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Induction in Alocasia Macrorrhiza' Received for Publication December 8, 1987 and in Revised Form March 18, 1988
Plant Physiol. (1988) 87, 818-821 0032-0889/88/87/081 8/04/$0 1.00/0 Gas Exchange Analysis of the Fast Phase of Photosynthetic Induction in Alocasia macrorrhiza' Received for publication December 8, 1987 and in revised form March 18, 1988 MIKO U. F. KIRSCHBAUM2 AND ROBERT W. PEARCY* Department ofBotany, University ofCalifornia, Davis, California 95616 ABSTRACT and Pearcy (10) used gas exchange techniques to investigate the slow phase of induction from about 1 to 45 min. These studies When leaves ofAlocasia macrorrhiza that had been preconditioned in indicated that there might also be a fast phase of induction that 10 micromoles photons per square meter per second for at least 2 hours is complete within the first minute after an increase in PFD. This were suddenly exposed to 500 micromoles photons per square meter per fast induction phase is difficult to analyze with gas exchange second, there was an almost instantaneous increase in assimilation rate. techniques because instrument response times are typically so After this initial increase, there was a secondary increase over the next slow as to obscure the underlying plant response. In the present minute. This secondary increase was more pronounced in high CO2 (1400 study, measurements of the induction response were made in a microbars), where assimilation rate was assumed to be limited by the gas-exchange system modified to resolve very fast responses. This rate of regeneration of ribulose 1,5-bisphosphate (RuBP). It was absent investigation of the fast induction phase extends our work done in low CO2 (75 microbars), where RuBP carboxylase/oxygenase (Rub- previously on the dynamics of photosynthesis of the Australian isco) was assumed to be limiting. -
Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U
Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U. ban on light bulbs Maarten Afman Energy & Industry section Infrastructure Systems & Services Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Modelling Transitions in Consumer Lighting — Consequences of the E.U. ban on light bulbs M.Sc. Thesis ‘Final version d.d. 4th February 2010’ Maarten Afman Graduation committee: Prof.dr.ir. M.P.C. Weijnen (chair; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section ) Dr.ir. G.P.J. Dijkema (first supervisor; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section) Dr.ir. C. van Daalen (second supervisor; TU Delft, Policy Analysis section) ir. E.J.L. Chappin (daily supervisor; TU Delft, Energy & Industry section) dr. W. Jager (external supervisor; University of Groningen, Marketing department) Programme SEPAM – Systems Engineering, Policy Analysis and Management Graduation Delft, 18th February 2010 Address M.R. Afman, v.d. Heimstr. 55, 2613EA Delft, The Netherlands E-mail addr. [email protected] Student no. 9006424 Energy & Industry section Infrastructure Systems & Services Faculty of Technology, Policy and Management Delft University of Technology Summary The need for a ban on bulbs? Energy consumption of the residential lighting sector is high: 3.8 TWh per year for the Netherlands alone, approximately the production of a power plant of 800 MW. Consequently, if 40% of the energy consumption for consumer lighting could be saved, a 320 MW power plant could be taken off the grid. Such a saving would be realistic if consumers would not rely so much on outdated and inefficient lighting technology, i.e. the standard incandescent light bulb and halogen lighting. -
16 CFR Ch. I (1–1–20 Edition) § 305.22
Federal Trade Commission Pt. 305 PART 305—ENERGY AND WATER 305.27 Paper catalogs and websites. USE LABELING FOR CONSUMER ADDITIONAL REQUIREMENTS PRODUCTS UNDER THE ENERGY 305.28 Test data records. POLICY AND CONSERVATION 305.29 Required testing by designated lab- ACT (‘‘ENERGY LABELING oratory. RULE’’) EFFECT OF THIS PART SCOPE 305.30 Effect on other law. 305.31 Stayed or invalid parts. Sec. 305.32 [Reserved] 305.1 Scope of the regulations in this part. APPENDIX A1 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATORS DEFINITIONS WITH AUTOMATIC DEFROST APPENDIX A2 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATORS 305.2 Definitions. AND REFRIGERATOR-FREEZERS WITH MAN- 305.3 Description of appliances and con- UAL DEFROST sumer electronics. APPENDIX A3 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- 305.4 Description of furnaces and central air FREEZERS WITH PARTIAL AUTOMATIC DE- conditioners. FROST 305.5 Description of lighting products. APPENDIX A4 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- 305.6 Description of plumbing products. FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATIC DEFROST GENERAL WITH TOP-MOUNTED FREEZER NO THROUGH-THE-DOOR ICE 305.7 Prohibited acts. APPENDIX A5 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATED DEFROST TESTING WITH SIDE-MOUNTED FREEZER NO 305.8 Determinations of estimated annual THROUGH-THE-DOOR ICE energy consumption, estimated annual APPENDIX A6 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- operating cost, and energy efficiency rat- FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATED DEFROST ing, water use rate, and other required WITH BOTTOM-MOUNTED FREEZER NO disclosure content. THROUGH-THE-DOOR ICE 305.9 Duty to provide labels on websites. APPENDIX A7 TO PART 305—REFRIGERATOR- 305.10 Determinations of capacity. FREEZERS WITH AUTOMATIC DEFROST 305.11 Submission of data. -
Your Fluorescence Microscope Transmitted-Light
Your Fluorescence Microscope Transmitted-light. Bright-field Bright-field microscopy = Transmitted-light INVERTED UPRIGHT Fluorescence microscopy = Reflected-light Mercury Lamp Heat Filter Emission Filter Mirror Excitation Filter Collimating Lens Dichromatic Mirror (From:http://micro.magnet.fsu.edu) You need to know … Your light source Your filters Your objective Your detector Spectrum of a Mercury Lamp Your Light Source • Mercury lamp Wavelength (nm) • Xenon lamp Spectrum of a Xenon Lamp • Metal halide lamp • Halogen lamp • LED • Laser Wavelength (nm) (Modified from: h6p://www.cairn-research.co.uk) Your Light Source 1) Halogen lamp 2) Mercury lamp 3) Xenon lamp 4) Metal halide lamp 5) LED 6) Laser Tungsten – Halogen lamp • White light source • Inexpensive long lasNng bulbs • Used mainly for brighQield illuminaNon • CAN be used for fluorescence excitaNon above 400nm • Ideal for live cell imaging (low power, no UV) • “Colour” changes with temperature Mercury (HBO) lamp PROS • white light source • 10-100x brighter then halogen • focused intensity light-source • very bright intensity peaks at specific wavelengths for many standard fluoreophores CONS • short bulb life (≈200-400h) • generates a lot of heat • requires bulb alignment • no uniform intensity (peaks) • bulb are hazardous waste • long warm-up time • excitation wavelength cannot be • Intensity decay over Nme, intensity controlled independently flickering Xenon lamp PROS • white light source • relaNvely even intensity across visible spectrum • focused intense light source CONS • requires bulb alignment • bulbs are hazardous waste • Intensity decay over Nme • weaker intensity in UV • generates a lot of heat in the IR region • relaNvely low power in visible range • excitaNon wavelength cannot be controlled independently Metal Halide lamp PROS • white light source • brighter intensity between peaks than mercury lamp • no bulb alignment, more uniform field of illum. -
Lesson 2: Ohm's Law with Light Bulbs and Leds
NNIN Nanotechnology Education Teacher’s Preparatory Guide Lesson 2: Ohm’s Law with Light Bulbs and LEDs Purpose: The purpose of this activity is to illustrate ohmic and non-ohmic materials in a simple series circuit. This activity will introduce semiconductors as diodes so that future activities may build upon this idea to conclude with micro/nano-circuits. Time required: 45 – 55 minutes Level: High School Physics Teacher Background: Ohm’s Law. Georg Simon Ohm discovered that materials have an ohmic, or linear, region. His equation (Eqn 1) explains that as the potential Figure 1. Photograph of LEDs. difference (V) increases, so does the current (I), and the (www.ohgizmo.com/wp- content/uploads/2007/10/led_of_l relationship is linear to a point. The slope of a voltage vs. ed_1%20(Custom).jpg) current plot yields the resistance (R). Temperature affects the resistance. If a resistor heats up, the value of its resistance increases, and the resistor is now considered non-ohmic. Non-ohmic materials have a non-linear relationship between voltage and current. ∆V = IR Eqn 1 Resistivity Resistivity () is an electrical property of a material. Its relation to resistance (R) is shown in Equation 2. The equations that relate resistivity to temperature, and resistance to temperature, are shown below in Equation 3 & 4. The temperature coefficient of resistance is alpha () and it is a material constant. T0, 0, and R0 represent the known temperature, resistivity, and resistance, respectively. L R = ρ Eqn 2 A ρ = ρ0 [1+ α(T − T0 )] Eqn 3 R = R0 [1+ α(T − T0 )] Eqn 4 Diodes & LEDs Figure 1 shows typical LEDs used in electrical circuits. -
Fluorescence Cell Imaging and Manipulation Using Conventional Halogen Lamp Microscopy
Fluorescence Cell Imaging and Manipulation Using Conventional Halogen Lamp Microscopy Kazuo Yamagata1,2, Daisaku Iwamoto3, Yukari Terashita1,4, Chong Li1, Sayaka Wakayama1,Yoko Hayashi-Takanaka5, Hiroshi Kimura5, Kazuhiro Saeki3, Teruhiko Wakayama1* 1 RIKEN Center for Developmental Biology, Kobe, Japan, 2 Research Institute for Microbial Research, Osaka University, Suita, Japan, 3 Department of Genetic Engineering, Kinki University, Kinokawa, Wakayama, Japan, 4 Laboratory of Animal Reproduction, Graduate School of Agricultural Science, Tohoku University, Sendai, Japan, 5 Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Suita, Japan Abstract Technologies for vitally labeling cells with fluorescent dyes have advanced remarkably. However, to excite fluorescent dyes currently requires powerful illumination, which can cause phototoxic damage to the cells and increases the cost of microscopy. We have developed a filter system to excite fluorescent dyes using a conventional transmission microscope equipped with a halogen lamp. This method allows us to observe previously invisible cell organelles, such as the metaphase spindle of oocytes, without causing phototoxicity. Cells remain healthy even after intensive manipulation under fluorescence observation, such as during bovine, porcine and mouse somatic cell cloning using nuclear transfer. This method does not require expensive epifluorescence equipment and so could help to reduce the science gap between developed and developing countries. Citation: Yamagata K, Iwamoto D, Terashita Y, Li C, Wakayama S, et al. (2012) Fluorescence Cell Imaging and Manipulation Using Conventional Halogen Lamp Microscopy. PLoS ONE 7(2): e31638. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0031638 Editor: Sue Cotterill, St. Georges University of London, United Kingdom Received September 12, 2011; Accepted January 10, 2012; Published February 8, 2012 Copyright: ß 2012 Yamagata et al. -
Flashlight Ebook
FLASHLIGHT PDF, EPUB, EBOOK Lizi Boyd | 40 pages | 12 Aug 2014 | CHRONICLE BOOKS | 9781452118949 | English | California, United States Flashlight PDF Book App Store Preview. The source of the light often used to be an incandescent light bulb lamp but has been gradually replaced by light-emitting diodes LEDs since the mids. Some models of flashlight include an acceleration sensor to allow them to respond to shaking, or to select modes based on what direction the light is held when switched on. LED flashlights were made in the early s. Perf Power. This was the first battery suitable for portable electrical devices, as it did not spill or break easily and worked in any orientation. CS1 maint: archived copy as title link U. Water resistance, if specified, is evaluated after impact testing; no water is to be visible inside the unit and it must remain functional. The standard described only incandescent lamp flashlights and was withdrawn in Colored light is occasionally useful for hunters tracking wounded game after dusk, or for forensic examination of an area. Solar powered flashlights use energy from a solar cell to charge an on-board battery for later use. Remove All. Don't feel overwhelmed with our surplus of options. Retailer Walmart. Anodized Aluminum. A flashlight may have a red LED intended to preserve dark adaptation of vision. Price Free. And it even goes with a compass, giving you the direction in the darkness. Lanterns Lanterns. The working distance is from the point of view of the user of the flashlight. An IP X8 rating by FL1 does not imply that the lamp is suitable for use as a diver's light since the test protocol examines function of the light only after immersion, not during immersion. -
Incandescent Light Bulb Disposal Halogen Light Bulb Disposal CFL
What do you do when your light bulbs burn out? Different types of light bulbs require different disposal methods to keep your family, and the planet, safe and healthy. Check out our light bulb disposal guide for information on how you should dispose of or recycle the various bulb types you may have around the house. Incandescent light bulb disposal The old, incandescent light bulbs are on their way out, being replaced by more efficient alternatives. These traditional bulbs are either a vacuum, or have been filled with an inert gas to avoid chemical reactions. Since the materials which make up these bulbs are nontoxic, it is ok to dispose of them with your garbage. Many areas do not accept incandescent light bulbs for recycling, but check with your local provider to make sure. Incandescent bulbs are fragile and can break in your garbage container; avoid accidents by disposing of your incandescent bulbs inside used packaging or another item which can contain the glass if it breaks. Halogen light bulb disposal Halogen light bulbs are typically used as flood lights, and can be found outdoors as well as inside. They contain halogen gas inside the tube which holds their filament. Like incandescent bulbs, recycling programs do not commonly accept halogen bulbs. Halogen bulbs do not contain toxic materials, so it is safe to throw them out with your household garbage if you cannot find a recycling solution. CFL light bulb disposal Unlike incandescent and halogen light bulbs, CFLs (compact fluorescent lamps) contain small amounts of mercury. Because of the mercury they contain, CFLs should be recycled for safe light bulb disposal. -
General Bulb
General Bulb Standard Ultra Bright 7 SMT LED Light-45859……………………………...…………………………..1 Standard Ultra Bright 6 Watt LED Light-78469……………………………………..…..……..………...1 Standard Ultra Bright Five 1 Watt LED Light-42522……..……………………………………………...2 Side Firing LED Light-45376………..……………………………………………………………………2 GU24 5 Watt LED Light-24325……………………………….……………………………………...…..2 Ultra Bright Candle LED Light-63452………………………...………………………………………….3 8 Watt LED Light Bulb-56963……………………………………………………………………………3 1.3 Watt LED Light Bulb-34678……………………...……………………………………………..……3 24 LED Light Bulb-48645……………………………………………………………………..………….4 3 Watt LED Light Bulb-75644……………….…………………………………………………………...4 104 LED 5 Watt LED Light Bulb-47208…………………………………………………………………4 Low Profile Candle E14 Base LED Light Bulb-34324………………………………………………..….5 Motion activated LED Light Bulb-45703…….…………………………………………………………..5 5 Watt LED Light-83428……………..…………………………………………………………………...5 8 ½ Watt L.E.D. Light Bulb-47856………………………………………………………………...……..6 13.5 Watt 88 Super Flux L.E.D. Light Bulb-43567…………………………………...………………….6 20 Watt 128 Super Flux L.E.D. Light Bulb-73215……………………………………………………….6 Globe LED Lamp E12 Base-19567…………….…………...………………………………………..…...7 High Power Appliance LED Light Bulb-83548…………………………….…………………………….7 1.5 Watt Appliance E17 Base LED Light Bulb-94753…………………………………………………...7 Standard 3 Watt LED Light Bulb-23430…………………………………………………………...……..8 7 Watt LED Light Bulb-74556……………….…………………………………………………………...8 11 Watt LED Light Bulb-34562…………………….……………...………..……………………………8 Globe LED Light Bulb-78427………………….…………………………………………………………9 -
Basic Physics of the Incandescent Lamp (Lightbulb) Dan Macisaac, Gary Kanner,Andgraydon Anderson
Basic Physics of the Incandescent Lamp (Lightbulb) Dan MacIsaac, Gary Kanner,andGraydon Anderson ntil a little over a century ago, artifi- transferred to electronic excitations within the Ucial lighting was based on the emis- solid. The excited states are relieved by pho- sion of radiation brought about by burning tonic emission. When enough of the radiation fossil fuels—vegetable and animal oils, emitted is in the visible spectrum so that we waxes, and fats, with a wick to control the rate can see an object by its own visible light, we of burning. Light from coal gas and natural say it is incandescing. In a solid, there is a gas was a major development, along with the near-continuum of electron energy levels, realization that the higher the temperature of resulting in a continuous non-discrete spec- the material being burned, the whiter the color trum of radiation. and the greater the light output. But the inven- To emit visible light, a solid must be heat- tion of the incandescent electric lamp in the ed red hot to over 850 K. Compare this with Dan MacIsaac is an 1870s was quite unlike anything that had hap- the 6600 K average temperature of the Sun’s Assistant Professor of pened before. Modern lighting comes almost photosphere, which defines the color mixture Physics and Astronomy at entirely from electric light sources. In the of sunlight and the visible spectrum for our Northern Arizona University. United States, about a quarter of electrical eyes. It is currently impossible to match the He received B.Sc. -
Single Ended Lamp
SINGLE-ENDEDSINGLE-ENDED LAMPLAMP The Short Arc Gap USHIO’s Sōlarc® single-ended lamps allow the equipment designer to capitalize on the lamp’s unique short arc length. At 1.27mm, with a peak luminance at the cathode, the lamp begins to approximate a point source. Coupled with carefully designed lenses or reflectors with maximum light capture and the appropriate focus, the lamp can deliver high-intensity light to tightly controlled or divergent beam applications. The figure below shows the luminous intensity distribution of the arc. The two sources of peak intensity lie near the electrode tips. Highest Efficacy Metal halide lamps are inherently very efficient, providing two to three times the efficacy of either halogen or xenon lamps. Optimizing the optical system using the short arc can provide an efficiency increase in many applications, allow- ing the Sōlarc lamp to deliver as much light as a halogen lamp with four to five times more wattage. High efficacy plus the resultant decreased demand for power allow the equipment designer to develop miniature, lighter weight, portable and even battery-powered product configurations. White Light Sōlarc lamps produce a color temperature in the range of 5,000K–7,000K, putting it in the same range as the sun. For comparison, halogen lamps normally operate in the 3,000K–3,200K range and incandescent lamps in the 2,800K- 2,900K range. In visible terms, the lower color temperature dictates more red or yellow in the light. The higher color temperature enables realistic visualization of color. While it is possible to operate halogen lamps up to 4,300K by the use of filters, it is only at a severe reduction in lamp life and output. -
Incandescent Light Bulbs Based on a Refractory Metasurface "2279
hv photonics Article Incandescent Light Bulbs Based on a Refractory y Metasurface Hirofumi Toyoda 1, Kazunari Kimino 1, Akihiro Kawano 1 and Junichi Takahara 1,2,* 1 Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan; [email protected] (H.T.); [email protected] (K.K.); [email protected] (A.K.) 2 Photonics Center, Graduate School of Engineering, Osaka University, Osaka 565-0871, Japan * Correspondence: [email protected]; Tel.: +81-6-6879-8503 Invited paper. y Received: 5 September 2019; Accepted: 9 October 2019; Published: 12 October 2019 Abstract: A thermal radiation light source, such as an incandescent light bulb, is considered a legacy light source with low luminous efficacy. However, it is an ideal energy source converting light with high efficiency from electric power to radiative power. In this work, we evaluate a thermal radiation light source and propose a new type of filament using a refractory metasurface to fabricate an efficient light bulb. We demonstrate visible-light spectral control using a refractory metasurface made of tantalum with an optical microcavity inserted into an incandescent light bulb. We use a nanoimprint method to fabricate the filament that is suitable for mass production. A 1.8 times enhancement of thermal radiation intensity is observed from the microcavity filament compared to the flat filament. Then, we demonstrate the thermal radiation control of the metasurface using a refractory plasmonic cavity made of hafnium nitride. A single narrow resonant peak is observed at the designed wavelength as well as the suppression of thermal radiation in wide mid-IR range under the condition of constant surface temperature.