (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) Krushnaprasad 1255.96 281.58 131.43 413.01 108.23 866.15 32.88 TABLE 7.6 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC), 56

PLATE-14

Categorisation: The Krushnaprasad block falls in safe category. The stage of Ground water development is 33 %. The Net Ground water availability is 1256 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 413 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Krushnaprasad block is 866 Ham. Though there is scope for further Ground water development, but it should be handled with a careful observation as the block suffers from salinity problem.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 281 Ha m while the same for domestic and industrial field is 131 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 866 ham of ground water is available for future use.

Chemical Quality of Ground water and Contamination: Throughout the study area, the water quality (phreatic aquifer) is good (except few location) and all the parameters are within permissible limit. In conclusion it may be said that the groundwater in the block is suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes. The EC value for phreatic aquifer varies from 474 to 1520 micro Siemens per cm at 250c. Ground Water Resource Enhancement:

Stage of ground water development in Krushnaprasad block is only 33 %. There exists sufficient scope for ground water development for irrigational use. If the present draft of 33 % be increased to 60%, the total surplus resource to be used for irrigation will be increased to 340 ham. This is summarized in Table 7.7. Taking the unit draft of shallow tube and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65 respectively, a total of 83 tubewells or 262 number of dugwells structure will be feasible for irrigation use. Depending upon the crop practice of indivisual block allocation to different crop is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Khariff as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses in rabi season as 0.4m for ground nuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and for vegetables in Rabi and Khariff it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively. Resource

in Ha m Rabi Khariff

Krushnaprasad 340.6 204.3 74.3 153.3 204.3 74.3 136.2 495.4 247.7

TABLE 7.7 ADDITIONAL IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED

Also Artificial Recharge structures may be constructed at suitable pocket locations to arrest salinity by construction of suitable structures. The detail is described below. Water logging is one of the problems, which needs to be rectified through conjunctive use of surface water and ground water. Proposed structures under different schemes State govt of Odisha has proposed the activity for enhancement of irrigation potential through number of structures. Table. By which 540 ha area can be retrieved through the proposed structures.

Sl.no Concerned Component Activity Total Command Ministry or Number/C Area/Irrig Departme apacity(Cu ation nt m) potential( Ha) 1 MoWR Har khet ko pani Ground Water development 100 60 installation of shallow tubewells 2 MoWR Har khet ko pani Repairing, renovation and Lundisagar 1.5 restoration of water bodies a 3 MoWR Har khet ko pani Repairing, renovation and Melanpokh 1.5 restoration of water bodies ari 4 MoWR Har khet ko pani Repairing, renovation and Habelipokh 2 restoration of water bodies ari 5 MoWR Har khet ko pani Repairing, renovation and Bhetipokha 2.5 restoration of water bodies ri 6 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1 172 7 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1 172 8 DoLR- Watershed Farm-ponds 40 36 MoRD 9 DoLR- Watershed Percolation Tank(Newly Created) 60 38 MoRD 10 DoLR- Watershed Other Ground water recharge 13no. 40 MoRD structures(Newly Created) 11 DoLR- Watershed Farm-ponds(Renovated) 25 15 MoRD Total irrigation potential in hactares 540.5

TABLE 7.8 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN KRUSHANAPRASAD

8 BLOCK: NIMAPARA 8.1 Salient Information: Area: 301.66 sq. km District/State: Puri / Odisha Population: The total population of Nimapara block as per 2011 Census is 189897 out of which rural population is 189897 & the urban population is 0. The population break up i.e. male- female, rural & urban is given below: Block Total Male Female Rural Urban population population population Nimapara 189897 96244 93653 100% 0 Source: Census, 2011

TABLE 8.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, NIMAPARA BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 21.6 % as per 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with heaviest showers in the months of July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years i.e. 1995 to 2015) of Nimapara Block area is 1531 mm with 59 rainy days where as the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm. Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Rainfall 1939 926 1193 2054.4 1782.3 1163 1447 835 1266 1043 1804 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Rainfall 2318.7 1600.4 1563 1783 1837 1023 1725.6 1482.6 1762 1616 TABLE 8.2 RAINFALL DATA IN NIMAPARA BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation:Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, ground nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, ginger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane etc.

The groundwater abstraction structures are generally Dugwells, Borewells /tubewells. The principal crops in the block are Paddy, Wheat and Gram. The Landuse pattern, area irrigated from different sources and contribution of ground water in irrigation of Nimapara block is given in Table 8.3

Block Fore Misc. tree Barren & Land put to Cutiva Permanen Current Other Net st crops & Uncultivabl non- ble t pastures fallows fallows area Area groves not e land agricultural waste and other sown included in use grazing net area land sown

Nimapara 131 1277 4 5000 476 4 450 670 18748

TABLE 8.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), NIMAPARA BLOCK. 60

PLATE-15

Block Area Area Area Area Area Area Total Area Total Area Irrigated by Irrigated Irrigated by Irrigated Irrigated Irrigated irrigated Unirrigate Canal by River Dugwell by by Tank by Other d Tubewell Sources

Nimapara 17559 0 0 1761 0 1521 20841 20234.6

TABLE 8.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), NIMAPARA BLOCK.

Block Area irrigated through Area irrigated Area irrigated Net area GW contribution Borewell/ Tubewell through through irrigated in Irrigation (%) Dugwell Groundwater through all sources Nimapara 1761 0 1761 0 8.4% TABLE 8.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION (HA), NIMAPARA BLOCK. Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Nimapara block upto 100 m depth is given in Table below.

In Storage Total Ground Water Block Dynamic Resource Resource Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Nimapara 9516.22 62 9578.22 TABLE 8.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF NIMAPARA BLOCK IN HAM. Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre- monsoon water level: : In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Nimapara block, the minimum depth to water level is 3.5 mbgl at Balanga and the maximum water level is 5.8 mbgl at Bisimatri, the average water level is 4.75 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 2.95 m bgl (Balanga) to 5.3 mbgl (Nimapara) with an average of 4.32 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Nimapara block, water level fluctuation varies from 1.55 (Balanga) to 3.3 m (Nimapara) with an average fluctuation of 2.62 mbgl. (iv) The long term water level trend(2006-2015): During pre-monsoon out of 4 stations all the stations are showing falling trend ranging from 0.100m/yr(Balanga) to 0.368 m/yr(Garadpara). In the post-monsoon season, out of 6 stations, 1 stations show rising trend of 0.029 m/yr(Chhaniganja) and 5 staions shows falling trend in the range of 0.090m/yr(Balanga) to 0.945m/yr(Bisimatri). 8.2 Aquifer Disposition: Number of Aquifers: There are 2 major aquifer system, formed by fine Quartzitic sand, gravel and silt. Subangular to subrounded in shape occurring at a depth varies up to 40 m down the ground. CGWB has drilled 6 wells including EW, OW and PZ in Nimapara. The block is explored up to 258m. Lithology is basically Clay, grey, very sorted, with very little amount of sand, (may be from weathered quartzofeldspathic sand). The zones between 58 to 73 is tapped.

Geology: Geologically the district exhibits lithology of archean to Recent(Quaternary). The Trrtiary and Quaternary formations occurring over major parts of the area. 8.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in the Table 8.7 where the total resource available in Nimapara block is 5882 ham which is entirely from phreatic aquifer.

(ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) Nimapara 9516.22 3237.13 531.19 3768.32 467.29 5811.8 39.60 TABLE 8.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC), NIMAPARA BLOCK. Categorisation: The Nimapara block falls in safe category. The stage of Ground water development is 39.6 %. The Net Ground water availability is 9516 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 3768 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Nimapara block is 5812 Ham. Though there is scope for further Ground water development, but it should be handled with a careful observation as the block suffers from salinity problem.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 3237 Ha m while the same for domestic and industrial field is 531 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 5811 ham of ground water is available for future use.

PLATE-16

Ground Water Resource Enhancement: Resource

in Ha m Rabi Khariff

Nimapara 1941.4 1164.8 423.6 873.6 582.4 211.8 776.6 2823.9 1411.9

TABLE 8.8 ADDITIONAL IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED Stage of ground water development in Nimapara block is only 37 %. There exists sufficient scope for ground water development for irrigational use. If the present draft of 37 % be increased to 60%, the surplus resource to be used for irrigation will be increased to 1941 ham. This is summarized in Table 8.8 Taking the unit draft of shallow tube and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65 respectively, a total of 473 tubewells and 1493 number of dugwells structure will be feasible for irrigation use. Depending upon the crop practice of indivisual block allocation to different crop is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Khariff as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses in rabi season as 0.4m for ground nuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and for vegetables in Rabi and Khariff it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively.

Also Artificial Recharge structures may be constructed in suitable pocket locations to arrest salinity by construction of suitable structures. Water logging is one of the problems, which needs to be rectified through conjunctive use of surface water and ground water. Proposed structures under different schemes State govt of Odisha has proposed the activity for enhancement of irrigation potential through number of structures. Table. By which 24699 ha area can be retrieved through the proposed structures.

Sl.no Concerned Component Activity Total Command Ministry or Number Area/Irrigation Department /Capacit potential(Ha) y(Cum) 1 MoWR Har khet ko pani New community river Lift 8 75 irrigation 2 MoWR Har khet ko pani Revival of defunct community 12 30 LIPs 3 MoWR Har khet ko pani Extention of distribution system 65 65 at community LIPS 4 MoWR Har khet ko pani MICRO River Lift Irrigation 30 8 project 5 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 11090 6 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 11090

7 MOA & FW- Per drop more crop(Micro Non-DPAP-Drip 20 5 DAC&FW irrigation

8 MOA & FW- Per drop more crop(Micro Non-DPAP Sprinkler 40 20 DAC&FW irrigation 9 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 43 40 10 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-dams 18 40 11 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Percolation Tank(Newly 16 10 Created) 12 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Fishery Ponds/Cattle 13 25 Ponds(Newly Created) 13 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds(Renovated) 10 15 14 State Irrigation Medium Irrigation Project Improvement to Gop Branch 1 490 Dept Canal and its sysyem

15 State Irrigation Medium Irrigation Project Improvement to Nimapara 1 490 Dept Branch Canal and its sysyem 16 State Irrigation Medium Irrigation Project Improvement to Chandanpur 1 400 Dept Branch Canal and its sysyem 17 State Irrigation Medium Irrigation Project Improvement to Chandanpur 1 806 Dept Branch Canal and its sysyem Total irrigation potential in hactares 24699

TABLE 8.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN NIMAPADA

9 BLOCK: PIPILI 9.1 Salient Information: Area: 209.05 sq. km District/State: Puri / Odisha Population: The total population of Pipili block as per 2011 Census is 140,235 out of which rural population is 1,40,235 & the urban population is 0. The population break up i.e. male- female, rural & urban is given below: Block Total Male Female Rural Urban population population population Pipili 189897 71651 68584 100% 0 Source: Census, 2011

TABLE 9.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, PIPILI BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 24.7 % as per 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with heaviest showers in the months of July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years i.e. 1995 to 2015) of Pipili Block area is 1418 mm with 67 rainy days where as the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm. Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Rainfall 2829 1153 1263 2151 1863 1599 2952.5 1215 1996.5 1250 1913.7 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Rainfall 2633 1437 1874.2 1458.3 1768.5 1142.5 1239.2 1756 1706 1279 TABLE 9.2 RAINFALL DATA IN PIPILI BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation:Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, ground nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, ginger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane etc.

Block Forest Misc. tree crops Barren Land put to cutivable Permanent Curr other net area Area & groves not & non- waste pastures ent fallow sown included in net Unculti agricultura and other fallo s area sown vable l use grazing ws land land

Pipili 17 1301 0 3750 479 0 226 1521 12218

TABLE 9.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), PIPILI BLOCK.

PLATE-17

Block Area Area Irrigated by Area Irrigated Area Area Area Total Area Irrigated River by Dugwell Irrigated by Irrigated Irrigated by irrigated by Canal Tubewell by Tank Other Sources

Pipili 12260 0 0 486 8 996 13750

TABLE 9.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), PIPILI BLOCK.

Block Area irrigated Area irrigated Area irrigated Net area GW contribution through through through irrigated in Irrigation (%) Borewell/ Dugwell Groundwater through all Tubewell sources Pipili 486 0 486 19084 3.5% TABLE 9.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION (HA), PIPILI BLOCK. Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Pipili block upto 100 m depth is given in Table 9.6

Total Dynamic In Storage Ground Block Resource Resource Water Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Pipili 6853.87 329 7182.87 TABLE 9.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF PIPILI BLOCK IN HAM. Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre- monsoon water level: : In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Pipili block, the minimum depth to water level is 1.9 mbgl at Uttarasasan and the maximum water level is 6.9 mbgl at Harirajpur, the average water level is 3.45 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 7.86 (Dhauli) to 0.26 mbgl (MAngalpur) with an average of 2.8 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Pipili block, water level fluctuation varies from 0.9 (Mangalpur) to 2.3 m (Pipili) with an average fluctuation of 2.17 m. (iv) The long term water level trend (2006-2015): During pre-monsoon out of 8 stations 5 stations shows rising trend in the range of 0.006 m/yr (Siula) to 0.190 m/yr( Bantalsingh) and 3 station shows falling trend 0.032 m/yr(Pipili) and 0.225 m/yr(Muniamatha). In the post-monsoon season, out of 8 stations, 3 station shows rising trend in the range of 0.006m/yr(Siula) to 0.071m/yr(Dhauli) and falling trend in the range of 0.300 (Muniamatha)to 0.529 m/yr(Dandamukundapur).

PLATE-18

9.2 Aquifer Disposition: Number of Aquifers: There are 3 major aquifer system, formed by fine Quartzitic sand, gravel and silt. Subangular to subrounded in shape occurring at a depth varies up to 208 m down the ground. The phreatic aquifer-I up to a depth of 10m is fresh and all other aquifers identified are Brackish in nature except few patches. The litho-log reveals that the top 10.0m of phreatic aquifer is fresh. First aquifer at 23-38 and 39-45 m and 48-57 was tapped. Discharge recorded at 5 lps and Transmissivity value ranges from 12.5 to 30 m2/day

Geology: Geologically the district exhibits lithology of Archean to Recent(Quaternary). The Tertiary and Quaternary formations occur over major parts of the area. Basement is encountered at Gorul at a depth of 488m bgl.

9.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in the Table 9.7 where the total resource available in Pipili block is 5337 ham which is entirely from phreatic aquifer.

(ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) Pipili 6109.26 3139.24 454.69 3593.93 377.37 2592.65 58.83 TABLE 9.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC), PIPILI BLOCK. Categorisation: The Pipili block falls in safe category. The stage of Ground water development is 59 %. The Net Ground water availability is 6109 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 3594 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Pipili block is 2593 Ham.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 3139 Ha m while the same for domestic and industrial field is 455 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 2593 ham of ground water is available for future use.

Chemical Quality of Ground water and Contamination: Throughout the study area, the water quality (phreatic aquifer) is good and all the parameters are within permissible limit. In conclusion it may be said that the groundwater in the block is suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes. The EC value for phreatic aquifer varies from 154 to 827 micro Siemens per cm at 250c.

Ground Water Resource Enhancement:

Stage of ground water development in Pipili block is only 59 %. There exists very little scope for ground water development for irrigational use. If the present draft of 59 % be increased to 60%, the

only 72 Ham is available for irrigation development. This is summarized in Error! Reference source not found.. Taking the unit draft of shallow tube and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65 respectively, a total 17 tubewells and 55 number of dugwells structure will be feasible for irrigation use. Depending upon the crop practice of indivisual block allocation to different crop is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Khariff as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses in rabi season as 0.4m for ground nuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and for vegetables in Rabi and Khariff it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively. Resource

in Ha m Rabi Khariff

Pipili 71.6 43 15.6 32.2 21.5 7.8 28.7 104.2 52.1 TABLE 9.8 ADDITIONAL IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED

Water logging is one of the problems, which needs to be rectified through conjunctive Proposed structures under different schemes State govt of Odisha has proposed the activity for enhancement of irrigation potential through number of structures. Table. By which 14330 ha area can be retrieved through the proposed structures.

TABLE 9.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN PIPILI

Sl.no Concern Compon Activity Total Comma ed Ministry or ent Number/Capaci nd Department ty(Cum) Area/Irrigation potential(Ha) 1 MoWR Har khet ko pani New community river 1 10 Lift irrigation 2 MoWR Har khet ko pani Revival of defunct 4 10 community LIPs 3 MoWR Har khet ko pani Extention of 30 30 distribution system at community LIPS 4 MoWR Har khet ko pani MICRO River Lift 15 4 Irrigation project 5 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 7025 6 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 7025

7 MOA & FW- Per drop more Non-DPAP-Drip 20 5 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation 8 MOA & FW- Per drop more Non-DPAP Sprinkler 40 20 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation 9 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 90 60 10 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Check-dams 50 60 11 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Percolation 17 12 Tank(Newly Created) 12 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Fishery Ponds/Cattle 22 44 Ponds(Newly Created) 13 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm- 20 25 ponds(Renovated) Total irrigation potential in hactares 14330

10 BLOCK: PURI SADAR 10.1 Salient Information: Area: 276.3 sq. km District/State: Puri Population: The total population of Puri Sadar block as per 2011 Census is 150,800 out of which rural population is 1,46,092 & the urban population is 4,708. The population break up i.e. male- female, rural & urban is given below: Block Total Male Female Rural Urban populati population population Puri Sadar on189897 76790 74010 100% 0

Source: Census, 2011

TABLE 10.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, PURI SADAR BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 31.1 % as per 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September 73

with heaviest showers in the months of July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years i.e. 1995 to 2015) of Puri Sadar Block area is 1737 mm with 74 rainy days where as the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm. Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Rainfall 2829 1153 1263 2151 1863 1599 2952.5 1215 1996.5 1250 1913.7 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 Rainfall 2633 1437 1874.2 1458.3 1768.5 1142.5 1239.2 1756 1706 1279 TABLE 10.2 RAINFALL DATA IN PURI SADAR BLOCK IN MM. Agriculture and Irrigation: Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, ground nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, ginger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane etc.

Block forest Misc. tree Barren & Land put to Cutiva Permanen Current Other Net Area crops & Uncultivabl non- ble t pastures fallows fallows area groves not e land agricultural waste and other sown included in use grazing net area land sown

Puri Sadar 40 2207 0 4106 47 0 4550 82 3523

TABLE 10.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), PURI SADAR BLOCK

PLATE-19

Puri Sadar 10502 0 0 314 5 6502 17323 20234.6

TABLE 10.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), PURI SADAR BLOCK.

Block Area irrigated Area irrigated Area irrigated Net area GW contribution through through through irrigated in Irrigation (%) Borewell/ Dugwell Groundwater through all Tubewell sources

Puri Sadar 314 0 314 17323 1.8%

TABLE 10.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION (HA), PURI SADAR BLOCK. Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Puri Sadar block upto 100 m depth is given in Table

Dynamic In Storage Total Ground Block Resource Resource Water Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Puri 6853.87 329 7182.87 TABLE 10.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF PURI SADAR BLOCK IN HAM. Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre- monsoon water level: : In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Puri block, the minimum depth to water level is 1.5 mbgl at Beherasahi and the maximum water level is 7.25 mbgl at Gosala, the average water level is 3.65 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 0.15 (Pratapramachandrapur) to 7.17 mbgl (Gosala) with an average of 2.13 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Brahmagiri block, water level fluctuation varies from 0.29 (Balighat) to 5.36 m (Dolamandap) with an average fluctuation of 2.19 m. (iv) The long term water level trend(2006-2015): During pre-monsoon out of 41 stations 28 stations are showing rising trend ranging from 0.019m/yr(Swetaganga) to 1.506m/yr(Atharanala) m/yr and 13 stations show falling trend 0.004m/yr (Moradpara) to 1.041m/yr(Gopala Ballava)

In the post-monsoon season, out of 46 stations, 28 station shows rising trend in the range of 0.011m/yr (ITI Chhak) to 1.113m/yr( Atharanala) and 18 stations show falling trend in the range of 0.013m/yr(Krupa Sindura) to 2.61 m/yr(Dola Mandapa Sahi).

10.2 Aquifer Disposition: The litho-log reveals that the top 39.0m of phreatic aquifer is fresh and is underlain by saline water formation extending down to 135.0 m of depth. Fresh water occurs between 135.0 and 233.0 meters of depth, is separated from the overlying and underlying saline water formation by thick impervious clay horizons. Three granular zones are encountered between 135.0-139.0 mbgl & 146.0- 152.0 mbgl, 180.0-195.0 mbgl & 202.0210.0 mbgl and 212.0-228 mbgl. The yield varies from 10 lps to 20 lps with transmissivity value varies from 180 m2/day to 400m2/day. The storage co-efficient is around 8.5x10-5. The piezometric head is around 3.7m above MSL and is independent of the topography. Geology: The unconsolidated formation comprising of sand, pebble, silt and clay of Tertiary and Quaternary age, form the major aquifer system of Puri city. It is a part of the Mahanadi Delta, deposited under fluvial, beach, aeolian, estuarine and marine environments. 10.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in the Table 10.7 where the total resource available in Puri Sadar block is 4742 ham which is entirely from phreatic aquifer.

Existing Existin Provision Existing Gross Net Ground Net g Gross for Gross Ground Water Stage of Annual Groun domestic & Ground Water Availability Ground Bloc Ground d industrial Water Draft for for future Water k Water Water requireme Draft for domestic irrigation Developme Availabilit Draft nt supply Irrigatio & developme nt y for all for next 25 n Industri nt uses years al Supply (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) Puri 6853.87 2116.79 1570.52 3687.31 1036.15 3700.93 53.80 TABLE 10.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC) Categorisation: The Puri Sadar block falls in safe category. The stage of Ground water development is 53.08 %. The Net Ground water availability is 6853.87 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 3687 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Puri Sadar block is 3700 Ham. Though there is scope for further Ground water development, but it should be handled with a careful observation as the block suffers from salinity problem.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 2117 Ha m while the same for domestic and industrial field is 1570 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 3700 ham of ground water is available for future use.

PLATE-20

Ground Water Resource Enhancement:

Stage of ground water development in Puri Sadar block is only 54 %. There exists little scope for ground water development for irrigational use. If the present draft of 54 % be increased to 60%, the surplus resource to be used for irrigation will be only 425 ham. This is summarized in Table 10.7. Taking the unit draft of shallow tube and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65 respectively, a total of 103 tubewells or 327 number of dugwells structure will be feasible for irrigation use. Depending upon the crop practice of indivisual block allocation to different crop is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Khariff as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses in rabi season as 0.4m for ground nuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and for vegetables in Rabi and Khariff it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively. Resource

in Ha m Rabi Khariff

Puri 425 255 92.7 191.3 127.5 46.4 170 618.2 309.1

TABLE 10.8 ADDITIONAL IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED

Proposed structures under different schemes State govt of Odisha has proposed the activity for enhancement of irrigation potential through number of structures. Table. By which 12348 ha area can be retrieved through the proposed structures.

Block Concerned Component Activity Total Command Ministry or Number/ Area/Irrig Department Capacity ation (Cum) potential (Ha) 1 Puri(S) MoWR Har khet ko pani New community river 5 40 Lift irrigation 2 Puri(S) MoWR Har khet ko pani Revival of defunct 10 25 community LIPs 3 Puri(S) MoWR Har khet ko pani Extention of 118 110 distribution system at community LIPS 4 Puri(S) MoWR Har khet ko pani MICRO River Lift 30 8 Irrigation project

5 Purisadar MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 5532 6 Purisadar MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 5532

7 Purisadar MOA & FW- Per drop more Non-DPAP-Drip 20 5 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation 8 Purisadar MOA & FW- Per drop more Non-DPAP Sprinkler 40 20 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation 9 Purisadar DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 40 36 10 Purisadar DoLR-MoRD Watershed Nallah-bund 3000m. 78 11 Purisadar DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm-ponds 20 20 (Renovated) 12 Puri Sadar Medium Irrigation Improvement to 1 350 Project Chandanpur Branch Canal and its sysyem 13 Purisadar Medium Irrigation Improvement to 1 500 Project Sakhigopal Branch Canal and its sysyem 14 Purisadar Medium Irrigation Restoration of ayacut 92 Project Total irrigation potential in hactares 12348

TABLE 10.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN PURI SADAR

Detail management plan for urban Puri is attached at the end as Interim Report on “HYDROGEOLOGICAL SCENARIO OF PURI URBAN AND ITS ADJOINING AREAS, ODISHA & NEED FOR GROUND WATER MANAGEMENT & REGULATION” prepared by Dr. N. C. Nayak, Scientist‐‘D’ and Shri A. Choudhury, AHG is attached at the end of the report

11 BLOCK: SATYABADI 11.1 Salient Information: Area: 173.46 sq. km District/State: Puri / Odisha Population: The total population of Satyabadi block as per 2011 Census is 113,199 out of which rural population is 113,199 & the urban population is 4,708. The population break up i.e. male- female, rural & urban is given below. Block Total Male Female Rural population Urban population populatio Satyabadi n113,199 57571 55628 100% 0

Source: Census, 2011 TABLE 11.1 POPULATION BREAK UP, SATYABADI BLOCK. Growth Rate: The decadal growth rate of the block is 23.6 % as per 2001 census. Rainfall: The study area receives rainfall mainly from south-west monsoon. It sets in third/fourth week of June and continues till mid-August/September with heaviest showers in the months of July and August. The months of July and August are the heaviest rainfall months and nearly 95% of the annual rainfall is received during June to September months. Average annual rainfall (Average of the last 21 years i.e. 1995 to 2015) of Satyabadi Block area is 1402.53 mm with 58 rainy days where as the normal rainfall of Puri district, as per IMD is 1409 mm. Year 1995 1996 1997 1998 1999 2000 2001 2002 2003 2004 2005 Rainfall 2245 661 1138 1591 1360 953 1512 909 1637 3778 1460.9 Year 2006 2007 2008 2009 2010 2011 2012 2013 2014 2015 2016 Rainfall 1627 1292 1445 1101 1331.5 992.2 1082.2 1288.2 1376 673.2 TABLE 11.2 RAINFALL DATA IN SATYABADI BLOCK IN MM Agriculture and Irrigation: Agriculture is practiced in the area during kharif and Rabi season every year. The kharif crops include paddy, maize, ragi, small millets, arhar, biri, mung, ground nut, til, castor, cotton, turmeric, ginger and vegetables like brinjal, tomato, and early cauliflower. On the other hand, rabi crops include paddy, wheat, maize, field pea, mung, biri, mustard, sunflower, safflower, ginger, potato, onion, garlic, coriander, vegetables, tobacco, sugar cane etc.

Block forest Misc. tree crops Barren & Land put to cutivable Permane Current Other Net area Area & groves not Uncultivabl non- waste nt fallows fallows sown included in net e land agricultural pastures area sown use and other grazing land

Satyabadi 0 2164 0 2647 141 0 2164 482 9307

TABLE 11.3 LAND USE PATTERN (IN HA), SATYABADI BLOCK.

Satyabadi 12496 0 0 54 5 548 13103 20234.6

TABLE 11.4 AREA IRRIGATED BY VARIOUS SOURCES (IN HA), SATYABADI BLOCK.

Block Area irrigated Area irrigated Area irrigated through Net area GW contribution in through through Groundwater irrigated Irrigation (%) Borewell/ Dugwell through all Tubewell sources Satyabadi 54 0 54 13103 0.4 %

TABLE 11.5 CONTRIBUTION OF GROUND WATER IN IRRIGATION (HA), SATYABADI BLOCK. Ground Water Resource Availability and Extraction: Based on the resource assessment made, the aquifer wise resource availability in Satyabadi block is given in Table

Dynamic In Storage Total Ground Block Resource Resource Water Resource (Ham) (Ham) (Ham) Satyabadi 4195.89 229 4424.89 TABLE 11.6 GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF SATYABADI SADAR BLOCK IN HAM.

PLATE-21

Water Level Behaviour: (i) Pre- monsoon water level: : In the pre-monsoon period, it has been observed that in Satyabadia block, the minimum depth to water level is 1.7 mbgl at Sadanandapur and the maximum water level is 3.7 mbgl at Algum, the average water level is 2.83 mbgl. (ii) Post- monsoon water level: In the post-monsoon period, it has been observed that the water level varies from 2m bgl (Sadanandapur) to 3.15 mbgl (Kumareswar) with an average of 2.67 mbgl. (iii) Seasonal water level fluctuation: The water level fluctuation data indicates that in Satyabadia block, water level fluctuation varies from 0.9 mbgl (Kumareswar) to 2.05 m (Nuasamsarpur) with an average fluctuation of 1.59 m. (iv) The long term water level trend(2006-2015): During pre-monsoon out of 8 stations, 1 station is showing rising trend of the order 0.278 m/yr(Kadua) and 7 stations are showing falling trend ranging from 0.002m/yr(Sakhigopal) to 0.219 m/yr(Uansdiha). In the post-monsoon season, out of 8 stations, 1 station is showing rising trend of 0.113m/yr(Kadua) and 7 other stations showing falling trend in the range of 0.002 m/yr(Sakhigopal-i) to 0.125 m/yr (Kumareswar) 11.2 Aquifer Disposition: Number of Aquifers: There are 2 major aquifer system, formed by fine Quartzitic sand, gravel and silt. Subangular to subrounded in shape occurring at a depth varies up to 282 m down the ground. CGWB has drilled 2 EW in Sakhigopal. The zones tapped are mentioned in the annexures.Geology: Geologically the district exhibits lithology of archean to Recent(Quaternary). The Trrtiary and Quaternary formations occurring over major parts of the area.

11.3 Ground Water Resource, Extraction, Contamination and Other Issues: Aquifer wise resource availability is given in the Table 11.7 where the total resource available in Satyabadi block is 3169 ham which is entirely from phreatic aquifer.

Existing Existin Gross Provision Existing g Net Ground Net Ground for Gross Gross Water Stage of Annual Water domestic & Ground Groun Availability Ground Ground Draft for industrial Block Water d for future Water Water domesti requireme Draft for Water irrigation Developme Availabil c & nt supply Irrigatio Draft developme nt ity Industri for next 25 n for all nt al years uses Supply (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) (ham) ( % ) Satyabadi 4195.89 676.92 290.27 967.19 248.31 3270.66 23.05 TABLE 11.7 DYNAMIC GROUND WATER RESOURCES OF AQUIFER-I (PHREATIC)

PLATE-22

Categorisation: The Satyabadi block falls in safe category. The stage of Ground water development is 23.05 %. The Net Ground water availability is 4196 Ham. The Ground water draft for all uses is 967 Ham. The Ground water resources for future irrigation for Satyabadi block is 3271 Ham. Though there is scope for further Ground water development, but it should be handled with a careful observation as the block suffers from salinity problem.

Existing and Future Water Demand (2025): The existing draft for irrigation in the area is 677 Ha m while the same for domestic and industrial field is 290 Ham. To meet the future demand for ground water, a total quantity of 3271 ham of ground water is available for future use.

Chemical Quality of Ground water and Contamination: Throughout the study area, the water quality (phreatic aquifer) is good (except few location) and all the parameters are within permissible limit. In conclusion it may be said that the groundwater in the block is suitable for drinking as well as for irrigation purposes. The EC value for phreatic aquifer varies from 1570 to 2125 micro Siemens per cm at 250c. Resource

in Ha m Rabi Khariff

Satyabadi 1550.3 930.2 338.3 697.7 465.1 169.1 620.1 2255 1127.5

TABLE 11.8 ADDITIONAL IRRIGATION POTENTIAL CREATED Ground Water Resource Enhancement:

Stage of ground water development in Satyabadi block is only 23.05 %. There exists sufficient scope for ground water development for irrigational use. If the present draft of 23 % be increased to 60%, the surplus resource to be used for irrigation is increased to 1550 ham. This is summarized in Table 11.8. Taking the unit draft of shallow tube and dugwells as 2.05 and 0.65 respectively, a total of 378 tubewells and 1192 number of dugwells structure will be feasible for irrigation use. Depending upon the crop practice of indivisual block allocation to different crop is summarized in the table below. Crop water demand for calculation of the allocations are taken for Paddy in Rabi and Khariff as 1.1 and 0.22 respectively, for pulses in rabi season as 0.4m for ground nuts in Rabi season as 0.4 and for vegetables in Rabi and Khariff it is taken as 0.55 and 0.11 respectively.

State govt of Odisha has proposed the activity for enhancement of irrigation potential through number of structures. Table. By which 15542 ha area can be retrieved through the proposed structures.

Sl.no Concerned Component Activity Total Command Ministry or Number/C Area/Irrigation Department apacity(Cu potential(Ha) m) 1 MoWR Har khet ko pani New community river 1 10 Lift irrigation 2 MoWR Har khet ko pani Revival of defunct 2 5 community LIPs 3 MoWR Har khet ko pani Extention of distribution 10 10 system at community LIPS 4 MoWR Har khet ko pani MICRO River Lift 15 4 Irrigation project 5 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 6546 6 MoWR Har khet ko pani Lined Field Channels 1-1.5 1121 7 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 6546 8 MoWR Har khet ko pani Unlined Field Channels 1-1.5 1121 9 Har khet ko pani Microirrigation 1-1.5 124 10 MOA & FW- Per drop more Non-DPAP-Drip 20 5 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation 11 MOA & FW- Per drop more Non-DPAP Sprinkler 40 20 DAC&FW crop(Micro irrigation 12 DoLR-MoRD Watershed Farm- 32 30 ponds(Renovated) 13 State Medium Irrigation Improvement to 1 350 Irrigation Project Chandanpur Branch Dept Canal and its sysyem 14 State Medium Irrigation Improvement to 1 490 Irrigation Project Sakhigopal Branch Canal Dept and its sysyem Total irrigation potential in hactares 15542

TABLE 11.9 STRUCTURES PROPOSED FOR IRRIGATION DEVELOPMENT IN SATYABADI

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

PART-III

AQUIFER MAPPING & MANAGEMENT PLAN IN PURI URBAN AREA

1. INTRODUCTION Puri, one of the coastal towns of Eastern India, is known to the world over as an important centre of pilgrimage and a fascinating seaside resort. It is located at a distance of about 60 Kilometres south of Bhubaneswar, the capital of Odisha State and is well connected with good road and Rail network. The town has developed around the famous temple of Lord Jagannath, built in 12th Century A.D. The town is dotted with other smaller temples like Gundicha, Sunar Gaurang, Loknath and sacred tanks like Narendra Sarovar, Swetaganga, Markandeya and Indradyumna etc. to name a few.

The town spreads over an area of 16.84 Sq.Km and is thickly populated. There are 32 wards under Puri Municipality. As per 2011 Census the population is around 2,00,564, while it was 1,57,837 as per 2001 Census & only 1,25,199 as per 1991 Census. The alarming increase in population, which exhibits around 26 – 27 % of decadal growth, during the last two decades have exerted enormous pressure on the natural resources of this Coastal City. Puri Municipality has total administration over 41,140 houses to which it supplies basic amenities like water and sewerage. Moreover, the Temple and the wide golden beach attracts lot of floating population which reaches all time high of around 6 to 10 lakhs during Car Festival time.

Figure – 1 : Location Map of Puri Town in Od

Figure-1 Administrative map of Puri Town, Odisha 2.0 BACKGROUND Ground Water Management Studies in Puri Town was undertaken by Central Ground Water Board, South Eastern Region, Bhubaneswar during 2005-06 to investigate upon the ground water scenario of the town and to devise methodology for better management of ground water resources. Moreover three committee comprising experts from CGWB, PHED and GWSI have studied the drying up of sacred wells Ganga & Yamuna of Lord Jagannath Temple during 2005, 2009 & 2015 and submitted their reports. This year CGWB is again taking up Ground Water Management Studies in Puri Town which is in progress. In the previous studies carried out, a number of problems pertaining to both ground water quality and quantity have been identified. Some of the working mitigation plans, recommended to the competent authorities have been implemented. Even after putting through some of the mitigation plans in place, during the Nabakalebara Festival of 2015, some recurring problems were reported which needed immediate redressal. An expert level committee constituted by the Govt. of Odisha comprising of the Chief Engineer-Public Health(Urban), Chief Engineer- Directorate of 1

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Ground Water Development(erstwhile GWSI) & The Regional Director, Central Ground Water Board, South Eastern Region, suggested some short and long term measures, some of which are yet to be implemented. In the meanwhile, there have been reported instances of drying up of dug wells used for preparation of Mahaprasad in the Shree Jagannath Temple Premises. Even some of the hotel and guest house owners near the western part of the Town, adjacent to the sea beach have reported deterioration of water quality(salinization) in their existing tube wells, used for catering the daily water requirement of their guests. This interim report is an first hand account of the updated hydrogeological scenario of Puri Town and its immediate adjoining areas. Through this report, effort have been made to understand the prevailing hydrogeological dynamics of the Puri Urban agglomerate and derive mitigation measures having long term sustainability and socio-economic viability.

3.0 CLIMATE The town experiences a Humid Tropical Climate with the average annual rainfall of around 1749.63 mm(21 years average). Southwest Monsoonal rains, occurring from June to September contributes 72% of the annual rainfall. A fair amount of rainfall of around 240.62 mm and 66.05 mm happens during October and November while the other months from December to April remains generally dry. Few pre-monsoonal showers are commonly observed during the months of April & May. Cyclones and Depressions contributes a major amount of rainfall and thus a lot of variation in rainfall is observed over the months and years(table 1). This variation can be judged from high values of standard deviation of the rainfall data. The normal annual rainfall calculated by IMD from long-term average is around 1372.6 mm with monsoonal rainfall contributing around 85% of it. Table 1 : Monthly Rainfall(mm) Data of Puri Sadar Block(SRC, Govt. of Odisha)

Annual Month Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Rainfall Year Rainfall in mm 1995 6 0 0 0 1288 152 157 516 191 475 44 0 2829 1996 0 0 0 0 0 105 392 416 59 176 5 0 1153 1997 0 0 0 0 0 0 0 794 233 48 5 183 1263 1998 8 90 137 27 4 218 183 278 690 384 132 0 2151 1999 0 0 0 0 99 196 189 250 385 744 0 0 1863 2000 0 61 0 119 57 295 484.9 336.1 224 22 0 0 1599 2001 14 0 0 0 68 1086.5 820 381 188 205 190 0 2952.5 2002 11 0 0 0 0 233 98 312 417 66 78 0 1215 2003 0 0 5 0 4 159 297 529 213 710 13 66.5 1996.5 2004 0 48 0 90 25 44 416 225 179 231 0 0 1258 2005 0 0 62 3.1 38 187 339.6 168 645 427 44 0 1913.7 2006 0 0 20 0 140 268 534 1217 316 18 120 0 2633 2007 0 15 0 0 27 228 69 541 370 175 12 0 1437 2008 40 40 13 110 20 389 491.9 341.3 283 59 87 0 1874.2 2009 0 0 0 0 10.3 77 618 250 203 150 150 0 1458.3 2010 0 13.5 0 0 164 193 131 415 239 294 216 103 1768.5 2011 0 0 0 0 101 158.5 300 211 372 0 0 0 1142.5 2012 0 0 0 0 0 80 322 349 140.2 136 212 0 1239.2 2013 0 0 0 22 39 354 508 226 229.9 647 0 0 2025.9 2014 15 6 15 0 153 57 766 145 500 54 0 10 1721 2015 47 0 0 110 15 77 232 276 364 32 79 17 1249 Average 6.71 13.02 12 22.91 107.25 217 349.92 389.35 306.72 240.62 66.05 18.07 1749.6 2

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

a Yearwise Monthly Rainfall b AverageAverage Monthly Monthly Rainfall Rainfall 1400 Yearwise Monthly Rainfall 1995 400 1996 1997 1200 350 1998 1999 2000 300 1000 2001 2002 2003 250 800 2004 2005 2006 200 600 2007

Rainfall in mm Rainfall in 2008 Rainfall in mm Rainfall in 150 2009 400 2010 2011 100 2012 2013 200 2014 50 2015 Average 0 0 Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Months Months Figure. 2a: Yearwise Monthly Rainfall Pattern of Puri Sadar Block Figure. 2b: Average(1995-2015) Monthly Rainfall Pattern of Puri Sadar Block Temperature data taken at Puri IMD Weather Station shows that both summer and winter seasons are moderate with April Being the hottest and January being the coolest month in the year. However proximity to sea causes less seasonal variation of temperature, thus making the town a tourist’s paradise all through the year.

4.0 EXISTING LANDUSE The entire existing landuse data of the Puri Urban agglomerate (Municipal Area)and subsequent maps(Fig. 3) and pie charts have been taken from the Comprehensive Development Plan – 2031 of Puri Konark Development Authority Publication, available in the open domain. As per the said report – 29% of the land is under residential use. 17% of the geographical area belongs to the vacant category, which represents the water fields at the periphery of the city. The Central part of the area is allocated for religious usage and about 10% of the geographical area belongs to such Temples, Mathas etc. Public & Semi-Public utilities occupy around 11% of the total geographical area of the city. Transportation facilities covers around 7% of the geographical area of the city. 6% of the geographical area is under commercial establishments and 4% of the geographical area is covered by the recreational facilities and other open spaces.

5.0 GEOMORPHOLOGY Puri town is developed on a beach dune having a general elevation of around 7.0 metres above mean sea level. The Lord Jagannath Temple is situated on a huge dune with an average elevation of 14 m above mean sea level. The highest peak of 18.88m high is situated on this dune in Baseli Sahi, ½ Kilometre south of Markandeya Tank. The temple to Swargadwar upland serves as the surface water divide. The Gundicha temple is situated on another dune of around 9m above mean sea level. Another elongated huge beach ridge stretching from Sunar Gauranga temple to Sanskrit University is 8 to 10 metres high with a peak of 10.69m above mean sea level. The Athara Nala serves as the main drainage channel for the northern part of the town while the Banki Muhana serves the same for the southern part. The Dhaudia (Mangala) Nadi serves as the drainage for the western part of the town. The land elevation map is shown in figure.4 (prepared from the land elevation data of OSSB with SRTM-III DEM patching in the non-canopy areas).

6.0 GEOLOGY & HYDROGEOLOGY The unconsolidated formation comprising of sand, pebble silt and clay of Tertiary to Recent age, form the major aquifer system of Puri city. It is a part of the Mahanadi Delta, deposited under fluvial, beach, aeolian, estuarine and marine environments. The coarse sediments represent fluviatile beach and aeolian component while fines represent marine facies. The sediment thickness is more than 602 mbgl, as the exploratory tube well drilled by C.G.W.B during 1970's has not touched the basement.

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Figure.3: Landuse Map of Puri Town(Source : CDP-2031, PKDA)

Figure.4: Surface Elevation Map of Puri Town

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Table 2 : Generalized Lithology of Puri Town

Depth Thickness Formation Detailed Description Remarks Range (m) (m) Medium grained alluvial and beach sand, sub-angular to sub-rounded, Sand 0.00-41.0 41 Fresh quartzo-feldspathic, light yellow to brown in colour Sandy clay and Clayey Sand, grading to Sand +Clay 41.0-52.0 11 Brackish Clay at valleys

Silty clay, Yellowish in colour, 20-25% Remarkable Clay 52.0-57.0 5 fine sand and silt Impervious zone Fine to coarse, unsorted, angular to Brackish to Sand sub-rounded, at places gravelly, light 57.0-73.0 16 saline yellow in colour Remarkable Clay Sticky clay, brownish in colour 73.0-82.0 9 Impervious zone

Clayey Sand of Variegated colour from Brackish to Clayey Sand 82.0-102.0 20 light yellow to brown, at places pebbly saline

Calcareous Well cemented sand mixed with Brackish to Concretionary Calcareous Concretionary materials 102.0-125.0 23 saline formation and fine shell fragments

Dark gray, sticky clay, top and bottom Remarkable Clay 125.0-135.0 10 rich in shell fragments and concretion Impervious zone

Grey sand well rounded mixed with silt and clay and at places pebbly with fossil shell fragments, at places rich in concretion. Sand 135.0-160.0 25 Fresh

Coarse sand and pebble formation at 135.0-139.0 and 146.0-152.0 serve as good granular zone. Dark grey, sticky clay, rich in shell Remarkable Clay 160.0-170.0 10 fragments at top Impervious zone

Alternate bands of sand and sandy clay.

180.0-195.0 medium grained, angular Sand + Clay 170.0-233.0 63 Fresh to sub-rounded, grey, granular zone. 202.0-210.0 fine to medium grained, at places gravelly, good granular zone

Remarkable Clay Sticky clay greenish grey in colour 233.0-246.0 13 Impervious zone

Alternate bands of Sand and clay, clay bands are more than sand, greenish Sand + Clay grey in colour, shell fragments are 246.0-602.0 356 Saline common. Fossil Ostrea is found at 360 mbgl

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

6.1 Phreatic Aquifer The generalized lithology (Table – 2 & Fig. 6) reveals that the top 39.0m of phreatic aquifer is fresh and is formed by the coalescence of dunes formed by beach and aeolian action. The underlying aquifers are saline upto 135.0 m of depth and thus this aquifer is extensively exploited by PHE & D for domestic water supply purposes. Simultaneous pumping of 15 nos. of shallow tube wells, 16 hours a day with the total ground water withdrawal of around 14,000 cum/day along the Chakratirtha area (Water Works Road) shows the gigantic dimension of exploitation. Shallow water level is observed in most part of the city except the raised dune areas especially in and around Lord Jagannath Temple and Tota Gopinath area. Since the aquifer is in hydraulic continuity with sea, over exploitation of the aquifer will lead to sea water ingress. Generally water table is 2 to 4 meters above mean sea level (MSL) during rainy season with a gentle slope towards sea and with passage of time it remains just 0.5 meter above MSL as deciphered from the data of the automatic water level recorder installed at the Sanskrit University near to the beach (CGWB Report, 2005-06). This shows that the aquifer has already reached the equilibrium and any further exploitation without increasing recharge may induce sea water ingress.

Figure. 5: Generalized Hydrogeological Map of Puri Town

6.2 Deeper Aquifer Fresh water occurs between 135.0 and 233.0 metres of depth, is separated from the overlying and underlying saline water formation by a thick impervious clay horizon. Five granular zones are observed between 135.0 -139.0 mbgl, 146.0-152.0 mbgl, 180.0-195.0 mbgl, 202.0-210.0 mbgl and 212.0-228 mbgl. The yield varies from 10 lps to 20 lps with transmissivity value varies from 180 m2/day to 400 m2/day. Though this aquifer is fresh and productive, long duration pumping test (24 hours) conducted by CGWB in the Agricultural Farm at Puri during late seventies leads to the deterioration of the ground water quality manifested by the increase in Chloride content of the pumped water. Moreover, hydrographs(Fig. 9) of the two piezometers constructed in the Sanskrit University tapping the shallow aquifer within 39 mbgl and deeper aquifer between 180 to 212 mbgl respectively shows tidal impact on the deeper aquifer and hence clearly indicating its hydraulic continuity with sea (Fig. 9). Since the aquifer is hydraulically connected to sea, long duration of pumping may cause reversal of ground water head there by inducing seawater intrusion. Hence its use is not recommended, except under emergency situations.

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

7.0 ground water regime monitoring Since 2012, CGWB has taken up extensive monitoring of Puri urban aquifer system through 32 monitoring stations spreading across the city and water level data is being recorded 4 times in a year. Ground water quality is generally very good to excellent in the Baliapanda and Chakratirtha road area, with E.C ranging from 90 to 358 µS/cm at 25C and little F & N03 content. Fortunately, this area is extensively exploited by PHED for water supply. Interestingly deterioration of ground water quality is observed in wells showing high drawdown. This may be due to up-coning of the saline / fresh water interface and/or the leakage of from the overlying aquifer. The ground water quality of the phreatic aquifer is generally moderate to poor in the high dune areas surrounding the Lord Jagannath Temple. Generally, the Electrical Conductivity varies between 810 and 1300 µS/cm at 25° C and high content of Fluoride & Nitrate is found in the ground water. This can be attributed to the sewage and soak pit pollution. Even the deeper aquifer tapped by tube wells show high Electrical Conductivity & Nitrate content, which may be due to the leakage from the overlying aquifer.

Figure.6 : Generalised litholog of Puri Town

with the impact of tide on the shallow (0-39

mbgl) and deeper (180-212 mbgl)

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Figure.7: Pre-Monsoon Depth to Water Level (2015) of 1st Aquifer (upto 39mbgl)

Figure.8 : Post-Monsoon Depth to Water Level (2015) of 1st Aquifer(upto 39mbgl)

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Figure.8: Pre vs Post-Monsoon Fluctuation in Depth to Water Level(2015) of 1st Aquifer(upto 39mbgl)

Figure.9: Schematics of 1st Aquifer (Upto 39mbgl) under the impact of over pumping

8.0 GROUND WATER RELATED ISSUES AND REMEDIAL MEASURES The fresh water aquifer of Puri town is of limited extent with fresh water is confined to only the top 39 meter of the aquifer thickness and is floating over a saline water aquifer system underneath it. The whole urban water demand is met from this prolific aquifer system. The aquifer gets good recharge from the monsoonal rains as the dune sand have very high infiltration capacity to accommodate good recharge from rainfall. To this effect, 497.68 Acre of Chakratirtha and 207.51 Acres land of Baliapanda area have been reserved for water works which involves both water extraction and water recharge to provide sustainable ground water supply to Puri Town. However more demand on ground water and reduction of natural recharge due to rapid urbanisation has put enormous pressure on this shallow aquifer system. The water scarcity is first manifested in the drying up of the sacred wells of Ganga & Yamuna in the year 2005, used exclusively for the preparation of the regular offering to the Deity. Thus CGWB has undertaken a study to take up the issue and established monitoring wells to know the natural recharge to the shallow aquifer. Based on20 monitoring station data and automatic water level recorder data, the replenishable ground water resources has been calculated as 9.08 MCM. The ground water draft is at the tune of 9.64 MCM and thus the stage of ground water development is around 106% (CGWB Report, 2005-06). Thus there is very little scope for future ground water development and some alternative source of water is very much essential for catering to the need of the city. To this effect, the early commissioning of Samang Project by the State Government will reduce dependency on ground water.

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Figure. 10 : Pre-Monsoon Elevation of Water Table(2015) of 1St Aquifer(upto 39mbgl)

Figure. 11: Post-Monsoon Elevation of Water Table(2015) of 1St Aquifer(upto 39mbgl)

The Lord Jagannath temple is located on a high dune having a land elevation of 9 to 11 m amsl. However during temple construction, the dune is modified and the temple premise is artificially maintained at different levels at different places as shown in the table below: Table – 3 : Elevation Details of Dug Wells inside the Shree Jagannath Temple

R.L. of Sl R.L. of Sl No Location Ground Level No Location Ground Level (mamsl) (mamsl) Lion’s Gate Koili Baikuntha 1 9.3 6 14.49 (DW) (DW) 2 Ganga (DW) 11.69 7 Sona Kua (DW) 8.245 Ananda Bazar 3 Yamuna (DW) 10.015 8 12.79 (DW) 4 Upabana (DW) 15.07 9 South Gate (TW) 11.385 5 Vimala (DW) 15.88 * mamsl - metres above mean sea level R.L.-Reduced Level DW-Dug Well TW-Tube Well The temple is underlain by fine sand and silt formation and most of the dug wells present in the temple premises tap this aquifer for temple use. The ground water levels are quite deep and were 12.03 & 10.84 metres below the parapet level for Ganga and Yamuna respectively as monitored on

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

31.05.2005. However wide variation in the disposition of this aquifer is seen over the city and the dominance of sandy horizons are observed nearness to the beach. This aquifer gets natural recharge from rainfall mainly during monsoon season. For quantifying the amount of natural recharge near the Lord Jagannath Temple, monthly monitoring of the dug well adjacent to the amenity centre at Singhadwar is undertaken. The depth to ground water level data vis-à-vis the monthly rainfall is shown in figure 16 below:

700 7.5

Rainfall in mm WL mbmp 600 8

500 8.5

400 9

300

9.5 200

10 100

0 10.5

Dec-07 Jan-08 Feb-08 Mar-08 Apr-08 May-08 Jun-08 Jul-08 Aug-08 Sep-08 Oct-08 Nov-08 Dec-08 Jan-09 Feb-09 Mar-09 Apr-09 May-09 Jun-09 Jul-09 Aug-09 Sep-09 Oct-09 Nov-09 Dec-09

Figure. 12: Monthly Rainfall vs recharge of the shallow aquifer of Puri Town

Figure. 13: Daily Rainfall vs recharge of the shallow aquifer of Puri Town

It is interesting to note that though the monsoon rainfall is confined to June to October period with peak at August, the area surrounding the temple gets maximum recharge during end of October and mid November. This indicates that there is little direct recharge in and around the Temple due to thick population and the recharge surge from the recharge zone (open area at Chakratirtha and Baliapanda) takes around three months to reach the vicinity of the temple. Hence the recharge zones are to be protected and more avenues for recharge enhancement are to be devised in and around temple so as to harvest more rain water as long term measures.

9.0 Recent issues and developments A sample study taking data of 211 households is carried out to arrive at the domestic water consumption based on factors like number of persons, Pump capacity, pumping time, capacity of the overhead tank, etc. Data on aquifer zone tapped and electrical conductivity (EC) and wherever possible, depth to water level is also collected. Similarly 28 apartments have been surveyed to get their consumption and source of water. In a similar manner, 94 hotels mostly of economy class and residing near to the beach area have been surveyed and relevant ground water related data have been collected. A quick perusal of the data has revealed the following facts:

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Most of the central part of the city surrounding the Lord Jagannath Temple has got PHED- supply water and thus ground water abstraction is limited. However the supply water comes from the battery of wells spreading across Chakratirtha (eastern) and Baliapanda (western) Part of the city which is being used for water works since British period. The wells have depths restricted to 36 meter below ground level as water turns saline below 39 mbgl. On an average the EC of supply water is around 900 µS/cm while it was around 90 to 292 µS/cm during 2005-06 (CGWB Report, 2005- 06), thus indicating deteriorating ground water quality. However as detail study is going on, it is premature to establish the reason behind this, while sea water ingress into the aquifer systems may be one of the most probable explanation.

The Hotels are mainly confined to the beach dunes and raised collaged dunes within a range of 100 to 300 meters from the Beach. They have no access to public water supply. Thus they have their tube wells to cater to the need of the occupants which have been constructed upto a depth of 30 to 36 meter below ground level. Generally budget-hotels have one tube well each whereas most of the star hotels have two wells out of which one is generally pumped and the other one is used as standby.

The Electrical Conductivity ranges between 600 to 1000 µS/cm(eastern part) with few wells showing Electrical Conductivity between 2400 to 4700 µS/cm. High Electrical Conductivity values in ground water is observed in most of the hotels back side of Swargadwar area(western part). The condition is acute this year(2016) as reported by the owners of hotels and residence. Thus this may be attributed to sub-optimal rainfall in the preceding year and deficient monsoonal rain so far. The reason behind high Electrical Conductivity is definitely due to sea water ingress and volume and time of pumping must be defined in order to control this adverse impact.

Some of the household have shallow tube wells drilled upto 10-15 meter below ground level away from the thickly populated area. The water quality is of excellent quality with Electrical Conductivity below 250 µS/cm.

Most of the flats surveyed have very less number of occupants and most of them used to reside only during festive season. Most of them have tube wells of depth between 30 to 36 meters and have less consumption.

Based on the above sample studies, ground water draft is calculated. For domestic purpose ground water draft is 150 litres/day per person while for hotel dweller it is around 200 litres/day per person(reported average).

Figure. 14: Electrical Conductivity Map(2016) of of 1st Aquifer(upto 39 mbgl 12

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

10.0 recharge area delineation From satellite imagery followed by field investigation it is observed that the sandy aquifer underneath Puri town extends upto Nua Nadi in the easterly direction, whereas Dhaudia (Mangala) river forms its western boundary. However its north extension is limited as revealed from CGWB drilling at Malatipatapur. The area is around 46 Km2 out of which Puri Municipality including the urban outgrowth is around 27 Km2. Mainly the city is expanding towards north upto Maltipatapur (New Bus Stand), east along the Marine Drive (upto the Medical College under construction) and in the Sipasarubali area in between Municipality boundary and Dhaudia (Mangala) River.

Figure. 15: Major landuse and geomorphic features of Puri Town

10.1 Chakratirtha recharge area 497.68 Acre of land in Chakratirtha area have been reserved for water works which involves both water extraction and water recharge to provide sustainable ground water supply to Puri Town. A part of this area is picked from Google Earth Imagery of 04.12.2006 and is given in figure-16 & 17.

Figure. 16: Google Earth Imagery of part of Chakratirtha Recharge area dated 04.12.2006

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Figure. 17: Interpretation of Google Earth Imagery of part of Chakratirtha Recharge area

The sand dunes are yellow in colour and steep slope of the dunes are observed as grey shades. The valley and depressions are characterized by grey and dark grey tone and presence of impounded water is clearly seen. The dune sands are highly porous and can facilitate fast infiltration of the rain water got impounded in these valleys and depressions into the aquifer beneath. The rainfall record shows that 120 mm rainfall occurred between 7th to 10th November 2006 and part of that rainfall still is in the process of infiltration which is evident from the imagery dated 04.12.2006. This is the reason for protecting this area against change of landuse as it will not only reduce recharge to the aquifer beneath, but also will lead to pollution if used for urban and other developmental activities like hotel development. Part of this area was earlier levelled with red loam layering to facilitate vehicle parking which is not recommended as it will reduce the infiltration drastically thereby have adverse impact on recharge. To this effect State Government has already taken steps like fencing and plantation in the area to save it from any interference.

Figure. 18: Google Earth Imagery of 07.11.2011 showing sand dune areas of Chakratirtha

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Figure. 19: Google Earth Imagery of 11.11.2015 showing sand dune areas are being protected by massive plantation

10.2 Baliapanda & Sipasarubali area Similarly 207.51 Acres of land in Baliapanda area has been reserved for ground water extraction and recharge purpose in the western part of Puri Town. However the rain water harvesting occurs much beyond that area and extends upto the Dhaudia (Mangala) river that covers most part of Sipasarubali area.

Figure. 20: Google Earth Imagery of part of Balipanda & Sipasarubali area dated 26.09.2012

The dunes are very good repository of ground water which gets natural recharge from rainfall falling in that area. This not only contribute to the underlying aquifer but also contribute laterally to the aquifer under the thickly populated area surrounding the Lord Jagannath temple where there is virtually no direct recharge due to concrete houses, roads and other man-made structures. The area where rain water is used to be harvested naturally is depicted as darker tone in the Google Earth Imagery of 26.09.2012. The rainfall record shows that around 138 mm rainfall occurred between 02.09.2012 to 18.09.2012 with a 50 mm downpour on 10.09.2012. This area is undergoing rapid changes and numerous new projects are on the move.

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Figure – 21: Interpretation of Google Earth Imagery of part of Balipanda & Sipasarubali area dated 11.01.2013.

Hence not only Balipanda reserve area should be protected but also the adjacent Sipasarubali area should be notified so that ground water withdrawal related to any developmental activities are to be well documented and should not interfere with the recharge occurring in the area.

10.3 Baliguali area Due to the ongoing Govt. Medical College and good approachability, this area is now the hub of urban development. This area is formed by the coalescence of dunes formed by beach and Aeolian deposits. The shallow aquifer is fresh upto 35 meter below ground level, hence is in continuity with Puri aquifer. This valleys and depressions present in the area serves as good recharge zone as observed from Figure - 22 & 23. Since the south of Puri-Konark Marine Drive is Balukhand Reserve Forest, massive change in landuse is observed in the northern part of the road. The comparison of Google Earth Imagery from 2006 to 2015 shows massive felling of trees and modification of dunes into flat ground. Some have converted into plotting schemes. As development will not be stopped, the District Administration should see that at least 40 to 50% land area should be kept ready for recharge purpose while giving permission for implementation of any scheme.

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Figure. 22: Google Earth Imagery of part of Baliguali area dated 26.09.2012

Figure. 23: Interpretation of Google Earth Imagery of part of Baliguali area around the ongoing Government Medical College

Figure. 24A: Imagery dated 04.12.2006 Figure. 24B: Imagery dated 26.09.2012

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

Figure. 24C: Imagery dated 13.02.2014 Figure. 24D: Imagery dated 28.12.2015

10.4 Issues pertaining to Action Taken Report on the Review meeting by Hon’ble Union Minister of Water Resources, RD & GR, Govt. of India

One Quarterly review meeting was held in New Delhi on 19.02.2016, chaired by The Hon’ble Union Minister of Water Resources, River Development & Ganga Rejuvenation, Govt. of India. In that meeting there was a discussion on the following issues : 1. Near Jagannath Temple Puri, Odisha, the sweet water is being extracted by locals for construction works for which treated water should be utilized

2. Report on the ground water extraction by builders near Puri to be collected from the State Govt. and should be submitted along with comments from CGWB.

Both the point being highly sensitive, the matter was taken up with Directorate of Ground Water Development and also formed as part of the sample survey carried out by the team from CGWB, SER. From the discussions and sample surveys the following feedbacks were received :

A. Using Treated Water for Construction work : As per the feedback received from the Govt. of Odisha, till date, there was no fully functional comprehensive sewerage treatment facility in Puri Town. Only recently, the bulk STP for processing of Municipal sewerage is functioning at Sub- optimal capacity. After treatment the resultant water is discharged into the sea(Bay of Bengal). The mechanism to collect this water and make it available for construction work is to be evolved.

The municipal sewerage disposal system does no segregate the Gray Water and the Toilet wastes and hence the entire sewerage system, at the point of collection is a mixture of both gray water and toilet wastes. First, this segregation needs to be put into place. But most importantly, from the sample survey carried out, it appears that, usage of treated water for construction remains a highly sensitive issue for a Religious place like Puri and people therein are not only hesitant but rather hostile to this kind of water conservation concept.

B. Report on the ground water extraction by builders near Puri to be collected from the State Govt. and should be submitted along with comments from CGWB : As desired by the MoWR, RD & GR, Govt. of India, discussions and communications in this regard have been made to the Govt. of Odisha for collection and collation of the requisite information. However, Directorate of Ground Water Development(Formerly GWS&I) revealed that they are not in possession of any such data. When contacted, Odisha Pollution Control Board, informed that they are in possession of the data pertaining to the number of Hotels, Guest Houses etc. as well as for major projects which warrants clearance from State Environmental Impact Assessment Authority(SEIAA) and their status and functionality of individual Sewerage Treatment Plants. However, there is no information regarding

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area small and medium scale builders who are engaged in domestic sectors. The detailed data from Odisha Pollution Control Board is awaited.

In the meanwhile, the team from CGWB, SER in its sample survey, have collected random data from about 211 households, 28 apartment complexes and 94 Hotel establishments regarding season wise daily water requirement and waste water generation. This data was normalized and its average value, projected on pro-rata basis and matched with the population data to derive the current water requirement in Puri Urban and its adjoining areas.

11.0 Conclusion 1. The top fresh aquifer underneath Puri Town is only 36 to 39 meter in thickness and is underlain by saline formations with a clay layer separating them. At places this clay layer is converted to silty and sandy clay and hence is not always a well proof barrier against the saline formations underneath. This aquifer is solely being utilized for the urban water supply with main extraction from Chakratirtha and Baliapanda area with present extraction rate of 12.49 and 7.95 mld respectively, totalling 20.44 mld. This area is characterized by sand dunes of beach and aeolian deposits and has very high infiltration capacity to accommodate good recharge from rainfall. The images given in figures 20 to 25(under sub-headings of 10.1 & 10.2) indicate how this zone is harvesting rainwater and facilitating maximum recharge to the aquifer beneath.

2. To this effect, 497.68 Acre of Chakratirtha and 207.51 Acres land of Baliapanda area have been reserved for water works which involves both water extraction and water recharge to provide sustainable ground water supply to Puri Town. Thus, this area is to be protected against encroachment as other areas of the town have very little scope for natural recharge due to thick population. Even modification of land by Laterite turfing can reduce rainfall infiltration and hence is to be discouraged.

3. Both quality and quantity monitoring data shows the alarming condition of the aquifer of Puri town. The water level of the sacred well Yamuna(Inside Shree Jagannath Temple), has declined to a tune of 1 meter in 10 years as its pre-monsoon water level is 10.84 and 11.84 mbmp during 2005 and 2015 respectively. On an average the Electrical Conductivity of supply water is around 900 µS/cm now, while it was around 90 to 292 µS/cm during 2005-06 (CGWB Report, 2005- 06), thus indicating deteriorating ground water quality. The Electrical Conductivity map(Fig. 18) also indicates the gravity of the situation especially the wells situated near the beach, in the western part(Clusters of Hotels). However as detail study is going on, it is premature to establish the reason behind this, while sea water ingress into the aquifer systems may be the most probable explanation.

4. Urbanisation in Puri Town now, is not only restricted to the Municipality area only but spreads much away along Puri Bhubaneswar and Puri Konark roads. Though Sipasarubali area is not falling in the Puri Municipality, rapid change in landuse is also observed in the area. Though the Puri Urban area is limited to 16.84 Km2, the Puri aquifer extends from Nua Nadi on the east to Dhaudia River on west covering a stretch of 46 Km2. This area as described in the earlier chapters is contributing ground water to the Urban aquifer and hence to be protected. So for taking up any activities in these areas, certain conditions are to be imposed so that the recharge to the aquifers will not be hampered much. Moreover ground water abstraction data are to be provided in the prescribed format so that good data bank will be generated for use in future.

5. The present demand of 34 MLD of water definitely cannot be met from ground water alone and thus the Samanga Surface Water Storage & Supply Scheme for Puri Town was taken up under Jawaharlal Nehru National Urban Renewal Mission (JnNURM) at a cost of 167 Crores, and was planned to be completed by 2012. However the work is under progress with most of the structures are being constructed. The scheme will immediately deliver around 16 mld of water and with 18 mld support from ground water, the water scarcity of the Town will be mitigated.

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

12.0 RECOMMENDATIONS 1. In view of the prevailing hydrogeological scenario, based on the change analysis studies and comparison with the previous studies carried out, it is felt that ground water regulation and control is an absolutely necessity. Without immediate intervention, the sub-surface aquifer runs at a very high risk of Salinty ingress, which must be prevented at all cost. 2. Only the top fresh aquifer(upto 39 metres below ground level should be exploited). The deeper fresh aquifer is more prone to salinity ingress and should be used only for extreme emergency condition. Well drilling and final construction should not go beyond 35 metres to avoid any chances of saline upconing / ingress, which can temporarily / permanently damage this top fresh aquifer.

3. The entire municipal limits along with its extensions in the north, west and east, needs to be placed within the ambit of effective Rain Water Harvesting & Artificial recharge mechanism, including certain land use land cover modification as suggested / recommended in Table – 4. 4. The municipal water supply is being made from The Baliapanda & Chakratirtha area. These two areas needs to be proactively protected and freed from all forms of encroachments and illegal constructions. No additional structures which decrease the open spaces should be allowed. This will ensure maximum rainwater infiltration and facilitate adequate natural recharge. With time it will also improve the water quality. 5. The Balukhanda Reserve Forest area should be exclusively protected as demarcated as “Zero Development / Construction Zone”.

6. The western patch of the area beyond the Municipal limits and east of the River Mangala should be a restricted development zone. All existing buildings should be brought under mandatory Rain Water harvesting, in the same way as recommended for the Municipal Limits.

7. In the northern part, which is an extension of the Puri Urban area, similar land use pattern and rain water harvesting structures as suggested in table – 4 should be adopted.

8. One storm water drain has been constructed in the immediate vicinity of the Puri Beach. This should be exclusively used for storm water discharge only. No untreated sewerage disposal should ever be channelized herein.

9. It is highly recommended and desirable that within 100metres of the high tide line – on the land ward side – there should not be any additional ground water structures(dug wells / tube wells). The existing ones, too, should be operated judiciously.

10. In the areas near the Shree Jagannath Temple, a buffer zone of 250 metre radius may be created and designated as no ground water pumping zone, since this area is having the deepest depth to water level and creating a local ground water trough. In the preceding figures, it has been clearly demarcated as area where, ground water is going below the mean sea level. This is bound to adversely affect the Regional as well as the fragile Local hydrogeological dynamics and hence must be averted by all means. The augmentation measures undertaken by PH Department in that are have proved to be inadequate in its quantum as well as in its effectiveness.

Aquifer Mapping & Management in Puri Urban Area

11. Samang water supply scheme should be actively pursued towards completion and subsequent functioning, at full potential, to ensure sustainable water supply to Puri town.

Figure. 25: Summarized Recommendation for Ground Water Protection, Management, Regulation & Control in Puri & Its Adjoining Areas

References

1. Ground elevation Map of Puri Town (Figure 1.3), Orissa State Sewage Board, Bhubaneswar

2. Ground Water Management Studies in Puri Town, by N. C. Nayak, S. K. Srivastava & A. Choudhury, CGWB Report, AAP: 2005-06, SER, Bhubaneswar.

3. Puri City Development Plan, 2006, by Puri Municipality & Housing & Urban Development Department, Govt. Of Odisha.

4. Detailed Project Report 24/7 Piped Ware Supply, Vol -1, March-2009, by PHED and Administrative Staff College of India, Hyderabad.

5. Joint Inspection Report on Drying up of Ganga & Yamuna Sacred Wells of Lord Jagannath Temple, Puri , 2005, CGWB (SER), Bhubaneswar, PHED and GWSI, Govt. of Odisha.

6. Joint Inspection Report on Drying up of Ganga & Yamuna Sacred Wells of Lord Jagannath Temple, Puri , 2015, CGWB (SER), Bhubaneswar, PHED and GWSI, Govt. of Odisha.

7. Draft Comprehensive Development Plan – 2031, PKDA Publication, 2013(Prepared by CEPT, Ahmedabad in association with ORSAC, Odisha – Available in the open domain)

8. Bharali, B., S. Rath, and R. Sharma, A brief review of Mahanadi delta and the deltaic sediments in Mahanadi basin, Mem. Geol. Soc. Ind., 22, 31–49, 1991.

9. Enayat Ahmed, Geomorphology, Kalyani Publishers, India 1985. Report on sea water in coastal aquifers: geological survey water-supply paper 1613-C Environmental Protection Act, 1999 of Govt of Australia

10. G. K Roy, (2004) “Hydrogeological Framework and Ground Water Development Prospects in Puri District, Odisha” CGWB, SER, Bhubaneswar.

11. Goutam Kumar Nayak, Ch. Rama Rao, and H. V. Rambabu, (2006),” Aeromagnetic evidence for the arcuate shape of Mahanadi Delta, India”, National Geophysical Research Institute, Hyderabad-500007, India.

Annexures-I Table-1.1: Data Gap analysis for Aquifer Mapping in parts of PURI District.

EXPLORATORY DATA COMPILATION

Block :-Astarang Area:- 195.7 sq.km District:- Puri Toposheet No:-73L/4,8 74 I/1,5

Sl. Name of Agency Depth of Aquifers Tapped Aquifer Parameter Aquifer Quality Any Other No. Site Drilling Information

Aq-I Aq- Aq- Aq-I Aq-II Aq-III Aq-I Aq- Aq- II III II III

K T S K T S K T S

1 Astrang CGWB 308.67 0-11 ,11.308 0-11 (F), abandoned due to salinity 11.308 (B)

2 Bastadiha CGWB 52.5 0-41 41-52.50 m 0-41 (F) 41-52.50 (S) Yield- 18 lps

DD- 2.81 m

3 Begunia CGWB 59 0-10, 10-33, 33-47 m 0-10 (F) 10-33 Yield- 3.70 lps Basta ( F to B) 33-47(S) DD- 3.21m

Block :-Kakatpur Area:- 174.4 sq.km District:- Puri Toposheet No:- 73L/4, 74 I/1

Sl. Name of Site Agen Depth of Aquifers Tapped Aquifer Parameter Aquifer Quality Any Other No. cy Drilling Information

Aq-I Aq-II A Aq-I Aq-II Aq-III Aq-I A A q- q- q- III II III

K T S K T S K T S

1 Gadanayar CG 60 19-28 m 0 – 35 (F) 35-60 (S) Yield- 6.3 lps Chhada WB DD- 4.72 m

2 Juinti CG 305.07 28-46, 54- 0-90 (F), 90-300 (B) Yield- 75.05 lps WB 68 m DD- 3.18m

3 Kakatpur CG 300 35-60 m 3757.64 m² / 0-90 (F) 90-300(S) Yield- 61.38 lps WB day DD- 13.02 m

5 Kakatpur CG 250.85 75- 0-90 (F) Pz WB 90 m

6 Uklai CG 59 40-52 m 0-10 (F) 10-55 (F Yield- 17 lps WB to B) DD- × m

Block :-Gop Area:- 195.7 sq.km District:- Puri Toposheet No:- 73H/16,73L/4, 74 E/13,74

Sl. Name of Site Agency Depth Aquifers Tapped Aquifer Parameter Aquifer Any Other Information No. of Quality Drilling Aq-I Aq-II Aq-III Aq-I Aq-II Aq-III Aq- Aq- Aq- I II III

K T S K T S K T S

1 Das batia CGWB 278 Well abandoned due to Salinity

2 Gundi CGWB 317. 33 Well abandoned due to Salinity

3 Konark CGWB 601 13-16, 0-31 (F), 31- Yield- 10.08 lps 19-30 m 400 (B) DD- 4.78m

4 Kundra CGWB 305.39 25-40,54-75 m 3843 m² / day 0-88(F),92- Yield- 75.06 lps 150 (B) DD- 3.11m

5 Kuspur CGWB 266.45 34-50,62-70,80- 4112 m² / day 0-109 (F) Yield- 75.06 lps 92 m below 109 (B) DD- 6.73 m

6 Patalia CGWB 305.83 24-30,31-38,65- 66.2 m² / day 0-100 (F) Yield- 75.06 lps 87 m below 100 (B) DD- 3.74 m

7 Ramchandi CGWB 249.2 218- 0-20 (F) , Clay dominant, 228 m 25-180 (S) , Aquifer 218-228 (F) 180-238 (F)

8 Tompallo CGWB 105 75- 8189 m² / 0-110 (F) , Yield- ×lps 100 m day Below (S) DD- 6.02 m

Block :-Puri Area:- 354.9 sq.km District:- Puri Toposheet No:- 74E/9, 13

Sl. Name of Site Agency Depth of Aquifers Tapped Aquifer Parameter Aquifer Quality Any Other No. Drilling Information

Aq-I Aq-II Aq-III Aq-I Aq-II Aq-III Aq-I Aq-II Aq-III

K T S K T S K T S

1 Balighai CGWB 450.75 0-25,25-50 , 50-150, 150- 0-25 No data,25-50 SH 236 m (F), 50-150 (S), 150- 236 (F),Below 236 (S)

2 Challisbatia - 1 CGWB 140 0-18,19.5-108,108- 0-18 (F)19.5-108 Yield- 6 lps 136,140-182,182-270 m (S)108-136 (B)140- 182 (F)182-270 (S) DD- × m (Pz)

34 Gourbati Sahi CGWB 311.78 184-197, 105.59 9-46 (F),46-140 (S) , Yield- 8.07 lps 204-216, m² / 144-160 (S-B), 160- 218-230 m day 240 (F),240-300 (S) DD- 17.12 m

5 Jagannath Ballab CGWB 556 0-16 (F) Below Saline Well abandoned due to Salinity

8 Puri (Agri farm.) CGWB 602 149-159 188- 192 m² 0-39 (F), 39-135 (B), Yield- 8.07 lps 201 212-228 / day 135-290 (F), 290-400 m (S) 400-600 (S) DD- 17.12 m

12 Puri CGWB 290.96 146-152, 286.37 Yield- 2.78 lps (Chakrathirtha) 180-195, m² / day 202-206, DD- 23.7m 208-210 m

N.B.: Aq-I: 75 m depth Aq-II:- 150 m depth Aq-III: up to 300 m depth, T(value)= No of wells having T value

Annexure-II A Details of Exploratory wells done by CGWB in Puri District.

Sl Location Block District Latitude Longitude Depth Zones Static Water Discharge(lps) Drawdow Transmissivity(m2/Day) Tapped Level(mbgl) n(m) 1 Astrang Astarang Puri 19058’54’’ 86016’35” 308.6 abandone - - - - 7 d 2 Bastadiha Astarang Puri 19.98018 86.253685 52.5 28-34 1.35 18 Lps 2.81 - 4 3 Begunia Basta Astaranga Puri 19.99379 86.265064 47 14-17, 22- 1.85 3.70 Lps 3.21 - 4 25 4 Begunia Basta Astarang Puri 19.99379 86.265064 59 - - - - 4 5 Siruli Brahmagiri Puri 190 53' 850 335.1 Well abandoned due to Salinity 15" 42'36"E 4 6 Kali Kabari Brahmagiri Puri 19047’28’’ 85037’43” 309.3 -do- 2 7 Gorul Brahmagiri Puri 190’ 48' 85045’05” 488.6 -do- 48’’ 7 8 Rebanua Gaon Brahmagiri Puri 190 47' 850 42'08" 315.8 -do- 36" 9 Satasankha Delang Puri 200 00' 850 49'24E 261.3 -do- 16" 9 10 Delang Delang Puri 20006’07’’ 85046’00” 119.4 25-35 0.6 2.11 - - 8 11 Gundi Gop Puri 19051’48” 86005’00" 311.3 Well abandoned due to Salinity 8 12 Das batia Gop Puri 19055’21’’ 86004’00” 278 - - - - 13 Konark Gop Puri 19054’02” 86006’20” 601 13-16, 19- 2.04 10.08 4.78 - 30 14 Kundra Gop Puri 19056’35” 86002’35” 305.3 25-40, 54- 1.44 75.06 3.11 3843 9 75 15 Kuspur Gop Puri 19059’20” 86000’44” 266.4 34-50, 62- 1.72 75.06 6.73 5 70, 80-92 16 Patalia Gop Puri 19057’25” 86002’35” 305.8 24-30, 31- 1.08 75.06 3.74 3 38, 42-61, 65-87 17 Ramchandi Gop Puri 19052’54” 86002’52” 249.2 Clay dominant, Aquifer 218-228 (F) 18 Tompallo-EW Gop Puri 20001’14” 86003’30” 105 75-100 0.05 - 6.02 8189 19 Tompallo-OW Gop Puri 20001’15” 86003’31” 116 20 Tompallo-PZ Gop Puri 20001’11” 86003’30” 266.5 - - - - 3 Sl Location Block District Latitude Longitude Depth Zones Static Water Discharge(lps) Drawdow Transmissivity(m2/Day) Tapped Level(mbgl) n(m) 21 Gadanayar Kakatpur Puri 19 57 36 86 12 13 60 1.3 6.3 Lps 4.72 - Chhada 22 Uklai Kakatpur Puri 19 59 07 86 14 55 59 40-52 1.25 17 Lps - 23 Juinti Kakatpur Puri 19059’08’’ 86014’50” 305.0 28-46, 54- 1.55 75.05 3.18 - 7 68 24 Kakatpur-PZ Kakatpur Puri 20000’03’’ 86012’00” 250.8 75-90 3.36 - - - 5 25 Kakatpur-EW Kakatpur Puri 20000’04’’ 86012’00” 300 35-60 2.51 61.38 13.02 3757.64 26 Kakatpur-OW Kakatpur Puri 20000’01’’ 86012’00” 72 27 Pirjipur Krushnapras Puri 19°42'14.3 85° 29' 20 164-170 8.5 8 6.45 ad " 22.3" 28 Tulsipur Nimapara Puri 20 03 26 86 05 56 112.5 - - - - 29 Charichak Nimapara Puri 200 05’00" 86005’00" 257.1 - - - - 30 Dahijanga Nimapara Puri 20 04 31 85 58 04 177.9 Bedrock encountered 31 Nimapara-PZ Nimapara Puri 200 03’40’’ 860 01’44” 258.3 58-73 2.72 - - - 2 32 Nimapara-EW Nimapara Puri 20 03 26 85 59 30 188.7 - - - - 2 33 Dahijanga-PZ1 Nimapara Puri 20 04 30 85 58 03 140 Bed rock encountered 34 Dahijanga-PZ-2 Nimapara Puri 20 04 32 85 58 05 27 35 Bolanga Nimapara Puri 20002’26’’ 85057’24” 227.0 abandone - - - - 3 d 36 Bolanga Nimapara Puri 20002’22’’ 85057’22” 31 - - 37 Pipli Pipli Puri 200 06' 85050' 00" 125 23-38 2.18 - - - 24" 38 Suhagpur Pipli Puri 20°02'23" 85° 49' 16" 118.2 39-45 5.8 5 18.3 30.5 39 Kulashekharpatan Pipli Puri 20°03'07.7 a " 85° 49' 03" 141.1 48.0-57.0 4.17 4.75 16.4 12.5 40 Kulashekharpatan Pipli Puri 20°03'07.7 a " 85° 49' 03" 114.6 48.0-57.0 3.5 4.2 1.8 41 Rapadeipur Pipli Puri 200 01' 850 52'18" 208.8 - - - - 18" 42 Balighai Puri Puri 19051’48” 85056’25” 450.7 - - - - 5 43 ChallisbatiaPZ-1 Puri Puri 19053’05” 85051’14” 140 120-135 1.6 6 - - 44 ChallisbatiaPZ-2 Puri Puri 19053’07” 85051’13” 90 1.16 5 Sl Location Block District Latitude Longitude Depth Zones Static Water Discharge(lps) Drawdow Transmissivity(m2/Day) Tapped Level(mbgl) n(m) 45 Gourbati Sahi Puri Puri 19047’43” 850 48’51” 311.7 184-197, 9.97 8.07 17.12 105.59 8 204-216, 218-230 46 Jagannath Ballab Puri Puri 19059’08’’ 86014’50” 556 47 Puri (Agri farm.) Puri Puri 19 49' 15" 850 48'00" 602 149-159, 1.99 18.38 15 192 188-201, 212-228 48 Puri Puri Puri 19048’02” 850 49’03” 290.9 146-152, 0.31 27.8 23.7 286.37 (Chakrathirtha) 6 180-195, 202-206, 208-210 49 Puri (Sanskrit Puri Puri 19048’24” 85051’00” 222 University)Pz-1 50 Puri (Sanskrit Puri Puri 19048’25” 85051’00” 46 University)Pz-2 51 Puri Puri 19°50'36.6 85° 57' 18-24,27- Talabania " 57.7" 108.5 33 5.4 5.75 5.16 38.5 52 Puri Puri 19°50'36.6 85° 57' 18-24,27- Talabania " 57.7" 106.8 33 5.35 5.75 1.15 53 Puri Puri 19°48'10.8 85° 48' 18-24,27- Loknath Temple " 09.5" 210.8 36 8.5 8 6.45 32.5 54 Puri Puri 19°48'10.8 85° 48' 18-24,27- Loknath Temple " 09.5" 45.25 36 7.6 8 1.28 55 Puri (Sanskrit Puri Puri 19048’23” 85051’00” 64.99 University)Pz-3 56 Sakhigopal Satyabadi Puri 19056' 850 49'27E 282.2 122-128 0.86 9.36 34.104 45"N 4 57 Sakhigopal –II Satyabadi Puri 19056' 851 49'30E 161.7 130-134, 0.78 - - - 47"N 8 145-155, 114-134, 145-151

Annexure-II B Details of Exploratory wells done by CGWB Through outsourcing Drilling (Wapcos) in Puri District (17-18, 18-19 FSP)

Sl Location Block District Latitude Longitude Depth Zones Static Discharge Drawdown Transmissivity Tapped Water (lps) (m) (m2/Day) Level (mbgl) 1 Rencha Sasan EW Nimapada Puri 20005’54” 850 54’13” 103.6 46-52 7.5 15 6.20 264 58-70 2 Rencha Sasan OW Nimapada Puri 200 05’ 54’’ 850 54’13” 74 46-52 7.8 15 2.22 338 58-70 3 Tihula Nimapada Puri 200 01’ 05” 850 57’ 11” 194 84-93 4.6 12 12.80 42.25 EW 144-150 172-178 4 Tihula Nimapada Puri 200 01’ 05” 850 57’ 11” 182 84-93 4.5 3.84 42.25 EW 144-150 172-178 5 Chhotapur Brahmagiri Puri 190 51’ 16” 850 37’ 58” 203.4 87-93 OW 113 to 116 6 Bangurigaon Kakatpur Puri 190 57’ 12” 860 11’ 19” 105 24-27 3.71 8 13.86 195 EW 30-36 7 Bangurigaon Kakatpur Puri 190 57’ 12” 860 11’ 19” 40 24-27 3.70 8 2.82 149 OW 30-36 8 Nilakanthapur Kakatpur Puri 200 01’ 26” 860 11’ 17” 205 84-96 3.85 22.5 8.43 115 Village EW 9 Nilakanthapur Kakatpur Puri 200 01’ 26” 860 11’ 17” 99 84-96 4.12 22 1.78 118.6 Village OW 10 Kanas Kanas Puri 200 00’ 17” 850 39’ 02” 103 75-81 4.5 1.5 OW 11 Purunabudhakhera Satyabadi Puri 190 59’ 35” 850 54’ 38” 203 105-108 4.3 3.5 24.62 6.92 EW 157-163

12 Purunabudhakhera Satyabadi Puri 190 59’ 35” 850 54’ 38” 167 105-108 4.3 3.5 1.66 OW 157-163 13 Biraramachandrapur Satyabadi Puri 190 57’ 26” 850 49’ 20” 203 136-142 1.73 15 3.97 790 EW 162-168 14 Biraramachandrapur Satyabadi Puri 190 57’ 26” 850 49’ 20” 172 136-142 1.73 15 2.24 790 EW 162-168 15 Sukal (EW) Satyabadi Puri 19 55 47 85 42 29 203.4 111-114 1.7 4 18.6 12.65 16 Sukal (OW) Satyabadi Puri 19 55 47 85 42 29 131 122-128 1.6 4 2.15 12.65

Annexure-III Blockwise and year wise 20 years rainfall data of Puri District

Station Name Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total of TRF Astaranga 1995 483 50 168 210 422 327 187 1847 1996 132 297 295 90 112 60 986 1997 47 6 24 57 644 242 9 13 88 1130 1998 17 108 17 23 333 189 286 481 242 169 1865 1999 234 162 187 325 365 645 1918 2000 15 32 49 274 186 120 141 74 891 2001 22 21 112 496 588 387 179 120 239 2164 2002 18 245 161 334 95 106 65 1024 2003 29 14 82 334 434 330 524 16 29 1792 2004 91 120 305 191 99 184 990 2005 80 21 105 467 178 433 840 5 2129 2006 2 133 110 461 958 175 54 10 1903 2007 42 137 212 108 603 464 93 1659 2008 2 95 19 312 290 562 325 117 33 1755 2009 280 102 869 370 346 122 3 2092 2010 135 120 147 197 133 424 218 52 1426 2011 110 284 214 304 202 1114 2012 82 197 300 439 104 113 1235 2013 12 86 148 196 133 630 1205 2014 13 90 173 557 299 472 102 3 1709 2015 14 63 1 89 405 348 223 74 37 21 1275 Bramhagiri 1995 3 910 58 139 288 207 348 56 2009 1996 110 124 114 38 66 9 461 1997 48 8 113 112 620 206 45 38 1190 1998 99 64 24 10 104 182 121 446 352 74 1476 1999 59 143 90 404 198 515 17 1426 2000 29 62 24 188 373 172 87 66 1001 2001 56 82 818 344 208 88 87 107 1790 2002 102 152 484 424 159 38 1359 Station Name Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total of TRF 2003 26 88 170 296 122 444 10 33 1189 2004 14 51 55 79 168 165 135 239 906 2005 7 138 21 170 378 400 584 362 11 2071 2006 13 133 82 569 728 241 58 152 1976 2007 107 9 72 305 89 435 293 87 15 1412 2008 16 4 83 395 347 260 334 39 33 1511 2009 34 77 742 326 217 170 102 1668 2010 6 180 103 126 398 297 233 120 91 1554 2011 6 52 124 228 302 276 988 2012 113 175 207 100 46 118 759 2013 10 33 51 311 103 437 945 2014 4 117 19 461 179 363 91 4 1238 2015 43 84 20 79 125 219 182 6 13 81 852 Delanga 1995 786 168 211 318 238 297 196 2214 1996 4 154 322 347 22 11 9 869 1997 835 260 35 12 1142 1998 35 32 102 14 134 261 186 414 247 97 1522 1999 159 173 196 153 199 617 88 1585 2000 56 70 227 303 263 132 15 1066 2001 51 28 122 352 690 301 188 230 1962 2002 52 85 572 304 49 4 1066 2003 2 135 304 377 129 413 2 5 1367 2004 49 34 44 271 217 178 177 970 2005 5 5 38 259 97 323 144 871 2006 83 97 364 656 184 59 10 1453 2007 15 19 104 44 237 204 23 646 2008 5 17 41 90 83 60 115 12 5 428 2009 5 33 247 94 76 74 15 544 2010 32 27 161 294 283 213 114 77 1201 2011 25 230 173 422 459 482 1791 2012 66 588 512 172 206 256 1800 2013 60 55 262 506 405 1407 2695 2014 55 105 143 655 409 379 100 2 1848 Station Name Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total of TRF 2015 5 2 94 114 446 510 51 41 24 1287 Gop 1995 13 511 69 193 444 251 121 1602 1996 111 198 411 126 46 20 912 1997 642 326 27 69 1064 1998 3 95 48 25 2 170 144 280 372 298 150 1587 1999 132 153 198 257 295 877 3 1915 2000 26 68 35 267 302 171 129 42 1040 2001 337 744 259 186 70 83 1678 2002 100 384 189 40 75 788 2003 24 139 250 334 229 487 5 38 1506 2004 49 29 63 236 225 153 236 991 2005 24 17 34 255 206 361 263 20 1180 2006 6 50 97 510 704 131 55 36 1589 2007 54 145 101 309 302 55 966 2008 13 27 4 44 15 168 283 212 160 55 19 1001 2009 5 93 28 495 167 130 88 21 1027 2010 65 109 146 233 150 148 92 54 997 2011 118 138 157 125 538 2012 54 237 202 127 68 102 789 2013 25 24 117 113 46 391 717 2014 20 55 102 17 489 264 287 85 5 1323 2015 61 74 48 133 281 135 23 35 8 798 Kakatapur 1995 4 14 452 42 170 264 625 323 193 2087 1996 5 115 142 281 52 142 737 1997 715 208 54 17 202 1196 1998 3 25 86 24 14 241 282 156 465 288 91 1675 1999 235 134 247 413 258 677 1964 2000 58 8 118 78 55 90 21 428 2001 5 17 106 523 565 302 129 74 1721 2002 5 81 109 187 247 44 53 726 2003 69 177 181 246 257 10 32 972 2004 53 11 49 274 254 122 314 1077 Station Name Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total of TRF 2005 58 9 147 321 200 466 624 15 1839 2006 26 9 105 116 588 1018 263 84 24 2232 2007 203 69 255 153 556 475 105 2 1818 2008 28 35 61 76 401 377 398 317 99 29 1821 2009 13 255 77 762 275 249 108 14 1753 2010 179 119 190 407 258 372 94 49 1668 2011 9 133 260 244 239 218 39 1142 2012 13 64 279 413 414 226 124 1533 2013 8 126 149 206 122 528 1139 2014 5 64 142 112 483 358 471 83 2 1719 2015 173 56 2 109.5 101.5 342.2 293.2 117.4 48 77 30 1350 Kanas 1995 738 99 107 334 229 425 167 2099 1996 12 121 334 212 5 62 12 758 1997 501 163 664 1998 2 8 15 19 26 275 252 469 430 73 1569 1999 163 154 131 81 142 520 21 1212 2000 2 5 3 57 222 131 50 13 483 2001 15 201 226 196 193 63 894 2002 8 129 125 325 192 22 10 811 2003 7 162 233 550 234 455 1 15 1657 2004 1 25 51 112 191 274 165 241 1060 2005 20 33 7 15 56 385 172 391 199 1278 2006 17 61 166 506 705 241 25 33 1754 2007 62 5 252 111 257 443 49 5 1184 2008 4 4 35 16 294 345 484 277 19 22 1500 2009 15 133 541 221 190 222 1322 2010 2 109 47 141 358 346 291 86 54 1434 2011 43 101 126 195 156 5 626 2012 30 324 263 253 108 185 1163 2013 19 51 288 441 290 637 1726 2014 5 43 163 116 529 271 273 63 1463 2015 11 4 26 103.2 144 272 245 5 4 814 Krushnaprasad 1995 14 405 30 142 185 229 322 74 1401 Station Name Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total of TRF 1996 14 74 131 103 42 46 42 452 1997 539 121 660 1998 101 89 23 15 20 250 159 384 290 68 1399 1999 41 143 51 135 110 238 718 2000 16 73 139 355 231 71 110 995 2001 12 55 501 163 82 60 111 88 1072 2002 38 251 255 170 82 796 2003 22 158 406 172 528 16 1302 2004 28 11 47 240 51 89 190 656 2005 36 9 26 23 79 102 214 267 10 766 2006 8 5 36 144 391 770 398 29 64 1845 2007 4 71 369 114 255 351 124 48 1336 2008 42 24 7 80 5 160 412 199 155 15 86 1185 2009 6 48 91 824 385 300 267 49 1971 2010 206 185 196 549 220 226 188 74 1844 2011 15 43 64 103 125 356 243 950 2012 59 200 206 253 80 31 414 1243 2013 8 33 45 308 320 278 774 1766 2014 14 54 136 119 445 259 547 70 8 1651 2015 23 86.5 99.5 95.6 164.2 206.8 172.5 14 73 74.2 1009 Nimapara 1995 590 129 117 273 340 354 136 1939 1996 120 256 340 128 59 23 926 1997 775 309 39 25 45 1193 1998 2 65 100 42 5 198 228 282 548 388 196 2054 1999 194 167 198 284 326 581 33 1782 2000 4 121 58 252 329 176 143 80 1163 2001 26 22 34 366 557 169 129 118 26 1447 2002 15 65 134 353 159 57 52 835 2003 161 238 358 220 276 13 1266 2004 5 101 20 44 157 321 152 243 1043 2005 7 39 49 29 113 447 229 396 485 10 1804 2006 10 60 43 267 592 962 291 76 18 2319 Station Name Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total of TRF 2007 62 44 208 160 467 566 94 1600 2008 8 60 105 50 328 344 230 366 40 32 1563 2009 11 189 102 661 261 371 153 35 1783 2010 181 236 229 266 339 475 59 52 1837 2011 5 185 194 213 217 209 1023 2012 239 493 404 276 58 256 1726 2013 18 51 222 275 306 612 1483 2014 9 11 7 700 328 518 189 1762 2015 42 35 10 249 446 509 275 17 6 27 1616 Pipili 1995 737 140 198 225 280 386 150 2116 1996 37 114 253 240 105 47 796 1997 594 273 46 2 23 938 1998 3 88 18 76 107 375 173 574 313 40 1767 1999 151 133 155 211 176 411 50 1287 2000 46 52 35 204 235 95 55 48 770 2001 11 12 330 657 161 170 40 41 1422 2002 15 158 242 489 174 73 35 1186 2003 5 15 257 306 376 149 317 3 15 1443 2004 80 24 183 416 365 209 151 1428 2005 19 38 35 87 404 208 429 258 13 1490 2006 6 41 85 276 439 735 261 77 8 1929 2007 52 100 212 68 455 431 67 7 1393 2008 2 63 34 386 407 323 310 45 20 1591 2009 54 83 474 238 350 158 22 1378 2010 4 151 142 181 469 275 240 79 42 1583 2011 4 160 140 241 318 399 1262 2012 242 333 335 213 59 164 1347 2013 6 61 308 400 230 688 1693 2014 23 239 72 525 276 379 62 1576 2015 21 98.3 3.3 227.1 228.4 480.4 239 46.2 34 4 1382 Puri 1995 6 1288 152 157 516 191 475 44 2829

Station Name Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total of TRF 1996 105 392 416 59 176 5 1153 1997 794 233 48 5 183 1263 1998 8 90 137 27 4 218 183 278 690 384 132 2151 1999 99 196 189 250 385 744 1863 2000 61 119 57 295 485 336 224 22 1599 2001 14 68 1087 820 381 188 205 190 2953 2002 11 233 98 312 417 66 78 1215 2003 5 4 159 297 529 213 710 13 67 1997 2004 48 90 25 44 408 225 179 231 1250 2005 62 3 38 187 340 168 645 427 44 1914 2006 20 140 268 534 1217 316 18 120 2633 2007 15 27 228 69 541 370 175 12 1437 2008 40 40 13 110 20 389 492 341 283 59 87 1874 2009 10 77 618 250 203 150 150 1458 2010 14 164 193 131 415 239 294 216 103 1769 2011 101 159 300 211 372 1143 2012 80 322 349 140 136 212 1239 2013 22 39 334 514 200 647 1756 2014 6 15 153 57 766 145 500 54 10 1706 2015 47 110 15 77 232 276 364 62 79 17 1279 Satyabadi 1995 936 18 96 261 397 388 149 2245 1996 53 290 186 24 94 14 661 1997 724 358 15 41 1138 1998 2 26 129 51 155 182 206 601 162 77 1591 1999 53 126 129 226 201 625 1360 2000 22 12 15 270 312 224 72 26 953 2001 40 17 493 431 207 161 118 45 1512 2002 9 156 60 435 145 66 38 909 2003 28 12 223 242 308 193 585 30 16 1637 2004 77 24 89 2859 435 136 158 3778 2005 44 34 148 337 142 505 251 1461 2006 92 75 526 638 159 28 109 1627 Station Name Year Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun Jul Aug Sep Oct Nov Dec Total of TRF 2007 28 219 75 488 400 80 2 1292 2008 11 2 33 389 298 361 299 35 17 1445 2009 77 51 468 106 208 164 27 1101 2010 3 159 92 134 356 244 201 93 50 1332 2011 28 176 362 236 190 992 2012 124 204 309 174 99 172 1082 2013 32 23 285 345 161 442 1288 2014 15 11 138 39 475 250 360 86 2 1376 2015 12 65 18 43 197.2 185 139 2 6 6 673 Total 912 2012 2298 3907 18799 35550 68078 73097 59080 45395 10051 1998 321178 Average 18 35 36 44 108 162 308 332 256 207 67 41 1390

Annexure-IV A. Details of key wells established in Aquifer-I of NAQUIM area

Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon WL Post-Monsoon WL Fluctuation

1 19.919 86.220 Bada Sirei Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 2.22 1.5 0.72 2 19.962 86.221 Saripur Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.84 1.58 2.26 3 19.985 86.230 Jeol Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 4.74 2.7 2.04 4 19.979 86.299 Jharling Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 2.96 1.4 1.56 5 19.970 86.266 Kuanrpur Chhak Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.08 1.04 2.04 6 19.957 86.261 Adikandarpur Sasan Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.86 2.1 1.76 7 19.932 86.281 Pirjahan Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.2 1.08 2.12 8 19.942 86.283 Balabhadrapur Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.08 2.1 0.98 9 19.946 86.302 Sahan Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.32 0.44 2.88 10 19.947 86.289 Sidhikeswar Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.03 2.1 0.93 11 19.952 86.270 Kusumbar Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 2.84 0.97 1.87 12 19.963 86.270 Patalada Sasan Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.54 2.4 1.14 13 19.997 86.277 Alangapur Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.42 1.69 1.73 14 20.016 86.246 Khandasahi Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 4.42 2.64 1.78 15 19.994 86.265 Beguniabasta Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 2.8 2.38 0.42 Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon WL Post-Monsoon WL Fluctuation 16 19.944 86.228 Bantilo Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 2.9 1.46 1.44 17 19.950 86.218 Udaypur Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.2 2.33 0.87 18 19.983 86.272 Astarang Astarang Puri DW-Keywells 3.34 2.66 0.68 19 20.033 86.156 Bodala Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 5.36 3.33 2.03 20 20.015 86.170 Jagannathpur Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 4.5 2.16 2.34 21 20.023 86.188 Nilakanthapur Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 4.19 2.55 1.64 22 19.960 86.190 Kurujanga Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 3.86 2.63 1.23 23 19.965 86.173 Balisiria Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 4.1 2.8 1.3 24 19.963 86.157 Kajalapatia Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 2.75 0.45 2.3 25 19.961 86.152 Kajalapatia Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 3.1 2 1.1 26 19.943 86.138 Santras Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 3.95 2.06 1.89 27 19.894 86.121 Ishnaneswar Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 4.1 2.98 1.12 28 19.901 86.131 Kurujanga Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 3.8 2 1.8 29 19.908 86.133 Jamtala Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 3.51 1.58 1.93 30 19.926 86.107 Anasara Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 4.46 1.98 2.48 31 19.932 86.162 Kutang Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 4.11 1.82 2.29 32 19.945 86.190 Bangurigaon Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 3.18 1.13 2.05 33 19.924 86.205 Tentulia Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 2.25 1.16 1.09 34 20.021 86.129 Bisulipada Gop Puri DW-Keywells 3.22 1.6 1.62 35 20.000 86.207 Kakatpur Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 5.52 2.54 2.98 36 20.036 86.127 Jogeswarpur Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 5.12 2.63 2.49 37 19.979 86.213 Baghamunda Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 3.61 1.36 2.25 38 19.984 86.205 Bajapur Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 3.58 2.21 1.37 39 19.941 86.204 Nasikeswar Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 1.5 0.81 0.69 40 19.937 86.171 Suarbiribasta Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 2.81 1.12 1.69 41 19.895 86.203 Kaanlapala(DW) Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 1.28 0.5 0.78 42 19.900 86.198 NADIAMATHA Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 2.15 0.1 2.05 43 19.896 86.204 KANARPUR Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 2.02 0.1 1.92 44 19.900 86.198 NADIAMATHA Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 2.15 0.5 1.65 45 19.896 86.204 KANARPUR Kakatpur Puri DW-Keywells 2.02 0.6 1.42 46 20.021 86.128 Bisulipada Gop puri DW-Keywells 3.22 2.09 1.13 47 19.940 86.183 Tikarpara ASTARANGA Puri DW-Keywells 3.1 3 0.1 48 19.986 86.239 Juinti ASTARANGA Puri DW-Keywells 4.25 4.1 0.15 49 19.981 86.275 Astarang ASTARANGA Puri DW-Keywells 3.5 2.2 1.3 Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon WL Post-Monsoon WL Fluctuation 50 19.805 85.803 GINARIBANTA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 3.50 3.00 0.5 51 19.808 85.781 KORUA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 3.22 3.00 0.22 52 19.838 85.787 BADAPAIKASAHI Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 3.09 1.47 1.62 53 19.850 85.757 BASUDEBPUR Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 2.92 1.91 1.01 54 19.859 85.768 HATADOBANDHA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 3.89 3.30 0.59 55 19.881 85.767 PANKALA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 3.59 2.10 1.49 56 19.887 85.704 SIRULI Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 2.88 1.73 1.15 57 19.859 85.818 TALAJANG Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 3.00 2.96 0.04 58 19.910 85.734 BHAILPUR Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 1.91 1.60 0.31 59 19.911 85.849 DUGAL Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 5.50 5.00 0.5 60 19.875 85.836 MALI BALIA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 2.53 2.34 0.19 61 19.903 85.867 T. RAMAHANSAPUR Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 4.13 3.67 0.46 62 19.907 85.895 GARHMURGASIRA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 5.00 4.58 0.42 63 19.922 85.861 B. GADADHARPUR Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 4.35 3.27 1.08 64 19.839 85.878 RAMESWARPATNA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 5.66 0.00 5.66 65 19.846 85.913 BALESWARPATNA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 1.56 1.17 0.39 66 19.876 85.929 GOINDALA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 2.63 2.52 0.11 67 19.860 85.939 BALIGHAI Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 2.22 1.78 0.44 68 19.926 85.997 CHARHEIGAON Gop Puri DW-Keywells 3.81 0.8 3.01 69 19.982 85.995 POITARA Gop Puri DW-Keywells 4.50 4.31 0.19 70 19.942 86.025 GOLPUR Gop Puri DW-Keywells 2.80 2.25 0.55 71 19.948 86.031 BEDPUR Gop Puri DW-Keywells 5.00 4.15 0.85 72 19.914 86.060 ACHYUTPUR Gop Puri DW-Keywells 4.02 2.85 1.17 73 19.858 86.037 KHALKATA Gop Puri DW-Keywells 5.00 4.89 0.11 74 19.989 86.109 BHIMAPARHA Gop Puri DW-Keywells 2.91 1.73 1.18 75 19.832 85.943 BELESWAR Gop Puri DW-Keywells 7.00 5.20 1.8 76 19.869 85.943 BANBARADA Gop Puri DW-Keywells 2.80 2.34 0.46 77 19.911 85.799 TENTULIA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 2.56 1.35 1.21 78 19.871 85.755 HANTUKA Puri Sadar Puri DW-Keywells 3.50 3.25 0.25 79 19.960 85.983 GARDALI Gop Puri DW-Keywells 4.25 4.16 0.09 80 19.915 85.818 Biragobindapur Satyabadi Puri DW-Keywells 1.8 1.00 0.8 81 19.921 85.825 Biragobindapur, Dakhina Kali Satyabadi Puri DW-Keywells 3.13 2.50 0.63 82 19.949 85.809 Sakhigopal Satyabadi Puri DW-Keywells 4 2.50 1.5 83 19.844 85.743 Kapileswar Brahmagiri Puri DW-Keywells 2.8 1.50 1.3 Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon WL Post-Monsoon WL Fluctuation 84 19.800 85.706 Rendagada Brahmagiri Puri DW-Keywells 2.25 1.30 0.95 85 20.002 85.650 Kanas Kanas Puri DW-Keywells 2.9 2.00 0.9 86 20.029 85.688 Kanthapada Kanas Puri DW-Keywells 3.1 1.50 1.6 87 19.788 85.615 Gadarodanga Brahmagiri Puri DW-Keywells 3.45 2.35 1.1 88 19.646 85.401 Janhikuda Krushnaprasad Puri DW-Keywells 1.6 1.00 0.6 89 19.648 85.396 Janhikuda-II Krushnaprasad Puri DW-Keywells 3.1 1.20 1.9 90 19.644 85.358 Sipia Krushnaprasad Puri DW-Keywells 2 1.10 0.9 91 19.624 85.313 Tichhini Krushnaprasad Puri DW-Keywells 2.5 1.00 1.5 92 19.616 85.259 Badaaanla Krushnaprasad Puri DW-Keywells 3.9 2.50 1.4 93 19.574 85.243 Nata Krushnaprasad Puri DW-Keywells 3.5 1.50 2 94 19.553 85.244 Maluda Krushnaprasad Puri DW-Keywells 0.45 0.23 0.22 95 19.526 85.222 Bajrakot Krushnaprasad Puri DW-Keywells 3.45 1.30 2.15 96 20.148 85.742 Harirajpur Pipili Puri DW-Keywells 7.7 5.20 2.5 97 20.098 85.895 Bhanapur Nimapara Puri DW-Keywells 2.5 1.00 1.5 98 20.042 86.009 Sarbapada Nimapara Puri DW-Keywells 2.9 1.30 1.6 99 20.044 85.911 Dandipur Nimapara Puri DW-Keywells 3.6 1.60 2 100 19.997 85.826 Satasankha Pipili Puri DW-Keywells 3 1.60 1.4 101 20.049 85.827 Mangalpur Pipili Puri DW-Keywells 3 1.3 1.7 102 20.112 85.834 Pipili-II Pipili Puri DW-Keywells 4.05 2.10 1.95 103 20.155 85.845 Gudiapokhari Pipili Puri DW-Keywells 3.05 2.10 0.95 104 20.196 85.857 Uttarasasan Pipili Puri DW-Keywells 1.9 1.00 0.9 105 19.981 86.275 Astarang ASTARANGA Puri DW-NHS 4.2 3.15 1.05 106 19.986 86.239 Juinti ASTARANGA Puri DW-NHS 4.2 3.8 0.4 107 19.940 86.183 Tikarpara ASTARANGA Puri DW-NHS 3.1 2.8 0.3 108 19.813 85.762 Alipata BRAHMAGIRI Puri DW-NHS 3.1 2.3 0.8 109 19.799 85.665 Brahmagiri BRAHMAGIRI Puri DW-NHS 3.15 2 1.15 110 19.809 85.740 Budhiabar BRAHMAGIRI Puri DW-NHS 2.4 2 0.4 111 19.811 85.771 Girala BRAHMAGIRI Puri DW-NHS 2.8 1.9 0.9 112 19.780 85.606 Gokhara BRAHMAGIRI Puri DW-NHS 1.9 1.4 0.5 113 19.739 85.573 Gopinathpur BRAHMAGIRI Puri DW-NHS 3.1 2.15 0.95 114 19.800 85.703 Rebana nuagaon BRAHMAGIRI Puri DW-NHS 2.8 1.85 0.95 115 20.036 85.769 Delang DELANGA Puri DW-NHS 1.9 1.7 0.2 116 20.036 85.769 Delang DELANGA Puri DW-NHS 2.45 1.5 0.95 117 19.844 85.911 Baleshwarpatna GOP Puri DW-NHS 1.8 1.25 0.55 Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon WL Post-Monsoon WL Fluctuation 118 19.858 85.943 Balighai GOP Puri DW-NHS 2.8 1.95 0.85 119 19.982 86.018 Gop GOP Puri DW-NHS 5.9 5.05 0.85 120 19.925 85.992 Madrang GOP Puri DW-NHS 2.9 2.15 0.75 121 19.972 86.079 Marad GOP Puri DW-NHS 3.1 2 1.1 122 19.854 86.061 Ramchandi GOP Puri DW-NHS 6.2 5.7 0.5 123 20.006 86.193 Kakatpur KAKAT PUR Puri DW-NHS 3.5 3 0.5 124 19.999 86.194 Kakatpur Ii KAKAT PUR Puri DW-NHS 4.7 3.95 0.75 125 19.886 86.097 Konark KAKAT PUR Puri DW-NHS 3.7 3.1 0.6 126 20.037 85.886 Balanga NIMAPADA Puri DW-NHS 3.5 2.95 0.55 127 20.070 86.072 Bisimatri NIMAPADA Puri DW-NHS 5.8 4.8 1 128 20.059 86.086 Charichhak NIMAPADA Puri DW-NHS 4.7 4 0.7 129 20.092 85.920 Garapada NIMAPADA Puri DW-NHS 4.5 3.9 0.6 130 20.081 85.832 Dandamukundpur PIPIL Puri DW-NHS 4.7 3.95 0.75 131 19.994 85.800 Maunimatha PIPIL Puri DW-NHS 4.2 3.1 1.1 132 20.116 85.834 Pipli PIPIL Puri DW-NHS 4.6 4 0.6 133 19.949 85.748 Algum SATYABADI Puri DW-NHS 3.1 2 1.1 134 20.001 85.840 Kumareswar SATYABADI Puri DW-NHS 3.5 3.15 0.35 135 19.954 85.779 Nuasamsarpur SATYABADI Puri DW-NHS 3.2 2.9 0.3 136 19.972 85.822 Sadanandapur SATYABADI Puri DW-NHS 2.8 2 0.8 137 19.941 85.832 Sakhigopal SATYABADI Puri DW-NHS 3.9 3 0.9 138 19.949 85.823 Uansdiha SATYABADI Puri DW-NHS 2.9 2.35 0.55 139 19.789 85.806 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.1 2.5 0.6 140 19.806 85.851 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 4.1 3.41 0.69 141 19.806 85.842 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 5.1 2.68 2.42 142 19.807 85.823 Puri town SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.2 2.15 1.05 143 19.808 85.831 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.7 2.95 0.75 144 19.810 85.831 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 1.49 0.83 0.66 145 19.811 85.825 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.7 2.16 1.54 146 19.811 85.830 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.3 2.01 1.29 147 19.801 85.819 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.2 2.46 0.74 148 19.814 85.806 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.97 3.69 0.28 149 19.814 85.806 Totasahi SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.8 2.51 1.29 150 19.814 85.827 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.66 2.3 1.36 151 19.816 85.832 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 4.1 2.3 1.8 Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon WL Post-Monsoon WL Fluctuation 152 19.817 85.839 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.2 2.6 0.6 153 19.818 85.831 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 1.9 0.76 1.14 154 19.832 85.873 Baliguari SADAR Puri DW-NHS 2.7 1.2 1.5 155 19.819 85.847 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 2.5 1.5 1 156 19.834 85.836 Puri Urban SADAR Puri DW-NHS 2.1 1.22 0.88 157 19.877 85.818 Tulasichoura-Malatipatapur SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.2 2.76 0.44 158 19.891 85.815 Chandanpur SADAR Puri DW-NHS 3.2 2.4 0.8 159 19.902 85.812 Birapratappur SADAR Puri DW-NHS 4.8 4 0.8

Annexure-IV B. Details of key wells established in Aquifer-II of NAQUIM area.

Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon mbgl Post-Monsoon mbgl Fluctuation

1 19.919 86.220 Sirei Astarang Puri TW 3.2 1.2 2 2 19.952 86.218 Udaipur Astarang Puri TW 3.2 2.1 1.1 3 19.963 86.221 Saripur Astarang Puri TW 3.12 2.2 0.92 4 19.977 86.225 Kendrapati Astarang Puri TW 4.25 1.68 2.57 5 19.989 86.240 Juinti Astarang Puri TW 3.9 2.9 1 6 19.974 86.315 Nuagarh Astarang Puri TW 3.1 2.1 1 7 19.958 86.260 Adikandarpur Sasan Astarang Puri TW 3.1 2.5 0.6 8 19.938 86.258 Korona Astarang Puri TW 3.2 1.82 1.38 9 19.942 86.266 Sundar Astarang Puri TW 2.95 1.9 1.05 10 19.931 86.282 Pirjahan Astarang Puri TW 2.72 1.81 0.91 11 19.996 86.277 Alangapur Astarang Puri TW 3.1 1.9 1.2 12 20.008 86.256 Naiguan Astarang Puri TW 3.03 2.04 0.99 13 20.018 86.246 Khandasahi Astarang Puri TW 3.9 2.4 1.5 14 20.015 86.265 Gosian Gopalapur Astarang Puri TW 4.14 2.1 2.04 15 19.980 86.254 Bastadiha Astarang Puri TW 2.1 1.7 0.4 16 19.981 86.243 Nuasahi Astarang Puri TW 2.2 1.7 0.5 17 19.979 86.215 BaghamundaTW Astarang Puri TW - - - 18 19.930 86.229 Sanagola Astarang Puri TW 3.4 1.51 1.89 19 20.041 86.157 Suhagpur Kakatpur Puri TW 3.9 2.1 1.8 20 20.020 86.189 Nilakanthapur Kakatpur Puri TW 6.06 3.2 2.86 21 20.043 86.197 Patasundarpur Kakatpur Puri TW 6.06 4.36 1.7 22 20.000 86.188 Prachivihar Kakatpur Puri TW 5.47 1.82 3.65 23 19.974 86.194 Kundheyi Kakatpur Puri TW 5.31 2.01 3.3 24 19.960 86.190 Kurujanga Kakatpur Puri TW 4.27 1.4 2.87 25 19.962 86.153 Kajalapatia Kakatpur Puri TW 3.9 2.1 1.8 26 19.897 86.112 Raulapatna Kakatpur Puri TW 4.2 2.1 2.1 27 19.895 86.121 Ishnaneswar Kakatpur Puri TW 3.36 2.9 0.46 Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon mbgl Post-Monsoon mbgl Fluctuation 28 19.938 86.137 Bobua Kakatpur Puri TW 3.36 1.95 1.41 29 19.926 86.107 Anasara Kakatpur Puri TW 5.4 1.88 3.52 30 19.908 86.111 Siripur Kakatpur Puri TW 2.1 1.5 0.6 31 19.941 86.181 Tikarpada Kakatpur Puri TW 5.92 3.1 2.82 32 20.021 86.128 Bisulipada Gop Puri TW 3.92 3.4 0.52 33 20.022 86.157 Gopikantapur Kakatpur Puri TW 4.1 2.1 2 34 19.992 86.169 Sadenga Patpur Kakatpur Puri TW 4.1 2.23 1.87 35 20.014 86.218 Rasulpur Kakatpur Puri TW 3.3 1.52 1.78 36 20.025 86.221 Patharapada Kakatpur Puri TW 3.6 1.2 2.4 37 19.904 86.132 Kurujanga(TW) Kakatpur Puri TW 4.2 1.4 2.8 38 19.943 86.139 Santarasa Kakatpur Puri TW 3.9 1.9 2 39 19.966 86.173 Balisiria Kakatpur Puri TW 3.2 1.61 1.59 40 20.008 86.175 Othaka Kakatpur Puri TW 3.6 2.1 1.5 41 19.992 86.204 Srirampur Kakatpur Puri TW 3.2 2.3 0.9 42 19.984 86.203 Bajapur Kakatpur Puri TW 3.2 1.3 1.9 43 19.952 86.186 Anandabazar Kakatpur Puri TW 2.7 1.2 1.5 44 19.909 86.177 Chitreswari Kakatpur Puri TW 3.6 1.7 1.9 45 19.916 86.173 Jadupur Kakatpur Puri TW 2.9 1.9 1 46 19.895 86.202 Kaanlapala Kakatpur Puri TW 3 2.1 0.9 47 19.896 86.129 Kurujanga Kali Temple Kakatpur Puri TW 3.1 1.5 1.6 48 19.929 86.139 Phubei Kakatpur Puri TW 3.68 2.1 1.58 49 19.911 86.179 CHITRESWARI Kakatpur Puri TW 3.6 2.3 1.3 50 19.886 86.097 Konark Kakatpur Puri TW 3.55 1.3 2.25 51 19.911 86.179 CHITRESWARI Kakatpur puri TW 3.68 2.1 1.58 52 19.903 86.220 TANDAHAR Astaranga Puri TW 3.69 3.1 0.59 53 19.806 85.797 GINARIBANTA Puri Sadar puri TW 5.72 5.53 0.19 54 19.805 85.801 GINARIBANTA Puri Sadar puri TW - - - 55 19.806 85.801 GINARIBANTA Puri Sadar puri TW - - - 56 19.814 85.781 KORUA Puri Sadar puri TW - - - 57 19.836 85.786 BARAPAIKASAHI Puri Sadar puri TW 8.51 7.95 0.56 58 19.846 85.772 CHAMARAKERA Puri Sadar puri TW 0 59 19.899 85.754 CHASAPARHA Puri Sadar puri TW 2.88 2.5 0.38 60 19.875 85.856 GOPALPUR Puri Sadar puri TW 4.88 3.87 1.01 61 19.839 85.860 NUAPATNA Puri Sadar puri TW 3.27 2.1 1.17 Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon mbgl Post-Monsoon mbgl Fluctuation 62 19.833 85.880 BALIPATNA Puri Sadar puri TW - - - 63 19.849 85.903 BELADALA Puri Sadar puri TW - - - 64 19.861 85.943 BHUAN Gop puri TW 3.40 2.62 0.78 65 19.876 85.928 GOINDALA Gop puri TW - - - 66 19.961 86.001 DAMODARPUR Gop puri TW - - - 67 19.908 86.040 BAM Gop puri TW 2.95 2.87 0.08 68 19.897 86.037 BHINGARDIHI Gop puri TW - - - 69 19.882 86.030 BALISAHI COLONY Gop puri TW 2.82 2.17 0.65 70 19.858 86.037 KHALKATA Gop puri TW 3.07 2.83 0.24 71 19.909 86.089 JUNAI Gop puri TW 2.95 1.93 1.02 72 19.891 86.023 TARAKOR Gop puri TW 2.98 2.23 0.75 73 19.903 86.220 TANDAHAR Astaranga puri TW - - - 74 20.032 85.693 Kalyanpur Delang puri TW 2.65 1.2 1.45 75 20.051 85.724 Ankula Delang puri TW 3.5 1.6 1.9 76 20.035 85.769 Delang Delang puri TW 3.8 2.1 1.7 77 20.015 85.788 Tolapada Delang puri TW 4.05 2.1 1.95 78 19.609 85.257 Haripur Krushnaprasad puri TW 1.5 0.5 1 79 20.127 85.789 Anantapur Pipili puri TW 4.25 3.2 1.05 80 20.025 85.865 Satahala Bazar Nimapara puri TW 7 4.5 2.5 81 20.079 85.832 Dandamukundapur Pipili puri TW 6.5 2.1 4.4 82 20.197 85.860 Uttarasasan Pipili puri TW 5.1 2.3 2.8

Annexure-IV C. Details of key wells established in Aquifer-III of NAQUIM area

Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon wl mbgl Post-Monsoon wl mbgl Fluctuation

1 19.986 86.191 Balisahi Kakatpur Puri TW 4.5 2.1 2.4 2 19.863 85.821 TALAJANG Puri Sadar puri TW 6.5 6 0.5 3 19.910 85.758 RUA Puri Sadar puri TW 2.84 2.35 0.49 4 19.910 85.737 BHAILPUR Puri Sadar puri TW 3.43 2.75 0.68 5 19.890 85.839 PITEIPUR Puri Sadar puri TW 4.23 4.08 0.15 6 19.911 85.916 CHARISHRI Puri Sadar puri TW 5.98 4.33 1.65 7 19.926 85.898 JAMARASUAN Puri Sadar puri TW 7.9 7.73 0.17 8 19.939 85.936 MARKANDAPUR Puri Sadar puri TW 5.74 4.5 1.24 9 19.944 85.949 SIARO Puri Sadar puri TW 4 3.57 0.43 10 19.943 85.960 PORAPADA Puri Sadar puri TW 4 3.39 0.61 11 19.965 85.938 BHITARDARIGAN Gop puri TW 4.15 2.65 1.5 12 19.981 85.956 KHANDASAHI Gop puri TW 5.09 3.78 1.31 13 19.899 85.936 NUAPARHA Puri Sadar puri TW 4.76 - - 14 19.966 86.003 ORAMBA Gop puri TW 5.18 - - 15 19.984 86.056 SALDABAD Gop puri TW 4.5 2.83 1.67 16 19.984 86.030 GOP (Village) Gop puri TW 4.9 3.43 1.47 17 19.957 86.030 BALIKHANDA Gop puri TW 3.9 3.9 18 19.946 86.064 KUNDISA Gop puri TW 4.5 2.4 2.1 19 19.948 86.111 OTANGA Gop puri TW 4.2 1.42 2.78 20 19.977 86.111 KORUAL Gop puri TW 4.3 2 2.3 21 19.971 86.066 BIRTUNG Gop puri TW 4.9 2.21 2.69 22 19.882 85.721 KALPANA CHHAKA Puri Sadar puri TW 3.58 2.1 1.48 23 19.921 85.820 Biragobindapur, Durgamandir Satyabadi puri TW 7.5 3.5 4 24 19.954 85.778 Nuasomeswarpur Satyabadi puri TW 3.4 2.1 1.3 25 19.954 85.820 Sakhigopal,RWSS Satyabadi puri TW 3.5 1.5 2 26 20.028 85.822 Nuagodi Satyabadi puri TW 5.5 2.3 3.2 27 19.812 85.755 Gorual Brahmagiri puri TW 2.5 1.1 1.4 28 19.812 85.747 Gorual-II Brahmagiri puri TW 1.98 1.3 0.68 29 19.844 85.743 Kapileswar Brahmagiri puri TW 7.2 4.5 2.7 30 19.801 85.710 Rendagada Brahmagiri puri TW 1.41 0.5 0.91 31 19.838 85.657 Srikhetranuapada Brahmagiri puri TW 2.4 1.3 1.1 32 19.881 85.613 Talakokala Brahmagiri puri TW 2.4 1.3 1.1 Sl No Latitude Longitude Village Name Block District Types of well Pre-Monsoon mbgl Post-Monsoon mbgl Fluctuation 33 19.879 85.643 Sahupadi Brahmagiri puri TW 2.5 1.5 1 34 19.895 85.637 Kalamela Kanas puri TW 2 0.5 1.5 35 19.914 85.663 Tigiria Kanas puri TW 2.6 1.5 1.1 36 19.944 85.664 Jagannathpur Kanas puri TW 3 2.1 0.9 37 19.970 85.624 Jankiagadasahi Kanas puri TW 1.85 0.4 1.45 38 20.003 85.646 Kanas Kanas puri TW 2.61 0.35 2.26 39 19.987 85.809 Chandrakota Delang puri TW 4.7 2.1 2.6 40 19.799 85.667 Brahmagiri Brahmagiri puri TW 2.4 0.4 2 41 19.779 85.604 Gokhara Brahmagiri puri TW 0.7 0.2 0.5 42 19.741 85.568 Gopinathpur Krushnaprasad puri TW 0.5 0.1 0.4 43 19.665 85.379 Chilika Nuapada Krushnaprasad puri TW 0.2 0.1 0.1 44 19.634 85.266 Krushnaprasad Krushnaprasad puri TW 4.64 2.1 2.54 45 19.574 85.243 Nata Krushnaprasad puri TW 1.6 0.5 1.1 46 19.500 85.201 Hunjana Krushnaprasad puri TW 1.95 0.7 1.25 47 20.141 85.762 Kakudia Pipili puri TW 9 4.9 4.1 48 20.120 85.856 Jagannathpur Pipili puri TW 5.6 3.5 2.1 49 20.081 85.957 Nagabasta Nimapara puri TW 6.6 4.1 2.5 50 20.097 85.984 Chhanrapada Nimapara puri TW 6 4.2 1.8 51 20.061 86.003 Nimapara Nimapara puri TW 7.9 5.2 2.7 52 20.063 86.051 Sailo Nimapara puri TW 7.5 3.2 4.3 53 20.025 86.007 Dighalo Nimapara puri TW 9.9 6.1 3.8 54 20.051 85.980 Nuhargiri Nimapara puri TW 8.5 5.2 3.3 55 20.038 85.927 Gartarya Nimapara puri TW 8 6.2 1.8 56 20.044 85.910 Dandipur Nimapara puri TW 5.88 4.2 1.68

Annexures V A. Chemical analysis of basic parameters for phreatic wells (Aquifer-I) in the study area

Sl TYPE LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- SAR OF WELL 1 DW korua 19.8083 85.7808 Puri Sadar 8.35 956 533 105 260 18 15 168 20.4 3 311 135 21 0 2.50

2 DW Barapaikasahi 19.8375 85.7869 Puri Sadar 8.24 1067 542 145 155 30 17 130 48.9 0 189 199 24 0 1.66

3 DW Barsuderpur 19.8503 85.7569 Puri Sadar 8.45 1140 655 160 295 20 27 98 150 9 342 142 41 0 1.19

4 DW Hatadobandha 19.8589 85.7681 Puri Sadar 8.28 870 519 160 135 36 17 53 119.8 0 165 121 91 1 0.64

5 DW Pankala 19.8814 85.7667 Puri Sadar 8.36 1272 737 190 175 36 24 179 51.1 3 207 241 101 1 2.01

6 DW Talajang 19.8586 85.8178 Puri Sadar 8.63 430 218 130 135 20 19 37 3.2 9 146 43 15 0 0.50

7 DW Dugal 19.9108 85.8489 Puri Sadar 8.16 1612 947 265 135 38 41 216 38.8 0 165 287 245 0 2.05

8 DW Malibalia 19.8753 85.8364 Puri Sadar 8.3 1026 552 155 235 36 16 146 32.1 33 220 170 11 0 1.80

9 DW Tadasa ramghansapur 19.9033 85.8672 Puri Sadar 8.48 2435 1412 215 525 44 26 282 302.1 54 531 351 93 1 2.95

10 DW Garhmurgasina 19.9067 85.8950 Puri Sadar 8.3 1440 794 115 215 36 6 252 38.3 6 250 308 25 1 3.62

11 DW B.gadadharpur 19.9219 85.8614 Puri Sadar 8.26 2658 1559 265 295 50 34 408 117.8 0 360 475 298 0 3.86

12 DW Rameswarpatna 19.8389 85.8781 Puri 8.09 310 132 120 70 6 26 6 6.3 0 85 46 0 0 0.08

13 DW Baleswarpatna 19.8464 85.9133 Puri 8.12 430 225 100 150 24 10 50 4.2 0 183 35 12 1 0.77

14 DW Goindala 19.8761 85.9289 Puri 7.9 1900 1089 215 195 24 38 181 239.6 0 238 351 139 0 1.89

15 DW Balighai 19.8597 85.9386 Puri 8.3 290 149 40 70 12 2 41 5 0 85 39 8 1 1.02

16 DW Bandarada 19.8686 85.9428 Gop 8.02 310.1 157 65 105 20 4 35 7.5 0 128 21 7 1 0.66

17 DW Poitara 19.9822 85.9950 Gop 8.37 2800 1560 235 270 28 40 279 348.2 6 317 585 118 1 2.80 Sl TYPE LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- SAR OF WELL 18 DW Golpur 19.9422 86.0253 Gop 7.89 295 154 70 80 14 9 31 2.7 0 98 39 10 0 0.56

19 DW Bedpur 19.9475 86.0314 Gop 8.06 450 245 55 115 18 2 70 8.9 0 140 71 6 0 1.48

20 DW Achyutpur 19.9144 86.0600 Gop 8.2 910 489 175 110 50 12 119 13.7 0 134 206 23 0 1.39

21 DW Khaltaka 19.8578 86.0367 Gop 7.63 274.3 135 55 70 12 6 27 6.4 0 85 35 7 0 0.56

22 DW Bhimaparha 19.9886 86.1089 Gop 8.27 900 530 75 175 12 11 174 5.9 0 214 213 9 0 3.09

23 DW Balighai 19.8578 85.9425 Gop 8.46 285.1 113 80 70 22 6 14 2.1 0 85 21 6 0 0.24

24 DW Baleswar 19.8317 85.9425 Gop 8.17 240 121 65 65 16 6 21 5.1 0 79 32 2 0 0.40

25 DW Narsinghpur Hata 20.0398 86.1433 Puri 8.42 960 524 310 265 58 40 8.81 111.6 0 323 142 5 0.405 0.08

26 DW Bodala 20.0335 86.1560 Puri 8.34 430 300 250 170 60 24 5.21 0.1 0 207 99 10 0.113 0.05

27 DW Rangatota 20.0283 86.1402 Puri 8.87 900 372 325 285 60 43 9.81 59 0 348 28 2 0.024 0.08

28 DW Jagannathpur 20.0146 86.1704 Puri 8.28 520 272 285 235 48 40 5.27 0.87 0 287 35 2 0.024 0.05

29 DW Nilakanthpur 20.0234 86.1882 Puri 8.73 690 259 225 125 36 33 7.66 17.7 0 153 46 43 0.427 0.08

30 DW Kurujang 19.9604 86.1897 Puri 8.19 850 432 320 255 60 41 9.44 92.4 0 311 74 2 0.4 0.08

31 DW Kajalapatia 19.9630 86.1571 Puri 8.26 1090 337 370 95 40 66 18.98 5.45 0 116 128 21 0.8 0.15

32 DW Santras 19.9431 86.1380 Puri 9.14 680 547 190 155 32 27 42.2 2.5 0 189 347 1 2.4 0.47

33 DW Chandrabhaga 19.8668 86.1114 Puri 9.9 390 184 210 125 34 30 2.52 4 0 153 28 10 0.17 0.03

34 DW Ishnaneswar 19.8944 86.1207 Puri 7.93 520 191 210 70 34 30 10.69 1.2 0 85 57 16 0.24 0.11 Sl TYPE LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- SAR OF WELL 35 DW Kurujang 19.9013 86.1307 Puri 7.96 250 236 210 125 34 30 2.55 4.11 0 153 74 16 0.25 0.03

36 DW Jamtala 19.9084 86.1327 Puri 8.75 390 446 220 120 36 32 9.41 1.2 0 146 280 16 0.24 0.10

37 DW Kutang 19.9316 86.1616 Puri 8.62 3450 552 565 270 74 92 52.63 5.1 0 329 35 132 0.14 0.34

38 DW Tentulia 19.9244 86.2051 Puri 8.37 1250 462 560 70 52 104 18.73 2.5 0 85 135 108 0.28 0.12

39 DW Bada Sirei 19.9193 86.2198 Puri 8.26 1490 452 650 165 116 87 28.26 6.38 0 201 46 70 0.28 0.17

40 DW Jeol 19.9845 86.2302 Puri 8.16 510 221 205 150 30 32 5.84 8.9 0 183 50 5 0.05 0.06

41 DW Jharling 19.9788 86.2991 Puri 8.14 1250 564 420 95 104 39 32.61 10.23 0 116 181 140 0.25 0.24

42 DW Adikandarpur Sasan 19.9574 86.2607 Puri 8.15 550 234 200 75 32 29 9.97 6.03 0 92 92 20 0.28 0.11

43 DW Pirjahan 19.9319 86.2813 Puri 8.3 870 405 335 55 54 49 18.09 8.36 0 67 220 22 0.45 0.15

44 DW Balabhadrapur 19.9423 86.2827 Puri 8.21 2460 1159 1030 200 66 210 47.62 10.5 0 244 645 60 0.14 0.23

45 DW Sahan 19.9455 86.3017 Puri 8.21 1350 654 625 195 50 122 22.44 4.29 0 238 308 30 0.15 0.14

46 DW Sidhikeswar 19.9468 86.2895 Puri 8.2 2990 1596 1095 345 116 196 184.6 8.26 0 421 755 130 0.15 0.86

47 DW Kusumbar 19.9516 86.2697 Puri 8.27 2720 1233 725 55 40 152 194.6 9.57 0 67 794 10 0.14 1.11

48 DW Patalada Sasan 19.9633 86.2701 Puri 8.26 1320 649 475 155 44 89 67.8 5.61 0 189 340 10 0.19 0.48

49 DW Alangapur 19.9966 86.2766 Puri 8.28 1040 539 460 290 58 77 23.84 11.11 0 354 135 60 1 0.17

50 DW Bisulipada 20.0210 86.1294 Puri 8.15 820 483 410 130 62 62 13.01 2.11 0 159 206 60 0.07 0.10

51 DW Kakatpur 19.9996 86.2070 Puri 8.14 240 127 100 65 16 15 2.28 10.17 0 79 35 10 0.29 0.03 Sl TYPE LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- SAR OF WELL 52 DW Beguniabasta 19.9938 86.2651 Puri 8.26 520 255 210 145 12 44 15.95 8.26 0 177 78 10 0.48 0.17

53 DW Biragobindapur 19.9153 85.8179 Satyabadi 7.7 1570 ------

54 DW Sakhigopal 19.9486 85.8092 Satyabadi 7.5 2125 ------

55 DW Kapileswar 19.8439 85.7432 Brahmagiri 7.7 2409 ------

56 DW Rendagada 19.8003 85.7062 Brahmagiri 7.8 740 ------

57 DW Kanas 20.0020 85.6499 Kanas 7.1 2450 ------

58 DW Gadarodanga 19.7876 85.6145 Brahmagiri 7.7 1880 ------

59 DW Janhikuda 19.6461 85.4007 Krushnaprasad 8.3 474 ------

60 DW Janhikuda-II 19.6477 85.3965 Krushnaprasad 7.3 1442 ------

61 DW Tichhini 19.6244 85.3133 Krushnaprasad 7.9 1520 ------

62 DW Nata 19.5737 85.2427 Krushnaprasad 8.8 586 ------

63 DW Maluda 19.5525 85.2436 Krushnaprasad 7.7 620 ------

64 DW Bajrakot 19.5258 85.2223 Krushnaprasad 31 574 ------

65 DW Harirajpur 20.1478 85.7424 Pipili 6.9 154 ------

66 DW Bhanapur 20.0985 85.8948 Nimapara 7.9 350 ------

67 DW Sarbapada 20.0423 86.0092 Nimapara 7.3 223 ------

68 DW Dandipur 20.0436 85.9113 Nimapara 7.1 576 ------Sl TYPE LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- SAR OF WELL 69 DW Satasankha 19.9968 85.8264 Pipili 8.1 873 ------

70 DW Mangalpur 20.0495 85.8274 Pipili 7.3 773 ------

71 DW Pipili-II 20.1117 85.8336 Pipili 7.9 760 ------

72 DW Gudiapokhari 20.1553 85.8449 Pipili 7.6 693 ------

73 DW Uttarasasan 20.1961 85.8573 Pipili 7.2 827 ------

Annexure V B. Chemical analysis of basic parameters for Aquifer-II in the study area

Sl TYPE OF WELL LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- Cl/ (HCO3+CO3) SAR

1 TW Ginaribanta 19.806 85.797 Puri Sadar 8.26 710 400 80 75 22 6 122 7.3 0 92 188 10 1.0 2.0 5.9 2 TW Ginaribanta 19.805 85.801 Puri Sadar 8.06 480 252 85 120 24 6 64 12.7 0 146 74 0 0.0 0.5 3.0 3 TW Ginaribanta 19.806 85.801 Puri Sadar 8.09 650 364 30 85 8 2 124 7.1 0 104 163 9 0.0 1.6 10.2 4 TW korua 19.814 85.781 Puri Sadar 8.17 1760 920 130 85 10 26 293 10.4 0 104 450 80 1.0 4.3 11.1 5 TW Barapaikasahi 19.836 85.786 Puri Sadar 8.52 1070 627 55 305 12 6 222 11 6 360 188 6 1.0 0.5 13.1 6 TW Chamarakera 19.846 85.772 Puri Sadar 8.38 526 276 80 125 14 11 73 13.8 6 140 85 5 0.0 0.6 3.5 7 TW Nuapatna 19.839 85.860 Puri 8.01 790 425 205 150 28 33 81 8.3 0 183 177 8 1.0 1.0 2.5 8 TW Balipatna 19.833 85.880 Puri 7.96 240 122 65 70 10 10 21 4.9 0 85 32 2 0.0 0.4 1.1 9 TW Beladala 19.849 85.903 Puri 8.04 400 189 130 135 24 17 15 12.4 0 165 39 1 1.0 0.2 0.6 10 TW Goindala 19.876 85.928 Puri 8.43 3700 2108 120 355 10 23 780 16.3 9 415 744 322 0.0 1.8 31.0 11 TW Biraharekrushnapur 19.850 85.841 Puri 8.96 1170 637 100 325 40 0 209 15.9 30 336 177 0 2.0 0.5 9.1 12 TW Dabhar 19.959 85.967 Gop 8.12 580 303 95 160 20 11 80 4.3 0 195 82 10 0.0 0.4 3.6 13 TW Kholamara 19.970 85.932 Gop 8.05 650 329 65 180 10 10 116 4.3 0 220 74 7 1.0 0.3 6.2 14 TW Orantanda 19.982 85.933 Gop 8.01 580 304 100 165 14 16 84 3.2 0 201 78 10 1.0 0.4 3.6 15 TW Rahangagotada 19.975 85.954 Gop 8.21 510 282 90 180 26 6 74 3.2 0 220 64 1 1.0 0.3 3.4 16 TW Bhuan 19.861 85.943 Gop 8.22 390 193 100 150 14 16 35 9.6 0 183 28 1 1.0 0.2 1.5 17 TW Chandibrabmapur 19.900 85.963 Gop 8.37 870 474 70 175 22 4 137 49.1 0 214 156 1 1.0 0.7 7.1 Sl TYPE OF WELL LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- Cl/ (HCO3+CO3) SAR 18 TW Oruali 19.934 85.983 Gop 8.16 1140 617 80 180 22 6 220 6 0 220 234 21 1.0 1.1 10.7 19 TW Salpur 19.947 86.014 Gop 8.37 1720 965 45 205 16 1 363 10.9 6 238 418 33 1.0 1.7 23.8 20 TW Subarnapur 19.967 86.014 Gop 8.42 945.8 517 55 290 8 9 183 10.8 9 336 128 5 1.0 0.4 10.5 21 TW Ganeswarpur 19.973 86.014 Gop 8.46 850 447 35 220 12 1 169 6.3 9 250 124 3 1.0 0.5 12.6 22 TW Kuspur 19.998 86.016 Gop 8.3 675 373 35 190 10 2 128 14.3 0 232 103 2 1.0 0.4 9.7 23 TW Sorasiapada 19.994 86.031 Gop 8.27 810 426 80 265 16 10 141 10.1 0 323 89 2 1.0 0.3 6.8 24 TW Saldabad 19.984 86.056 Gop 8.54 1125 632 40 210 14 1 232 9.5 12 232 245 5 1.0 1.0 16.2 25 TW Golpur 19.942 86.025 Gop 8.2 302.4 159 80 75 22 6 40 2.7 0 92 43 0 0.0 0.5 2.0 26 TW Balisahi 19.967 86.029 Gop 8.34 920 515 35 280 10 2 193 1.8 6 329 135 6 2.0 0.4 14.6 27 TW Bhairpur 19.950 86.037 Gop 8.37 1170 636 40 300 8 5 250 1.2 6 354 181 11 2.0 0.5 17.1 28 TW Ogalpur 19.936 86.039 Gop 8.35 1301 705 65 260 6 12 244 11.3 6 305 266 10 1.0 0.9 13.2 29 TW Bam 19.908 86.040 Gop 8.37 1786 942 315 375 64 38 236 12.1 3 451 358 10 2.0 0.8 5.8 30 TW Sutana 19.889 86.041 Gop 7.52 250 131 30 55 10 1 40 4.5 0 67 39 4 0.0 0.6 3.2 31 TW Berhuan 19.891 86.063 Gop 7.74 259 112 50 65 10 6 19 7.7 0 79 28 3 0.0 0.4 1.2 32 TW Balisahi calony 19.882 86.030 Gop 7.95 285 150 45 95 12 4 39 6.9 0 116 28 3 0.0 0.2 2.5 33 TW Kapileswar 19.878 86.024 Gop 7.78 150 79 40 50 8 5 12 3.8 0 61 18 2 0.0 0.3 0.8 34 TW Khalkata 19.858 86.037 Gop 7.76 200 100 75 65 16 9 10 2.5 0 79 21 3 0.0 0.3 0.5 35 TW Madhipur 19.896 86.091 Gop 8.18 420 198 145 125 34 15 23 4 0 153 43 4 0.0 0.3 0.8 36 TW Mulisahi 19.903 86.092 Gop 8.03 320 159 115 70 26 12 16 5.2 0 85 53 5 0.0 0.6 0.7 37 TW Junai 19.909 86.089 Gop 7.9 1306 640 350 250 56 51 116 22.1 0 305 230 15 0.0 0.8 2.7 38 TW Kundura 19.944 86.049 Gop 8.55 1222 635 50 265 10 6 231 12.4 12 299 213 4 2.0 0.7 14.3 39 TW Balidanda 19.998 86.109 Gop 8.3 1300 683 180 310 26 28 187 12 0 378 238 7 1.0 0.6 6.1 40 TW Bhimaparha 19.989 86.105 Gop 8.27 700 414 25 180 10 0 159 5.6 0 220 99 33 1.0 0.5 13.8 41 TW Karmala 19.990 86.085 Gop 8.36 450 223 45 150 10 5 76 5 3 177 35 2 1.0 0.2 4.9 42 TW Marad 19.979 86.073 Gop 8.9 1100 586 185 290 22 32 153 23 48 256 181 2 1.0 0.6 4.9 43 TW Tikana 19.854 86.016 Gop 8.28 350 158 115 120 16 18 22 4 0 146 25 1 0.0 0.2 0.9 44 TW Kanpur 19.880 86.018 Gop 8.03 140 64 40 55 8 5 8 1.8 0 67 7 1 0.0 0.1 0.5 45 TW Narsinghpur Sasan 20.038 86.142 Puri 8.08 460 172 155 100 24 23 7.07 3.99 0 122 53 1 0.1 0.4 0.2 46 TW Suhagpur 20.041 86.157 Puri 8.42 690 180 175 90 22 29 13.25 1.68 0 110 57 3 0.0 0.5 0.4 47 TW Nuahata 20.030 86.138 Puri 8.56 270 185 165 125 30 22 5 1.28 0 153 43 9 0.1 0.3 0.2 48 TW Nilakanthpur 20.020 86.189 Puri 8.27 290 142 100 55 18 13 6.42 0.1 0 67 64 8 0.1 1.0 0.3 49 TW Patasundarpur 20.043 86.197 Puri 8.41 340 238 145 90 20 23 5.66 8.51 0 110 117 10 0.1 1.1 0.2 50 TW Prachivihar 20.000 86.188 Puri 8.29 600 303 245 85 36 38 14.82 0.14 0 104 138 25 0.3 1.3 0.4 51 TW Kundheyi Pur 19.974 86.194 Puri 8.31 700 312 275 110 34 46 16.37 2.2 0 134 142 5 0.5 1.1 0.4 Sl TYPE OF WELL LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- Cl/ (HCO3+CO3) SAR 52 TW Kurujang 19.960 86.190 Puri 8.37 720 488 185 180 30 27 8.32 81.7 220 213 20 0.1 1.0 0.3 53 TW Kajalapatia 19.962 86.153 Puri 8.25 760 249 260 105 32 44 15.6 0.72 0 128 85 8 1.0 0.7 0.4 54 TW Samakula 19.955 86.130 Puri 8.83 1610 426 360 155 102 26 145 5.6 0 189 39 14 1.5 0.2 3.3 55 TW Chandrabhaga 19.867 86.112 Puri 8.52 460 173 145 85 36 13 1.74 1.2 0 104 60 10 0.4 0.6 0.1 56 TW Raulapatna 19.897 86.112 Puri 8.21 260 159 165 125 40 16 2.2 0.1 0 153 25 0.8 0.1 0.2 0.1 57 TW Ishnaneswar 19.895 86.121 Puri 8.21 210 187 95 50 30 5 2 0.1 0 61 110 10 0.1 1.8 0.1 58 TW Bobua 19.938 86.137 Puri 8.77 1610 968 405 255 42 73 104.2 29.7 0 311 564 0.8 1.5 1.8 2.3 59 TW Siripur 19.908 86.111 Puri 8.72 1180 348 175 100 34 22 10.42 17 0 122 191 14 0.2 1.6 0.3 60 TW Tikarpada 19.941 86.181 Puri 8.65 480 496 245 200 32 40 2.91 1 0 244 298 2 0.2 1.2 0.1 61 TW Sirei 19.919 86.220 Puri 8.24 1720 629 375 120 56 57 21.97 2.1 0 146 308 112 0.2 2.1 0.5 62 TW Udaipur 19.952 86.218 Puri 8.16 410 193 180 115 30 26 5.12 8.43 0 140 35 20 0.2 0.3 0.2 63 TW Saripur 19.963 86.221 Puri 8.3 250 140 125 75 20 18 3.42 2.69 0 92 39 12 0.2 0.4 0.1 64 TW Kendrapati 19.977 86.225 Puri 8.3 280 168 145 90 20 23 4.6 2.89 0 110 50 13 0.2 0.5 0.2 65 TW Juinti 19.989 86.240 Puri 8.15 340 175 145 105 30 17 8.63 8.24 0 128 43 5 0.5 0.3 0.3 66 TW Nuagarh 19.974 86.315 Puri 8.19 1350 596 345 120 50 53 78.5 12.56 0 146 230 100 0.3 1.6 1.8 67 TW Adikandarpur Sasan 19.958 86.260 Puri 8.14 1520 801 395 85 76 50 146.5 3 0 104 344 130 0.7 3.3 3.2 68 TW Korona 19.938 86.258 Puri 8.14 670 330 285 45 56 35 15.67 0.1 0 55 184 12 0.1 3.3 0.4 69 TW Sundar 19.942 86.266 Puri 8.27 1590 826 680 140 90 111 34.7 10.28 0 171 376 120 0.3 2.2 0.6 70 TW Pirjahan 19.931 86.282 Puri 8.28 2770 1127 790 215 32 173 123 30.25 0 262 560 80 0.6 2.1 1.9 71 TW Naiguan 20.008 86.256 Puri 8.18 380 162 140 120 32 15 9.17 3.03 0 146 25 5 0.9 0.2 0.3 72 TW Gopikantapur 20.022 86.157 Puri 8.28 360 174 155 95 20 26 10.41 1.05 0 116 57 2 0.3 0.5 0.4 73 TW Sadenga Patpur 19.992 86.169 Puri 8.26 380 190 165 95 16 30 12.65 0.2 0 116 60 14 0.3 0.5 0.4 74 TW Rasulour 20.014 86.218 Puri 8.24 260 125 105 65 14 17 3.47 7.31 0 79 39 5 0.4 0.5 0.1 75 TW Patharapada 20.025 86.221 Puri 8.29 230 121 100 70 16 15 3.38 8.85 0 85 28 8 0.4 0.3 0.1 76 TW Khandasahi 20.018 86.246 Puri 8.27 390 199 170 140 20 29 16.7 0.1 0 171 39 10 0.3 0.2 0.6 77 TW Gosian Gopalapur 20.015 86.265 Puri 8.3 300 177 155 110 14 29 8.69 5.54 0 134 46 8 0.3 0.3 0.3 78 TW Bastadiha 19.980 86.254 Puri 8.28 690 342 295 185 44 45 20.54 2.5 0 226 110 8 1.2 0.5 0.5 79 TW Nuasahi 19.981 86.243 Puri 8.24 350 188 140 90 36 12 8.65 11.42 0 110 60 5 0.6 0.5 0.3 80 TW Kalyanpur 20.032 85.693 Delang 7.1 2610 ------81 TW Ankula 20.051 85.724 Delang 7.7 2450 ------82 TW Delang 20.035 85.769 Delang 7.6 1510 ------83 TW Tolapada 20.015 85.788 Delang 7.73 1405 ------84 TW Haripur 19.609 85.257 Krushnaprasad 7.6 1600 ------85 TW Anantapur 20.127 85.789 Pipili 7.5 658 ------86 TW Satahala Bazar 20.025 85.865 Nimapara 7.7 318 ------87 TW Dandamukundapur 20.079 85.832 Pipili 6.7 750 ------88 TW Uttarasasan 20.197 85.860 Pipili 8.1 540 ------Annexures-V C Chemical analysis of basic parameters for Aquifer-III in the study area

Sl TYPE OF LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- Cl/ SAR WELL (HCO 3+CO 3) 1 TW Talajang 19.863 85.821 Puri Sadar 8.18 926 462 280 145 30 50 75 12.3 0 177.0000 156 52 0 0.881 1.94 2 TW Rua 19.910 85.758 Puri Sadar 8.3 2249.0 1384.0 175.0 325.0 30.0 24.0 484.0 37.2 0.0 397.0 588.0 26.0 0.0 1.5 16.0 3 TW Bhailpur 19.910 85.737 Puri Sadar 7.6 7251.0 1105.0 260.0 152.0 176.0 2465.0 70.0 0.0 317.0 3917.0 316.0 0.0 12.4 32.3 4 TW Barbaria 19.906 85.844 Puri Sadar 8.4 371.0 177.0 90.0 110.0 24.0 7.0 34.0 0.4 21.0 92.0 21.0 25.0 0.0 0.2 1.6 5 TW Phultolo 19.896 85.833 Puri Sadar 8.6 1095.0 508.0 55.0 315.0 12.0 6.0 182.0 0.2 33.0 317.0 113.0 6.0 1.0 0.3 10.7 6 TW Malibalia 19.875 85.836 Puri Sadar 8.0 1763.0 861.0 280.0 160.0 28.0 51.0 233.0 22.3 0.0 195.0 422.0 9.0 0.0 2.2 6.1 7 TW Piteipur 19.890 85.839 Puri Sadar 8.6 1122.0 598.0 65.0 325.0 12.0 9.0 235.0 2.6 27.0 342.0 138.0 7.0 1.0 0.4 12.5 8 TW Tadasa ramghansapur 19.903 85.866 Puri Sadar 8.7 1130.0 649.0 50.0 395.0 6.0 9.0 243.0 13.8 42.0 397.0 131.0 10.0 2.0 0.3 14.7 9 TW Charishri 19.911 85.916 Puri Sadar 8.5 2160.0 1198.0 135.0 290.0 22.0 19.0 428.0 8.6 33.0 287.0 532.0 15.0 1.0 1.7 16.1 10 TW Patajashipur 19.921 85.878 Puri Sadar 7.6 8599.0 1665.0 105.0 296.0 225.0 2753.0 64.0 0.0 128.0 4832.0 366.0 0.0 37.8 29.4 11 TW Balisahi 19.926 85.861 Puri Sadar 8.2 2470.0 1375.0 170.0 230.0 14.0 33.0 476.0 16.7 0.0 281.0 649.0 49.0 1.0 2.3 15.9 12 TW Jamarasuan 19.926 85.898 Puri Sadar 8.5 2130.0 1197.0 120.0 395.0 26.0 13.0 422.0 19.1 42.0 397.0 418.0 62.0 1.0 1.0 16.9 13 TW Amari 19.919 85.939 Puri Sadar 7.8 4435.0 355.0 155.0 94.0 29.0 1569.0 56.0 0.0 189.0 2478.0 116.0 0.0 13.1 36.3 14 TW Baliput 19.924 85.927 Puri Sadar 8.4 3220.0 1792.0 425.0 275.0 16.0 94.0 546.0 15.0 27.0 281.0 893.0 63.0 1.0 2.9 11.5 15 TW Garaila 19.932 85.930 Puri Sadar 7.9 4350.0 2355.0 445.0 215.0 32.0 89.0 787.0 14.3 0.0 262.0 1152.0 152.0 0.0 4.4 16.2 16 TW Markandapur 19.939 85.936 Puri Sadar 8.0 2550.0 1419.0 330.0 155.0 12.0 73.0 424.0 12.5 0.0 189.0 681.0 124.0 0.0 3.6 10.2 17 TW Siara 19.944 85.949 Puri Sadar 8.1 1150.0 585.0 155.0 210.0 16.0 28.0 183.0 4.2 0.0 256.0 209.0 19.0 0.0 0.8 6.4 18 TW Nuaparha 19.899 85.936 Puri 7.9 3371.0 250.0 245.0 38.0 38.0 1201.0 50.2 0.0 299.0 1535.0 362.0 1.0 5.1 33.0 19 TW Poraparha 19.943 85.960 Gop 8.4 880.0 450.0 170.0 265.0 14.0 33.0 122.0 2.7 6.0 311.0 117.0 3.0 1.0 0.4 4.1 20 TW Bhitardarigam 19.965 85.938 Gop 8.0 840.0 443.0 105.0 190.0 16.0 16.0 140.0 5.3 0.0 232.0 135.0 17.0 1.0 0.6 5.9 21 TW Khandasahi 19.981 85.956 Gop 8.2 620.0 302.0 80.0 150.0 18.0 9.0 95.0 3.0 0.0 183.0 85.0 2.0 1.0 0.5 4.6 22 TW Alasankha 19.891 85.954 Gop 8.0 5607.0 490.0 245.0 98.0 60.0 2050.0 39.0 0.0 299.0 2765.0 448.0 1.0 9.2 40.2 23 TW Inchol 19.897 85.977 Gop 8.2 3091.0 215.0 225.0 34.0 32.0 1108.0 102.0 0.0 275.0 1507.0 173.0 0.0 5.5 32.8 24 TW Bairipur 19.910 85.974 Gop 8.2 2120.0 1191.0 100.0 240.0 20.0 12.0 452.0 10.5 0.0 293.0 493.0 60.0 1.0 1.7 19.7 25 TW Charheigoan 19.926 85.998 Gop 8.0 2780.0 1512.0 130.0 120.0 34.0 11.0 548.0 13.8 0.0 146.0 730.0 104.0 1.0 5.0 20.9 26 TW Nagpur 19.934 86.007 Gop 8.3 2340.0 1312.0 115.0 225.0 34.0 7.0 472.0 23.1 0.0 275.0 585.0 56.0 1.0 2.1 19.3

Sl TYPE OF LOCATION Lat Long BLOCK pH EC TDS Hardness Alkalinity Ca++ Mg Na+ K+ CO3= HCO3- Cl- SO4= F- Cl/ SAR WELL (HCO 3+CO 3)

TW Gardali 19.960 85.984 Gop 8.4 3525.0 1964.0 160.0 480.0 34.0 18.0 730.0 22.4 12.0 561.0 861.0 12.0 1.0 1.5 25.2 27 28 TW Siso 19.959 85.992 Gop 8.1 4460.0 2477.0 255.0 270.0 62.0 24.0 896.0 17.8 0.0 329.0 1166.0 150.0 0.0 3.5 24.5 29 TW Damadarpur 19.961 86.001 Gop 7.7 3243.0 605.0 80.0 222.0 12.0 1030.0 19.5 0.0 98.0 1829.0 82.0 0.0 18.7 18.2 30 TW Oramba 19.966 86.003 Gop 8.2 3478.0 245.0 290.0 18.0 49.0 1309.0 18.8 0.0 354.0 1875.0 35.0 1.0 5.3 36.3 31 TW Dihura 19.978 85.997 Gop 7.5 5626.0 895.0 280.0 338.0 12.0 1876.0 15.8 0.0 342.0 2907.0 310.0 1.0 8.5 27.3 32 TW Andra 19.989 85.979 Gop 8.0 2910.0 1598.0 215.0 220.0 50.0 22.0 568.0 15.8 0.0 268.0 730.0 81.0 1.0 2.7 16.8 33 TW Gop village 19.984 86.030 Gop 8.4 740.0 397.0 70.0 270.0 10.0 11.0 133.0 7.2 9.0 311.0 71.0 3.0 1.0 0.2 6.9 34 TW Mallagram 19.931 86.021 Gop 8.4 2474.0 1379.0 60.0 160.0 16.0 5.0 531.0 11.4 9.0 177.0 620.0 100.0 1.0 3.3 29.7 35 TW Balikanda 19.957 86.030 Gop 8.3 1203.0 672.0 60.0 205.0 12.0 7.0 226.0 10.6 0.0 250.0 280.0 14.0 1.0 1.1 12.8 36 TW Bartara 19.924 86.040 Gop 8.4 3670.0 465.0 1120.0 32.0 94.0 1305.0 21.7 15.0 1336.0 1535.0 13.0 1.0 1.1 26.3 37 TW Achyutpur 19.914 86.061 Gop 8.4 4870.0 2704.0 240.0 565.0 46.0 30.0 994.0 0.0 12.0 665.0 1290.0 6.0 0.0 1.9 28.0 38 TW Jhinkiria 19.911 86.052 Gop 8.3 1590.0 795.0 200.0 320.0 24.0 34.0 215.0 24.3 3.0 384.0 301.0 6.0 1.0 0.8 6.6 39 TW Bhingaradini 19.897 86.037 Gop 8.2 3965.0 2248.0 280.0 190.0 46.0 40.0 750.0 16.5 0.0 232.0 1205.0 77.0 0.0 5.2 19.5 40 TW Arkakud 19.883 86.052 Gop 7.6 245.0 121.0 70.0 55.0 12.0 10.0 18.0 4.6 0.0 67.0 39.0 5.0 0.0 0.6 0.9 41 TW Korak 19.891 86.099 Gop 8.0 496.9 259.0 195.0 145.0 64.0 9.0 19.0 3.6 0.0 177.0 67.0 10.0 0.0 0.4 0.6 42 TW Junai Chhaka 19.904 86.079 Gop 8.0 385.0 196.0 95.0 85.0 36.0 1.0 39.0 5.2 0.0 104.0 57.0 7.0 0.0 0.5 1.8 43 TW Dasabatia 19.923 86.067 Gop 8.6 3911.0 2118.0 295.0 585.0 42.0 46.0 714.0 23.8 12.0 689.0 939.0 4.0 0.0 1.3 18.1 44 TW Sarada 19.933 86.062 Gop 8.5 2885.0 1595.0 175.0 845.0 22.0 29.0 570.0 22.4 12.0 1007.0 440.0 6.0 1.0 0.4 18.8 45 TW Mahelapada 19.941 86.075 Gop 8.5 2399.0 1290.0 180.0 495.0 18.0 33.0 459.0 14.5 12.0 580.0 464.0 5.0 1.0 0.8 14.9 46 TW Kundisa 19.946 86.064 Gop 8.5 1714.0 993.0 95.0 295.0 12.0 16.0 356.0 11.0 12.0 336.0 404.0 17.0 1.0 1.2 15.8 47 TW Chengeila 19.982 86.085 Gop 8.4 800.0 436.0 45.0 245.0 10.0 5.0 158.0 6.0 9.0 281.0 106.0 4.0 2.0 0.4 10.2 48 TW Otanga 19.948 86.111 Gop 8.4 2500.0 1361.0 500.0 300.0 64.0 83.0 327.0 18.1 6.0 354.0 681.0 8.0 0.0 1.9 6.4 49 TW Karmanga 19.969 86.113 Gop 8.4 2300.0 1355.0 110.0 490.0 32.0 7.0 482.0 16.8 9.0 580.0 518.0 6.0 1.0 0.9 20.1 50 TW Korual 19.977 86.111 Gop 8.3 4850.0 2619.0 175.0 925.0 30.0 24.0 977.0 38.8 0.0 1129.0 971.0 25.0 0.0 0.9 32.3 51 TW Baulanga 19.988 86.115 Gop 8.3 4600.0 2546.0 640.0 410.0 90.0 101.0 750.0 0.0 0.0 500.0 1333.0 27.0 0.0 2.7 12.9 52 TW Birtung 19.971 86.066 Gop 8.8 680.0 314.0 220.0 195.0 28.0 36.0 29.0 14.1 24.0 189.0 89.0 1.0 1.0 0.4 0.9 53 TW Erabanga 19.967 86.041 Gop 8.9 1380.0 726.0 150.0 360.0 16.0 27.0 238.0 16.9 45.0 348.0 213.0 0.0 1.0 0.5 8.4 54 TW Narua 19.914 86.021 Gop 8.3 2610.0 1379.0 195.0 295.0 28.0 30.0 492.0 13.3 3.0 354.0 613.0 26.0 1.0 1.7 15.4 55 TW Anasara 19.926 86.107 Puri 8.4 818.0 645.0 440.0 80.0 108.0 248.7 35.9 0.0 537.0 71.0 11.0 0.5 0.1 4.3 56 TW Bisulipada 20.021 86.128 Puri 8.1 290.0 147.0 130.0 80.0 20.0 19.0 8.0 0.1 0.0 98.0 46.0 5.0 0.5 0.5 0.3

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